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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K

(Mark One) |  |
☑ |  | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2019

☐ |  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
|  | For the transition period from to

Commission file number 1-4304
Commercial Metals Company
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 75-0725338
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

6565 N. MacArthur Blvd.
Irving, Texas 75039
(Address of Principal Executive Office) (Zip Code)
(214) 689-4300
(Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value |  | CMC |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes þ No o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☑ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
The aggregate market value of the Company's common stock on February 28, 2019 held by non-affiliates of the registrant based on the closing price per share on February 28, 2019 on the New York Stock Exchange was approximately $1.9 billion.
As of October 22, 2019, 117,934,611 shares of the registrant's common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:
Portions of the following document are incorporated by reference into the listed Part of Form 10-K:
Registrant's definitive proxy statement for the 2020 annual meeting of stockholders — Part III

COMMERCIAL METALS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I | 2
Item 1: Business | 2
Item 1A: Risk Factors | 8
Item 1B: Unresolved Staff Comments | 18
Item 2: Properties | 19
Item 3: Legal Proceedings | 19
Item 4: Mine Safety Disclosure | 20
PART II | 20
Item 5: Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 20
Item 6: Selected Financial Data | 22
Item 7: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 23
Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 35
Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 37
Item 9: Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 81
Item 9A: Controls and Procedures | 81
Item 9B: Other Information | 82
PART III | 82
Item 10: Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 82
Item 11: Executive Compensation | 83
Item 12: Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 83
Item 13: Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence | 83
Item 14: Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 83
PART IV | 84
Item 15: Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 84
Signatures | 90

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PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K (hereinafter referred to as the "Annual Report") contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Actual results, performance or achievements could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of risks, uncertainties, and other factors. For a discussion of important factors that could cause our results, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements, please refer to Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" and Part II, Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in this Annual Report.
OVERVIEW
Commercial Metals Company ("CMC") together with its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company," "we," "our" or "us") manufactures, recycles and markets steel and metal products, related materials and services through a network of facilities that includes eight electric arc furnace ("EAF") mini mills, two EAF micro mills, a rerolling mill, steel fabrication and processing plants, construction-related product warehouses, and metal recycling facilities in the United States ("U.S.") and Poland.
We were incorporated in 1946 in the state of Delaware. Our predecessor company, a metals recycling business, has existed since 1915. We maintain our corporate office at 6565 North MacArthur Boulevard in Irving, Texas, 75039. Our telephone number is (214) 689-4300, and our website is at http://www.cmc.com. Our fiscal year ends August 31st, and any reference in this Annual Report to any year refers to the fiscal year ended August 31st of that year, unless otherwise noted. Any reference in this Annual Report to a ton refers to the U.S. short ton, a unit of weight equal to 2000 pounds.
We have four reportable segments: Americas Recycling, Americas Mills, Americas Fabrication and International Mill. No single customer accounted for 10% or more of net sales in 2019, 2018 or 2017.
Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to these reports are made available free of charge through the Investors section of our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The information contained on our website or available by hyperlink from our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report or other documents we file with, or furnish to, the SEC.
Gerdau Acquisition
On November 5, 2018 (the "Acquisition Date"), the Company completed the acquisition of 33 reinforcing bar ("rebar") fabrication facilities in the U.S., which are part of our Americas Fabrication segment, as well as four EAF mini mills located in Knoxville, Tennessee; Jacksonville, Florida; Sayreville, New Jersey and Rancho Cucamonga, California, which are part of our Americas Mills segment, from Gerdau S.A., hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Acquired Businesses". For further details, refer to Note 3, Acquisition, which is contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.
AMERICAS RECYCLING
Our Americas Recycling segment processes scrap metals for use as a raw material by us and other manufacturers of new metal products. This segment operates 34 scrap metal processing facilities, with 14 locations in Texas, five locations in each of Florida and South Carolina, two locations in each of Georgia, Missouri, and North Carolina, and one location in each of Kansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Tennessee. These locations consist of 651 acres of land owned by the Company and 47 acres of land leased from third-parties.
We purchase ferrous and nonferrous metals, processed and unprocessed, from a variety of sources in a variety of forms. Sources of metal for processing include manufacturing and industrial plants, metal fabrication plants, electric utilities, machine shops, factories, railroads, refineries, shipyards, ordinance depots, demolition businesses, automobile salvage firms, wrecking firms, small scrap metal collection firms and retail individuals.
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Our scrap metal processing facilities typically consist of an office and warehouse building located on several acres of land that we use for receiving, processing, storing and shipping metals. These facilities utilize specialized equipment for processing both ferrous and nonferrous metal, and three of our facilities have extensive equipment that reclaim metal from scrap insulated wire. Our larger scrap metal processing facilities utilize various equipment, such as scales, shears, baling presses, briquetting machines, conveyors, magnetic separators, presses, and shredders, which enable these facilities to efficiently process large volumes of scrap metals. We use cranes to handle scrap metals for processing and to load material for shipment. We transport processed scrap to customers, including our mills, by rail, truck, export container and barge.
Americas Recycling operates five large shredding machines, two in Texas and one in each of Florida, Oklahoma, and South Carolina, capable of pulverizing obsolete automobiles or other sources of scrap metal. We have three additional shredders, two operated by our Americas Mills segment and one operated by our International Mill segment. With the exception of precious metals, our U.S. scrap metal processing facilities recycle and process practically all types of metal.
We sell scrap metals to steel mills and foundries, aluminum sheet and ingot manufacturers, brass and bronze ingot makers, copper refineries and mills, secondary lead smelters, specialty steel mills, high temperature alloy manufacturers and other consumers. Ferrous metal is the primary raw material for EAFs, such as those operated by our Americas Mills and International Mill segments. Our Irving, Texas office coordinates the sale of substantially all nonferrous metals from our metal processing facilities.
Our recycling business competes with other scrap metal processors and primary nonferrous metal producers, both in the U.S. and internationally, for sales of nonferrous materials. Consumers of nonferrous metals frequently utilize primary or "virgin" ingot processed by mining companies instead of nonferrous metals. The prices of nonferrous metals are closely related to, but generally less than, the prices of primary or "virgin" ingot.
AMERICAS MILLS
Our Americas Mills segment operates seven EAF mini mills, two EAF micro mills, a rerolling mill, two scrap metal shredders, eight scrap metal processing facilities that directly support the mills, and a railroad salvage operation, all of which are based in the U.S. These locations consist of 2,706 acres of land owned by the Company and 18 acres of land leased from third-parties.
Our seven EAF mini mills, located in Alabama, California, Florida, New Jersey, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas, our two EAF micro mills, located in Arizona and Oklahoma, and our rerolling mill, located in Arkansas, produce one or more of the following: steel rebar, angles, flats, rounds, channels, fence post sections and other shapes. In this segment, we have two metal processing facilities located in each of Alabama and South Carolina and four located in Texas. This segment also operates two shredders, one each in Texas and South Carolina.
Descriptions of mill capacity, particularly rolling capacity, are highly dependent on the specific product mix manufactured. Our mills roll many different types and sizes of products depending on market conditions, including pricing and demand. Our estimated annual capacity for finished goods of approximately 5.8 million tons assumes a typical product mix and does not represent the quantity of likely production or shipments in each fiscal year.
The following table presents the amount of steel melted, rolled and shipped by our ten steel mills in the Americas Mills segment.

Tons (in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Melted |  | 4,357 |  |  | 2,922 |  |  | 2,603 |
Rolled |  | 4,134 |  |  | 2,673 |  |  | 2,476 |
Shipped |  | 4,394 |  |  | 3,013 |  |  | 2,725 |

Our seven EAF mini mills each consist of:

• | a melt shop with an electric arc furnace;

• | continuous casting equipment that shapes molten metal into billets;

• | a reheating furnace that prepares billets for rolling;

• | a rolling mill that forms products from heated billets;

• | a mechanical cooling bed that receives hot products from the rolling mill;

• | finishing facilities that cut, straighten, bundle and prepare products for shipping; and

• | supporting facilities such as maintenance, warehouse and office areas.

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Our two EAF micro mills utilize similar equipment and processes as described above; however, these facilities utilize unique continuous process technology where metal flows uninterrupted from melting to casting to rolling. The facilities are more compact than existing, larger capacity steel mini mills, and production is dedicated to a limited product range. In addition, our two EAF micro mills are the only facilities in the U.S. capable of producing spooled rebar.
Our rerolling mill does not utilize a melt shop. Instead, the process begins by reheating billets or reclaimed rail to roll into finished products.
To minimize the cost of our products, to the extent feasibly consistent with market conditions and working capital demands, we prefer to operate our facilities at or near full capacity. Through operations and capital improvements, we strive to increase productivity, capacity and product mix at our mills. To remain competitive, we regularly make substantial capital expenditures. Over the past three fiscal years, we invested approximately $347.8 million, or 66%, of total capital expenditures in our Americas Mills segment.
Other than our rerolling mill, ferrous scrap is the primary raw material used by our mills. Although ferrous metal has historically been subject to significant price fluctuations, we believe the supply of ferrous metal is adequate to meet our future needs. The mills consume large amounts of electricity and natural gas. We have not had any significant curtailments, and we believe that energy supplies are adequate. The supply and demand of regional and national energy and the extent of applicable regulatory oversight of rates charged by providers affect the prices we pay for electricity and natural gas.
Our mills ship to a broad range of customers and end markets across all regions of the U.S. The primary end markets are construction and fabricating industries, steel service centers, original equipment manufacturers, and agricultural, energy and petrochemical industries. We utilize a fleet of trucks that we own or lease as well as private haulers and railcars to transport our finished products.
Due to the nature of certain stock products we sell in the Americas Mills segment, we do not have a long lead time between order receipt and delivery. We generally fill orders for stock products from inventory or with products near completion. As a result, we do not believe that backlog, defined as the total value of unfulfilled orders, is a significant factor in the evaluation of these operations. Backlog at August 31, 2019 was approximately $370.5 million, compared to $326.4 million at August 31, 2018.
AMERICAS FABRICATION
Our Americas Fabrication segment consists of our steel fabrication facilities that bend, weld, cut and fabricate steel, primarily rebar, and produce steel fence posts; warehouses that sell or rent products for the installation of concrete; and facilities that heat-treat steel to strengthen and provide flexibility.
Steel Fabrication
Through our Americas Fabrication segment, we operate 67 facilities engaged in the various aspects of steel fabrication. Most of the facilities engage in general fabrication of reinforcing steel, with four facilities fabricating only steel fence posts. We obtain steel for these facilities from our mills and third-party vendors.
We conduct steel fabrication activities at 12 locations in Texas, seven locations in California, five locations in Florida, four locations in Georgia, three locations in each of Illinois, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Virginia, two locations in each of Arizona, Colorado, Louisiana, New Jersey, South Carolina, and Utah, and one location in each of Alabama, Connecticut, Hawaii, Kentucky, Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Washington. These locations consist of 787 acres of land owned by the Company and 66 acres of land leased from third-parties.
Fabricated steel products are used primarily in the construction of commercial and non-commercial buildings, hospitals, convention centers, industrial plants, power plants, highways, bridges, arenas, stadiums and dams. Generally, we sell fabricated steel in response to a competitive bid solicitation from a construction contractor or a project owner. Typically, the contractor or project owner does not negotiate with the bidders individually. We also provide installation services in certain markets.
Backlog in our steel fabrication operations was approximately $1.1 billion at August 31, 2019, compared to $679.3 million at August 31, 2018. The backlog at August 31, 2019 included $272.3 million related to the Acquired Businesses.
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Construction Services
Our Construction Services business unit sells and rents construction-related products and equipment to concrete installers and other businesses in the construction industry. We have 17 locations in Texas, five in Louisiana and one in Oklahoma where we store, sell and rent these construction-related products, which, with the exception of a small portion of steel products, are purchased from third-party suppliers.
Impact Metals
We provide heat-treated steel products through CMC Impact Metals, a subsidiary of CMC. CMC Impact Metals is one of North America's premier producers of high strength steel products. We operate facilities in Alabama and Pennsylvania, which manufacture high strength bar for the truck trailer industry, special bar quality steel for the energy market and armor plate for military vehicles. CMC Impact Metals works closely with our Alabama mini mill and other steel mills that sell specialized heat-treated steel for customer specific use.
INTERNATIONAL MILL
Our International Mill segment is comprised of an EAF mini mill, recycling and fabrication operations located in Poland. Our subsidiary, CMC Poland Sp. z.o.o. ("CMCP"), operates the EAF mini mill in Zawiercie, Poland. Our Poland EAF mini mill operates equipment similar to the equipment operated by our U.S. EAF mini mills. This segment's operations are conducted through: two rolling mills that produce primarily rebar and high-quality merchant products; a specialty rod finishing mill; 12 scrap processing facilities, which includes a large capacity scrap metal shredding facility similar to the largest shredder we operate in the U.S.; and four steel fabrication facilities primarily for rebar and wire mesh. These properties consist of 647 acres of land owned by the Company and 6 acres of land leased from third-parties.
Our Poland mini mill operates a flexible rolling mill designed to allow efficient and flexible production of a range of medium section merchant bar products. This rolling mill complements the facility's other rolling mill dedicated primarily to rebar production. Either rolling mill can feed an alternative finishing end designed to produce high grade wire rod.
Our Poland mini mill is a significant manufacturer of rebar, merchant bar and wire rod in Eastern Europe, selling primarily to fabricators, manufacturers, distributors and construction companies. The majority of sales are to customers within Poland. However, the Poland mini mill also exports to the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Slovakia and other countries. Ferrous metal, the principal raw material used by our Poland mini mill, electricity, natural gas and other necessary raw materials for the steel manufacturing process are generally readily available, although they can be subject to significant price fluctuations.
Our fabrication operations in Poland have expanded downstream captive uses for a portion of the rebar and wire rod manufactured at the Poland mini mill. We conduct rebar fabrication activities in Zawiercie, Żyrardów and Rzeszów, Poland. These three rebar fabrication facilities are similar to those operated by our U.S. fabrication facilities and sell fabricated rebar primarily to contractors for incorporation into construction projects. In addition to fabricated rebar, these facilities sell fabricated mesh, assembled rebar cages and other value added rebar products.
Additionally, we operate a fabrication facility in Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland that produces welded steel mesh, cold rolled wire rod and cold rolled rebar. This operation supplements sales of fabricated rebar by offering wire mesh to customers, which include metals service centers and construction contractors. We maintain a presence in the Polish fabrication market, but we also export to neighboring countries such as the Czech Republic, Germany and Slovakia.
Our Poland mini mill generally fills orders for stock products from inventory or with products near completion. As a result, we do not believe that backlog levels are a significant factor in the evaluation of this operation. Backlog in our Poland fabrication operations was approximately $33.9 million at August 31, 2019 compared to $53.5 million at August 31, 2018.
SEASONALITY
Many of our mills and fabrication facilities serve customers in the construction industry. Due to the increase in construction during the spring and summer months, our net sales are generally higher in the third and fourth quarters of our fiscal year than in the first and second quarters.
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COMPETITION
The nonferrous recycling industry is fragmented in the U.S. However, we believe our Americas Recycling segment is one of the largest entities engaged in the recycling of nonferrous metals in the U.S. We are also a major regional processor of ferrous metal. The metal processing business is subject to cyclical fluctuations based upon the availability and price of unprocessed scrap metal and the demand for steel and nonferrous metals. In our Americas Recycling segment, we compete primarily on price and on the services we provide to scrap suppliers and generators. The price offered for scrap metal is the principal competitive factor in acquiring material from smaller scrap metals collection firms. Industrial generators of scrap metal may also consider factors other than price, such as supplying appropriate collection containers, timely removal, reliable documentation including accurate and detailed purchase records with customized reports, the ability to service multiple locations, insurance coverage, and the buyer's financial strength.
Our Americas Mills segment competes with regional, national and international manufacturers of steel. We produce a significant percentage of the total domestic output of rebar and merchant bar, and believe we are the largest manufacturer of rebar in the U.S. We do not produce a significant percentage of the total U.S. output of our other products. We compete primarily on the services we provide to our customers and on the price and quality of our products. See "Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Industry" below.
Our Americas Fabrication segment competes with local, regional and national suppliers. We believe that we are among the largest fabricators of rebar in the U.S. We also believe that we are the largest manufacturer of steel fence posts in the U.S. We compete primarily on price, although we also compete based on the value-added services we provide to our customers, our speed of delivery, ability to service large projects and technical capability.
Our International Mill segment competes with several large manufacturers of rebar and wire rod in Central and Eastern Europe, primarily on the basis of price, quality, delivery times and product availability. We believe we are the largest producer of merchant bars for the products we produce and the second largest producer of rebar and wire rod in Poland.
ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
A significant factor in our business is our compliance with environmental laws and regulations. See Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Industry" in this Annual Report. Compliance with and changes in various environmental requirements and environmental risks applicable to our industry may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Occasionally, we may be required to clean up or take remedial action with regard to sites we operate or formerly operated. We may also be required to pay for a portion of the cleanup or remediation cost at sites we never owned or at sites which we never operated, if we are found to have arranged for treatment or disposal of hazardous substances on the sites. Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act ("CERCLA" or "Superfund") and analogous state statutes, we could be responsible for both the costs of cleanup as well as for associated natural resource damages. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), or equivalent state agency, has named us as a potentially responsible party ("PRP") at several federal Superfund sites or similar state sites. In some cases, these agencies allege that we are one of many PRPs responsible for the cleanup of a site because we sold scrap metals to, or otherwise disposed of materials at, the site. With respect to the sale of scrap metals, we contend that an arm's length sale of valuable scrap metal for use as a raw material in a manufacturing process that we do not control should not constitute "an arrangement for disposal or treatment of hazardous substances" as defined under federal law. In 1999, the Superfund Recycling Equity Act was signed into law which, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, provides legitimate sellers of scrap metal for recycling with some relief from Superfund liability under federal law. Despite Congress' clarification of the intent of the federal law, some state laws and environmental agencies still seek to impose such liability. We believe efforts to impose such liability are contrary to public policy objectives and legislation encouraging recycling and promoting the use of recycled materials, and we continue to support clarification of state laws and regulations consistent with Congress' action.
New federal, state and local laws, regulations and the varying interpretations of such laws by regulatory agencies and the judiciary impact how much money we spend on environmental compliance. In addition, uncertainty regarding adequate control levels, testing and sampling procedures, new pollution control technology and cost benefit analysis based on market conditions impact our future expenditures in order to comply with environmental requirements. We cannot predict the total amount of capital expenditures or increases in operating costs or other expenses that may be required as a result of environmental compliance. We also do not know if we can pass such costs on to our customers through product price increases. During 2019, we incurred environmental costs including disposal, permits, license fees, tests, studies, remediation, consultant fees and environmental personnel expense of $42.5 million. In addition, we spent approximately $4.1 million on capital expenditures for environmental projects in 2019. We believe that our facilities are in material compliance with currently applicable environmental laws and
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regulations. We anticipate capital expenditures for new environmental control facilities during 2020 to be approximately $5.7 million.
EMPLOYEES
As of August 31, 2019, the Company employed the following numbers of employees in each reportable segment and Corporate:

Segment |  | Number of Employees
Americas Recycling |  | 1,313 |
Americas Mills |  | 2,982 |
Americas Fabrication |  | 4,746 |
International Mill |  | 2,114 |
Corporate & Other |  | 369 |
Total |  | 11,524 |

Certain of our employees belong to unions for collective bargaining purposes, including (i) employees at one metal processing facility in our Americas Recycling segment, (ii) employees at one facility in our Americas Mills segment, (iii) employees at ten fabrication facilities in our Americas Fabrication segment, and (iv) approximately 36% of the employees in our International Mill segment. We believe that our labor relations are generally good to excellent and that our work force is highly motivated.
INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
Our Board of Directors typically elects officers at its first meeting after our annual meeting of stockholders. Our executive officers continue to serve for terms set from time to time by our Board of Directors in its discretion. The table below sets forth the name, current position and offices, age and period served for each of our executive officers as of October 23, 2019.

|  |  |  |  |  | EXECUTIVE
NAME |  | CURRENT POSITION & OFFICES |  | AGE |  | OFFICER SINCE
Barbara R. Smith |  | Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer |  | 60 |  | 2011
Adam R. Hickey |  | Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer |  | 44 |  | 2012
Paul K. Kirkpatrick |  | Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary |  | 48 |  | 2013
Paul J. Lawrence |  | Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  | 49 |  | 2016
Tracy L. Porter |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer |  | 62 |  | 2010

