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INCOME TAX EXPENSE (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Disclosure of income tax [Abstract] |
Disclosure of major components of tax expense | Income tax expense for each of the years presented is as follows:
|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Current tax |  |  |  |  |  |
Current tax |  | (671,016) |  |  | (1,650,281) |  |  | (338,408) |
Deferred tax (Note 19) |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax |  | 80,692 |  |  | 185,655 |  |  | 39,895 |
Effect of changes in tax law (1) |  | — |  |  | (9,117) |  |  | — |
Recovery of income tax (2) |  | 16,596 |  |  | 76,604 |  |  | 7,025 |
Income tax expense |  | (573,728) |  |  | (1,397,139) |  |  | (291,488) |
(1) For 2021, it includes the modification of the tax rate in Argentina enacted in 2017 and modified in 2019 and 2021, setting the corporate income tax rate to 35% for the year 2021 going forward. (2) It includes the recovery of tax credits in Ternium Brasil Ltda.
Schedule of effective income tax rate reconciliation | Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 differed from the amount computed by applying the statutory income tax rate in force in each country in which the company operates to pre-tax income as a result of the following:
|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Income before income tax |  | 2,666,500 |  |  | 5,764,330 |  |  | 1,159,359 |
Income tax expense at statutory tax rate |  | (785,888) |  |  | (1,633,556) |  |  | (350,896) |
Non taxable income |  | — |  |  | 37,815 |  |  | 118,540 |
Non deductible expenses |  | (45,862) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Effect of currency translation on tax base (1) |  | 241,426 |  |  | 131,115 |  |  | (66,157) |
Recovery of income tax |  | 16,596 |  |  | 76,604 |  |  | 7,025 |
Effect of changes in tax law |  | — |  |  | (9,117) |  |  | — |
Income tax expense |  | (573,728) |  |  | (1,397,139) |  |  | (291,488) |
(1) Ternium applies the liability method to recognize deferred income tax on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. By application of this method, Ternium recognizes gains and losses on deferred income tax due to the effect of the change in the value on the tax basis in subsidiaries, which have a functional currency different to their local currency, mainly Mexico and Argentina.

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