Barbara R. Smith joined the Company in May 2011 as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Ms. Smith was appointed Chief Operating Officer in January 2016, President and Chief Operating Officer in January 2017 and President and Chief Executive Officer in September 2017. She was appointed to our Board of Directors on September 1, 2017 and was named Chairman of the Board of Directors on January 11, 2018. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Smith served as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Gerdau Ameristeel Corporation, a mini mill steel producer, from July 2007 to May 2011, after joining Gerdau Ameristeel as Treasurer in July 2006. From February 2005 to July 2006, she served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of FARO Technologies, Inc., a developer and manufacturer of 3-D measurement and imaging systems. From 1981 to 2005, Ms. Smith was employed by Alcoa Inc., a producer of primary aluminum, fabricated aluminum and alumina, where she held various financial leadership positions, including Vice President of Finance for Alcoa's Aerospace, Automotive & Commercial Transportation Group, Vice President and Chief Financial Officer for Alcoa Fujikura Ltd. and Director of Internal Audit.
Adam R. Hickey joined the Company in February 2004 as a Senior Accountant at our corporate headquarters. From October 2006 to April 2012, Mr. Hickey held various financial leadership roles of increasing responsibility in the Americas operations, most recently as the Controller of the CMC Americas division. In April 2012, Mr. Hickey was appointed Vice President and Controller of the Company and in January 2017, was named Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer. From September 1998 to January 2004, Mr. Hickey worked in the assurance practice at PricewaterhouseCoopers in Dallas, Texas.
Paul K. Kirkpatrick joined the Company in December 2009 as Assistant General Counsel and Assistant Corporate Secretary. He was appointed Vice President, Corporate Secretary and Assistant General Counsel in February 2013 and Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary in October 2013. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Kirkpatrick was an attorney at Haynes and Boone, LLP, a law firm based in Dallas, Texas.
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Paul J. Lawrence joined the Company in February 2016 as Vice President of Finance. He was appointed Vice President of Finance and Treasurer in September 2016; Treasurer, Vice President of Financial Planning and Analysis in January 2017; Vice President of Finance in June 2018; and Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in September 2019. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Lawrence served as North American Information Technology Leader of Gerdau Long Steel North America, a U.S. steel producer, from 2014 to 2016, and from 2010 to 2014, he served as Gerdau Template Deployment Leader at Gerdau Long Steel North America. From 2003 to 2010, Mr. Lawrence held a variety of financial roles at Gerdau Ameristeel Corporation, including Assistant Vice President and Corporate Controller, and Deputy Corporate Controller. From 1998 to 2002, Mr. Lawrence held several financial positions with Co-Steel Inc., which was acquired by Gerdau SA.
Tracy L. Porter joined the Company in 1991 and has held various positions within the Company, including General Manager of CMC Steel Arkansas at Magnolia, Arkansas, head of the Company's Rebar Fabrication Division, and Interim President of CMC Americas Division. Mr. Porter served as Vice President of the Company and President of CMC Americas Division from April 2010 to July 2010. Mr. Porter was appointed Senior Vice President of the Company and President of CMC Americas Division in July 2010, Executive Vice President, CMC Operations in September 2016, and Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer in April 2018.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
There are inherent risks and uncertainties associated with our business that could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Set forth below are descriptions of those risks and uncertainties that we currently believe to be material, but the risks and uncertainties described below are not the only risks and uncertainties that could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR INDUSTRY
Our industry and the industries we serve are vulnerable to global economic conditions.
Metals industries and commodity products have historically been vulnerable to significant declines in consumption, global overcapacity and depressed product pricing during prolonged periods of economic downturn. Our business supports cyclical industries such as commercial, government and residential construction, energy, metals service center, petrochemical and original equipment manufacturing. We may experience significant fluctuations in demand for our products from these industries based on global or regional economic conditions, energy prices, consumer demand and decisions by governments to fund infrastructure projects such as highways, schools, energy plants and airports. Although the residential housing market is not a significant direct factor in our business, related commercial and infrastructure construction activities, such as shopping centers, schools and roads, could be adversely impacted by a prolonged slump in new housing construction. Our business, results of operations and financial condition are adversely affected when the industries we serve suffer a prolonged downturn or anemic growth. Because we do not have unlimited backlogs, our business, results of operations and financial condition are promptly affected by short-term economic fluctuations.
Although we believe that the long-term prospects for the steel industry remain bright, we are unable to predict the duration of current economic conditions that are contributing to current demand for our products compared to pre-recession levels. Future economic downturns or a prolonged period of slow growth or economic stagnation could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are vulnerable to the economic conditions in the regions in which our operations are concentrated.
Economic downturns in the U.S. and Central Europe, or decisions by governments that have an impact on the level and pace of overall economic activity in one of these regions, could adversely affect demand for our products and, consequently, our sales and profitability. As a result, our financial results are substantially dependent upon the overall economic conditions in these areas.
Rapid and significant changes in the price of metals could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Prices for most metals in which we deal have experienced increased volatility over the last several years, and such increased price volatility impacts us in several ways. Some of our operations, such as our fabrication operations, may benefit from rapidly decreasing steel prices as their material cost for previously contracted fixed price work declines. Others, such as our Americas Mills and International Mill segments, would likely experience reduced margins and may be forced to liquidate high cost inventory at reduced margins or losses until prices stabilize. Sudden increases could have the opposite effect in each case. Overall, we believe that rapid
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substantial price changes are not to our industry's benefit. Our customer and supplier base would be impacted due to uncertainty as to future prices. A reluctance to purchase inventory in the face of extreme price decreases or to sell quickly during a period of rapid price increases would likely reduce our volume of business. Marginal industry participants or speculators may attempt to participate to an unhealthy extent during a period of rapid price escalation with a substantial risk of contract default if prices suddenly reverse. Risks of default in contract performance by customers or suppliers as well as an increased risk of bad debts and customer credit exposure could increase during periods of rapid and substantial price changes.
Excess capacity and over-production by foreign producers in our industry as well as the startup of new steel-making capacity in the U.S. could result in lower domestic prices, which would adversely affect our sales, margins and profitability.
Global steel-making capacity exceeds demand for steel products in some regions around the world. Rather than reducing employment by rationalizing capacity with consumption, steel manufacturers in these countries (often with local government assistance or subsidies in various forms) have traditionally periodically exported steel at prices significantly below their home market prices, which prices may not reflect their costs of production or capital. For example, steel production in China, the world's largest producer and consumer of steel, has continued to exceed Chinese demand. This rising excess capacity in China has resulted in a further increase in imports of artificially low-priced steel and steel products to the U.S. and world steel markets. A continuation of this trend or a significant decrease in China's rate of economic expansion could result in increasing steel imports from China. Excessive imports of steel into the U.S. have exerted, and may continue to exert, downward pressure on U.S. steel prices, which negatively affects our ability to increase our sales, margins, and profitability. The excess capacity may create downward pressure on our steel prices and lead to reduced sales volumes as imports absorb market share that would otherwise be filled by domestic supply, all of which would adversely affect our sales, margins and profitability and could subject us to possible renegotiation of contracts or increases in bad debt. Excess capacity has also led to greater protectionism as is evident in raw material and finished product border tariffs put in place by China, Brazil and other countries.
We believe the downward pressure on, and periodically depressed levels of, U.S. steel prices in some recent years have been further exacerbated by imports of steel involving dumping and subsidy abuses by foreign steel producers. While some tariffs and quotas are periodically put into effect for certain steel products imported from a number of countries that have been found to have been unfairly pricing steel imports to the U.S., there is no assurance that tariffs and quotas will always be levied, even if otherwise justified, and even when imposed many of these are short-lived or ineffective.
On March 8, 2018, President Trump signed a proclamation imposing a 25% tariff on all imported steel products for an indefinite period of time under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 ("Section 232"). The tariff is imposed on all steel imports with the exception of steel imports originating from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico and South Korea, and the administration is considering exemption requests from other countries. When this or other tariffs or duties expire or if others are further relaxed or repealed, or if relatively higher U.S. steel prices make it attractive for foreign steelmakers to export their steel products to the U.S., despite the presence of duties or tariffs, the resurgence of substantial imports of foreign steel could create downward pressure on U.S. steel prices.
The adverse effects of excess capacity and over-production by foreign producers could be exacerbated by the startup of new steel-making capacity in the U.S., which is scheduled to enter production in the next couple years. Any of these adverse effects could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Compliance with and changes in environmental compliance requirements and remediation requirements could result in substantially increased capital requirements and operating costs; violations of environmental requirements could result in costs that have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Existing environmental laws or regulations, as currently interpreted or reinterpreted in the future, and future laws and regulations, may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations is a significant factor in our business. We are subject to local, state, federal and international environmental laws and regulations concerning, among other matters, waste disposal, air emissions, waste and storm water effluent and disposal and employee health. Federal and state regulatory agencies can impose administrative, civil and criminal penalties and may seek injunctive relief impacting continuing operations for non-compliance with environmental requirements.
New facilities that we may build, especially steel mills, are required to obtain several environmental permits before significant construction or commencement of operations. Delays in obtaining permits or unanticipated conditions in such permits could delay the project or increase construction costs or operating expenses. Our manufacturing and recycling operations produce significant amounts of by-products, some of which are handled as industrial waste or hazardous waste. For example, our EAF mills generate electric arc furnace dust ("EAF dust"), which the EPA and other regulatory authorities classify as hazardous waste. EAF dust and other industrial waste and hazardous waste require special handling, recycling or disposal.
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In addition, the primary feed materials for the shredders operated by our scrap metal recycling facilities are automobile hulks and obsolete household appliances. Approximately 20% of the weight of an automobile hull consists of unrecyclable material known as shredder fluff. After the segregation of ferrous and saleable nonferrous metals, shredder fluff remains. We, along with others in the recycling industry, interpret federal regulations to require shredder fluff to meet certain criteria and pass a toxic leaching test to avoid classification as a hazardous waste. We also endeavor to remove hazardous contaminants from the feed material prior to shredding. As a result, we believe the shredder fluff we generate is not normally considered or properly classified as hazardous waste. If the laws, regulations or testing methods change with regard to EAF dust or shredder fluff or other by-products, we may incur additional significant costs.
Changes to National Ambient Air Quality Standards ("NAAQS") or other requirements on our air emissions could make it more difficult to obtain new permits or to modify existing permits and could require changes to our operations or emissions control equipment. Such difficulties and changes could result in operational delays and capital and ongoing compliance expenditures.
Legal requirements are changing frequently and are subject to interpretation. New laws, regulations and changing interpretations by regulatory authorities, together with uncertainty regarding adequate pollution control levels, testing and sampling procedures, new pollution control technology and cost/benefit analysis based on market conditions are all factors that may increase our future expenditures to comply with environmental requirements. Accordingly, we are unable to predict the ultimate cost of future compliance with these requirements or their effect on our operations. We cannot predict whether such costs would be able to be passed on to customers through product price increases. Competitors in various regions or countries where environmental regulation is less restrictive, subject to different interpretation or generally not enforced, may enjoy a competitive advantage.
We may also be required to conduct additional cleanup (and pay for associated natural resource damages) at sites where we have already participated in remediation efforts or take remediation action with regard to sites formerly used in connection with our operations. We may be required to pay for a portion or all of the costs of cleanup or remediation at sites we never owned or on which we never operated if we are found to have arranged for treatment or disposal of hazardous substances on the sites. In cases of joint and several liability, we may be obligated to pay a disproportionate share of cleanup costs if other responsible parties are financially insolvent.
We are involved, and may in the future become involved, in various environmental matters that may result in fines, penalties or judgments being assessed against us or liability imposed upon us which we cannot presently estimate or reasonably foresee and which may have a material impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Under CERCLA or similar state statutes, we may have obligations to conduct investigation and remediation activities associated with alleged releases of hazardous substances or to reimburse the EPA (or state agencies as applicable) for such activities and to pay for natural resource damages associated with alleged releases. We have been named a PRP at several federal and state Superfund sites because the EPA or an equivalent state agency contends that we and other potentially responsible scrap metal suppliers are liable for the cleanup of those sites as a result of having sold scrap metal to unrelated manufacturers for recycling as a raw material in the manufacture of new products. We are involved in litigation or administrative proceedings with regard to several of these sites in which we are contesting, or at the appropriate time may contest, our liability. In addition, we have received information requests with regard to other sites which may be under consideration by the EPA as potential CERCLA sites.
We are presently participating in PRP organizations at several sites, which are paying for certain remediation expenses. Although we are unable to estimate precisely the ultimate dollar amount of exposure to loss in connection with various environmental matters or the effect on our consolidated financial position, we make accruals as warranted. In addition, although we do not believe that a reasonably possible range of loss in excess of amounts accrued for pending lawsuits, claims or proceedings would be material to our financial statements, additional developments may occur, and due to inherent uncertainties, including evolving remediation technology, changing regulations, possible third-party contributions, the inherent shortcomings of the estimation process, the uncertainties involved in litigation and other factors, the amounts we ultimately are required to pay could vary significantly from the amounts we accrue, and this could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Increased regulation associated with climate change and greenhouse gas emissions could impose significant additional costs on both our steelmaking and metals recycling operations.
The U.S. government and various governmental agencies have introduced or are contemplating regulatory changes in response to the potential impact of climate change. International treaties or agreements may also result in increasing regulation of greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions, including the introduction of carbon emissions trading mechanisms. Any such regulation regarding climate change and GHG emissions could impose significant costs on our steelmaking and metals recycling operations and on the operations of our customers and suppliers, including increased energy, capital equipment, environmental monitoring and reporting and other
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costs in order to comply with current or future laws or regulations concerning and limitations imposed on our operations by virtue of climate change and GHG emissions laws and regulations. The potential costs of "allowances," "offsets" or "credits" that may be part of potential cap-and-trade programs or similar future regulatory measures are still uncertain. Any adopted future climate change and GHG regulations could negatively impact our ability (and that of our customers and suppliers) to compete with companies situated in areas not subject to such limitations. From a medium and long-term perspective, as a result of these regulatory initiatives, we may see an increase in costs relating to our assets that emit significant amounts of GHGs. These regulatory initiatives will be either voluntary or mandatory and may impact our operations directly or through our suppliers or customers. Until the timing, scope and extent of any future regulation becomes known, we cannot predict the effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition, but such effect could be materially adverse to our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Physical impacts of climate change could have a material adverse effect on our costs and operations.
There has been public discussion that climate change may be associated with rising sea levels as well as extreme weather conditions such as more intense hurricanes, thunderstorms, tornadoes and snow or ice storms. Extreme weather conditions may increase our costs or cause damage to our facilities, and any damage resulting from extreme weather may not be fully insured. Many of our facilities are located near coastal areas or waterways where rising sea levels or flooding could disrupt our operations or adversely impact our facilities. Furthermore, periods of extended inclement weather or associated flooding may inhibit construction activity utilizing our products, delay or hinder shipments of our products to customers or reduce scrap metal inflows to our recycling facilities. Any such events could have a material adverse effect on our costs or results of operations.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMPANY
Potential limitations on our ability to access credit, or the ability of our customers and suppliers to access credit, may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If our access to credit is limited or impaired, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely impacted. Our senior unsecured debt is rated by Standard & Poor's Corporation, Moody's Investors Service and Fitch Group, Inc. In determining our credit ratings, the rating agencies consider a number of both quantitative and qualitative factors. These factors include earnings (loss), fixed charges such as interest, cash flows, total debt outstanding, off-balance sheet obligations and other commitments, total capitalization and various ratios calculated from these factors. The rating agencies also consider predictability of cash flows, business strategy and diversity, industry conditions and contingencies. Any downgrades in our credit ratings may make raising capital more difficult, increase the cost and affect the terms of future borrowings, affect the terms under which we purchase goods and services and limit our ability to take advantage of potential business opportunities. We could also be adversely affected if our banks refused to honor their contractual commitments or cease lending.
We are also exposed to risks associated with the creditworthiness of our customers and suppliers. In certain markets, we have experienced a consolidation among those entities to whom we sell. This consolidation has resulted in an increased credit risk spread among fewer customers, often without a corresponding strengthening of their financial status. If the availability of credit to fund or support the continuation and expansion of our customers' business operations is curtailed or if the cost of that credit is increased, the resulting inability of our customers or of their customers to either access credit or absorb the increased cost of that credit could adversely affect our business by reducing our sales or by increasing our exposure to losses from uncollectible customer accounts. The consequences of such adverse effects could include the interruption of production at the facilities of our customers, the reduction, delay or cancellation of customer orders, delays or interruptions of the supply of raw materials we purchase, and bankruptcy of customers, suppliers or other creditors. Any of these events may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The potential impact of our customers' non-compliance with existing commercial contracts and commitments, due to insolvency or for any other reason, may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
From time to time in the past, some of our customers have sought to renegotiate or cancel their existing purchase commitments with us. In addition, some of our customers have breached previously agreed upon contracts to buy our products by refusing delivery of the products.
Where appropriate, we have and will in the future pursue litigation to recover our damages resulting from customer contract defaults and bankruptcy filings. We use credit assessments in the U.S. and credit insurance in Poland to mitigate the risk of customer insolvency. However, a large number of our customers defaulting on existing contractual obligations to purchase our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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The agreements governing our notes and our other debt contain financial covenants and impose restrictions on our business.
The indenture governing our 4.875% senior notes due 2023, our 5.750% senior notes due 2026, and our 5.375% senior notes due 2027 contains restrictions on our ability to create liens, sell assets, enter into sale and leaseback transactions and consolidate or merge. In addition to these restrictions, our credit facility contains covenants that restrict our ability to, among other things, enter into transactions with affiliates and guarantee the debt of some of our subsidiaries. Our credit facility also requires that we meet certain financial tests and maintain certain financial ratios, including maximum debt to capitalization and interest coverage ratios.
Other agreements that we may enter into in the future may contain covenants imposing significant restrictions on our business that are similar to, or in addition to, the covenants under our existing agreements. These restrictions may affect our ability to operate our business and may limit our ability to take advantage of potential business opportunities as they arise.
Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions. The breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under the indenture governing our notes or under our other debt agreements. An event of default under our debt agreements would permit our lenders to declare all amounts borrowed from them to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest. If we were unable to repay debt to our secured lenders or if we incur secured debt in the future, these lenders could proceed against the collateral securing that debt. In addition, acceleration of our other indebtedness may cause us to be unable to make interest payments on our notes.
We may not be able to successfully identify, consummate or integrate acquisitions, and acquisitions may adversely affect our financial leverage.
Part of our business strategy includes pursuing synergistic acquisitions. We have expanded, and plan to continue to expand, our business by making strategic acquisitions and regularly seeking suitable acquisition targets to enhance our growth. We may fund such acquisitions using cash on hand, drawing under our credit facility or accessing the capital markets. To the extent we finance such acquisitions with additional debt, the incurrence of such debt may result in a significant increase in our interest expense and financial leverage, which could be further exacerbated by volatility in the debt capital markets. Further, an increase in our leverage could lead to deterioration in our credit ratings.
The pursuit of acquisitions may pose certain risks to us. We may not be able to identify acquisition candidates that fit our criteria for growth and profitability. Even if we are able to identify such candidates, we may not be able to acquire them on terms or financing satisfactory to us. We will incur expenses and dedicate attention and resources associated with the review of acquisition opportunities, whether or not we consummate such acquisitions.
Additionally, even if we are able to acquire suitable targets on agreeable terms, we may not be able to successfully integrate their operations with ours. Achieving the anticipated benefits of any acquisition will depend in significant part upon whether we integrate such acquired businesses in an efficient and effective manner. We may not be able to achieve the anticipated operating and cost synergies or long-term strategic benefits of our acquisitions within the anticipated timing or at all. For example, elimination of duplicative costs may not be fully achieved or may take longer than anticipated. The benefits from any acquisition will be offset by the costs incurred in integrating the businesses and operations. We may also assume liabilities in connection with acquisitions to which we would not otherwise be exposed. An inability to realize any or all of the anticipated synergies or other benefits of an acquisition as well as any delays that may be encountered in the integration process, which may delay the timing of such synergies or other benefits, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may fail to realize all of the anticipated benefits of the acquisition of the Acquired Businesses or those benefits may take longer to realize than expected. We may also encounter significant difficulties in integrating the Acquired Businesses.
Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition of the Acquired Businesses (the "Acquisition") will depend, to a large extent, on our ability to integrate the Acquired Businesses, which is a complex, costly and time consuming process. Because the Acquired Businesses were carved-out from a larger enterprise, integrating the Acquired Businesses will be inherently more difficult than if they were a standalone business. As a result, we must devote significant management attention and resources to integrate our business practices and operations with those of the Acquired Businesses. The integration process may disrupt our business and, if implemented ineffectively, could restrict the realization of all of the expected benefits of the Acquisition. The failure to meet the challenges involved in the integration process and to realize the anticipated benefits of the Acquired Businesses could cause an interruption of, or a loss of momentum in, our operations and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, the integration of the Acquired Businesses may result in material, unanticipated problems, expenses, liabilities, competitive responses and loss of customers and other business relationships. Additional integration challenges include:
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• | diversion of management's attention to integration matters;

• | difficulties in achieving anticipated cost savings, synergies, business opportunities and growth prospects from the Acquisition;

• | difficulties in conforming standards, controls, procedures and accounting and other policies, business cultures and compensation structures;

• | difficulties in the assimilation of employees;

• | difficulties in managing the expanded operations of a significantly larger and more complex company;

• | challenges in retaining key personnel;

• | the impact of known and unknown liabilities that we may inherit from the Acquired Businesses; and

• | coordinating a geographically dispersed organization.

Many of these factors are outside of our control, and any one of them could result in increased costs, lower than expected revenues and diversion of management's time and energy, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and result in us becoming subject to litigation.
In addition, even if the Acquired Businesses are integrated successfully, we may not realize all of the anticipated benefits of the Acquisition, including the synergies, cost savings and sales or growth opportunities. These benefits may not be achieved within the anticipated time frame, or at all. Further, additional unanticipated costs may be incurred in the integration process. Any of these factors could cause reductions in our earnings per share, decrease or delay the expected accretive effect of the Acquisition and negatively impact the price of our common stock.
New and clarifying guidance with regard to interpretation of certain provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
On December 22, 2017, the President signed into law Public Law No. 115-97, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA"), following its passage by the United States Congress, which significantly changed the U.S. corporate income tax system. The TCJA requires complex computations to be performed, which require significant judgments, estimates and calculations to be made in interpreting its provisions. The U.S. Department of Treasury continues to release new and clarifying guidance on certain provisions of the TCJA, which the Company evaluates during the period of enactment. This new guidance could require us to make adjustments to amounts we have previously recorded, which may adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
Goodwill impairment charges in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We review the recoverability of goodwill annually, as of the first day of our fourth quarter, and whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a reporting unit may not be recoverable.
The impairment tests require us to make an estimate of the fair value of our reporting units. An impairment could be recorded as a result of changes in assumptions, estimates or circumstances, some of which are beyond our control. Factors which could result in an impairment include, but are not limited to: (i) reduced demand for our products; (ii) our cost of capital; (iii) higher material prices; (iv) slower growth rates in our industry; and (v) changes in the market based discount rates. Since a number of factors may influence determinations of fair value of goodwill, we are unable to predict whether impairments of goodwill will occur in the future, and there can be no assurance that continued conditions will not result in future impairments of goodwill. The future occurrence of a potential indicator of impairment could include matters such as (i) a decrease in expected net earnings; (ii) adverse equity market conditions; (iii) a decline in current market multiples; (iv) a decline in our common stock price; (v) a significant adverse change in legal factors or the general business climate; (vi) an adverse action or assessment by a regulator; (vii) a significant downturn in non-residential construction markets in the U.S.; and (viii) levels of imported steel into the U.S. Any such impairment would result in us recognizing a non-cash charge in our consolidated statements of earnings, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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Impairment of long-lived assets in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We have a significant amount of property, plant and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets that may be subject to impairment testing. Long-lived assets are subject to an impairment assessment when certain triggering events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may be impaired. If the net carrying value of the asset or group of assets exceeds our estimate of future undiscounted cash flows of the operations related to the asset, the excess of the net book value over estimated fair value is charged to impairment loss in the consolidated statements of earnings. The primary factors that affect estimates of future cash flows for these long-lived asset groups are (i) management's raw material price outlook; (ii) market demand; (iii) working capital changes; (iv) capital expenditures; and (v) selling, general and administrative expenses. There can be no assurance that continued market conditions, demand for our products, or facility utilization levels or other factors will not result in future impairment charges.
Increases in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
An increase in the value of the U.S. dollar may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, and in particular, the increased strength of the U.S. dollar as compared to China's renminbi or the euro could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. A strong U.S. dollar makes imported metal products less expensive, resulting in more imports of steel products into the U.S. by our foreign competitors, while a weak U.S. dollar may have the opposite impact on imports. With the exception of exports of nonferrous scrap metal by our Americas Recycling segment, we have not recently been a significant exporter of metal products from our U.S. operations. Economic difficulties in some large steel-producing regions of the world, resulting in lower local demand for steel products, have historically encouraged greater steel exports to the U.S. at depressed prices which can be exacerbated by a strong U.S. dollar. As a result, our products that are made in the U.S. may become relatively more expensive as compared to imported steel, which has had, and in the future could have, a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
There can be no assurance that we will repurchase shares of our common stock at all or in any particular amounts.
During the first quarter of 2015, we announced that our Board of Directors had authorized the Company to repurchase up to $100.0 million of shares of our common stock. The stock markets in general have experienced substantial price and trading fluctuations, which have resulted in volatility in the market prices of securities that often are unrelated or disproportionate to changes in operating performance. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. Price volatility over a given period may also cause the average price at which we repurchase our own common stock to exceed the stock's price at a given point in time. In addition, significant changes in the trading price of our common stock and our ability to access capital on terms favorable to us could impact our ability to repurchase shares of our common stock. The timing and amount of any repurchases will be determined by the Company's management based on its evaluation of market conditions, capital allocation alternatives and other factors beyond our control. Our share repurchase program may be modified, suspended, extended or terminated by the Company at any time and without notice.
Operating internationally carries risks and uncertainties which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We have significant facilities in Poland. Our Polish operations generated approximately 14% of our 2019 net sales. Our stability, growth and profitability are subject to a number of risks inherent in doing business internationally in addition to the currency exchange risk and operating risks discussed above, including:

• | political, military, terrorist or major pandemic events;

• | local labor and social issues;

• | legal and regulatory requirements or limitations imposed by foreign governments (particularly those with significant steel consumption or steel-related production including China, Brazil, Russia and India), including quotas, tariffs or other protectionist trade barriers, adverse tax law changes, nationalization or currency restrictions;

• | disruptions or delays in shipments caused by customs compliance or government agencies; and

• | potential difficulties in staffing and managing local operations.

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These factors may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Scrap and other supplies for our business are subject to significant price fluctuations and limited availability, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
At any given time, we may be unable to obtain an adequate supply of critical raw materials at a price and other terms acceptable to us. We depend on ferrous scrap, the primary feedstock for our steel mills, and other supplies such as graphite electrodes and ferroalloys for our steel mill operations. The price of scrap and other supplies has historically been subject to significant fluctuation, and we may not be able to adjust our product prices to recover the costs of rapid increases in material prices, especially over the short-term and in our domestic fabrication segment's fixed price contracts. The profitability of our steel mill operations and domestic fabrication segments would be adversely affected if we are unable to pass on to our customers increased raw material and supply costs. Changing processes could potentially impact the volume of scrap metal available to us and the volume and realized margins of processed metal we sell.
The purchase prices for automobile bodies and various other grades of obsolete and industrial scrap, as well as the selling prices for processed and recycled scrap metals we utilize in our own manufacturing process or resell to others, are highly volatile. A prolonged period of low scrap prices or a fall in scrap prices could reduce our ability to obtain, process and sell recycled material, which could have a material adverse effect on our metals recycling operations business, results of operations and financial condition. Our ability to respond to changing recycled metal selling prices may be limited by competitive or other factors during periods of low scrap prices, when the supply of scrap may decline considerably, as scrap generators hold onto their scrap in the hope of getting higher prices later. Conversely, increased foreign demand for scrap due to economic expansion in countries such as China, India, Brazil and Turkey can result in an outflow of available domestic scrap as well as higher scrap prices that cannot always be passed on to domestic scrap consumers, further reducing the available domestic scrap flows and scrap margins, all of which could adversely affect our sales and profitability.
The availability and process of raw materials may also be negatively affected by new laws and regulations, allocations by suppliers, interruptions in production, accidents or natural disasters, changes in exchange rates, worldwide price fluctuations, and the availability and cost of transportation. If we were unable to obtain adequate and timely deliveries of our required raw materials, we may be unable to timely manufacture significant quantities of our products.
We rely on the availability of large amounts of electricity and natural gas for our mill operations. Disruptions in delivery or substantial increases in energy costs, including crude oil prices, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our EAF mills melt steel scrap in electric arc furnaces and use natural gas to heat steel billets for rolling into finished products. As large consumers of electricity and gas, often the largest in the geographic area where our mills are located, we must have dependable delivery of electricity and natural gas in order to operate. Accordingly, we are at risk in the event of an energy disruption. Prolonged black-outs or brown-outs or disruptions caused by natural disasters such as hurricanes would substantially disrupt our production. While we have not suffered prolonged production delays due to our inability to access electricity or natural gas, several of our competitors have experienced such occurrences. Prolonged substantial increases in energy costs would have an adverse effect on the costs of operating our mills and would negatively impact our gross margins unless we were able to fully pass through the additional expense to our customers. Our finished steel products are typically delivered by truck. Rapid increases in the price of fuel attributable to increases in crude oil prices would increase our costs and adversely affect many of our customers' financial results, which in turn could result in reduced margins and declining demand for our products.
The loss of or inability to hire key employees may adversely affect our ability to successfully manage our operations and meet our strategic objectives.
Our future success depends, in large part, on the continued service of our officers and other key employees and our ability to continue to attract and retain additional highly qualified personnel. These employees are integral to our success based on their expertise and knowledge of our business and products. We compete for such personnel with other companies, including public and private company competitors who may periodically offer more favorable terms of employment. The loss or interruption of the services of a number of our key employees could reduce our ability to effectively manage our operations due to the fact that we may not be able to find appropriate replacement personnel in a timely manner should the need arise.
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We may have difficulty competing with companies that have a lower cost structure or access to greater financial resources.
We compete with regional, national and foreign manufacturers and traders. Consolidation among participants in the steel manufacturing and recycling industries has resulted in fewer competitors, and several of our competitors are significantly larger than us and have greater financial resources and more diverse businesses than us. Some of our foreign competitors may be able to pursue business opportunities without regard to certain of the laws and regulations with which we must comply, such as environmental regulations. These companies may have a lower cost structure and more operating flexibility, and consequently they may be able to offer better prices and more services than we can. There is no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully with these companies. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Information technology interruptions and breaches in data security could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We rely on computers, information and communications technology and related systems and networks in order to operate our business, including to store sensitive data such as intellectual property, our own proprietary business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners and personally identifiable information of our employees. Increased global information technology security requirements, vulnerabilities, threats and a rise in sophisticated and targeted computer crime pose a risk to the security of our systems, networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our data. Our systems and networks are also subject to damage or interruption from power outages, telecommunications failures, employee error and other similar events. Any of these or other events could result in system interruption, the disclosure, modification or destruction of proprietary and other key information, legal claims or proceedings, production delays or disruptions to operations including processing transactions and reporting financial results and could adversely impact our reputation and our operating results. We have taken steps to address these concerns and have implemented internal control and security measures to protect our systems and networks from security breaches; however, there can be no assurance that a system or network failure, or security breach, will not impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our mills require continual capital investments that we may not be able to sustain.
We must make regular substantial capital investments in our steel mills to maintain the mills, lower production costs and remain competitive. We cannot be certain that we will have sufficient internally generated cash or acceptable external financing to make necessary substantial capital expenditures in the future. The availability of external financing depends on many factors outside of our control, including capital market conditions and the overall performance of the economy. If funding is insufficient, we may be unable to develop or enhance our mills, take advantage of business opportunities and respond to competitive pressures.
Unexpected equipment failures may lead to production curtailments or shutdowns, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Interruptions in our production capabilities would adversely affect our production costs, steel available for sale and earnings for the affected period. Our manufacturing processes are dependent upon critical pieces of steel-making equipment, such as our furnaces, continuous casters and rolling equipment, as well as electrical equipment, such as transformers. This equipment may, on occasion, be out of service as a result of unanticipated failures. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, material plant shutdowns or periods of reduced production as a result of such equipment failures. In addition to equipment failures, our facilities are also subject to the risk of catastrophic loss due to unanticipated events such as fires, explosions or violent weather conditions.
Competition from other materials may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In many applications, steel competes with other materials, such as aluminum and plastics (particularly in the automobile industry), cement, composites, glass and wood. Increased use of or additional substitutes for steel products could adversely affect future market prices and demand for steel products.
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Hedging transactions may expose us to losses or limit our potential gains.
Our product lines and worldwide operations expose us to risks associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and interest rates. As part of our risk management program, we sometimes use financial instruments, including metals commodity futures, natural gas forward contracts, freight forward contracts, foreign currency exchange forward contracts and interest rate swap contracts. While intended to reduce the effects of fluctuations in these prices and rates, these transactions may limit our potential gains or expose us to losses. If our counterparties to such transactions or the sponsors of the exchanges through which these transactions are offered, such as the London Metal Exchange, fail to honor their obligations due to financial distress, we would be exposed to potential losses or the inability to recover anticipated gains from these transactions.
We enter into the foreign currency exchange forward contracts as economic hedges of trade commitments or anticipated commitments denominated in currencies other than the functional currency to mitigate the effects of changes in currency rates. These foreign exchange commitments are dependent on timely performance by our counterparties. Their failure to perform could result in our having to close these hedges without the anticipated underlying transaction and could result in losses if foreign currency exchange rates have changed.
We are subject to litigation and legal compliance risks which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are involved in various litigation matters, including regulatory proceedings, administrative proceedings, governmental investigations, environmental matters and construction contract disputes. The nature of our operations also exposes us to possible litigation claims in the future. Because of the uncertain nature of litigation and coverage decisions, we cannot predict the outcome of these matters. These matters could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Litigation is very costly, and the costs associated with prosecuting and defending litigation matters could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Although we are unable to estimate precisely the ultimate dollar amount of exposure to loss in connection with litigation matters, we make accruals as warranted. However, the amounts that we accrue could vary significantly from the amounts we actually pay, due to inherent uncertainties and the inherent shortcomings of the estimation process, the uncertainties involved in litigation and other factors. See Part I, Item 3, Legal Proceedings of this Annual Report, for a description of our current significant legal proceedings.
As noted above, existing laws or regulations, as currently interpreted or reinterpreted in the future, and future laws and regulations, may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. See the risk factor "Compliance with and changes in environmental compliance requirements and remediation requirements could result in substantially increased capital requirements and operating costs; violations of environmental requirements could result in costs that have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition" above for a description of such risks relating to environmental laws and regulations. In addition to such environmental laws and regulations, complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations, including without limitation the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws in other countries, which generally prohibit companies and those acting on their behalf from making improper payments to foreign government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business, regulations related to import-export controls, the Office of Foreign Assets Control sanctions program and antiboycott provisions, may increase our cost of doing business in international jurisdictions and expose us and our employees to elevated risk. While we believe that we have adopted appropriate risk management and compliance programs, the nature of our operations means that legal and compliance risks will continue to exist. A negative outcome in an unusual or significant legal proceeding or compliance investigation could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our operations present significant risk of injury or death.
The industrial activities conducted at our facilities present significant risk of serious injury or death to our employees, customers or other visitors to our operations, notwithstanding our safety precautions, including our material compliance with federal, state and local employee health and safety regulations, and we may be unable to avoid material liabilities for injuries or deaths. We maintain workers' compensation insurance to address the risk of incurring material liabilities for injuries or deaths, but there can be no assurance that the insurance coverage will be adequate or will continue to be available on the terms acceptable to us, or at all, which could result in material liabilities to us for any injuries or deaths.
Health care legislation could result in substantially increased costs and adversely affect our workforce.
The health care mandates enacted in connection with the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act may cause us to evaluate the scope of health benefits offered to our workforce and the method in which they are delivered, and increase our and our employees' costs. If we are not able to offer a competitive level of benefits, our ability to hire and retain qualified personnel may
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be adversely affected. Higher health care costs may result in (i) an inability to reinvest sufficient capital in our operations, (ii) an inability to sustain dividends, (iii) lowered debt ratings and (iv) an increase in the cost of capital, all of which may have a negative effect on the price of our common stock and a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
The following table describes our principal properties as of August 31, 2019. These properties are owned by us and not subject to any significant encumbrances, or are leased by us. We consider all properties to be appropriately utilized, suitable and adequate to meet the requirements of our present and foreseeable future operations. Refer to Part I, Item 1, Business, included in this Annual Report for a discussion of the nature of our operations.

Segment and Operation |  | Location |  | Approximate Building Square Footage |  | Capacity (Millions of Tons)**
Americas Recycling |  | * |  | 1,380,000 |  |  | 3.8 |
Americas Mills |  |  |  |  |  | 5.8 |
Steel Mini Mill |  | Birmingham, Alabama |  | 580,000 |  |  |
Steel Mini Mill |  | Rancho Cucamonga, California |  | 260,000 |  |  |
Steel Mini Mill |  | Jacksonville, Florida |  | 460,000 |  |  |
Steel Mini Mill |  | Sayreville, New Jersey |  | 380,000 |  |  |
Steel Mini Mill |  | Cayce, South Carolina |  | 760,000 |  |  |
Steel Mini Mill |  | Knoxville, Tennessee |  | 460,000 |  |  |
Steel Mini Mill |  | Seguin, Texas |  | 870,000 |  |  |
Steel Micro Mill |  | Mesa, Arizona |  | 320,000 |  |  |
Steel Micro Mill |  | Durant, Oklahoma |  | 290,000 |  |  |
Steel Rerolling Mill |  | Magnolia, Arkansas |  | 280,000 |  |  |
Recycling |  | * |  | 210,000 |  |  |
Americas Fabrication |  | * |  | 4,150,000 |  |  | 2.5 |
International Mill |  |  |  |  |  | 2.2 |
Steel Mini Mill |  | Zawiercie, Poland |  | 2,880,000 |  |  |
Fabrication |  | Four locations in Poland |  | 250,000 |  |  |
Recycling |  | Twelve locations in Poland |  | 190,000 |  |  |

_________________
* Refer to Part I, Item 1, Business, included in this Annual Report for a description of each location by state. The individual locations within Americas Recycling and Americas Fabrication segments, and the recycling yards associated with the Americas Mills segment, are not individually material.
** Refer to Part I, Item 1, Business, included in this Annual Report for a discussion of the calculation of capacity for our mill-related segments.
We lease the 132,395 square foot office space occupied by our corporate headquarters in Irving, Texas.
We lease certain facilities as described in Part I, Item 1, Business. These leases expire on various dates over the next six years, with the exception of the leases related to the International Mill. Several of the leases have renewal options. We have generally been able to renew leases prior to their expiration. We estimate our minimum annual rental obligation for our real estate operating leases in effect at August 31, 2019, to be paid during 2020, to be approximately $13.4 million.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company is a defendant in lawsuits associated with the normal conduct of its businesses and operations. It is not possible to predict the outcome of the pending actions, and as with any litigation, it is possible that these actions could be decided unfavorably to the Company. We believe that there are meritorious defenses to these actions and that these actions will not have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition, and where appropriate, these actions are being vigorously contested.
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We are the subject of civil actions, or have received notices from the EPA or state agencies with similar responsibility, that we and numerous other parties are considered a PRP and may be obligated under CERCLA, or similar state statutes, to pay for the cost of remedial investigation, feasibility studies and ultimately remediation to correct alleged releases of hazardous substances at eleven locations. The actions and notices refer to the following locations, none of which involve real estate we ever owned or upon which we ever conducted operations: the Sapp Battery Site in Cottondale, Florida, the Interstate Lead Company Site in Leeds, Alabama, the Ross Metals Site in Rossville, Tennessee, the Li Tungsten Site in Glen Cove, New York, the Peak Oil Site in Tampa, Florida, the R&H Oil Site in San Antonio, Texas, the SoGreen/Parramore Site in Tifton, Georgia, the Jensen Drive site in Houston, Texas, the Industrial Salvage site in Corpus Christi, Texas, Chemetco site in Hartford, Illinois and the Ward Transformer site in Raleigh, North Carolina. We may contest our designation as a PRP with regard to certain sites, while at other sites we are participating with other named PRPs in agreements or negotiations that have resulted or that we expect will result in agreements to remediate the sites. During 2010, we acquired a 70% interest in the real property at Jensen Drive as part of the remediation of that site. We have periodically received information requests from government environmental agencies with regard to other sites that are apparently under consideration for designation as listed sites under CERCLA or similar state statutes. Often we do not receive any further communication with regard to these sites, and as of the date of this Annual Report, we do not know if any of these inquiries will ultimately result in a demand for payment from us.
The EPA notified us and other alleged PRPs that under Section 106 of CERCLA, we and the other PRPs could be subject to a maximum fine of $25,000 per day and the imposition of treble damages if we and the other PRPs refuse to clean up the Peak Oil, Sapp Battery and SoGreen/Parramore sites as ordered by the EPA. We are presently participating in PRP organizations at these sites, which are paying for certain site remediation expenses. We do not believe that the EPA will pursue any fines against us if we continue to participate in the PRP groups or if we have adequate defenses to the EPA's imposition of fines against us in these matters.
We believe that adequate provisions have been made in the financial statements for the potential impact of any loss in connection with the above-described legal proceedings and environmental matters. Management believes that the outcome of the proceedings mentioned, and other miscellaneous litigation and proceedings now pending, will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
MARKET, STOCKHOLDERS AND DIVIDENDS
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CMC. The number of stockholders of record of CMC common stock at October 22, 2019 was 117,934,611.
We have paid quarterly cash dividends for 220 consecutive quarters. We paid quarterly dividends in 2019 and 2018 at the rate of $0.12 per share of CMC common stock. While the Company’s Board of Directors currently intends to continue regular quarterly cash dividend payments, the Board of Directors’ determination with respect to any future dividends will depend upon our profitability and financial condition, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors that the Board deems relevant at the time of such determination. Based on its evaluation of these factors, the Board of Directors may determine not to declare a dividend, or declare dividends at rates that are less than currently anticipated.
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STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The graph below compares Commercial Metals Company's cumulative 5-Year total shareholder return on common stock with the cumulative total returns of the Standard & Poor's 500 Composite Stock Price Index (the "S&P 500") and the Standard & Poor's Steel Industry Group Index (the "S&P Steel"). The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends) from August 31, 2014 to August 31, 2019.

|  | 8/31/14 |  | 8/31/15 |  | 8/31/16 |  | 8/31/17 |  | 8/31/18 |  | 8/31/19
Commercial Metals Company |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 93.73 |  |  | $ | 95.63 |  |  | $ | 119.37 |  |  | $ | 139.66 |  |  | $ | 104.07 |
S&P 500 |  | 100.00 |  |  | 100.48 |  |  | 113.09 |  |  | 131.45 |  |  | 157.30 |  |  | 161.89 |
S&P Steel |  | 100.00 |  |  | 79.73 |  |  | 92.53 |  |  | 107.93 |  |  | 125.52 |  |  | 101.15 |

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PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
There were no purchases of equity securities registered by the Company pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act during the quarter ended August 31, 2019.
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial data derived from our audited financial statements for each of the five years in the period ended August 31, 2019. The data presented below should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" set forth in Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report and the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes set forth in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2019** |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net sales* |  | $ | 5,829,002 |  |  | $ | 4,643,723 |  |  | $ | 3,844,069 |  |  | $ | 3,596,068 |  |  | $ | 4,452,026 |
Earnings from continuing operations |  | 198,779 |  |  | 135,237 |  |  | 50,175 |  |  | 62,001 |  |  | 58,583 |
Basic earnings per share from continuing operations |  | 1.69 |  |  | 1.16 |  |  | 0.43 |  |  | 0.54 |  |  | 0.50 |
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations |  | 1.67 |  |  | 1.14 |  |  | 0.43 |  |  | 0.53 |  |  | 0.50 |
Cash dividends per share |  | 0.48 |  |  | 0.48 |  |  | 0.48 |  |  | 0.48 |  |  | 0.48 |
Capital expenditures |  | 138,836 |  |  | 174,655 |  |  | 213,120 |  |  | 163,332 |  |  | 119,580 |

|  | Year Ended August 31,
|  | 2019** |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Total assets |  | $ | 3,758,771 |  |  | $ | 3,328,304 |  |  | $ | 2,975,131 |  |  | $ | 3,130,869 |  |  | $ | 3,439,951 |
Long-term debt (includes current maturities) |  | 1,244,653 |  |  | 1,158,365 |  |  | 824,762 |  |  | 1,071,417 |  |  | 1,282,355 |
Stockholders' equity |  | 1,623,861 |  |  | 1,493,397 |  |  | 1,400,757 |  |  | 1,367,272 |  |  | 1,381,225 |

_________________________
* Excludes divisions classified as discontinued operations. For additional information on discontinued operations, see Note 4, Changes in Business, to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.
** 2019 results include 10 months of the Acquired Businesses' results and assets acquired as part of the Acquisition.
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This Annual Report contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the federal securities laws with respect to general economic conditions, key macro-economic drivers that impact our business, the effects of ongoing trade actions, the effects of continued pressure on the liquidity of our customers, potential synergies provided by our recent acquisitions, demand for our products, steel margins, the ability to operate our mills at full capacity, future supplies of raw materials and energy for our operations, share repurchases, legal proceedings, the undistributed earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries, U.S. non-residential construction activity, international trade, capital expenditures, our liquidity and our ability to satisfy future liquidity requirements, estimated contractual obligations, the effects of the Acquisition and our expectations or beliefs concerning future events. These forward-looking statements can generally be identified by phrases such as we or our management "expects," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "intends," "plans to," "ought," "could," "will," "should," "likely," "appears," "projects," "forecasts," "outlook" or other similar words or phrases. There are inherent risks and uncertainties in any forward-looking statements. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements.
Our forward-looking statements are based on management's expectations and beliefs as of the time this Annual Report is filed with the SEC or, with respect to any document incorporated by reference, as of the time such document was prepared. Although we believe that our expectations are reasonable, we can give no assurance that these expectations will prove to have been correct, and actual results may vary materially. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update, amend or clarify any forward-looking statements to reflect changed assumptions, the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events, new information or circumstances or any other changes. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations include those described in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" of this Annual Report as well as the following:

• | changes in economic conditions which affect demand for our products or construction activity generally, and the impact of such changes on the highly cyclical steel industry;

• | rapid and significant changes in the price of metals, potentially impairing our inventory values due to declines in commodity prices or reducing the profitability of our fabrication contracts due to rising commodity prices;

• | excess capacity in our industry, particularly in China, and product availability from competing steel mills and other steel suppliers including import quantities and pricing;

• | compliance with and changes in environmental laws and regulations, including increased regulation associated with climate change and GHG emissions;

• | involvement in various environmental matters that may result in fines, penalties or judgments;

• | potential limitations in our or our customers' abilities to access credit and non-compliance by our customers with our contracts;

• | activity in repurchasing shares of our common stock under our repurchase program;

• | financial covenants and restrictions on the operation of our business contained in agreements governing our debt;

• | our ability to successfully identify, consummate, and integrate acquisitions and the effects that acquisitions may have on our financial leverage;

• | risks associated with acquisitions generally, such as the inability to obtain, or delays in obtaining, required approvals under applicable antitrust legislation and other regulatory and third-party consents and approvals;

• | failure to retain key management and employees of the Acquired Businesses;

• | issues or delays in the successful integration of the Acquired Businesses’ operations, systems and personnel with those of the Company, including the inability to substantially increase utilization of the Acquired Businesses' steel mini mills, and incurring or experiencing unanticipated costs and/or delays or difficulties;

• | unfavorable reaction to the Acquisition by customers, competitors, suppliers and employees;

• | lower than expected future levels of revenues and higher than expected future costs;

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• | failure or inability to implement growth strategies in a timely manner;

• | impact of goodwill impairment charges;

• | impact of long-lived asset impairment charges;

• | currency fluctuations;

• | global factors, including political uncertainties and military conflicts;

• | availability and pricing of electricity, electrodes and natural gas for mill operations;

• | ability to hire and retain key executives and other employees;

• | competition from other materials or from competitors that have a lower cost structure or access to greater financial resources;

• | information technology interruptions and breaches in security;

• | ability to make necessary capital expenditures;

• | availability and pricing of raw materials and other items over which we exert little influence, including scrap metal, energy and insurance;

• | unexpected equipment failures;

• | losses or limited potential gains due to hedging transactions;

• | litigation claims and settlements, court decisions, regulatory rulings and legal compliance risks;

• | risk of injury or death to employees, customers or other visitors to our operations;

• | new and clarifying guidance with regard to interpretation of certain provisions of the TCJA that could impact our assessment; and

• | increased costs related to health care reform legislation.

This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes contained in this Annual Report.
OVERVIEW
As a vertically integrated organization, we manufacture, recycle and market steel and metal products, related materials and services through a network including eight EAF mini mills, two EAF micro mills, a rerolling mill, steel fabrication and processing plants, construction-related product warehouses, and metal recycling facilities in the U.S. and Poland. Our operations are conducted through four reportable segments: Americas Recycling, Americas Mills, Americas Fabrication and International Mill. See Part I, Item 1, Business, for further information regarding our business and segments.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS SUMMARY
The following discussion of our results of operations is based on our continuing operations and excludes any results of our discontinued operations. The discussion summarizing the significant factors affecting the results of operations and financial condition of CMC in 2018 compared to 2017 can be found in Part II, “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for 2018, which was filed with the SEC on October 25, 2018. Any changes to the 2018 and 2017 statements of cash flows in this Annual Report from the version previously reported are due to the adoption of ASU 2016-15 as described in Liquidity and Capital Resources below.

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands except per share data) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net sales |  | $ | 5,829,002 |  |  | $ | 4,643,723 |  |  | $ | 3,844,069 |
Earnings |  | 198,779 |  |  | 135,237 |  |  | 50,175 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | 1.67 |  |  | 1.14 |  |  | 0.43 |

Fiscal Year 2019 Compared to Fiscal Year 2018
Net sales for 2019 increased $1.2 billion, or 26%, compared to 2018 due to the successful execution of our growth strategy and strength in our core markets. The Acquisition, which was completed in the first quarter of 2019, contributed net sales of $1.4 billion in 2019. See Note 3, Acquisition, which is contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, for further information related to the Acquisition. Net sales in our Americas Mills and Americas Fabrication segments increased in 2019, as compared to the same periods in 2018, primarily due to the Acquired Businesses and an increase in year-over-year average selling prices. Average selling prices and volumes were down in 2019, as compared to 2018, in our Americas Recycling and International Mill segments, leading to year-over-year reductions in net sales in both segments.
Earnings from continuing operations for 2019 increased by $63.5 million, or 47%, compared to 2018. The increase in earnings was primarily due to the Acquired Businesses.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses from continuing operations in 2019 increased $61.8 million compared to 2018, due to $51.0 million of costs associated with the Acquisition and with the expenses related to the operation of the Acquired Businesses.
Interest Expense
Interest expense in 2019 increased $30.4 million compared to 2018. The increase was primarily the result of financing activities in connection with the Acquisition, including issuance of the 2026 Notes and a draw under the 2018 Term Loan (both defined in Note 10, Credit Arrangements), which increased interest expense by $19.8 million in 2019 as compared to 2018. Also contributing to the increase was a year-over-year reduction in capitalized interest of $6.9 million in 2019 compared to 2018.
Income Taxes
Our effective income tax rate from continuing operations for 2019 was 26.0% compared to 18.2% for 2018. Our effective tax rate for 2019 included non-recurring expense of approximately $7.4 million related to the final measurement of our U.S. federal tax expense associated with repatriation tax provisions of the TCJA. Excluding the impacts of the TCJA, the year-over-year increase was primarily due to certain tax benefits recorded during 2018 which did not recur during 2019. See Note 14, Income Tax, for further discussion of our effective tax rate.
SEGMENTS
All amounts are computed and presented in a manner that is consistent with the basis in which we internally disaggregate financial information for the purpose of making operating decisions. See Note 21, Business Segments, for further information on how we evaluate financial performance of our segments.
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Fiscal Year 2019 Compared to Fiscal Year 2018
Americas Recycling

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net sales |  | $ | 1,146,546 |  |  | $ | 1,365,429 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | 42,124 |  |  | 68,694 |

Average selling price (per ton) |  |  |  |
Ferrous |  | $ | 252 |  |  | $ | 289 |
Nonferrous |  | 2,006 |  |  | 2,238 |

Tons shipped (in thousands) |  |  |  |
Ferrous |  | 2,305 |  |  | 2,435 |
Nonferrous |  | 243 |  |  | 263 |
Total |  | 2,548 |  |  | 2,698 |

Net sales in 2019 decreased $218.9 million, or 16%, compared to 2018. For the year ended August 31, 2019, approximately 65% of the year-over-year decrease in net sales was due to declining ferrous and nonferrous prices and 33% was due to decreased volumes. Ferrous and nonferrous average selling prices have declined 13% and 10%, respectively, compared to 2018, and ferrous and nonferrous tons shipped decreased 5% and 8%, respectively, over the same time period.
Adjusted EBITDA in 2019 decreased $26.6 million compared to 2018 primarily due to the declining price environment, which compressed margins and constrained scrap flows in 2019. Conversion costs increased approximately 14% per ton in 2019 due to decreased production levels. Adjusted EBITDA included non-cash stock compensation expense of $1.4 million and $1.3 million, in 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Americas Mills

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net sales |  | $ | 3,068,274 |  |  | $ | 1,996,903 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | 545,215 |  |  | 301,805 |

Average price (per ton) |  |  |  |
Total selling price |  | $ | 666 |  |  | $ | 612 |
Cost of ferrous scrap utilized |  | 284 |  |  | 303 |
Metal margin |  | 382 |  |  | 309 |

Tons (in thousands) |  |  |  |
Melted |  | 4,357 |  |  | 2,922 |
Rolled |  | 4,134 |  |  | 2,673 |
Shipped |  | 4,394 |  |  | 3,013 |

Net sales in 2019 increased $1.1 billion, or 54%, compared to 2018. The increase in net sales for 2019 was driven by a 1.4 million ton increase in tons shipped, primarily due to shipments by the Acquired Businesses. Also contributing to increased net sales were increased average selling prices of $54 per ton in 2019 compared to 2018, as the Section 232 trade actions recently implemented in the U.S., aimed at unfairly priced steel imports, have favorably impacted the pricing environment.
Adjusted EBITDA in 2019 increased $243.4 million compared to 2018. This increase was due, in part, to the Acquired Businesses, which contributed $58.1 million to Adjusted EBITDA in 2019, coupled with a 24% increase in metal margin. Partially offsetting margin expansion were increases in conversion costs of approximately $41 per ton excluding the increase related to the Acquired Businesses, due to increased electrode prices and repairs and maintenance expenses compared to 2018. Adjusted EBITDA included non-cash stock compensation expense of $5.6 million and $5.2 million, in 2019 and 2018, respectively.
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Americas Fabrication

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net sales |  | $ | 2,223,379 |  |  | $ | 1,427,882 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | (123,014 | ) |  | (39,394 | )

Average selling price (excluding stock and buyout sales) (per ton) |  |  |  |
Rebar and other |  | $ | 905 |  |  | $ | 800 |

Tons shipped (in thousands) |  |  |  |
Rebar and other |  | 1,632 |  |  | 1,114 |

Net sales in 2019 increased $795.5 million, or 56%, compared to 2018. The increase in net sales was driven by increase s in tons shipped of 518 thousand due to shipments by the Acquired Businesses during 2019 and by increases in average selling prices of $105 per ton compared to 2018. Net sales for 2019 included amortization benefit of $74.8 million related to the unfavorable contract backlog of the Acquired Businesses.
Americas Fabrication reported an adjusted EBITDA loss of $123.0 million for 2019, compared to an adjusted EBITDA loss of $39.4 million for 2018. The primary driver for the year-over-year increase in adjusted EBITDA loss was the additional volume and adjusted EBITDA loss associated with the Acquired Businesses and compression in metal margins, as average selling prices have not increased as much as input prices. As the majority of our rebar fabrication projects in this segment are fixed price, there is a lag between current market prices and average selling prices of material we ship as we work through the project backlog. The implementation of Section 232 trade actions resulted in increased input prices in the current market, while the rebar fabrication projects included in our backlog are fixed at lower prices. However, the historical CMC locations produced break-even results in the fourth quarter for the first time in 2019, and the contract backlog associated with the Acquired Businesses is expected to turn profitable in 2020. Rebar bidding activity remains strong and selling prices in the fourth quarter of 2019 were 14% higher than selling prices in the fourth quarter of 2018. The adjusted EBITDA loss does not include the $74.8 million benefit of the purchase accounting adjustment related to the amortization of the unfavorable contract backlog reserve. Additionally, the adjusted EBITDA loss includes $4.2 million of costs related to the closure of certain fabrication locations in 2019. Adjusted EBITDA also included non-cash stock compensation expense of $2.4 million and $2.2 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively.
International Mill

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net sales |  | $ | 817,048 |  |  | $ | 887,038 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | 100,102 |  |  | 131,720 |
Average price (per ton) |  |  |  |
Total sales |  | $ | 528 |  |  | $ | 560 |
Cost of ferrous scrap utilized |  | 288 |  |  | 314 |
Metal margin |  | 240 |  |  | 246 |
Tons (in thousands) |  |  |  |
Melted |  | 1,488 |  |  | 1,542 |
Rolled |  | 1,261 |  |  | 1,317 |
Shipped |  | 1,460 |  |  | 1,500 |

Net sales in 2019 decreased $70.0 million, or 8%, compared to 2018. The decrease in net sales was primarily related to an unfavorable foreign currency exchange rate impact of $53.9 million due to the increase in the average value of the U.S. dollar relative to the Polish zloty in 2019, as compared to 2018. Excluding the foreign exchange impact, net sales decreased by
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approximately 2% on a year-over-year basis due to a high volume of steel imports into the European Union which has driven prices down.
Adjusted EBITDA in 2019 decreased $31.6 million compared to 2018, primarily driven by a $6 per ton, or 2%, decrease in average metal margin and a $7 per ton, or 4%, increase in conversion costs. Adjusted EBITDA for 2019 included an unfavorable foreign currency exchange rate impact of approximately $6.4 million in 2019, as compared to 2018. Adjusted EBITDA included non-cash stock compensation expense of $1.2 million and $1.4 million, in 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Corporate and Other

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | (140,342 | ) |  | $ | (110,604 | )

Corporate and Other adjusted EBITDA loss in 2019 increased by $29.7 million compared to 2018. The increase in adjusted EBITDA loss in 2019 was driven by a $10.2 million decrease in other revenue primarily as a result of a decrease in gains on Benefit Restoration Plan ("BRP") assets year-over-year and a $12.2 million increase in acquisition and integration-related costs.
Discontinued Operations
See Note 4, Changes in Business, which is contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, for information regarding discontinued operations.
FISCAL 2019 LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
While we believe the lending institutions participating in our credit arrangements are financially capable, the banking industry and capital markets periodically experience volatility that may limit our ability to raise capital. Additionally, changes to our credit rating by any rating agency may impact our ability to raise capital and manage our financing costs.
The table below reflects our sources, facilities and availability of liquidity as of August 31, 2019:

(in thousands) |  | Total Facility |  | Availability
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 192,461 |  |  | $ | 192,461 |
Notes due from 2023 to 2027 |  | 980,000 |  |  | * |
Revolving credit facility |  | 350,000 |  |  | 346,971 |
U.S. accounts receivables facility |  | 200,000 |  |  | 149,809 |
Term Loan |  | 210,125 |  |  | — |
Poland accounts receivables facility |  | 55,204 |  |  | 46,257 |
Poland credit facilities |  | 69,005 |  |  | 67,935 |
Other, including equipment notes |  | 60,867 |  |  | * |

_________________________________
* We believe we have access to additional financing and refinancing, if needed.
See Note 10, Credit Arrangements, which is contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, for additional information.
Sources of Liquidity and Capital Resources
We expect cash on hand and cash generated from operations to be sufficient to meet all interest and principal payments due within the next twelve months.
Historically, our U.S. operations have generated the majority of our cash, which has been used to fund the needs of our U.S. operations. Additionally, as of August 31, 2019, we had access to a $350.0 million revolving credit facility as well as availability under our accounts receivable facility, as described in Note 10, Credit Arrangements.
Our foreign operations generated approximately 14% of our net sales in 2019. At August 31, 2019, cash and cash equivalents of $8.9 million were held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries.
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We regularly maintain a substantial amount of accounts receivable. We actively monitor our accounts receivable and, based on market conditions and customers' financial condition, record allowances as soon as we believe accounts are uncollectible. We use credit insurance internationally to mitigate the risk of customer insolvency. We estimate that the amount of credit-insured receivables (and those covered by export letters of credit) was approximately 13% of total receivables at August 31, 2019.
Stock Repurchase Program
During the first quarter of 2015, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to $100.0 million of outstanding common stock. As of August 31, 2019, $27.6 million of our common stock was available to be purchased under this program. We intend to repurchase shares from time to time for cash in the open market or privately negotiated transactions in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. The timing and the amount of repurchases, if any, will be determined by management based on an evaluation of market conditions, capital allocation alternatives and other factors. The share repurchase program does not require us to purchase any dollar amount or number of shares of our common stock and may be modified, suspended, extended or terminated at any time without prior notice. We did not purchase any shares of common stock during 2019 or 2018.
Operating Cash Flow and Capital Expenditures
Our cash flows from operating activities result primarily from sales of steel and related products, and to a lesser extent, sales of nonferrous metal products. We have a diverse and generally stable customer base. From time to time, we use futures or forward contracts to mitigate the risks from fluctuations in metal commodity prices, foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. See Note 12, Derivatives and Risk Management, for further information.
Fiscal 2019 Compared to Fiscal 2018
Operating Activities
With the adoption of Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-15 effective September 1, 2018, cash receipts related to the collection of the deferred purchase price ("DPP") from our accounts receivable programs in the U.S. and Poland (the "Programs"), previously recorded as cash flows from operating activities, were recorded as cash flows from investing activities in the statement of cash flows for all periods presented. Upon adoption of this ASU, coupled with amendments made to the Programs as discussed in Note 7, Accounts Receivable Programs, cash collections for the year ended August 31, 2019 related to our $367.5 million outstanding DPP balance at August 31, 2018 were reflected as cash flows from investing activities. As a result of the amendments to the Programs, excluding collections related to the outstanding DPP balance at August 31, 2018, cash collections of trade receivables under the Programs are classified as operating activities, and cash advances, including repayment of such advances, are classified as financing activities.
Net cash flows from operating activities increased by $470.9 million during 2019 compared to 2018. Working capital generated $48.7 million net cash inflows in 2019 compared to $89.6 million of net cash outflows in 2018. This was primarily due to $89.7 million of cash inflows related to inventories in 2019, excluding the inventory purchased as part of the Acquisition which is reflected in Investing Activities below, compared to $43.2 million of cash outflows in 2018, due to decreases in the scrap pricing environment and inventory levels at August 31, 2019. The reclassifications of the cash collections of the DPP from the Programs due to the adoption of ASU 2016-15 described above also contributed to the increase as the beneficial interest in securitized accounts receivable decreased $302.9 million year-over year. For continuing operations, operating working capital days increased one day on a year-over-year basis.
Investing Activities
Net cash flows used by investing activities increased by $984.0 million during 2019 compared to 2018. The year-over-year increase in cash used by investing activities was primarily due to the $700.9 million cash outflows related to the Acquisition, as described in Note 3, Acquisition. Also contributing to the net increase in cash flows used by investing activities, the adoption of ASU 2016-15, and subsequent amendment to the Programs, resulted in a $302.9 million decrease in cash inflows related to the cash collections of the DPP from the Programs. These increases in cash flows used by investing activities were partially offset by a $35.8 million decrease in cash outflows related to capital expenditures in 2019 compared to 2018.
We estimate that our 2020 capital budget will range between $150 million and $200 million. We regularly assess our capital spending and reevaluate our requirements based on current and expected results.
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Financing Activities
Net cash flows used by financing activities increased $272.7 million during 2019 compared to 2018. In 2019, we borrowed $180.0 million of long-term debt to fund the Acquisition and repaid $127.7 million, compared to 2018 when we borrowed $350.0 million in long-term debt and repaid $20.0 million. See Note 10, Credit Arrangements, for additional information regarding long-term debt transactions occurring during 2019 and 2018. We regularly evaluate the use of our cash in efforts to maximize total shareholder return, including debt repayment, capital expenditures, strategic growth, share repurchases and dividends.
We anticipate our current cash balances, cash flows from operations and our available credit sources will be sufficient to meet our cash requirements, including our scheduled debt repayments, payments for our contractual obligations, capital expenditures, working capital needs, share repurchases, dividends and other prudent uses of our capital, such as future acquisitions. However, in the event of sustained market deterioration, we may need additional liquidity, which would require us to evaluate available alternatives and take appropriate steps to obtain sufficient additional funds.
Contractual Obligations
The following table represents our contractual obligations as of August 31, 2019:

|  | Payments Due By Period*
Contractual Obligations (in thousands) |  | Total |  | Less than 1 Year |  | 1-3 Years |  | 3-5 Years |  | More than 5 Years
Long-term debt(1) |  | $ | 1,254,921 |  |  | $ | 17,439 |  |  | $ | 229,876 |  |  | $ | 344,981 |  |  | $ | 662,625 |
Interest |  | 365,908 |  |  | 62,387 |  |  | 122,700 |  |  | 90,327 |  |  | 90,494 |
Operating leases(2) |  | 124,817 |  |  | 34,511 |  |  | 49,457 |  |  | 27,911 |  |  | 12,938 |
Purchase obligations(3) |  | 373,058 |  |  | 308,175 |  |  | 50,659 |  |  | 10,594 |  |  | 3,630 |
U.S. federal repatriation tax liability |  | 25,493 |  |  | 2,217 |  |  | 4,434 |  |  | 6,373 |  |  | 12,469 |
Total contractual cash obligations |  | $ | 2,144,197 |  |  | $ | 424,729 |  |  | $ | 457,126 |  |  | $ | 480,186 |  |  | $ | 782,156 |

__________________________________
* We have not discounted the cash obligations in this table.

(1) | Total amounts are included in the August 31, 2019 consolidated balance sheet. See Note 10, Credit Arrangements, for more information regarding scheduled maturities of our long-term debt.

(2) | Includes minimum lease payment obligations for noncancelable equipment and real estate leases in effect as of August 31, 2019. See Note 19, Commitments and Contingencies, for more information regarding minimum lease commitments payable for noncancelable operating leases.

(3) | Approximately 41% of these purchase obligations are for inventory items to be sold in the normal course of business. Purchase obligations include all enforceable, legally binding agreements to purchase goods or services that specify all significant terms, regardless of the duration of the agreement. Agreements with variable terms are excluded because we are unable to estimate the minimum amounts.

We provide certain eligible employees benefits pursuant to our nonqualified BRP equal to amounts that would have been available under our tax qualified plans under ERISA, but for limitations of ERISA, tax laws and regulations. We did not include estimated payments related to the BRP in the above contractual obligation table. Refer to Note 16, Employees' Retirement Plans, for more information on the BRP.
Other Commercial Commitments
We maintain stand-by letters of credit to provide support for certain transactions that governmental agencies, our insurance providers and suppliers request. At August 31, 2019, we had committed $28.0 million under these arrangements, of which $3.0 million reduced availability under the Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 10, Credit Arrangements, which is contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report).
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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As described in Note 10, Credit Arrangements, we have trade accounts receivable programs in both the U.S. and Poland. As of September 1, 2018, the Programs were amended such that they no longer qualify for off-balance sheet treatment. For periods prior to September 1, 2018, we accounted for transfers of the trade accounts receivable as sales. Trade accounts receivable balances transferred were removed from the consolidated balance sheets, and cash advances received were reflected as cash provided by operating activities on our consolidated statements of cash flows. See Note 7, Accounts Receivable Programs, for more information.
CONTINGENCIES
In the ordinary course of conducting our business, we become involved in litigation, administrative proceedings and governmental investigations, including environmental matters. We may incur settlements, fines, penalties or judgments because of some of these matters. Liabilities and costs associated with litigation-related loss contingencies require estimates and judgments based on our knowledge of the facts and circumstances surrounding each matter and the advice of our legal counsel. We record liabilities for litigation-related losses when a loss is probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of the loss. We evaluate the measurement of recorded liabilities each reporting period based on the current facts and circumstances specific to each matter. The ultimate losses incurred upon final resolution of litigation-related loss contingencies may differ materially from the estimated liability recorded at a particular balance sheet date. Changes in estimates are recorded in earnings in the period in which such changes occur. We do not believe that any currently pending legal proceedings to which we are a party will have a material adverse effect, individually or in the aggregate, on our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. See Note 19, Commitments and Contingencies, which is contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, for more information.
Environmental and Other Matters
The information set forth in Note 19, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report is hereby incorporated by reference.
General
We are subject to federal, state and local pollution control laws and regulations in all locations where we have operating facilities. We anticipate that compliance with these laws and regulations will involve continuing capital expenditures and operating costs.
Metals recycling was our original business, and it has been one of our core businesses for over a century. In the present era of conservation of natural resources and ecological concerns, we are committed to sound ecological and business conduct. Certain governmental regulations regarding environmental concerns, however well-intentioned, may expose us and our industry to potentially significant risks. We believe that recycled materials are commodities that are diverted by recyclers, such as us, from the solid waste streams because of their inherent value. Commodities are materials that are purchased and sold in public and private markets and commodities exchanges every day around the world. They are identified, purchased, sorted, processed and sold in accordance with carefully established industry specifications.
Solid and Hazardous Waste
We currently own or lease, and in the past we have owned or leased, properties that have been used in our operations. Although we have used operating and disposal practices that were standard in the industry at the time, wastes may have been disposed of or released on or under the properties or on or under locations where such wastes have been taken for disposal. We are currently involved in the investigation and remediation of several such properties. State and federal laws applicable to wastes and contaminated properties have gradually become stricter over time. Under new laws, we could be required to remediate properties impacted by previously disposed wastes. We have been named as a PRP at a number of contaminated sites, none of which involve real estate we ever owned or upon which we have ever conducted operations. There is no guarantee that the EPA or individual states will not adopt more stringent requirements for the handling of, or make changes to the exemptions upon which we rely for, the wastes that we generate. Any such change could result in an increase in our costs to manage and dispose of waste which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of our operations and financial condition.
We generate wastes, including hazardous wastes, that are subject to the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and comparable state and local statutes where we operate. These statutes, regulations and laws may limit our disposal options with respect to certain wastes.
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Superfund
The EPA, or an equivalent state agency, has notified us that we are considered a PRP at several sites, none of which involve real estate we ever owned or upon which we have ever conducted operations. We may be obligated under CERCLA, or similar state statutes, to conduct remedial investigation, feasibility studies, remediation and/or removal of alleged releases of hazardous substances or to reimburse the EPA for such activities and pay costs for associated damages to natural resources. We are involved in litigation or administrative proceedings with regard to several of these sites in which we are contesting, or at the appropriate time may contest, our liability. In addition, we have received information requests with regard to other sites which may be under consideration by the EPA as potential CERCLA sites. Because of various factors, including the ambiguity of the regulations, the difficulty of identifying the responsible parties for any particular site, the complexity of determining the relative liability among them, the uncertainty as to the most desirable remediation techniques and the amount of damages and cleanup costs and the extended time periods over which such costs may be incurred, we cannot reasonably estimate our ultimate costs of compliance with CERCLA. Based on currently available information, which is in many cases preliminary and incomplete, we had $0.7 million accrued as of August 31, 2019 and 2018, in connection with CERCLA sites. We have accrued for these liabilities based upon our best estimates. The amounts paid and the expenses incurred on these sites for 2019, 2018 and 2017 were not material. Historically, the amounts that we have ultimately paid for such remediation activities have not been material.
Clean Water Act
The Clean Water Act ("CWA") imposes restrictions and strict controls regarding the discharge of wastes into waters of the U.S., a term broadly defined, or into publicly owned treatment works. These controls have become more stringent over time, and it is probable that additional restrictions will be imposed in the future. Permits must generally be obtained to discharge pollutants into federal waters or into publicly owned treatment works and comparable permits may be required at the state level. The CWA and many state statutes provide for civil, criminal and administrative penalties for unauthorized discharges of pollutants. In addition, the EPA's regulations and comparable state statutes may require us to obtain permits to discharge storm water runoff. In the event of an unauthorized discharge or non-compliance with permit requirements, we may be liable for penalties, costs and injunctive relief.
Clean Air Act
Our operations are subject to regulations at the federal, state and local level for the control of emissions from sources of air pollution. New and modified sources of air pollutants are often required to obtain permits prior to commencing construction, modification or operations. Major sources of air pollutants are subject to more stringent requirements, including the potential need for additional permits and to increase scrutiny in the context of enforcement. The EPA has been implementing its stationary emission control program through expanded enforcement of the New Source Review Program. Under this program, new or modified sources may be required to construct emission sources using what is referred to as the Best Available Control Technology, or in any areas that are not meeting NAAQS, using methods that satisfy requirements for the Lowest Achievable Emission Rate. Additionally, the EPA has implemented and is continuing to implement new, more stringent standards for NAAQS including fine particulate matter. Compliance with new standards could require additional expenditures.
We incurred environmental expenses of $42.5 million, $32.0 million and $29.9 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The expenses included the cost of disposal, environmental personnel at various divisions, permit and license fees, accruals and payments for studies, tests, assessments, remediation, consultant fees, baghouse dust removal and various other expenses. In addition, during 2019, we spent approximately $4.1 million in capital expenditures related to costs directly associated with environmental compliance. Our accrued environmental liabilities were $3.6 million and $4.0 million as of August 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, of which $1.8 million and $1.9 million were classified as other long-term liabilities as of August 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
DIVIDENDS
We have paid quarterly cash dividends for 220 consecutive quarters. We paid quarterly dividends in 2019 and 2018 at the rate of $0.12 per share of CMC common stock.
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
The preceding discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and related disclosure of contingent liabilities. We evaluate the appropriateness of these estimates and assumptions, including those related to the valuation allowances for receivables, the carrying value of inventory, long-lived assets and goodwill, reserves for litigation, environmental obligations and income taxes, on an ongoing basis. Estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Accordingly, actual results in future periods could differ materially from these estimates. Judgments and estimates related to critical accounting policies used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements include the following.
Revenue Recognition and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration received or expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. The Company's performance obligations arise from (i) sales of steel products, ferrous and nonferrous scrap metals and construction materials and (ii) services such as steel fabrication and installation. The shipment of products to customers is considered a fulfillment activity and amounts billed to customers for shipping and freight are included in net sales, and the related costs are included in cost of goods sold. Net sales are presented net of taxes. In the Americas Mills, Americas Recycling, and International Mill segments, revenue is recognized at a point in time concurrent with the transfer of control, which usually occurs, depending on shipping terms, upon shipment or customer receipt. In the Americas Fabrication segment, each contract represents a single performance obligation. Revenue is either recognized over time or equal to billing under an available practical expedient. For contracts where the Company provides fabricated product and installation services, revenue is recognized over time using an input method. Revenue from contracts where the Company does not provide installation services is recognized over time using an output method. Significant judgment is required to evaluate total estimated costs used in the input method and total estimated tons in the output method. If estimated total consolidated costs on any contract are greater than the net contract revenues, the Company recognizes the entire estimated loss in the period the loss becomes known. The cumulative effect of revisions to estimates related to net contract revenues, costs to complete, or total planned quantity is recorded in the period in which such revisions are identified. The Company does not exercise significant judgment in determining the transaction price. See Note 6, Revenue Recognition, which is contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, for further details.
Income Taxes
We determine the income tax expense related to continuing operations to be the income tax consequences of amounts reported in continuing operations without regard to the income tax consequences of other components of the financial statements, such as other comprehensive income or discontinued operations. The amount of income tax expense or benefit to be allocated to the other components is the incremental effect that those pre-tax amounts have on the total income tax expense or benefit. If there is more than one financial statement component other than continuing operations, the allocation is made on a pro-rata basis in accordance with each component's incremental income tax effects.
We periodically assess the likelihood of realizing our deferred tax assets based on the amount of deferred tax assets that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. We base our judgment of the recoverability of our deferred tax assets primarily on historical earnings, our estimate of current and expected future earnings, prudent and feasible tax planning strategies, and current and future ownership changes.
Our effective income tax rate may fluctuate on a quarterly basis due to various factors, including, but not limited to, total earnings and the mix of earnings by jurisdiction, the timing of changes in tax laws, and the amount of income tax provided for uncertain income tax positions. We establish income tax liabilities to reduce some or all of the income tax benefit of any of our income tax positions at the time we determine that the positions become uncertain based upon one of the following: (i) the tax position is not "more likely than not" to be sustained, (ii) the tax position is "more likely than not" to be sustained, but for a lesser amount, or (iii) the tax position is "more likely than not" to be sustained, but not in the financial period in which the tax position was originally taken. Our evaluation of whether or not a tax position is uncertain is based on the following: (i) we presume the tax position will be examined by the relevant taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information, (ii) the technical merits of a tax position are derived from authorities such as legislation and statutes, legislative intent, regulations, rulings and case law and their applicability to the facts and circumstances of the tax position, and (iii) each tax position is evaluated without consideration of the possibility of offset or aggregation with other tax positions taken. We adjust these income tax liabilities when our judgment
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changes as a result of new information. Any change will impact income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made.
The TCJA was signed into law in December 2017 and constitutes a major change to the U.S. tax system. The estimated impact of the law is based on management’s current interpretations of the TCJA and related assumptions. In future periods, our effective tax rate could be subject to additional uncertainty as a result of regulatory developments related to the TCJA.
Inventory Cost
We state inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value, which is defined as estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. Adjustments to inventory may be due to changes in price levels, obsolescence, damage, physical deterioration, and other causes. Any adjustments required to reduce the carrying value of inventory to net realizable value are recorded as a charge to cost of goods sold.
Elements of cost in finished goods inventory in addition to the cost of material include depreciation, amortization, utilities, consumable production supplies, maintenance, production, wages and transportation costs. Additionally, the costs of departments that support production, including materials management and quality control, are allocated to inventory. Inventory cost is determined by the weighted average cost method.
Acquisitions
The Company accounts for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting, which requires assets acquired and liabilities assumed to be recorded at their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition. The fair value is estimated by the Company using valuation techniques and Level 3 inputs, including expected future cash flows and discount rates. The excess of purchase price over the fair value amounts assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, is recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions.
Goodwill
Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level annually and whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable.
Our reporting units represent an operating segment or one level below an operating segment. Additionally, the reporting units are aggregated based on similar economic characteristics, nature of products and services, nature of production processes, type of customers and distribution methods. We use a discounted cash flow model and a market approach to calculate the fair value of our reporting units. The discounted cash flow model includes a number of significant assumptions and estimates regarding future cash flows including discount rates, volumes, prices, capital expenditures and the impact of current market conditions. These estimates could be materially impacted by adverse changes in market conditions.
As of August 31, 2019 and 2018, one of our reporting units within our Americas Fabrication segment comprised $51.1 million of our total goodwill. At August 31, 2019, based on the results of our annual testing, the fair value of this reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by 29.3%. For all other reporting units, the excess of the fair value over carrying value of each reporting unit was substantial. The future occurrence of a potential indicator of impairment could include matters such as: a decrease in expected net earnings, adverse equity market conditions, a decline in current market multiples, a decline in our common stock price, a significant adverse change in legal factors or the general business climate, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, a significant downturn in non-residential construction markets in the U.S., and elevated levels of imported steel into the U.S. In the event of significant adverse changes of the nature described above, it may be necessary for us to recognize a non-cash impairment of goodwill, which could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated business, results of operations and financial condition.
For 2019, the annual goodwill impairment analysis did not result in any impairment charges. In 2018, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $0.5 million related to a reporting unit in our Americas Fabrication segment as a result of the sale of our structural steel fabrication assets.
See Note 9, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, which is contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, for additional information.
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Long-Lived Assets
We evaluate the carrying value of property, plant and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets whenever a change in circumstances indicates that the carrying value may not be recoverable from the undiscounted future cash flows from operations. Events or circumstances that could trigger an impairment review of a long-lived asset or asset group include, but are not limited to, a significant decrease in the market price of the asset, a significant adverse change in the extent or manner that the asset is used or in its physical condition, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate that could affect the value of the asset, an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of original expectation for the acquisition or construction of the asset, a current period operating or cash flow loss combined with a history of operating or cash flow losses or a forecast of continuing losses associated with the use of the asset, and a more-likely-than-not expectation that the asset will be sold or disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. If an impairment exists, the net book values are reduced to fair values. Our U.S. and international steel mills, fabrication and recycling businesses are capital intensive. Some of the estimated values for assets that we currently use in our operations are based upon judgments and assumptions of future undiscounted cash flows that the assets will produce. If these assets were for sale, our estimates of their values could be significantly different because of market conditions, specific transaction terms and a buyer's perspective on future cash flows. Also, we depreciate property, plant and equipment on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Depreciable lives are based on our estimate of the assets' economical useful lives. To the extent that an asset's actual life differs from our estimate, there could be an impact on depreciation expense or a gain/loss on the disposal of the asset in a later period. We expense major maintenance costs as incurred.
Contingencies
In the ordinary course of conducting our business, we become involved in litigation, administrative proceedings and governmental investigations, including environmental matters. We may incur settlements, fines, penalties or judgments in connection with some of these matters. While we are unable to estimate the ultimate dollar amount of exposure or loss in connection with these matters, we make accruals when a loss is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The amounts we accrue could vary substantially from amounts we pay due to several factors including the following: evolving remediation technology, changing regulations, possible third-party contributions, the inherent shortcomings of the estimation process, and the uncertainties involved in litigation. We believe that we have adequately provided for these contingencies in our consolidated financial statements. We also believe that the outcomes will not materially affect our results of operations, our financial position or our cash flows.
Other Accounting Policies and New Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, which is contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report and is incorporated by reference herein.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market Risk
Approach to Mitigating Market Risk
See Note 12, Derivatives and Risk Management, for disclosure regarding our approach to mitigating market risk and for summarized market risk information by year. Also, see Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for additional information. We utilized the following types of derivative instruments during 2019 in accordance with our risk management program. All of the instruments are highly liquid and were not entered into for trading purposes.
Currency Exchange Forward Contracts
We enter into currency exchange forward contracts as economic hedges of trade commitments denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of CMC or its subsidiaries. No single foreign currency poses a material risk to us. Fluctuations that cause temporary disruptions in one market segment tend to open opportunities in other segments.
Commodity Futures Contracts
We base pricing in some of our sales and purchase contracts on metal commodity futures exchange quotes, which we determine at the beginning of the contract. Due to the volatility of the metal commodity indices, we enter into metal commodity futures contracts for copper and aluminum. These futures contracts mitigate the risk of unanticipated declines in gross margin due to the price volatility of the underlying commodities.
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The following tables provide certain information regarding the foreign exchange forward contracts and commodity futures contracts discussed above.
Gross foreign currency exchange forward contract commitments as of August 31, 2019 were as follows:

Functional Currency |  | Foreign Currency |  |  |  |  |  |
Type |  | Amount (in thousands) |  | Type |  | Amount (in thousands) |  | Range of Hedge Rates (1) |  | U.S. Equivalent (in thousands)
PLN |  | 337,124 |  |  | EUR |  | 77,610 |  |  | 4.25 | — | 4.53 |  | $ | 88,281 |
PLN |  | 16,300 |  |  | USD |  | 4,276 |  |  | 3.73 | — | 3.94 |  | 4,276 |
USD |  | 1,562 |  |  | EUR |  | 1,360 |  |  | 1.11 | — | 1.20 |  | 1,562 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 94,119 |

_________________
(1) Most foreign currency exchange forward contracts mature within one year. The range of hedge rates represents functional to foreign currency conversion rates.
Commodity futures contract commitments as of August 31, 2019 were as follows:

Terminal Exchange |  | Metal |  | Long/ Short |  | # of Lots |  | Standard Lot Size |  | Total Weight |  | Range or Amount of Hedge Rates Per MT/lb. (1) |  | Total Contract Value at Inception (in thousands)
London Metal Exchange |  | Aluminum |  | Long |  | 85 |  | 25 MT |  | 2,125 MT |  | 1,751.50 | — |  | 1,787.25 |  | $ | 3,777 |
New York Mercantile Exchange |  | Copper |  | Long |  | 45 |  | 25,000 lbs. |  | 1,125,000 lbs. |  | 253.30 | — |  | 268.00 |  | 2,914 |
New York Mercantile Exchange |  | Copper |  | Short |  | 543 |  | 25,000 lbs. |  | 13,575,000 lbs. |  | 253.95 | — |  | 280.25 |  | 35,910 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 42,601 |

_________________
MT = Metric ton
(1) All commodity futures contract commitments mature within one year.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Commercial Metals Company
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Commercial Metals Company and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of August 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of August 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended August 31, 2019, of the Company and our report dated October 23, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, appearing under Item 9A, management excluded from its assessment the internal control over financial reporting at the Acquired Businesses, which were acquired on November 5, 2018, and which constitute 24% of total assets and 24% of net sales of the consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended August 31, 2019. Accordingly, our audit did not include the internal control over financial reporting at the Acquired Businesses.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Dallas, Texas
October 23, 2019
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Commercial Metals Company
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Commercial Metals Company and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of August 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended August 31, 2019, and the related notes and the schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of August 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended August 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of August 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated October 23, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Revenue Recognition - Revenue from Contracts with Customers in the
Americas Fabrication Segment - Refer to Notes 2 and 6 to the Financial Statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company has certain contracts with customers in its Americas Fabrication reporting segment for delivering fabricated steel products, which may also include providing installation services. Each contract represents a single performance obligation and revenue is recognized over time as fabricated steel products are delivered and installation services are provided, if applicable. Revenue from contracts where the Company provides fabricated steel products and installation services is recognized over time using an input method in which the measure of progress against the performance obligation is based on contract costs incurred to date compared to total estimated contract costs. Revenue from contracts where the Company provides fabricated steel products only is recognized over time using an output method in which the measure of progress against the performance obligation is based on tons shipped compared to total estimated tons.
The accounting for these contracts involves (1) significant judgment by management to estimate total costs used in the input method and total tons used in the output method, and (2) management’s assessment of the impact of changes in contract performance, delays, and change orders. For the year ended August 31, 2019, the Americas Fabrication segment revenue was $2.2 billion; of which 27% represents revenue recognized over time using an input method and 21% represents revenue recognized over time
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using an output method. The remaining 52% of revenue in the Americas Fabrication segment is recognized as amounts are billed to the customer.
We identified revenue recognized over time in the Americas Fabrication segment for certain contracts as a critical audit matter because of the significant judgments made by management to estimate total costs for the input method and total tons for the output method, including management’s assessment of the impact of changes in contract performance, delays, and change orders. Auditing such estimates required extensive audit effort due to the volume and complexity of contracts and required a high degree of auditor judgment to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s estimates used to recognize revenue over time.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to management’s estimates of total costs and total tons for the performance obligations used to recognize revenue over time for certain contracts in the Americas Fabrication reporting segment included the following, among others:

• | We tested the effectiveness of management’s controls over the calculation of contract costs incurred to date compared to total estimated contract costs for the input method, and management’s controls over the calculation of tons shipped compared to total estimated tons for the output method.

• | We selected a sample of contracts with customers that were recognized over time, for both the input method and the output method, and we performed the following:

◦ | Obtained the initial contracts, change orders, initial estimated contract costs or tons, and any revisions to date, and evaluated whether the contracts were properly included in management’s calculation of revenue based on the terms and conditions of each contract.

◦ | Obtained a schedule of costs or tons incurred to date by contract and tested such schedule for completeness and accuracy by obtaining supporting documents for fabricated steel products delivered and installation services provided, if applicable, and evaluated whether the costs or tons were properly included in the costs incurred to date.

◦ | Evaluated management’s estimated cost to complete the contract, including remaining quantities and costs, by comparing the estimates to management’s job cost forecasts, and performing corroborating inquiries with the Company’s project managers.

◦ | Tested the mathematical accuracy of management’s calculation of revenue recognized over time for each selection.

• | We evaluated management’s ability to accurately estimate total costs and total tons by comparing actual costs and actual tons at completion for contracts that were previously completed to management’s historical estimates for such contracts.

Goodwill - A Reporting Unit within the Americas Fabrication Reporting Segment -
Refer to Notes 2 and 9 to the Financial Statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company has goodwill of $64.1 million, of which $51.1 million relates to a reporting unit within the Americas Fabrication reporting segment. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level annually and whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company’s goodwill impairment assessment involves the comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting units using a weighting of fair values derived from the income and market approaches. The determination of fair value using the income approach is based on the present value of estimated future cash flows, which requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions of revenue growth rates and operating margins, and selection of the discount rate. The determination of the fair value using the market approach requires management to make significant assumptions related to market multiples of revenue and earnings derived from comparable publicly-traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics as the reporting unit.
At August 31, 2019, based on the results of the Company’s annual impairment testing, the fair value of the reporting unit within the Americas Fabrication reporting segment exceeded its carrying value by 29.3%, therefore no impairment was recognized.
We identified the Company’s goodwill impairment assessment for this reporting unit as a critical audit matter because of the significant estimates and assumptions management makes to estimate the fair value of this reporting unit, the sensitivity of this reporting unit’s operations to changes in steel prices, and the difference between the fair value and carrying value of this reporting unit at August 31, 2019. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists, when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions of future cash flows based on estimates of revenue growth rates and operating margins and selection of the discount rate for the income approach, and multiples of revenue and earnings for the market approach.
39

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the goodwill impairment assessment for the reporting unit within the Americas Fabrication reporting segment included the following, among others:

• | We tested the effectiveness of controls over the goodwill impairment assessment, including management’s controls over forecasts of future cash flows based on estimates of revenue growth rates and operating margins and the selection of the discount rate for the income approach, and determination of multiples of revenue and earnings for the market approach.

• | We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s forecasts of future cash flows based on revenue growth rates and operating margins by comparing the forecasts to (1) historical revenues and operating margins, (2) internal communications to management and the Board of Directors, and (3) forecasted information included in analyst and industry reports for the Company and certain of its peer companies.

• | With the assistance of our fair value specialists:

◦ | We evaluated the reasonableness of the valuation methodologies.

◦ | We evaluated the reasonableness of the discount rate used in the income approach by testing the underlying source information and the mathematical accuracy of the calculations, and developing an independent range of estimated discount rates and comparing that range to the discount rate used in the Company’s valuation.

◦ | We evaluated the multiples of revenue and earnings used in the market approach, including testing the underlying source information and mathematical accuracy of the calculations.

Acquisition - Refer to Note 3 to the Financial Statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
On November 5, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of four steel mills and 33 rebar fabrication facilities in the United States from Gerdau S.A. for a purchase price of $701.2 million (the “acquisition”). The Company accounted for the acquisition under the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. Accordingly, the purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values. The purchase price paid was allocated between the acquired mills and fabrication facilities. The fair value for each business was estimated by the Company using valuation techniques and Level 3 inputs, in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable, including expected future cash flows and discount rates. The largest asset class acquired was property, plant and equipment for which fair value was determined based on the cost approach for buildings, improvements and equipment and the market approach for land.
We identified the acquisition as a critical audit matter because of the significant estimates management made to determine the fair value of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists, when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions used to determine (1) expected future cash flows and discount rates used to allocate the purchase price paid between the acquired mills and fabrication facilities, (2) the fair value of acquired buildings, improvements and equipment under the cost approach, including estimating the cost to acquire or construct comparable assets adjusted for age and condition, and (3) the fair value of acquired land under the market approach.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the fair value determination of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the acquisition included the following, among others:

• | We tested the effectiveness of controls over the determination of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including management’s controls over the assumptions used in: expected future cash flows and discount rates used to allocate the purchase price paid between the acquired mills and fabrication facilities; the cost approach for buildings, improvements and equipment including estimating the cost to acquire or construct comparable assets adjusted for age and condition; and the market approach for land.

• | We assessed the reasonableness of management’s expected future cash flows by comparing the assumptions used in the projections to historical results for the acquired mills and fabrication facilities and certain peer companies.

• | With the assistance of our fair value specialists:

◦ | We evaluated the reasonableness of the valuation methodologies.

◦ | We evaluated the discount rates, including testing the source information underlying the determination of the discount rates, testing the mathematical accuracy of the calculations, and developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the discount rates selected by management.

◦ | We tested the estimated cost to acquire or construct comparable assets adjusted for age and condition used for the cost approach for buildings, improvements and equipment, including comparing such estimates to source information.

40

◦ | We tested the underlying source information and mathematical accuracy of the calculations used for the market approach for land.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Dallas, Texas
October 23, 2019
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1959.
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COMMERCIAL METALS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS
|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands, except share data) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net sales |  | $ | 5,829,002 |  |  | $ | 4,643,723 |  |  | $ | 3,844,069 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  | 5,025,514 |  |  | 4,021,558 |  |  | 3,322,711 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 463,271 |  |  | 401,452 |  |  | 387,354 |
Loss on debt extinguishment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,672 |
Impairment of assets |  | 384 |  |  | 14,372 |  |  | 1,730 |
Interest expense |  | 71,373 |  |  | 40,957 |  |  | 44,151 |
|  | 5,560,542 |  |  | 4,478,339 |  |  | 3,778,618 |
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes |  | 268,460 |  |  | 165,384 |  |  | 65,451 |
Income taxes |  | 69,681 |  |  | 30,147 |  |  | 15,276 |
Earnings from continuing operations |  | 198,779 |  |  | 135,237 |  |  | 50,175 |
Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes |  | (528 | ) |  | 3,235 |  |  | (9,840 | )
Income taxes (benefit) |  | 158 |  |  | (34 | ) |  | (5,997 | )
Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations |  | (686 | ) |  | 3,269 |  |  | (3,843 | )
Net earnings |  | $ | 198,093 |  |  | $ | 138,506 |  |  | $ | 46,332 |
Basic earnings (loss) per share* |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from continuing operations |  | $ | 1.69 |  |  | $ | 1.16 |  |  | $ | 0.43 |
Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations |  | (0.01 | ) |  | 0.03 |  |  | (0.03 | )
Net earnings |  | $ | 1.68 |  |  | $ | 1.19 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share* |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from continuing operations |  | $ | 1.67 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |  |  | $ | 0.43 |
Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations |  | (0.01 | ) |  | 0.03 |  |  | (0.03 | )
Net earnings |  | $ | 1.66 |  |  | $ | 1.17 |  |  | $ | 0.39 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
_________________
* Earnings Per Share ("EPS") is calculated independently for each component and may not sum to net EPS due to rounding.
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COMMERCIAL METALS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net earnings |  | $ | 198,093 |  |  | $ | 138,506 |  |  | $ | 46,332 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | (29,718 | ) |  | (13,938 | ) |  | 30,509 |
Reclassification for translation loss realized upon liquidation of investment in foreign entity |  | 857 |  |  | 2,079 |  |  | 968 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | (28,861 | ) |  | (11,859 | ) |  | 31,477 |
Net unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gain (loss) |  | (6 | ) |  | 48 |  |  | 756 |
Reclassification for gain included in net earnings |  | (244 | ) |  | (279 | ) |  | (1,355 | )
Net unrealized loss on derivatives |  | (250 | ) |  | (231 | ) |  | (599 | )
Defined benefit obligation: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gain (loss) |  | (2,629 | ) |  | (138 | ) |  | 439 |
Amortization of net loss |  | — |  |  | 126 |  |  | 154 |
Amortization of prior services |  | (25 | ) |  | (62 | ) |  | (70 | )
Reclassification for settlement losses |  | 1,316 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Defined benefit obligation |  | (1,338 | ) |  | (74 | ) |  | 523 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (30,449 | ) |  | (12,164 | ) |  | 31,401 |
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 167,644 |  |  | $ | 126,342 |  |  | $ | 77,733 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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COMMERCIAL METALS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
|  | August 31,
(in thousands, except share data) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Assets |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 192,461 |  |  | $ | 622,473 |
Accounts receivable (less allowance for doubtful accounts of $8,403 and $4,489) |  | 1,016,088 |  |  | 749,484 |
Inventories |  | 692,368 |  |  | 589,005 |
Other current assets |  | 179,088 |  |  | 116,243 |
Total current assets |  | 2,080,005 |  |  | 2,077,205 |
Property, plant and equipment: |  |  |  |
Land |  | 142,825 |  |  | 85,288 |
Buildings and improvements |  | 750,381 |  |  | 631,501 |
Equipment |  | 2,234,800 |  |  | 1,918,342 |
Construction in process |  | 68,579 |  |  | 35,741 |
|  | 3,196,585 |  |  | 2,670,872 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (1,695,614 | ) |  | (1,595,834 | )
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 1,500,971 |  |  | 1,075,038 |
Goodwill |  | 64,138 |  |  | 64,310 |
Other noncurrent assets |  | 113,657 |  |  | 111,751 |
Total assets |  | $ | 3,758,771 |  |  | $ | 3,328,304 |
Liabilities and stockholders' equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 288,005 |  |  | $ | 261,258 |
Accrued expenses and other payables |  | 353,786 |  |  | 260,939 |
Acquired unfavorable contract backlog |  | 35,360 |  |  | — |
Borrowings under accounts receivable programs |  | 3,929 |  |  | — |
Current maturities of long-term debt |  | 13,510 |  |  | 19,746 |
Total current liabilities |  | 694,590 |  |  | 541,943 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 79,290 |  |  | 37,834 |
Other noncurrent liabilities |  | 133,620 |  |  | 116,325 |
Long-term debt |  | 1,227,214 |  |  | 1,138,619 |
Total liabilities |  | 2,134,714 |  |  | 1,834,721 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 19) |  |  |  |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |  |
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; authorized 200,000,000 shares; issued 129,060,664 shares; outstanding 117,924,938 and 117,015,558 shares |  | 1,290 |  |  | 1,290 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 358,668 |  |  | 352,674 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (124,126 | ) |  | (93,677 | )
Retained earnings |  | 1,585,379 |  |  | 1,446,495 |
Less treasury stock, 11,135,726 and 12,045,106 shares at cost |  | (197,350 | ) |  | (213,385 | )
Stockholders' equity |  | 1,623,861 |  |  | 1,493,397 |
Stockholders' equity attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | 196 |  |  | 186 |
Total equity |  | 1,624,057 |  |  | 1,493,583 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 3,758,771 |  |  | $ | 3,328,304 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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COMMERCIAL METALS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash flows from (used by) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings |  | $ | 198,093 |  |  | $ | 138,506 |  |  | $ | 46,332 |
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to cash flows from (used by) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 158,671 |  |  | 131,659 |  |  | 125,071 |
Amortization of acquired unfavorable contract backlog |  | (74,784 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation |  | 25,106 |  |  | 23,929 |  |  | 30,311 |
Deferred income taxes and other long-term taxes |  | 49,523 |  |  | 14,377 |  |  | (14,184 | )
Asset impairments |  | 384 |  |  | 15,053 |  |  | 8,238 |
Provision for losses on receivables, net |  | 388 |  |  | 2,510 |  |  | 6,049 |
Write-down of inventory |  | 723 |  |  | 1,407 |  |  | 21,529 |
Net (gain) loss on sales of a subsidiary, assets and other |  | (2,281 | ) |  | (1,322 | ) |  | 6,049 |
Loss on debt extinguishment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,672 |
Amortization of interest rate swaps termination gain |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,657 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | 27,204 |  |  | (10,802 | ) |  | (78,527 | )
Inventories |  | 89,664 |  |  | (43,198 | ) |  | (98,835 | )
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other payables |  | (15,315 | ) |  | (20,163 | ) |  | 93,478 |
Other operating assets and liabilities |  | (52,851 | ) |  | (15,423 | ) |  | (63,785 | )
Beneficial interest in securitized accounts receivable |  | (367,521 | ) |  | (670,457 | ) |  | (616,017 | )
Net cash flows from (used by) operating activities |  | 37,004 |  |  | (433,924 | ) |  | (523,276 | )
Cash flows from (used by) investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | (700,941 | ) |  | (6,980 | ) |  | (56,080 | )
Capital expenditures |  | (138,836 | ) |  | (174,655 | ) |  | (213,120 | )
Proceeds from the sale of discontinued operations and other |  | 1,893 |  |  | 75,482 |  |  | 163,449 |
Proceeds from insurance |  | 4,405 |  |  | 27,375 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment |  | 3,910 |  |  | 8,103 |  |  | 3,164 |
Advances under accounts receivable programs |  | — |  |  | 226,325 |  |  | 193,432 |
Repayments under accounts receivable programs |  | — |  |  | (304,178 | ) |  | (111,701 | )
Beneficial interest in securitized accounts receivable |  | 367,521 |  |  | 670,457 |  |  | 616,017 |
Net cash flows from (used by) investing activities |  | (462,048 | ) |  | 521,929 |  |  | 595,161 |
Cash flows from (used by) financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |  | 180,000 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | 475,454 |
Proceeds from accounts receivable programs |  | 288,896 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repayments under accounts receivable programs |  | (296,033 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Repayments of long-term debt |  | (127,704 | ) |  | (19,967 | ) |  | (711,850 | )
Cash dividends |  | (56,537 | ) |  | (56,076 | ) |  | (55,514 | )
Stock issued under incentive and purchase plans, net of forfeitures |  | (1,876 | ) |  | (9,302 | ) |  | (5,498 | )
Debt extinguishment costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22,672 | )
Debt issuance costs |  | — |  |  | (5,254 | ) |  | (4,449 | )
Other |  | 10 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 36 |
Net cash flows from (used by) financing activities |  | (13,244 | ) |  | 259,432 |  |  | (324,493 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash |  | (598 | ) |  | (703 | ) |  | (1,213 | )
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | (438,886 | ) |  | 346,734 |  |  | (253,821 | )
Cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  | 632,615 |  |  | 285,881 |  |  | 539,702 |
Cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 193,729 |  |  | $ | 632,615 |  |  | $ | 285,881 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Supplemental information: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes |  | $ | 7,977 |  |  | $ | 7,198 |  |  | $ | 30,963 |
Cash paid for interest |  | 65,190 |  |  | 39,972 |  |  | 65,672 |
Noncash activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities related to additions of property, plant and equipment |  | 57,640 |  |  | 32,274 |  |  | 51,330 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 192,461 |  |  | 622,473 |  |  | 252,595 |
Restricted cash |  | 1,268 |  |  | 10,142 |  |  | 33,286 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 193,729 |  |  | $ | 632,615 |  |  | $ | 285,881 |

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COMMERCIAL METALS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
| Common Stock | Additional | Accumulated Other |  | Treasury Stock | Non- |
(in thousands, except share data) | Number of Shares | Amount | Paid-In Capital | Comprehensive Loss | Retained Earnings | Number of Shares | Amount | Controlling Interests | Total
Balance at September 1, 2016 | 129,060,664 |  | $ | 1,290 |  | $ | 358,745 |  | $ | (112,914 | ) | $ | 1,372,988 |  | (14,425,068 | ) | $ | (252,837 | ) | $ | 159 |  | $ | 1,367,431 |
Net earnings |  |  |  |  | 46,332 |  |  |  |  | 46,332 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  | 31,401 |  |  |  |  |  | 31,401 |
Dividends ($0.48 per share) |  |  |  |  | (55,514 | ) |  |  |  | (55,514 | )
Issuance of stock under incentive and purchase plans, net of forfeitures |  |  | (26,126 | ) |  |  | 1,158,140 |  | 20,753 |  |  | (5,373 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 15,001 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,001 |
Contribution of noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14 |  | 14 |
Reclassification of share-based liability awards |  |  | 1,638 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,638 |
Balance, August 31, 2017 | 129,060,664 |  | $ | 1,290 |  | $ | 349,258 |  | $ | (81,513 | ) | $ | 1,363,806 |  | (13,266,928 | ) | $ | (232,084 | ) | $ | 173 |  | $ | 1,400,930 |
Net earnings |  |  |  |  | 138,506 |  |  |  |  | 138,506 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  | (12,164 | ) |  |  |  |  | (12,164 | )
Dividends ($0.48 per share) |  |  |  |  | (56,076 | ) |  |  |  | (56,076 | )
Issuance of stock under incentive and purchase plans, net of forfeitures |  |  | (28,000 | ) |  |  | 1,221,822 |  | 18,699 |  |  | (9,301 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 16,168 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,168 |
Contribution of noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13 |  | 13 |
Adoption of ASU 2018-02 - Reclassification of taxes |  |  |  |  | 259 |  |  |  |  | 259 |
Reclassification of share-based liability awards |  |  | 15,248 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,248 |
Balance at August 31, 2018 | 129,060,664 |  | $ | 1,290 |  | $ | 352,674 |  | $ | (93,677 | ) | $ | 1,446,495 |  | (12,045,106 | ) | $ | (213,385 | ) | $ | 186 |  | $ | 1,493,583 |
Net earnings |  |  |  |  | 198,093 |  |  |  |  | 198,093 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  | (30,449 | ) |  |  |  |  | (30,449 | )
Dividends ($0.48 per share) |  |  |  |  | (56,537 | ) |  |  |  | (56,537 | )
Issuance of stock under incentive and purchase plans, net of forfeitures |  |  | (17,910 | ) |  |  | 909,380 |  | 16,035 |  |  | (1,875 | )
Stock-based compensation and other |  |  | 20,977 |  |  | 75 |  |  |  |  | 21,052 |
Contribution of noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 10 |
Adoption of ASC 606 adjustment |  |  |  |  | (2,747 | ) |  |  |  | (2,747 | )
Reclassification of share-based liability awards |  |  | 2,927 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,927 |
Balance at August 31, 2019 | 129,060,664 |  | $ | 1,290 |  | $ | 358,668 |  | $ | (124,126 | ) | $ | 1,585,379 |  | (11,135,726 | ) | $ | (197,350 | ) | $ | 196 |  | $ | 1,624,057 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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COMMERCIAL METALS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1. NATURE OF OPERATIONS
Nature of Operations
As a vertically integrated organization, Commercial Metals Company ("CMC," and together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the "Company") manufactures, recycles, and markets steel and metal products, related materials and services through a network including eight electric arc furnace ("EAF") mini mills, two EAF micro mills, a rerolling mill, steel fabrication and processing plants, construction-related product warehouses and metal recycling facilities in the United States ("U.S.") and Poland.
The Company has four reportable segments: Americas Recycling, Americas Mills, Americas Fabrication and International Mill.
Americas Recycling
The Americas Recycling segment processes scrap metals for use as a raw material by manufacturers of new metal products. This segment sells scrap metals to steel mills and foundries, aluminum sheet and ingot manufacturers, brass and bronze ingot makers, copper refineries and mills, secondary lead smelters, specialty steel mills, high temperature alloy manufacturers and other consumers.
Americas Mills
The Americas Mills segment, through its seven EAF mini mills, two EAF micro mills and rerolling mill, manufactures finished long steel products including reinforcing bar ("rebar"), merchant bar, light structural and other special sections as well as semi-finished billets for re-rolling and forging applications. This segment's products are sold to the construction, service center, transportation, steel warehousing, fabrication, energy, petrochemical and original equipment manufacturing industries. The Americas Mills segment also includes eight scrap metal processing facilities and two scrap metal shredders that directly support the steel mills.
Americas Fabrication
The Americas Fabrication segment consists of the Company's rebar fabrication operations, fence post manufacturing facilities, construction-related product facilities and facilities that heat-treat steel to strengthen and provide flexibility. Fabricated steel products are used primarily in the construction of commercial and non-commercial buildings, hospitals, convention centers, industrial plants, power plants, highways, bridges, arenas, stadiums and dams.
International Mill
The International Mill segment is comprised of the Company's EAF mini mill, recycling and fabrication operations in Poland. This segment manufactures rebar, merchant bar and wire rod as well as semi-finished billets. In addition, this segment's fabrication operations sell fabricated rebar, fabricated mesh, assembled rebar cages and other rebar by-products. The International Mill's products are sold primarily to fabricators, manufacturers, distributors and construction companies.
NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned and majority owned subsidiaries and certain variable interest entities ("VIEs") for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany account balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Upon inception of an arrangement with a potential VIE, the Company performs an assessment of the contractual agreements that define the ownership structure, risks, responsibilities, indebtedness, voting rights and board representation of the respective parties when determining whether it is the primary beneficiary of the entity. The Company concludes that it is the primary beneficiary and consolidates the VIE if it has both (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance
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of the VIE and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that potentially could be significant to the VIE.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of net sales and expenses during the reporting period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in acquisitions; the carrying value of inventory and long-lived assets, including goodwill; valuation allowances for receivables and deferred income taxes; revenue recognized over time; share-based compensation; potential litigation claims and settlements; environmental liabilities; and the carrying value of assets held for sale. Actual results could differ significantly from these estimates and assumptions.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on deposit and short-term, highly-liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase.
Revenue Recognition and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration received or expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. The Company's performance obligations arise from (i) sales of steel products, ferrous and nonferrous scrap metals, and construction materials and (ii) services such as steel fabrication and installation. The shipment of products to customers is considered a fulfillment activity and amounts billed to customers for shipping and freight are included in net sales, and the related costs are included in cost of goods sold. Net sales are presented net of taxes. In the Americas Mills, Americas Recycling, and International Mill segments, revenue is recognized at a point in time concurrent with the transfer of control, which usually occurs, depending on shipping terms, upon shipment or customer receipt. In the Americas Fabrication segment, each contract represents a single performance obligation. Revenue is either recognized over time or equal to billing under an available practical expedient. Refer to Note 6, Revenue Recognition, for further details.
The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts to reflect its estimate of the uncollectability of accounts receivable. These reserves are based on historical trends, current market conditions and customers' financial condition. The Company reviews and sets credit limits for each customer. Some of the Company's divisions use credit insurance to ensure payment in accordance with the terms of sale. Generally, collateral is not required. Approximately 13% and 18% of total receivables at August 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, were secured by credit insurance.
Inventories
At August 31, 2019, inventories were stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value and were determined by the weighted average cost method.
Elements of cost in finished goods inventory in addition to the cost of material include depreciation, amortization, utilities, consumable production supplies, maintenance, production, wages and transportation costs. Additionally, the costs of departments that support production, including materials management and quality control, are allocated to inventory.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Maintenance is expensed as incurred. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the lease term. Depreciation and amortization is recorded on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:

Buildings | 7 | to | 40 | years
Land improvements | 3 | to | 25 | years
Leasehold improvements | 3 | to | 15 | years
Equipment | 3 | to | 25 | years

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The Company evaluates impairment of its property, plant and equipment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. For each asset or group of assets held for use with indicators of impairment, the Company compares the sum of the expected future cash flows generated by the asset or group of assets with its associated net carrying value. If the net carrying value of the asset or group of assets exceeds expected undiscounted future cash flows, the excess of the net book value over estimated fair value is charged to impairment loss in the accompanying consolidated statements of earnings. Properties held for sale are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or their estimated sales price, less estimated costs to sell.
Government Assistance
Government assistance, including non-monetary grants, herein collectively referred to as grants, are not recognized until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions of the grant and the Company will receive the grant.
Generally, government grants fall into two categories: grants related to assets and grants related to income. Grants related to assets are government grants for the purchase, construction or other acquisition of long-lived assets. The Company accounts for grants related to assets as deferred income with the offset to an asset account, such as fixed assets, on the consolidated balance sheets. Non-monetary grants are recognized at fair value. The Company recognizes the deferred income in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the useful life of the asset; which, consistent with the Company's fixed assets policy, is straight-line. The period over which grants are recognized depends on the terms of the agreement. Grants related to specific expenses already incurred are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which the grant becomes receivable. A grant related to depreciable assets is recognized in profit or loss over the life of the depreciable asset. Grants related to non-depreciable assets may require the fulfillment of certain obligations. In such cases, these grants are recognized in profit or loss over the periods that bear the cost of meeting the obligations.
Grants related to income are any grants that are not considered grants related to assets, such as grants to compensate for certain expenses. Grants related to income are recognized as a reduction in the related expense in the period that the recognition criteria are met. See Note 11, New Markets Tax Credit Transactions.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level annually and whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable.
To evaluate goodwill for impairment, the Company utilizes a quantitative test that compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is indicated in the amount that the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, not to exceed the goodwill value for the reporting unit. The Company's reporting units represent an operating segment or one level below an operating segment.
The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting units using a weighting of fair values derived from the income and market approaches. Under the income approach, the Company determines the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. Cash flow projections are based on management's estimates of revenue growth rates and operating margins, taking into account industry and market conditions. The discount rate is based on a weighted average cost of capital adjusted for the relevant risk associated with the characteristics of the Company. The market approach, on the other hand, estimates fair value based on market multiples of revenue and earnings derived from comparable publicly-traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics as the reporting unit. The determination of fair value involves a number of significant assumptions and estimates, including discount rates, volumes, prices, capital expenditures and the impact of current market conditions. These estimates could be materially impacted by adverse changes in these assumptions. See Note 9, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for additional information on the Company's annual goodwill impairment analysis.
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment charges are recorded on finite-lived intangible assets when indicators of impairment are present and the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than the assets' carrying amounts.
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Contingencies
The Company accrues for claims and litigation, including environmental investigation and remediation costs, when they are both probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Environmental costs are based upon estimates regarding the sites for which the Company will be responsible, the scope and cost of work to be performed at each site, the portion of costs that will be shared with other parties and the timing of remediation. Where timing and amounts cannot be reasonably determined, a range is estimated and the lower end of the range is typically recorded.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company recognizes stock-based equity and liability awards at fair value. The fair value of each stock-based equity award is estimated at the grant date using the Black-Scholes or Monte Carlo pricing model. Total compensation cost of the stock-based equity award is amortized over the requisite service period using the accelerated method of amortization for grants with graded vesting or the straight-line method for grants with cliff vesting. Stock-based liability awards are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period and will fluctuate based on the price of CMC common stock and performance relative to the targets.
Income Taxes
CMC and its U.S. subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return. Deferred income taxes are provided for temporary differences between financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities. The principal differences are described in Note 14, Income Tax. Benefits from income tax credits are reflected currently in earnings. The Company records income tax positions based on a more likely than not threshold that the tax positions will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities having full knowledge of all relevant information.
Foreign Currencies
The functional currency of the Company's Polish operations is the local currency. Translation adjustments are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Transaction gains (losses) from transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency related to continuing operations were immaterial for 2019, 2018 and 2017.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company recognizes derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and measures those instruments at fair value. Derivatives that are not designated as hedges are adjusted to fair value through net earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated as hedges are recognized depending on the nature of the hedge. In the case of fair value hedges, changes are recognized as an offset against the change in fair value of the hedged balance sheet item. When the derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge and is highly effective, changes are recognized in other comprehensive income. The ineffective portion of a change in fair value for derivatives designated as hedges is recognized in net earnings.
When a derivative instrument is sold, terminated, exercised, or expires, the gain or loss is recorded in the consolidated statement of earnings for fair value hedges, and the cumulative unrealized gain or loss, which had been recognized in the statement of comprehensive income, is reclassified to the consolidated statement of earnings for cash flow hedges. Additionally, when hedged items are sold or extinguished, or the anticipated transaction being hedged is no longer expected to occur, the Company recognizes the gain or loss on the designated hedged financial instrument.
Fair Value
The Company has established a fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs to the valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels. These levels are determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Level 1 represents unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. Level 2 represents quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets (other than those included in Level 1) which are observable, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 represents valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (Topic 230). ASU 2016-15 provides guidance on eight specific cash flow issues, including the statement of cash flows treatment of beneficial interests in securitized financial
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transactions, which encompasses activities under the Company's accounts receivable programs in the U.S. and Poland prior to the program amendment as described in Note 7, Accounts Receivable Programs. The Company adopted the standard, which requires retrospective application to all periods presented, in the first quarter of 2019. As a result of adoption, the Company reported reductions in operating cash flows of $367.5 million, $670.5 million and $616.0 million, with offsetting increases in investing cash flows related to the collection of previously sold trade accounts receivable in the consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended August 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Additionally, upon adoption, the $90.0 million repayment during 2018 of advances outstanding at August 31, 2017, originally recorded as an outflow from operating activities, was reclassified to investing activities.
On September 1, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, including the related amendments. The Company adopted ASC 606 under the modified retrospective approach and applied the guidance only to contracts that were not completed as of the date of adoption. The Company recognized a total cumulative effect of $2.7 million, net of tax, as a reduction to the opening balance of retained earnings as of September 1, 2018. There was no impact to the consolidated statement of cash flows or other comprehensive income.
In accordance with ASC 606, the disclosure below reflects the impact of adoption to the consolidated statement of earnings, as compared to what the results would have been under ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. The impact to the consolidated balance sheet was immaterial.

|  | Year Ended August 31, 2019
(in thousands) |  | As Reported |  | Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606 |  | Effect of Change - Higher (Lower)
Net sales |  | $ | 5,829,002 |  |  | $ | 5,838,092 |  |  | $ | (9,090 | )
Net earnings |  | 198,093 |  |  | 205,147 |  |  | (7,054 | )

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), and has modified the standard thereafter. The standard requires a lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on its balance sheet for all leases with terms of twelve months or longer. The Company adopted the standard effective September 1, 2019 using a modified retrospective approach that allows entities to recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption without restating prior periods, and elected the three packaged transition practical expedients under ASC 842-10-65-1(f). While the Company is in the process of final evaluation, it expects to recognize a lease liability and related right-of-use asset of approximately $100 million to $120 million. The Company is in the process of implementing a new lease management, accounting and administration system, and determining appropriate changes to internal processes and controls to support recognition and disclosure under the new standard.
NOTE 3. ACQUISITION
On November 5, 2018 (the "Acquisition Date"), the Company completed the acquisition of 33 rebar fabrication facilities in the U.S., as well as four EAF mini mills located in Knoxville, Tennessee; Jacksonville, Florida; Sayreville, New Jersey and Rancho Cucamonga, California from Gerdau S.A., hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Acquired Businesses." The total cash purchase price, including working capital adjustments, was $701.2 million, subject to customary purchase price adjustments, and was funded through a combination of domestic cash on-hand and borrowings under the 2018 Term Loan, as defined in Note 10, Credit Arrangements.
The Company accounts for business combinations by recognizing the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the Acquisition Date fair value. The purchase price paid was allocated between the acquired mills and fabrication facilities. The fair value for each business was estimated by the Company using valuation techniques and Level 3 inputs, including expected future cash flows and discount rates. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions as a part of the purchase price allocation process to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the Acquisition Date, the Company’s estimates are subject to refinement. Adjustments to provisional amounts identified during the allowable one-year measurement period (the "Measurement Period") are recorded in the reporting period in which the adjustment was determined. The results of operations of the Acquired Businesses are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the Acquisition Date.
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The table below presents the preliminary fair value that was allocated to the Acquired Businesses' assets and liabilities based upon fair values as determined by the Company, as well as any Measurement Period adjustments made since the Acquisition Date. Final determination of the fair values may result in further adjustments to the values presented in the following table:

(in thousands) |  | Estimated Fair Value as of Acquisition Date |  | Measurement Period Adjustments |  | Estimated Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 6,399 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,399 |
Accounts receivable |  | 308,074 |  |  | (11,615 | ) |  | 296,459 |
Inventories |  | 207,648 |  |  | (5,566 | ) |  | 202,082 |
Other current assets |  | 11,788 |  |  | 14,502 |  |  | 26,290 |
Property, plant and equipment |  | 424,541 |  |  | (2,572 | ) |  | 421,969 |
Intangible assets |  | 10,252 |  |  | (10,252 | ) |  | — |
Deferred income taxes |  | 10,567 |  |  | (1,412 | ) |  | 9,155 |
Accounts payable-trade, accrued expenses and other payables |  | (128,183 | ) |  | (6,519 | ) |  | (134,702 | )
Acquired unfavorable contract backlog |  | (133,600 | ) |  | 23,434 |  |  | (110,166 | )
Other long-term liabilities |  | (9,920 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9,920 | )
Pension and other post retirement employment benefits |  | (6,365 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,365 | )
Total assets acquired and liabilities assumed |  | $ | 701,201 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 701,201 |

Inventories
The acquired inventory is comprised of finished goods, work in process and raw materials. The fair value of finished goods was calculated as the estimated selling price, adjusted for the selling costs and a reasonable profit margin. The fair value of semi-finished goods was calculated as the estimated selling price, adjusted for estimated costs to complete manufacturing, estimated selling costs and a reasonable profit margin. The fair value of raw materials was determined to approximate the historical carrying value as it represented market cost. The inventory step-up recognized for the year ended August 31, 2019 was $10.3 million, which has been reflected in the Company's Americas Mills segment as cost of goods sold as the related inventory has been sold.
Property, Plant and Equipment
The cost approach was used to determine the fair value for buildings, improvements and equipment, and the market approach was used to determine the fair value for land. The cost approach measures the value by estimating the cost to acquire or construct comparable assets and adjusts for age and condition. The Company assigned building and improvements a useful life ranging from 1 to 35 years and equipment a useful life ranging from 1 to 25 years.
Deferred Income Taxes
Deferred income tax assets include the expected future federal and state tax consequences associated with temporary differences between the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed and the respective tax bases. Tax rates utilized in calculating the deferred tax assets represent a consolidated tax rate as the Company applies the appropriate tax rate for each legal entity.
Pension and Other Postretirement Liabilities
The Company recognized a net liability of $6.4 million, representing the unfunded portion of the acquired defined-benefit pension plan and other postretirement-benefit plan.
Acquired Unfavorable Contract Backlog
The Company determined that the backlog associated with existing contracts at the acquired fabrication facilities in which the selling price was less than estimated costs to fulfill the contracts using market participant assumptions represented a separable intangible liability. The unfavorable contract backlog was valued using the income approach. Amortization of the backlog will correspond with completion of the acquired contracts, which is estimated to be between 1 to 2 years.
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Other Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed
The Company used historical carrying values for trade accounts receivable and payables, as well as certain other current and non-current assets and liabilities, as their carrying values represented the fair value of those items as of the Acquisition Date.
Financial Results
The following table summarizes the financial results of the Acquired Businesses from the Acquisition Date for 2019 included in the Company’s consolidated statement of earnings and consolidated statement of comprehensive income.

(in thousands) |  | Year Ended August 31, 2019
Net sales |  | $ | 1,379,455 |
Earnings before income taxes |  | 132,733 |

Pro Forma Supplemental Information
Supplemental information on an unaudited pro forma basis is presented below as if the acquisition of the Acquired Businesses (the "Acquisition") occurred on September 1, 2017. The pro forma financial information is presented for comparative purposes only, based on certain estimates and assumptions, which the Company believes to be reasonable, but not necessarily indicative of future results of operations or the results that would have been reported if the Acquisition had been completed on September 1, 2017. These results were not used as part of management analysis of the financial results and performance of the Company. These results are adjusted, where possible, for transaction and integration related costs. These results involve significant estimates.

(in thousands) |  | Year Ended August 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
Pro forma net sales (1) |  | $ | 6,033,908 |  |  | $ | 6,303,812 |
Pro forma net earnings (2) |  | 162,255 |  |  | 105,377 |

_________________
(1) Pro forma net sales for the year ended August 31, 2018 includes estimated fair value adjustments related to amortization of unfavorable contract backlog. The impact of the amortization of unfavorable contract backlog has been removed from the pro forma net sales for the year ended August 31, 2019.
(2) Pro forma net earnings for the year ended August 31, 2018 reflects the impact of fair value adjustments related to the amortization of unfavorable contract backlog described above and includes estimated fair value adjustments related to inventory step-up, as well as non-recurring acquisition and integration costs of approximately $51.7 million.
NOTE 4. CHANGES IN BUSINESS
Other Acquisitions
On October 26, 2017, the Company completed the purchase of substantially all of the assets of MMFX Technologies Corporation ("MMFX"). MMFX markets, sells, and licenses the production of proprietary specialty steel products. The operating results of MMFX are included in the Americas Mills reporting segment. This acquisition was not material to the Company's financial position or results of operations.
On March 6, 2017, the Company completed the purchase of certain assets from OmniSource Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Steel Dynamics, Inc., consisting of seven recycling facilities located in the southeast United States (the "Recycling Assets"), which are in close proximity to the Company’s mini mill in Cayce, South Carolina. These facilities provide synergies with the Company's other operations in the region. The operating results of these facilities are included in the Americas Recycling reporting segment.
On January 9, 2017, the Company completed the purchase of substantially all of the assets of Associated Steel Workers, Limited ("ASW"), a steel fabrication facility in Kapolei, Hawaii. This acquisition continues the vertical integration model of the Company by extending its geographic reach, establishing a fabrication operation in Hawaii and expanding its presence in the Hawaiian market. The operating results of this facility are included in the Americas Fabrication reporting segment.
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On December 12, 2016, the Company completed the purchase of substantially all of the assets of Continental Concrete Structures, Inc. ("CCS"), a fabricator of post-tensioning cable and related products for commercial and public construction projects with a facility in Alpharetta, Georgia. In addition, CCS provides professional design and value engineering services to the construction industry throughout North America. This acquisition complements the Company’s current rebar fabrication business and continues its strategy of creating value for customers. The operating results of this facility are included in the Americas Fabrication reporting segment.
For the year ended August 31, 2017, the acquisitions of CCS, ASW and the Recycling Assets were not material, individually or in the aggregate, to the Company's financial position or results of operations; therefore, pro forma operating results for the acquisitions are not presented since the results would not be significantly different than reported results.
Dispositions
During the third quarter of 2018, the Company sold substantially all of the assets of its structural steel fabrication operations, which were part of the Americas Fabrication segment. The disposition did not meet the criteria for discontinued operations. Proceeds associated with the sale were $20.3 million. As a result of the sale of these assets, the Company recorded impairment charges of $13.7 million. The signed definitive asset sale agreement and subsequent post-closing adjustments (Level 2) were the basis for the determination of fair value of these operations.
Discontinued Operations
On June 13, 2017, the Company announced a plan to exit its International Marketing and Distribution segment, including its trading operations in the U.S., Asia, and Australia. As an initial step in this plan, on August 31, 2017, the Company completed the sale of its raw materials business, CMC Cometals. Additionally, during 2018, the remaining operations related to the Company's steel trading businesses in the U.S. and Asia were substantially wound down and the Company sold certain assets and liabilities of its Australian steel trading business. As a result of the Company's exit of its trading and distribution businesses in Australia, the Company prepared an impairment analysis on the asset disposal groups. Indicators of value from other recent sales of similar businesses within the segment (Level 3) were the basis for the determination of fair value of this component. As a result of this analysis, the Company recorded impairment charges of $2.1 million and $4.2 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively, resulting in an overall transaction loss, including selling costs, of $5.3 million. This loss was primarily due to accumulated foreign currency translation losses. The results of these activities are included in discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of earnings for all periods presented. With the conclusion of operations in this segment, any activities carried out within the segment are no longer of ongoing significance; accordingly, segment data with respect to International Marketing and Distribution activities is no longer reported. See Note 21, Business Segments, for further discussion of the exit of the International Marketing and Distribution segment.
The major classes of line items constituting earnings (loss) from discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of earnings for 2018 and 2017 are presented in the table below. Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of earnings were immaterial in 2019.

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net sales |  | $ | 304,650 |  |  | $ | 1,155,046 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold |  | 276,184 |  |  | 1,089,837 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 25,317 |  |  | 75,153 |
Interest expense |  | (86 | ) |  | (104 | )
Earnings (loss) before income taxes |  | 3,235 |  |  | (9,840 | )
Income taxes (benefit) |  | (34 | ) |  | (5,997 | )
Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations |  | $ | 3,269 |  |  | $ | (3,843 | )

Non-cash operating and investing activities related to discontinued operations include the following: inventory write-downs were $1.2 million and $20.7 million for 2018 and 2017, respectively, and provision for losses on receivables of $5.1 million in 2017. There were no other material non-cash operating or investing items related to discontinued operations for the periods ended August 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
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Exit Costs
The Company recorded severance expense of $0.9 million, $6.7 million and $17.5 million related to discontinued operations for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These costs related to the Company's closure of marketing and distribution offices that resulted in involuntary employee termination benefits.
NOTE 5. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") was comprised of the following:

(in thousands) |  | Foreign Currency Translation |  | Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives |  | Defined Benefit Obligation |  | Total AOCI
Balance at September 1, 2016 |  | $ | (112,255 | ) |  | $ | 2,186 |  |  | $ | (2,845 | ) |  | $ | (112,914 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications |  | 30,509 |  |  | 1,003 |  |  | 678 |  |  | 32,190 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  | 968 |  |  | (1,845 | ) |  | 115 |  |  | (762 | )
Income taxes |  | — |  |  | 243 |  |  | (270 | ) |  | (27 | )
Net other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 31,477 |  |  | (599 | ) |  | 523 |  |  | 31,401 |
Balance at August 31, 2017 |  | (80,778 | ) |  | 1,587 |  |  | (2,322 | ) |  | (81,513 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications |  | (13,938 | ) |  | 59 |  |  | (575 | ) |  | (14,454 | )
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  | 2,079 |  |  | (365 | ) |  | 849 |  |  | 2,563 |
Income taxes |  | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | (348 | ) |  | (273 | )
Net other comprehensive loss |  | (11,859 | ) |  | (231 | ) |  | (74 | ) |  | (12,164 | )
Balance at August 31, 2018 |  | (92,637 | ) |  | 1,356 |  |  | (2,396 | ) |  | (93,677 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  | (29,718 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (3,346 | ) |  | (33,071 | )
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  | 857 |  |  | (301 | ) |  | 1,666 |  |  | 2,222 |
Income taxes |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | 342 |  |  | 400 |
Net other comprehensive loss |  | (28,861 | ) |  | (250 | ) |  | (1,338 | ) |  | (30,449 | )
Balance at August 31, 2019 |  | $ | (121,498 | ) |  | $ | 1,106 |  |  | $ | (3,734 | ) |  | $ | (124,126 | )

The items reclassified out of AOCI were not material for 2019, 2018 and 2017.
NOTE 6. REVENUE RECOGNITION
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration received or expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. The Company's performance obligations arise from (i) sales of steel products, ferrous and nonferrous scrap metals, and construction materials and (ii) services such as steel fabrication and installation. The shipment of products to customers is considered a fulfillment activity and amounts billed to customers for shipping and freight are included in net sales, and the related costs are included in cost of goods sold. Net sales are presented net of taxes.
In the Americas Mills, Americas Recycling, and International Mill segments, revenue is recognized at a point in time concurrent with the transfer of control, which usually occurs, depending on shipping terms, upon shipment or customer receipt.
In the Americas Fabrication segment, each contract represents a single performance obligation. Revenue is either recognized over time or equal to billing under an available practical expedient. For contracts where the Company provides fabricated product and installation services, revenue is recognized over time using an input method. For 2019, these contracts represent approximately 27% of net sales in the Americas Fabrication segment. For these contracts, the measure of progress is based on contract costs incurred to date compared to total estimated contract costs, which provides a reasonable depiction of the Company’s progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligation as there is a direct relationship between costs incurred by the Company and the transfer of the fabricated product and installation services. Revenue from contracts where the Company does not provide installation services is recognized over time using an output method. For 2019, these contracts represent approximately 21% of net sales in the Americas Fabrication segment. For these contracts, the Company uses tons shipped compared to total estimated tons, which provides a reasonable depiction of the transfer of contract value to the customer, as there is a direct relationship between
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the units shipped by the Company and the transfer of the fabricated product. Significant judgment is required to evaluate total estimated costs used in the input method and total estimated tons in the output method. If estimated total consolidated costs on any contract are greater than the net contract revenues, the Company recognizes the entire estimated loss in the period the loss becomes known. The cumulative effect of revisions to estimates related to net contract revenues, costs to complete, or total planned quantity is recorded in the period in which such revisions are identified. The Company does not exercise significant judgment in determining the transaction price. For 2019, the remaining 52% of net sales in the Americas Fabrication segment is recognized as amounts are billed to the customer.
The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. The Company records an asset when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing and a liability when revenue is recognized subsequent to invoicing. Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although the Company generally requires customers to pay 30 days after the Company satisfies the performance obligations. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, the Company has determined the contracts do not include a significant financing component.
The following table provides information about assets and liabilities from contracts with customers.

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Contract assets (included in other current assets) |  | $ | 103,805 |  |  | $ | 49,221 |
Contract liabilities (included in accrued expenses and other payables) |  | 37,165 |  |  | 6,679 |

The majority of the increase in contract asset and liability balances was attributable to the Acquisition. The entire contract liability as of August 31, 2018 was recognized as revenue during 2019.
Remaining Performance Obligations
As of August 31, 2019, a total of $809.5 million has been allocated to remaining performance obligations in the Americas Fabrication segment, excluding those contracts where revenue is recognized equal to billing under an available practical expedient. Of this amount, the Company estimates the remaining performance obligations will be recognized as revenue as follows: 40% in the first twelve months, 49% in the following twelve months, and 11% thereafter. The duration of contracts in the Americas Mills, Americas Recycling, and International Mill segments are typically less than one year.
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following tables display revenue by reportable segment from external customers, disaggregated by major source. The Company believes disaggregating by these categories depicts how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

|  | Year Ended August 31, 2019
(in thousands) |  | Americas Recycling |  | Americas Mills |  | Americas Fabrication |  | International Mill |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Steel products |  | $ | 814 |  |  | $ | 1,763,017 |  |  | $ | 1,936,994 |  |  | $ | 780,797 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,481,622 |
Ferrous scrap |  | 412,456 |  |  | 33,716 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 1,350 |  |  | — |  |  | 447,530 |
Nonferrous scrap |  | 493,225 |  |  | 14,453 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,009 |  |  | — |  |  | 518,687 |
Construction materials |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 259,685 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 259,685 |
Other |  | 1,956 |  |  | 71,808 |  |  | 12,984 |  |  | 22,567 |  |  | 12,163 |  |  | 121,478 |
Total |  | $ | 908,451 |  |  | $ | 1,882,994 |  |  | $ | 2,209,671 |  |  | $ | 815,723 |  |  | $ | 12,163 |  |  | $ | 5,829,002 |

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|  | Year Ended August 31, 2018*
(in thousands) |  | Americas Recycling |  | Americas Mills |  | Americas Fabrication |  | International Mill |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Steel products |  | $ | 1,166 |  |  | $ | 1,099,286 |  |  | $ | 1,160,373 |  |  | $ | 853,402 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,114,227 |
Ferrous scrap |  | 516,133 |  |  | 33,154 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 1,288 |  |  | — |  |  | 550,602 |
Nonferrous scrap |  | 598,970 |  |  | 17,714 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,925 |  |  | — |  |  | 630,609 |
Construction materials |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 249,538 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 249,538 |
Other |  | 1,445 |  |  | 54,027 |  |  | 6,634 |  |  | 17,304 |  |  | 19,337 |  |  | 98,747 |
Total |  | $ | 1,117,714 |  |  | $ | 1,204,181 |  |  | $ | 1,416,572 |  |  | $ | 885,919 |  |  | $ | 19,337 |  |  | $ | 4,643,723 |

|  | Year Ended August 31, 2017*
(in thousands) |  | Americas Recycling |  | Americas Mills |  | Americas Fabrication |  | International Mill |  | Corporate and Other |  | Total
Steel products |  | $ | 470 |  |  | $ | 825,778 |  |  | $ | 1,126,919 |  |  | $ | 603,925 |  |  | $ | 27,267 |  |  | $ | 2,584,359 |
Ferrous scrap |  | 383,164 |  |  | 29,193 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1,080 |  |  | — |  |  | 413,441 |
Nonferrous scrap |  | 480,676 |  |  | 15,917 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,627 |  |  | — |  |  | 506,220 |
Construction materials |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 228,910 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 228,910 |
Other |  | 1,152 |  |  | 46,801 |  |  | 8,993 |  |  | 21,770 |  |  | 32,423 |  |  | 111,139 |
Total |  | $ | 865,462 |  |  | $ | 917,689 |  |  | $ | 1,364,826 |  |  | $ | 636,402 |  |  | $ | 59,690 |  |  | $ | 3,844,069 |

_________________
* Prior period amounts have been reported under ASC 605.
NOTE 7. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE PROGRAMS
As an additional source of liquidity, the Company sells certain trade accounts receivable both in the U.S. and Poland (hereinafter referred to as the "Programs"). For years prior to 2019, the Company accounted for transfers of the trade accounts receivable under the Programs as sales of financial assets, and the trade accounts receivable balances sold were removed from the consolidated balance sheets. On September 1, 2018, the Company amended certain terms of the Programs, disqualifying the sale of such receivables from being accounted for as sales of financial assets. For activity in the Programs occurring prior to the September 1, 2018 amendment, disclosures required under ASC 860-20-50 are provided below. See Note 10, Credit Arrangements for further details regarding the Programs after September 1, 2018.
Prior to September 1, 2018, in exchange for trade receivables transferred into the Programs, the Company received either cash (referred to as a cash purchase prior or "CPP") or a deferred purchase price ("DPP"). Upon adoption of ASU 2016-15, the CPP received was reflected as cash provided by operating activities in the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows, and cash received to settle the DPP related to the transfer of receivables was included as part of investing activities in the Company's consolidated statement of cash flows. For periods prior to 2019, DPP on the Programs was included in accounts receivable on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
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(in thousands) |  | Total |  | U.S.* |  | Poland |  | Australia**
Deferred purchase price |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at September 1, 2016 |  | $ | 289,748 |  |  | $ | 212,762 |  |  | $ | 50,324 |  |  | $ | 26,662 |
Transfers of trade receivables |  | 2,646,513 |  |  | 2,251,118 |  |  | 378,481 |  |  | 16,914 |
Less: CPP |  | (1,899,088 | ) |  | (1,635,701 | ) |  | (249,850 | ) |  | (13,537 | )
Non-cash increase to DPP |  | 747,425 |  |  | 615,417 |  |  | 128,631 |  |  | 3,377 |
Cash collections of DPP |  | (616,017 | ) |  | (512,171 | ) |  | (99,455 | ) |  | (4,391 | )
Net repayments (advances) |  | (81,731 | ) |  | (90,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | 8,269 |
Exit from Programs |  | (124,302 | ) |  | (90,385 | ) |  | — |  |  | (33,917 | )
Net collections of DPP |  | (822,050 | ) |  | (692,556 | ) |  | (99,455 | ) |  | (30,039 | )
Balance at August 31, 2017 |  | 215,123 |  |  | 135,623 |  |  | 79,500 |  |  | — |
Transfers of trade receivables |  | 2,932,379 |  |  | 2,396,780 |  |  | 535,599 |  |  | — |
Less: CPP |  | (2,187,377 | ) |  | (1,818,781 | ) |  | (368,596 | ) |  | — |
Non-cash increase to DPP |  | 745,002 |  |  | 577,999 |  |  | 167,003 |  |  | — |
Cash collections of DPP |  | (670,457 | ) |  | (531,541 | ) |  | (138,916 | ) |  | — |
Net repayments (advances) |  | 77,853 |  |  | 90,000 |  |  | (12,147 | ) |  | — |
Net collections of DPP |  | (592,604 | ) |  | (441,541 | ) |  | (151,063 | ) |  | — |
Balance at August 31, 2018 |  | $ | 367,521 |  |  | $ | 272,081 |  |  | $ | 95,440 |  |  | $ | — |

_________________
* Includes the sale of trade accounts receivable activities related to discontinued operations. See Note 4, Changes in Business, for further discussion. For 2017, transfers of trade accounts receivable were $354.5 million, and collections were $325.7 million. Redemptions of trade accounts receivable associated with the exit from the program were $83.7 million for 2017.
** Includes the sale of trade accounts receivable activities related to the Company's former Australian steel distribution business. See Note 4, Changes in Business, for further discussion. For 2017, there were no transfers of trade accounts receivable, collections were $3.7 million and redemptions of trade accounts receivable associated with the exit from the program were $1.6 million.
At August 31, 2018, the Company transferred $381.1 million of trade accounts receivable to the financial institutions and had no advance payments outstanding under the U.S. Program and $12.1 million outstanding under the Polish Program.
NOTE 8. INVENTORIES
The majority of the Company's inventories are in the form of semi-finished and finished goods. Under the Company’s business
model, products are sold to external customers in various stages, from semi-finished billets through fabricated steel, leading these categories to be combined. As such, at August 31, 2019 and 2018, work in process inventories were not material. At August 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company's raw materials inventories were $143.7 million and $177.7 million, respectively.
Inventory write-downs were immaterial for 2019 and 2018, and $21.5 million for 2017.
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NOTE 9. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following table details the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:

(in thousands) |  | Americas Recycling |  | Americas Mills |  | Americas Fabrication |  | International Mill |  | Corporate and Other* |  | Consolidated
Goodwill, gross |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at September 1, 2017 |  | $ | 9,751 |  |  | $ | 4,970 |  |  | $ | 57,943 |  |  | $ | 2,664 |  |  | $ | 1,982 |  |  | $ | 77,310 |
| Dispositions, impairments and foreign currency translation |  | (208 | ) |  | — |  |  | (515 | ) |  | (96 | ) |  | — |  |  | (819 | )
| Reclassification to assets of discontinued operations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,982 | ) |  | (1,982 | )
Balance at August 31, 2018 |  | 9,543 |  |  | 4,970 |  |  | 57,428 |  |  | 2,568 |  |  | — |  |  | 74,509 |
| Dispositions, impairments and foreign currency translation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (184 | ) |  | — |  |  | (184 | )
Balance at August 31, 2019 |  | 9,543 |  |  | 4,970 |  |  | 57,428 |  |  | 2,384 |  |  | — |  |  | 74,325 |
Accumulated impairment losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at September 1, 2017 |  | (9,751 | ) |  | — |  |  | (493 | ) |  | (169 | ) |  | (1,982 | ) |  | (12,395 | )
| Dispositions, impairments and foreign currency translation |  | 208 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 214 |
| Reclassification to assets of discontinued operations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,982 |  |  | 1,982 |
Balance at August 31, 2018 |  | (9,543 | ) |  | — |  |  | (493 | ) |  | (163 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10,199 | )
| Dispositions, impairments and foreign currency translation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Balance at August 31, 2019 |  | (9,543 | ) |  | — |  |  | (493 | ) |  | (151 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10,187 | )
Goodwill, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at September 1, 2017 |  | — |  |  | 4,970 |  |  | 57,450 |  |  | 2,495 |  |  | — |  |  | 64,915 |
| Dispositions, impairments and foreign currency translation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (515 | ) |  | (90 | ) |  | — |  |  | (605 | )
Balance at August 31, 2018 |  | — |  |  | 4,970 |  |  | 56,935 |  |  | 2,405 |  |  | — |  |  | 64,310 |
| Dispositions, impairments and foreign currency translation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (172 | ) |  | — |  |  | (172 | )
Balance at August 31, 2019 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,970 |  |  | $ | 56,935 |  |  | $ | 2,233 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 64,138 |

_________________
*Corporate and Other in 2017 and 2018 includes goodwill for the International Marketing and Distribution segment which was reclassified as discontinued operations during 2018.
As of August 31, 2019 and 2018, one of the Company's reporting units within the Americas Fabrication reporting segment comprised $51.1 million of the Company's total goodwill. Based on the results of our 2019 annual goodwill impairment analysis, the fair value of this reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by 29.3%. For all other reporting units, the excess of the fair value over carrying value of each reporting unit was substantial. Goodwill impairment charges were not material for 2019, 2018, or 2017.
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The following intangible assets subject to amortization are included in other noncurrent assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheets:

|  | August 31, 2019 |  | August 31, 2018
(in thousands) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Customer base |  | $ | 6,088 |  |  | $ | 4,081 |  |  | $ | 2,007 |  |  | $ | 6,254 |  |  | $ | 3,416 |  |  | $ | 2,838 |
Favorable land leases |  | 4,146 |  |  | 749 |  |  | 3,397 |  |  | 4,476 |  |  | 755 |  |  | 3,721 |
Non-compete agreements |  | 2,810 |  |  | 382 |  |  | 2,428 |  |  | 1,750 |  |  | 798 |  |  | 952 |
Brand name |  | 628 |  |  | 454 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 928 |  |  | 662 |  |  | 266 |
Patents |  | 6,993 |  |  | 1,709 |  |  | 5,284 |  |  | 6,993 |  |  | 777 |  |  | 6,216 |
Other |  | 101 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 29 |
Total |  | $ | 20,766 |  |  | $ | 7,454 |  |  | $ | 13,312 |  |  | $ | 20,502 |  |  | $ | 6,480 |  |  | $ | 14,022 |

Favorable land leases at August 31, 2019 are related to perpetual lease rights which have an estimated useful life of 85 years. All other intangible assets with definitive lives are amortized over estimated useful lives ranging from 3 to 15 years. Excluding goodwill, the Company does not have any other significant intangible assets with indefinite lives. Amortization expense for intangible assets from continuing operations was $2.2 million for 2019 and 2018, and $2.1 million for 2017. Estimated amounts of amortization expense for the next five years are as follows.

Year Ended August 31, |  | (in thousands)
2020 |  | $ | 2,047 |
2021 |  | 2,025 |
2022 |  | 1,748 |
2023 |  | 1,289 |
2024 |  | 1,252 |

NOTE 10. CREDIT ARRANGEMENTS
Long-term debt was as follows:

|  | Weighted Average Interest Rate as of August 31, 2019 |  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018
2027 Notes |  | 5.375% |  | $ | 300,000 |  |  | $ | 300,000 |
2026 Notes |  | 5.750% |  | 350,000 |  |  | 350,000 |
2023 Notes |  | 4.875% |  | 330,000 |  |  | 330,000 |
Term Loan |  | 4.111% |  | 210,125 |  |  | 142,500 |
Short-term borrowings |  | * |  | 3,929 |  |  | — |
Other, including equipment notes |  |  |  | 60,867 |  |  | 47,629 |
Total debt |  |  |  | 1,254,921 |  |  | 1,170,129 |
Less debt issuance costs |  |  |  | 10,268 |  |  | 11,764 |
Total amounts outstanding |  |  |  | 1,244,653 |  |  | 1,158,365 |
Less current maturities |  |  |  | 13,510 |  |  | 19,746 |
Less short-term borrowings |  |  |  | 3,929 |  |  | — |
Current maturities of long-term debt and short-term borrowings |  |  |  | 17,439 |  |  | 19,746 |
Long-term debt |  |  |  | $ | 1,227,214 |  |  | $ | 1,138,619 |

_________________
* As of August 31, 2019, the weighted average interest rates associated with the U.S. Program and Poland Program were 3.461% and 2.410%, respectively.
In July 2017, the Company issued $300.0 million of 5.375% Senior Notes due July 2027 (the "2027 Notes"). Interest on these notes is payable semiannually.
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In May 2018, the Company issued $350.0 million of 5.75% Senior Notes due April 2026 (the "2026 Notes"). Issuance costs associated with the 2026 Notes were approximately $5.3 million. Interest on the 2026 Notes is payable semiannually.
In May 2013, the Company issued $330.0 million of 4.875% Senior Notes due May 2023 (the "2023 Notes"). Interest on these notes is payable semiannually.
The Company has a $350.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolver") pursuant to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (as amended, the "Credit Agreement") and a term loan contemplated thereunder (the "Term Loan"). The Term Loan was funded in two tranches: one drawn on July 13, 2017 with an original principal amount of $150.0 million, and one drawn on November 1, 2018 with an original principal amount of $180.0 million. The Credit Agreement and the Term Loan are coterminous with a maturity date in June 2022. The Company was required to make quarterly payments on the Term Loan equal to 1.25% of the original principal amount. However, principal prepayments in 2019 have satisfied all contractually obligated quarterly principal payments through the maturity of the Term Loan. The maximum availability under the Revolver can be increased to $600.0 million with bank approval. The Company's obligations under the Credit Agreement are collateralized by its U.S. inventory and U.S. fabrication receivables. The Credit Agreement's capacity includes a $50.0 million sub-limit for the issuance of stand-by letters of credit.
The Company had no amounts drawn under the Revolver at August 31, 2019 or 2018. The availability under the Revolver was reduced by outstanding stand-by letters of credit of $3.0 million and $3.3 million at August 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Under the Credit Agreement, the Company is required to comply with certain financial and non-financial covenants, including covenants to maintain: (i) an interest coverage ratio (consolidated EBITDA to consolidated interest expense, as each is defined in the Credit Agreement) of not less than 2.50 to 1.00 and (ii) a debt to capitalization ratio (consolidated funded debt to total capitalization, as each is defined in the Credit Agreement) that does not exceed 0.60 to 1.00. Loans under the Credit Agreement bear interest based on the Eurocurrency rate, a base rate, or the LIBOR rate. At August 31, 2019, the Company's interest coverage ratio was 5.93 to 1.00 and the Company's debt to capitalization ratio was 0.44 to 1.00.
The Company also has credit facilities in Poland, through its subsidiary, CMC Poland Sp. z.o.o. ("CMCP"), available to support working capital, short-term cash needs, letters of credit, financial assurance and other trade finance-related matters. At August 31, 2019 and 2018, CMCP's credit facilities totaled Polish zloty ("PLN") 275.0 million, or $69.0 million, and PLN 225.0 million, or $60.8 million, respectively. These facilities expire in March 2022. At August 31, 2019 and 2018, no amounts were outstanding under these facilities. The available balance of these credit facilities was reduced by outstanding stand-by letters of credit, guarantees and/or other financial assurance instruments, which totaled $1.1 million at August 31, 2019 and August 31, 2018. During 2019, 2018 and 2017, CMCP had no borrowings or repayments under its credit facilities.
At August 31, 2019, the Company was in compliance with all of the covenants contained in its credit arrangements.
The scheduled maturities of the Company's long-term debt are as follows:

Year Ended August 31, |  | (in thousands)
2020 |  | $ | 17,439 |
2021 |  | 10,827 |
2022 |  | 219,049 |
2023 |  | 337,264 |
2024 |  | 7,717 |
Thereafter |  | 662,625 |
Total long-term debt |  | 1,254,921 |
Less debt issuance costs |  | 10,268 |
Total long-term debt outstanding |  | $ | 1,244,653 |

The Company capitalized $0.3 million, $7.3 million and $9.8 million of interest in the cost of property, plant and equipment during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
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Accounts Receivable Programs
CMC has a $200.0 million U.S. trade accounts receivable program (the "U.S. Program"), which expires in August 2020. Under the U.S. Program, CMC contributes, and certain of its subsidiaries transfer without recourse, certain eligible trade accounts receivable to CMC Receivables, Inc. ("CMCRV"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of CMC. CMCRV is structured to be a bankruptcy-remote entity formed for the sole purpose of facilitating transfers of trade accounts receivable generated by the Company. CMCRV transfers the trade accounts receivable in their entirety to two financial institutions. Under the U.S. Program, with the consent of both CMCRV and the program's administrative agent, the amount advanced by the financial institutions can be increased to a maximum of $300.0 million for all trade accounts receivable. The remaining portion of the purchase price of the trade accounts receivable takes the form of subordinated notes from the respective financial institutions. These notes will be satisfied from the ultimate collection of the trade accounts receivable after payment of certain fees and other costs. The U.S. Program contains certain cross-default provisions whereby a termination event could occur if the Company defaulted under certain of its credit arrangements. The covenants contained in the receivables purchase agreement are consistent with the Credit Agreement. Advances taken under the U.S. Program incur interest based on LIBOR plus a margin. The Company had no advance payments outstanding under the U.S. Program at August 31, 2019.
In addition to the U.S. Program, the Company's international subsidiary in Poland transfers trade accounts receivable to financial institutions without recourse (the "Poland Program"). The Poland Program has a facility limit of PLN 220.0 million ($55.2 million as of August 31, 2019) and allows the Company's Polish subsidiaries to obtain an advance of up to 90% of eligible trade accounts receivable transferred under the terms of the arrangement. Advances taken under the Poland Program incur interest based on the Warsaw Interbank Offered Rate ("WIBOR") plus a margin. The Company had advance payments outstanding of $3.9 million under the Poland Program at August 31, 2019.
Prior to 2019, the Company accounted for transfers of trade accounts receivable as sales, and the trade accounts receivable balances transferred were removed from the consolidated balance sheets. On September 1, 2018, the Company amended certain terms of both the U.S. and Poland Programs, disqualifying the accounting of the transfer of such receivables as sales. As a result of the amendments, beginning in 2019, any advances outstanding under the U.S. and Poland Programs are recorded as debt on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
NOTE 11. NEW MARKETS TAX CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
During 2016 and 2017, the Company entered into three New Markets Tax Credit (“NMTC”) transactions with U.S. Bancorp Community Development Corporation, a Minnesota corporation ("USBCDC"). The NMTC transactions relate to the construction and equipping of our micro mill in Durant, Oklahoma, as well as a rebar spooler and automated T-post shop located on the same site.
The transactions qualified through the New Markets Tax Credit program provided for in the Community Renewal Tax Relief Act of 2000 (the "NMTC Program"), as the micro mill, spooler and T-post shop are located in an eligible zone designated by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") and are considered eligible business activities for the NMTC Program. Under the NMTC Program, an investor that makes a capital investment, which, in turn, together with leverage loan sources, is used to make a Qualifying Equity Investment (a "QEI") in an entity that (i) qualifies as a Community Development Entity ("CDE"), (ii) has applied for and been granted an allocation of a portion of the total federal funds available to fund the credits (an "NMTC Allocation") and (iii) uses a minimum specified portion of the QEI to make a Qualified Low Income Community Investment up to the maximum amount of the CDE’s NMTC Allocation will be entitled to claim, over a period of seven years, federal nonrefundable tax credits in an amount equal to 39% of the QEI amount (an "NMTC"). NMTCs are subject to 100% recapture for a period of seven years as provided in the Internal Revenue Code.
In general, the three NMTC transactions were structured similarly. USBCDC made a capital contribution to an investment fund and Commonwealth Acquisition Holdings, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Commonwealth”), made a loan to the investment fund. The investment fund used the proceeds from the capital contribution and the loan to make a QEI into a CDE, which, in turn, makes loans of the QEIs to the operating subsidiaries of the Company with terms similar to the loans by Commonwealth. The proceeds from the loans are initially recorded as restricted cash on the balance sheet of the Company until certain conditions are met.
The following table summarizes the key terms and conditions for each of the three NMTC transactions ($ in millions):
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Project |  | USBCDC Capital Contribution |  | Commonwealth Loan |  | Commonwealth Loan Rate / Maturity |  | Investment Fund(s) |  | QEI to CDE |  | CDE Loan |  | Ending Restricted Cash 8/31/2019
Micro mill |  | $17.7 |  | $35.3 |  | 1.08% / December 24, 2045 |  | USBCDC Investment Fund 156, LLC |  | $51.5 |  | $50.7 |  | $0.4
Spooler |  | 6.7 |  | 14.0 |  | 1.39% / July 26, 2042 |  | Twain Investment Fund 249, LLC |  | 20.0 |  | 19.4 |  | —
T-post shop |  | 5.0 |  | 10.4 |  | 1.16% / March 23, 2047 |  | Twain Investment Fund 219, LLC Twain Investment Fund 222 |  | 15.0 |  | 14.7 |  | —

By its capital contributions to the investment funds (exclusive of Twain Investment Fund 222) (collectively the "Funds"), USBCDC is entitled to substantially all the benefits derived from the NMTCs. These transactions include a put/call provision whereby the Company may be obligated or entitled to repurchase USBCDC’s interest in the Funds at the end of a seven-year period, in the case of the USBCDC Investment Fund 156, LLC and Twain Investment Fund 249, LLC or an eight-year period, in the case of Twain Investment Fund 219, LLC (each of such periods an "Exercise Period"). The Company believes USBCDC will exercise the put options following the end of the respective Exercise Periods. The value attributed to the put/call is immaterial. The Company is required to follow various regulations and contractual provisions that apply to the NMTC transactions. Non-compliance with applicable requirements could result in unrealized projected tax benefits and, therefore, could require the Company to indemnify USBCDC for any loss or recapture of NMTCs related to the financing until the Company's obligation to deliver tax benefits is relieved. The Company does not anticipate any credit recaptures will be required in connection with these transactions.
The Company has determined that the Funds are VIEs, of which the Company is the primary beneficiary and has consolidated them in accordance with ASC Topic 810, Consolidation. USBCDC’s contributions are included in other long-term liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Direct costs incurred in structuring the transactions were deferred and are recognized as expense over each Exercise Period. Incremental costs to maintain the structures during the compliance periods are recognized as incurred.
The Company has determined that Twain Investment Fund 222 is a VIE, of which the Company is not the primary beneficiary and has therefore treated the QEI of $2.1 million as debt. The obligation represents the Company's maximum exposure to loss and is included in long-term debt.
NOTE 12. DERIVATIVES AND RISK MANAGEMENT
The Company's global operations and product lines expose it to risks from fluctuations in metal commodity prices, foreign currency exchange rates, natural gas prices and interest rates. One objective of the Company's risk management program is to mitigate these risks using derivative instruments. The Company enters into (i) metal commodity futures and forward contracts to mitigate the risk of unanticipated changes in gross margin due to price volatility in these commodities and (ii) foreign currency forward contracts that match the expected settlements for purchases and sales denominated in foreign currencies.
The Company considers the total notional value of its futures and forward contracts as the best measure of the volume of derivative transactions. At August 31, 2019, the notional values of the Company's foreign currency and commodity contract commitments were $94.1 million and $42.6 million, respectively. At August 31, 2018, the notional values of the Company's foreign currency contract commitments and its commodity contract commitments were $119.5 million and $55.2 million, respectively.
The following table provides information regarding the Company's commodity contract commitments as of August 31, 2019:

Commodity |  | Long/Short |  | Total
Aluminum |  | Long |  | 2,125 |  |  | MT
Copper |  | Long |  | 510 |  |  | MT
Copper |  | Short |  | 6,158 |  |  | MT

_________________
MT = Metric Ton
The Company designates only those contracts which closely match the terms of the underlying transaction as hedges for accounting purposes. These hedges resulted in substantially no ineffectiveness in the Company's consolidated statements of earnings, and there were no components excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness for the years ended August 31, 2019, 2018 and
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2017. Certain foreign currency and commodity contracts were not designated as hedges for accounting purposes, although management believes they are essential economic hedges.
The following tables summarize activities related to the Company's derivative instruments and hedged items recognized in the consolidated statements of earnings:

|  |  |  | Year Ended August 31,
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments (in thousands) |  | Location |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Commodity |  | Cost of goods sold |  | $ | 1,716 |  |  | $ | 7,043 |  |  | $ | (9,095 | )
Foreign exchange |  | Cost of goods sold |  | — |  |  | (50 | ) |  | (47 | )
Foreign exchange |  | SG&A expenses |  | (543 | ) |  | 110 |  |  | (5,400 | )
Gain (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  | $ | 1,173 |  |  | $ | 7,103 |  |  | $ | (14,542 | )

NOTE 13. FAIR VALUE
The Company has established a fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs to the valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels. These levels are determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Levels within the hierarchy are defined as follows:
Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;
Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets (other than those included in Level 1) which are observable, either directly or indirectly; and
Level 3 - Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.
The following tables summarize information regarding the Company's financial assets and financial liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
(in thousands) |  | August 31, 2019 |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment deposit accounts (1) |  | $ | 66,240 |  |  | $ | 66,240 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commodity derivative assets (2) |  | 1,269 |  |  | 1,269 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange derivative assets (2) |  | 569 |  |  | — |  |  | 569 |  |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity derivative liabilities (2) |  | 99 |  |  | 99 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange derivative liabilities (2) |  | 899 |  |  | — |  |  | 899 |  |  | — |

|  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
(in thousands) |  | August 31, 2018 |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment deposit accounts (1) |  | $ | 541,101 |  |  | $ | 541,101 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commodity derivative assets (2) |  | 1,881 |  |  | 1,881 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange derivative assets (2) |  | 407 |  |  | — |  |  | 407 |  |  | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity derivative liabilities (2) |  | 301 |  |  | 301 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange derivative liabilities (2) |  | 1,095 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,095 |  |  | — |

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_________________
(1) Investment deposit accounts are short-term in nature, and the value is determined by principal plus interest. The investment portfolio mix can change each period based on the Company's assessment of investment options.
(2) Derivative assets and liabilities classified as Level 1 are commodity futures contracts valued based on quoted market prices in the London Metal Exchange or the New York Mercantile Exchange. Amounts in Level 2 are based on broker quotes in the over-the-counter market. Further discussion regarding the Company's use of derivative instruments and the classification of the assets and liabilities is included in Note 12, Derivatives and Risk Management.
Other than the Measurement Period adjustments made to the preliminary fair value allocated to the Acquired Businesses' assets and liabilities as described in Note 3, Acquisition and the impairment charges described in Note 4, Changes in Business, there were no other material non-recurring fair value remeasurements during 2019, 2018 and 2017.
The carrying values of the Company's short-term items, including the deferred purchase price of accounts receivable, documentary letters of credit and notes payable, approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.
The carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company's financial assets and liabilities that are not required to be measured at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets were as follows:

|  |  |  | August 31, 2019 |  | August 31, 2018
(in thousands) |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
2027 Notes (1) |  | Level 2 |  | $ | 300,000 |  |  | $ | 303,810 |  |  | $ | 300,000 |  |  | $ | 281,655 |
2026 Notes (1) |  | Level 2 |  | 350,000 |  |  | 363,444 |  |  | 350,000 |  |  | 339,238 |
2023 Notes (1) |  | Level 2 |  | 330,000 |  |  | 342,098 |  |  | 330,000 |  |  | 326,090 |
Short-term borrowings (2) |  | Level 2 |  | 3,929 |  |  | 3,929 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Term Loan (2) |  | Level 2 |  | 210,125 |  |  | 210,125 |  |  | 142,500 |  |  | 142,500 |

_________________
(1) The fair value of the notes is determined based on indicated market values.
(2) The short-term borrowings and Term Loan contain variable interest rates and their carrying value approximates fair value.
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NOTE 14. INCOME TAX
On December 22, 2017, the President signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA") which, among other provisions, reduced the federal corporate tax rate to 21.0% effective January 1, 2018. In connection with the enactment of the TCJA, the Securities and Exchange Commission's Staff Accounting Bulletin ("SAB") 118 provided a one-year measurement period to complete the accounting under ASC 740. For the year ended August 31, 2018, the Company included provisional estimates of the impact of the TCJA. The Company completed its analysis of the impact of the TCJA during the second quarter of 2019.
Beginning in 2019, the Company is subject to the following provisions of the TCJA: (i) a new tax on global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI"); (ii) a new deduction for foreign-derived intangible income ("FDII"); (iii) deductibility limitations on compensation for covered employees; and (iv) deductibility limitations on business interest expense. The U.S. Department of Treasury continues to release new and clarifying guidance with regard to interpretation of certain provisions of the TCJA, which the Company evaluates during the period of enactment. Based on enacted legislation through August 31, 2019, the Company has included in the effective tax rate estimates of the tax impacts related to GILTI and the deductibility limitation on compensation for covered employees. The Company has elected to treat the new GILTI tax as a current period cost in the year in which the tax is incurred. The Company's current assessment of FDII and the deductibility limitations on business interest expense did not result in an impact to the effective tax rate.
The components of earnings from continuing operations before income taxes were as follows:

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
United States |  | $ | 194,986 |  |  | $ | 86,731 |  |  | $ | 25,506 |
Foreign |  | 73,474 |  |  | 78,653 |  |  | 39,945 |
Total |  | $ | 268,460 |  |  | $ | 165,384 |  |  | $ | 65,451 |

The income taxes (benefit) included in the consolidated statements of earnings were as follows:

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 621 |  |  | $ | 20,210 |  |  | $ | 11,345 |
Foreign |  | 14,006 |  |  | 18,308 |  |  | 9,464 |
State and local |  | 2,892 |  |  | 2,263 |  |  | 2,654 |
Current taxes |  | 17,519 |  |  | 40,781 |  |  | 23,463 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | 46,922 |  |  | (11,501 | ) |  | (13,548 | )
Foreign |  | 490 |  |  | (169 | ) |  | (917 | )
State and local |  | 4,908 |  |  | 1,002 |  |  | 281 |
Deferred taxes |  | 52,320 |  |  | (10,668 | ) |  | (14,184 | )
Total income taxes on income |  | 69,839 |  |  | 30,113 |  |  | 9,279 |
Income taxes (benefit) on discontinued operations |  | 158 |  |  | (34 | ) |  | (5,997 | )
Income taxes on continuing operations |  | $ | 69,681 |  |  | $ | 30,147 |  |  | $ | 15,276 |

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A reconciliation of the federal statutory rate to the Company's effective income tax rate from continuing operations, including material items impacting the effective income tax rate is as follows:

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Federal statutory rate |  | 21.0 | % |  | 25.7 | % |  | 35.0 | %
Income tax expense at statutory rate |  | $ | 56,377 |  |  | $ | 42,471 |  |  | $ | 22,908 |
TCJA - Toll charge and related foreign tax credits |  | 7,410 |  |  | 29,466 |  |  | — |
TCJA - Remeasurement of deferred tax balances |  | (586 | ) |  | (25,515 | ) |  | — |
Foreign tax impairment on valuation of subsidiaries (1) |  | (29,697 | ) |  | 22,315 |  |  | (92,321 | )
Gain on international restructure (1) |  | — |  |  | 18,926 |  |  | — |
Change in valuation allowance |  | 36,167 |  |  | (20,839 | ) |  | 113,135 |
Nontaxable foreign interest (1) |  | (9,799 | ) |  | (17,414 | ) |  | (19,259 | )
Worthless stock deduction (2) |  | — |  |  | (6,084 | ) |  | — |
Foreign rate differential (3) |  | (1,466 | ) |  | (5,973 | ) |  | (7,518 | )
Research and experimentation credits |  | (580 | ) |  | (4,707 | ) |  | (1,034 | )
Audit settlement (4) |  | 120 |  |  | (3,187 | ) |  | (659 | )
State and local taxes |  | 6,085 |  |  | 2,317 |  |  | 1,490 |
Deferred compensation (5) |  | (395 | ) |  | (2,036 | ) |  | (2,101 | )
Section 199 manufacturing deduction |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,407 | )
Other |  | 6,045 |  |  | 407 |  |  | 2,042 |
Income tax expense on continuing operations |  | $ | 69,681 |  |  | $ | 30,147 |  |  | $ | 15,276 |
Effective income tax rate from continuing operations |  | 26.0 | % |  | 18.2 | % |  | 23.3 | %

_________________

(1) | Fully offset by a valuation allowance.

(2) | Permanent tax benefit related to a worthless stock deduction from the reorganization and exit of the Company's steel trading business headquartered in the United Kingdom.

(3) | The impact of global income from operations in jurisdictions with lower statutory tax rates than the U.S., including Poland, which has a statutory income tax rate of 19.0%.

(4) | Includes the release of certain unrecognized tax benefits for which the accruals were greater than the amount assessed.

(5) | Nontaxable gain on assets related to the Company’s nonqualified Benefit Restoration Plan ("BRP").

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In general, it has been the practice and intention of the Company to indefinitely reinvest earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries. As a result of the deemed repatriation provisions of TCJA, our foreign earnings through December 31, 2017 were subject to U.S. taxation. As of August 31, 2019, the Company had undistributed earnings of its non-U.S. subsidiaries of approximately $623.5 million. The Company considers these undistributed earnings to be indefinitely reinvested in its foreign subsidiaries. However, as a result of the changes in U.S. taxation of dividends from foreign affiliates, the Company plans to repatriate future earnings from the International Mill segment. We expect that any incremental taxes associated with the future distribution of these earnings will be immaterial.
The Company’s income tax benefit from discontinued operations of $6.0 million for 2017 was largely due to tax benefits from net operating losses related to the exit of the International Marketing and Distribution segment.
The income tax effects of significant temporary differences giving rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |
Net operating losses and credits |  | $ | 295,241 |  |  | $ | 285,847 |
Deferred compensation and employee benefits |  | 24,432 |  |  | 21,333 |
Reserves and other accrued expenses |  | 40,296 |  |  | 12,704 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | 2,537 |  |  | 2,258 |
Inventory |  | 8,446 |  |  | 974 |
Intangibles |  | 480 |  |  | 906 |
Other |  | 10,600 |  |  | 469 |
Total deferred tax assets |  | 382,032 |  |  | 324,491 |
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets |  | (283,560 | ) |  | (268,554 | )
Deferred tax assets, net |  | 98,472 |  |  | 55,937 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  | 168,701 |  |  | 83,879 |
Other |  | 1,182 |  |  | 1,053 |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | 169,883 |  |  | 84,932 |
Net deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | (71,411 | ) |  | $ | (28,995 | )

Net operating losses giving rise to deferred tax assets consist of $491.5 million of state net operating losses that expire during the tax years ending from 2020 to 2039 and foreign net operating losses of $820.8 million that expire in varying amounts beginning in 2020 (with certain amounts having indefinite carryforward periods). These assets will be reduced as income tax expense is recognized in future periods.
The Company maintains a valuation allowance to reduce certain deferred tax assets to amounts that are more likely than not to be realized. The Company's valuation allowances primarily relate to net operating loss carryforwards in certain state and foreign jurisdictions and certain credit carryforwards for which utilization is uncertain.
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A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized income tax benefits is as follows:

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance at September 1 |  | $ | 3,121 |  |  | $ | 9,283 |  |  | $ | 9,522 |
Change for tax positions of prior years |  | 5,531 |  |  | 3,121 |  |  | — |
Reductions due to settlements with taxing authorities |  | — |  |  | (8,028 | ) |  | (239 | )
Reductions due to lapse of statute of limitations |  | — |  |  | (1,255 | ) |  | — |
Balance at August 31 (1) |  | $ | 8,652 |  |  | $ | 3,121 |  |  | $ | 9,283 |

_________________

(1) | The full balance of unrecognized income tax benefits in each year, if recognized, would have impacted the Company’s effective income tax rate at the end of each respective year.

The Company's policy classifies interest and any statutory penalties recognized on a tax position as income tax expense. At August 31, 2019 and 2018, accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions was not material.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. and multiple foreign jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. In the normal course of business, the Company and its subsidiaries are subject to examination by various taxing authorities. The Company is currently under examination with certain state revenue authorities for fiscal years 2015 through 2017. The following is a summary of all tax years that are open to examination.
U.S. Federal — 2016 and forward
U.S. States — 2015 and forward
Foreign — 2012 and forward
NOTE 15. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS
The Company's stock-based compensation plans provide for the issuance of incentive and nonqualified stock options, restricted stock and units, stock appreciation rights and performance-based awards. The Compensation Committee of CMC's Board of Directors (the "Compensation Committee") approves all awards that are granted under the Company's stock-based compensation plans. Stock-based compensation expense for 2019, 2018 and 2017 of $25.1 million, $23.9 million and $30.3 million, respectively, was mainly included in selling, general and administrative expenses on the Company's consolidated statements of earnings. As of August 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock-based compensation arrangements was $15.9 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of three years.
The following table summarizes the total awards granted:

|  | Restricted Stock Awards/Units |  | Performance Awards
2019 grants |  | 889,238 |  |  | 483,984 |
2018 grants |  | 667,341 |  |  | 367,514 |
2017 grants |  | 1,303,976 |  |  | 576,286 |

As of August 31, 2019, the Company had 8,021,005 shares available for future grants.
Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock units issued under the Company's stock-based compensation plans provide that units awarded may not be sold, transferred, pledged or assigned until service-based restrictions lapse. The restricted stock units granted to U.S. employees generally vest and are converted to shares of the Company's common stock in three equal installments on each of the first three anniversaries of the date of grant. The restricted stock units granted to non-U.S. employees generally vest and are settled in cash in three equal installments on each of the first three anniversaries of the date of grant. Generally, upon termination of employment, restricted stock units that have not vested are forfeited. Upon death, disability or qualifying retirement, a pro-rata portion of the unvested restricted stock awarded will vest and become payable.
The estimated fair value of the stock-settled restricted stock units is based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant, discounted for the expected dividend yield through the vesting period. Compensation cost related to the stock-
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settled restricted stock units is recognized ratably over the service period and is included in equity on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. During the first quarter of 2017, certain restricted stock units and performance stock units (the "modified stock units") that were previously accounted for under the equity method were modified to allow optionality related to the net share settlement feature, which resulted in accounting for these awards under the liability method. During the first quarter of 2018, the modified stock units were further modified, causing such units to revert back to equity method accounting. The liability related to the cash-settled restricted stock units and modified stock units was included in accrued expenses and other payables on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company recorded mark-to-market income on liability-treated awards of $1.0 million for 2019, compared to expenses of $0.9 million and $2.8 million for 2018 and 2017, respectively, as a result of the modification and the impact of the change in stock value on liability-treated awards. The fair value of the cash-settled restricted stock units as well as the modified stock units is remeasured each reporting period and is recognized ratably over the service period.
Performance Stock Units
Performance stock units issued under the Company's stock-based compensation plans provide that units awarded may not be sold, transferred, pledged or assigned until service-based restrictions lapse and any performance objectives have been attained as established by the Compensation Committee. Recipients of these awards generally must be actively employed by and providing services to the Company on the last day of the performance period in order to receive an award payout. Upon death, disability or qualifying retirement, a pro-rata portion of the performance stock units will vest and become payable at the end of the performance period.
Compensation cost for performance stock units is accrued based on the probable outcome of specified performance conditions, net of estimated forfeitures. The Company accrues compensation cost if it is probable that the performance conditions will be met. The Company reassesses the probability of meeting the specified performance conditions at the end of each reporting period and adjusts compensation cost, as necessary, based on the probability of achieving the performance conditions. If the performance conditions are not met at the end of the performance period, the Company reverses the related compensation cost.
Performance targets established by the Compensation Committee for performance stock units awarded in 2019, 2018 and 2017 were weighted 75% based on the Company's cumulative EBITDA targets and positive return on invested capital for the fiscal year in which the awards were granted and the succeeding two fiscal years, as approved by CMC's Board of Directors in the respective year's business plan, and 25% based on a three year relative total stockholder return metric. Performance stock units awarded to U.S. participants will be settled in shares of the Company's common stock. Award payouts range from a threshold of 50% to a maximum of 200% for each portion of the target awards. The performance stock units awarded in 2019 and 2018 associated with the cumulative EBITDA targets have been classified as liability awards since the final EBITDA target will not be set until the third year of the performance period. Consequently, these awards were included in accrued expenses and other payables on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of these performance stock units is remeasured each reporting period and is recognized ratably over the service period. The performance stock units associated with the total stockholder return metric were valued at fair value on the date of grant using the Monte Carlo pricing model and were included in equity on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
Performance stock units awarded to non-U.S. participants in 2019 will be settled in stock while the performance stock units awarded to non-U.S. participants in 2018 and 2017 will be settled in cash. The fair value of the performance stock units is remeasured each reporting period and is recognized ratably over the service period. The liability related to these awards was included in accrued expenses and other payables on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
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Information for restricted stock units and performance stock units, excluding those expected to settle in cash, is as follows:

|  | Number |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of September 1, 2016 |  | 2,700,230 |  |  | $ | 16.49 |
Granted |  | 1,462,442 |  |  | 16.17 |
Vested |  | (1,385,753 | ) |  | 17.62 |
Forfeited |  | (323,339 | ) |  | 16.58 |
Outstanding as of August 31, 2017 |  | 2,453,580 |  |  | 15.65 |
Granted |  | 1,216,461 |  |  | 20.69 |
Vested |  | (1,685,898 | ) |  | 18.00 |
Forfeited |  | (183,425 | ) |  | 15.89 |
Outstanding as of August 31, 2018 |  | 1,800,718 |  |  | 16.82 |
Granted |  | 1,505,449 |  |  | 17.75 |
Vested |  | (992,167 | ) |  | 20.09 |
Forfeited |  | (34,432 | ) |  | 17.90 |
Outstanding as of August 31, 2019 |  | 2,279,568 |  |  | $ | 15.99 |

The total fair value of shares vested during 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $19.9 million, $30.3 million and $24.4 million, respectively.
The Company granted 374,281 and 322,695 equivalent shares of restricted stock units and performance stock units accounted for as liability awards during 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of August 31, 2019, the Company had 718,223 equivalent shares of awards outstanding and expects 683,921 equivalent shares to vest.
Stock Appreciation Rights
Stock appreciation rights are awarded to certain employees with an exercise price equal to the market value of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. No stock appreciation rights were granted during 2019, 2018 and 2017.
Combined activity for the Company's stock appreciation rights, excluding the cash component, was as follows:

|  | Number |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of September 1, 2016 |  | 358,994 |  |  | $ | 14.39 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (235,687 | ) |  | 14.72 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited/Expired |  | (14,000 | ) |  | 14.05 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of August 31, 2017 |  | 109,307 |  |  | $ | 13.72 |  |  | 1.3 |  | $ | 564,826 |
Exercised |  | (51,961 | ) |  | 15.03 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited/Expired |  | (9,107 | ) |  | 13.17 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of August 31, 2018 |  | 48,239 |  |  | $ | 12.42 |  |  | 0.5 |  | $ | 442,962 |
Exercised |  | (38,182 | ) |  | 11.60 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited/Expired |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of August 31, 2019 |  | 10,057 |  |  | $ | 14.12 |  |  | 0.2 |  | $ | 15,588 |
Exercisable at August 31, 2019 |  | 10,057 |  |  | $ | 14.12 |  |  | 0.2 |  | $ | 15,588 |
Remaining unvested stock appreciation rights expected to vest |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |

The total intrinsic value of stock appreciation rights exercised was immaterial for 2019, 2018 and 2017.
As of August 31, 2019, the Company had no equivalent shares of cash-settled stock appreciation rights outstanding.
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Stock Purchase Plan
Almost all U.S. resident employees with one year of service at the beginning of each calendar year may participate in the Company's employee stock purchase plan. Each eligible employee may purchase up to 400 shares annually. The Board of Directors established a 15% purchase discount based on market prices on specified dates for 2019, 2018 and 2017. Yearly activity of the stock purchase plan was as follows:

|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Shares subscribed |  | 446,950 |  |  | 289,040 |  |  | 173,420 |
Price per share |  | $ | 13.80 |  |  | $ | 17.84 |  |  | $ | 18.99 |
Shares purchased |  | 226,860 |  |  | 123,930 |  |  | 166,220 |
Price per share |  | $ | 17.84 |  |  | $ | 18.99 |  |  | $ | 12.04 |
Shares available for future issuance |  | 2,753,214 |  |  |  |  |

NOTE 16. EMPLOYEES' RETIREMENT PLANS
Substantially all employees in the U.S. are covered by a defined contribution 401(k) retirement plan. The tax qualified defined contribution plan is maintained, and contributions are made, in accordance with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended ("ERISA"). The Company also provides certain eligible executives benefits pursuant to its BRP equal to amounts that would have been available under the tax qualified ERISA plan, but were subject to the limitations of ERISA, tax laws and regulations. Company expenses for these plans, a portion of which are discretionary, are primarily recorded in both cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expenses, with an immaterial portion included in earnings (loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes, and totaled $32.9 million, $27.3 million and $28.3 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
The deferred compensation liability under the BRP was $45.7 million and $49.3 million at August 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, with $39.9 million and $42.8 million, respectively, included in other long-term liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. At August 31, 2019 and 2018, $5.8 million and $6.5 million, respectively, of the deferred compensation liability related to the BRP was included in accrued expenses and other payables on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Though under no obligation to fund the BRP, the Company has segregated assets in a trust with a current value of $56.3 million and $56.2 million at August 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and such assets were included in other long-term assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The net holding gain on these segregated assets was $3.3 million, $9.3 million, and $7.5 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and was included in net sales in the Company's consolidated statements of earnings.
In 2019, the Company acquired certain assets, including a partially funded defined benefit pension plan, from Gerdau S.A., (the "Plan") as part of the Acquisition. Upon acquisition, the excess of projected Plan benefit obligations over the Plan assets was recognized as a liability and previously existing deferred actuarial gains and losses and unrecognized service costs or benefits were eliminated. Pension benefits associated with the Plan are generally based on each participant’s years of service, compensation, and age at retirement or termination. The Plan was closed to new participants prior to acquisition. The following tables include a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of pension benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets as well as a summary of the related amounts recognized in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of August 31, 2019. No information is presented for prior periods as the Plan was acquired in 2019.
72

(in thousands) |  | 2019
Benefit obligation at beginning of year |  | $ | — |
Acquisition |  | 26,336 |
Service cost |  | 354 |
Interest cost |  | 926 |
Actuarial loss |  | 4,883 |
Benefits paid |  | (838 | )
Benefit obligation at end of year |  | $ | 31,661 |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year |  | $ | — |
Acquisition |  | 21,023 |
Actual return on plan assets |  | 2,887 |
Administrative expenses |  | (69 | )
Employer contributions |  | 432 |
Benefits paid |  | (838 | )
Fair value of plan assets at end of year |  | 23,435 |
Funded status at end of year (net liability recognized in balance sheet as of August 31) |  | $ | (8,226 | )
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income as of August 31 |  |
Net actuarial loss |  | $ | 2,823 |

The pension accumulated benefit obligation represents the actuarial present value of benefits based on employee service and compensation as of the measurement date and does not include an assumption about future compensation levels.
The service cost component of net periodic benefit cost is recorded in cost of goods sold. Components of net periodic benefit cost and other supplemental information are detailed below.

(in thousands) |  | 2019
Service cost |  | $ | 354 |
Expected administrative expenses |  | 250 |
Interest cost |  | 926 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (1,008 | )
Total net periodic benefit cost |  | 522 |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income |  |
Net actuarial loss arising during measurement period |  | 2,823 |
Total recognized in other comprehensive income |  | 2,823 |
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income |  | $ | 3,345 |

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations as of August 31, 2019 are detailed below.

|  | 2019
Effective discount rate for benefit obligations |  | 3.2 | %

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for 2019 are detailed below.

|  | 2019
Effective rate for interest on benefit obligations |  | 4.3 | %
Effective rate for service cost |  | 4.7 | %
Expected long-term rate of return |  | 6.0 | %

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The Company determines the discount rate used to measure plan liabilities as of the August 31 measurement date for the Plan, which is also the date used for the related annual measurement assumptions. The discount rate reflects the current rate at which the associated liabilities could be effectively settled at the end of the year. The Company sets its rate to reflect the yield of a portfolio of high quality, corporate bonds that would produce cash flows sufficient in timing and amount to settle projected future benefits.
The Company measures service cost and interest cost separately using the full yield curve approach applied to each corresponding obligation. Service costs are determined based on duration-specific spot rates applied to the service cost cash flows. The interest cost calculation is determined by applying duration-specific spot rates to the year-by-year projected benefit payments. The full yield curve approach does not affect the measurement of the total benefit obligations.
The Company’s assumption for the expected return on plan assets was 6% in 2019. Projected returns are based primarily on broad, publicly traded equity and fixed-income indices and forward-looking estimates. As of August 31, 2019, the Company’s expected long-term rate of return on plan assets for 2020 is 6%. The expected return assumption is based on the strategic asset allocation of the plan and long term capital market return expectations.
The Company expects to contribute $1.0 million to meet minimum cash funding requirements in 2020. Future contributions will depend on market conditions, interest rates and other factors.
Plan Assets
Plan assets consist primarily of public equity and corporate bonds. The principal investment objectives are to maximize total return without assuming undue risk exposure. Each asset class has broadly diversified characteristics. Asset and benefit obligation forecasting studies are conducted periodically, generally every two to three years, or when significant changes have occurred in market conditions, benefits, participant demographics or funded status.
The plan's weighted-average asset targets and actual allocations as a percentage of plan assets, including the notional exposure of future contracts by asset categories, are detailed below.

|  | Pension Assets
|  | Target Percent |  | 2019
Fixed income securities |  | 50% | — | 55% |  | 50.1%
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | 25.0 | — | 30.0 |  | 26.0
International |  | 10.0 | — | 15.0 |  | 12.7
Mutual funds |  | 5.0 | — | 10.0 |  | 9.5
Cash |  | — | — | 5.0 |  | 1.7
Total |  |  |  |  |  | 100.0%

Investment Valuation
Investments are stated at fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability at the measurement date.
Investments in securities traded on a national securities exchange are valued at the last reported sales price on the final business day of the year.
Fixed income securities are valued at the yields currently available on comparable securities of issues with similar credit ratings.
Purchases and sales of securities are recorded as of the trade date. Realized gains and losses on sales of securities are determined based on average cost. Interest income is recognized on the accrual basis. Dividend income is recognized on the ex-dividend date.
Non-interest bearing cash is valued at cost, which approximates fair value.
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Fair Value Measurements
See Note 13, Fair Value, for a discussion of fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value.
The following table sets forth the plan assets by asset class as of August 31, 2019. All securities are traded on a national securities exchange and therefore are Level 1 assets in the fair value hierarchy.

(in thousands) |  | Fair Value at Measurement Date
Asset Class |  | August 31, 2019
Fixed income securities |  | $ | 11,738 |
Equity securities: |  |
Domestic |  | 6,090 |
International |  | 2,981 |
Mutual funds |  | 2,232 |
Total equity securities |  | 11,303 |
Cash |  | 411 |
Total |  | 23,452 |
Other |  | (17 | )
Fair value of plan assets |  | $ | 23,435 |

Future Pension Benefit Payments
The table provides the estimated pension benefit payments that are payable from the plans to participants in the following years:

Year Ended August 31, |  | (in thousands)
2020 |  | $ | 1,265 |
2021 |  | 1,343 |
2022 |  | 1,408 |
2023 |  | 1,464 |
2024 |  | 1,515 |
Next five years |  | 8,146 |

NOTE 17. CAPITAL STOCK
Treasury Stock
During the first quarter of 2015, the Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $100.0 million of the Company's common stock. The share repurchase program does not require the Company to acquire any dollar amount or number of shares of common stock and may be modified, suspended, extended or terminated at any time without prior notice. During 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not purchase any shares of common stock. The Company had remaining authorization to purchase $27.6 million of common stock at August 31, 2019.
Preferred Stock
The Company has 2,000,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value of $1.00 per share, authorized. The Company may issue preferred stock in series, and the shares of each series may have such rights and preferences as are fixed by the Board of Directors when authorizing the issuance of that particular series. There are no shares of preferred stock outstanding.
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NOTE 18. EARNINGS PER SHARE
The calculations of basic and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations were as follows:

|  | Year Ended August 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Earnings from continuing operations |  | $ | 198,779 |  |  | $ | 135,237 |  |  | $ | 50,175 |
Basic earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares outstanding for basic earnings per share |  | 117,834,558 |  |  | 116,822,583 |  |  | 115,654,466 |
Basic earnings per share from continuing operations |  | $ | 1.69 |  |  | $ | 1.16 |  |  | $ | 0.43 |
Diluted earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares outstanding for basic earnings per share |  | 117,834,558 |  |  | 116,822,583 |  |  | 115,654,466 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based incentive/purchase plans |  | 1,290,070 |  |  | 1,323,265 |  |  | 1,709,942 |
Shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share |  | 119,124,628 |  |  | 118,145,848 |  |  | 117,364,408 |
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations |  | $ | 1.67 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |  |  | $ | 0.43 |
Anti-dilutive shares not included above |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

Shares of the Company's restricted stock are included in the number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding, but omitted from the basic earnings per share calculation until the shares vest.
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NOTE 19. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Lease Commitments
The Company has operating leases with varying terms principally relating to transportation, real estate and equipment. Certain of the Company's lease agreements include renewal options to extend the agreements and certain leases include escalation clauses and/or purchase options. These leases do not contain any financial covenants for the Company. Minimum lease commitments payable by the Company for noncancelable operating leases are as follows:

Year Ending August 31, |  | (in thousands)
2020 |  | $ | 34,511 |
2021 |  | 27,383 |
2022 |  | 22,074 |
2023 |  | 17,433 |
2024 |  | 10,478 |
Thereafter |  | 12,938 |
Total |  | $ | 124,817 |

Total rental expense was $58.2 million, $38.0 million and $37.3 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for discussion on the impact of adopting ASU 2016-02, Leases, to the consolidated financial statements in 2020.
Legal and Environmental Matters
In the ordinary course of conducting its business, the Company becomes involved in litigation, administrative proceedings and governmental investigations, including environmental matters.
The Company has received notices from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") or state agencies with similar responsibility that it is considered a potentially responsible party at several sites, none of which are owned by the Company, and may be obligated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 ("CERCLA") or similar state statutes to conduct remedial investigations, feasibility studies, remediation and/or removal of alleged releases of hazardous substances or to reimburse the EPA for such activities. The Company is involved in litigation or administrative proceedings with regard to several of these sites in which the Company is contesting, or at the appropriate time may contest, its liability at the sites. In addition, the Company has received information requests with regard to other sites which may be under consideration by the EPA as potential CERCLA sites. Some of these environmental matters or other proceedings may result in fines, penalties or judgments being assessed against the Company. At both August 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had $0.7 million accrued for cleanup and remediation costs in connection with CERCLA sites. The estimation process is based on currently available information, which is in many cases preliminary and incomplete. Total environmental liabilities, including CERCLA sites, were $3.6 million and $4.0 million as of August 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, of which $1.8 million and $1.9 million were classified as other long-term liabilities as of August 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These amounts have not been discounted to their present values. Due to evolving remediation technology, changing regulations, possible third-party contributions, the inherent shortcomings of the estimation process and other factors, amounts accrued could vary significantly from amounts paid. Historically, the amounts the Company has ultimately paid for such remediation activities have not been material.
Management believes that adequate provisions have been made in the Company's consolidated financial statements for the potential impact of these contingencies, and that the outcomes of the suits and proceedings described above, and other miscellaneous litigation and proceedings now pending, will not have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations or financial condition of the Company.
77

NOTE 20. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER PAYABLES
Significant accrued expenses and other payables were as follows:

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Salaries and incentive compensation |  | $ | 133,705 |  |  | $ | 106,123 |
Advance billings on contracts |  | 41,631 |  |  | 7,109 |
Taxes other than income taxes |  | 38,660 |  |  | 26,946 |
Worker's compensation and general liability insurance |  | 38,485 |  |  | 23,462 |

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NOTE 21. BUSINESS SEGMENTS
The Company's operating segments engage in business activities from which they may earn revenues and incur expenses and for which discrete financial information is available. Operating results for the operating segments are regularly reviewed by the Company's chief operating decision maker to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segments and to assess performance. The Company's chief operating decision maker is identified as the Chief Executive Officer. Operating segments are aggregated for reporting purposes when the operating segments are identified as similar in accordance with the basic principles and aggregation criteria in the accounting standards. The Company's reporting segments are based primarily on product lines and secondarily on geographic area. The reporting segments have different lines of management responsibility as each business requires different marketing strategies and management expertise.
The Company structures its business into the following four reporting segments: Americas Recycling, Americas Mills, Americas Fabrication and International Mill. See Note 1, Nature of Operations, for more information about the reporting segments, including the types of products and services from which each reporting segment derives its net sales.
During 2018, the Company substantially completed the exit of the International Marketing and Distribution segment. See Note 4, Changes in Business, for further information. Certain components of the International Marketing and Distribution segment which were wound down in prior periods, including the Company's steel trading operations based in the United Kingdom, did not meet the criteria for discontinued operations, and thus, were included in continuing operations for all periods presented. These activities were included in the results of Corporate and Other, and were immaterial in 2018. Corporate and Other contains earnings or losses on assets and liabilities related to the Company's BRP and short-term investments, expenses of the Company's corporate headquarters, interest expense related to its long-term debt and intercompany eliminations.
The Company uses adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations to compare and evaluate the financial performance of its segments. Adjusted EBITDA is the sum of the Company's earnings from continuing operations before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization expense, and impairment expense. Intersegment sales are generally priced at prevailing market prices. Certain corporate administrative expenses are allocated to the segments based upon the nature of the expense. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.
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The following table summarizes certain financial information from continuing operations by reportable segment:

(in thousands) |  | Americas Recycling |  | Americas Mills |  | Americas Fabrication |  | International Mill |  | Corporate and Other |  | Continuing Operations
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales-unaffiliated customers |  | $ | 908,451 |  |  | $ | 1,882,994 |  |  | $ | 2,209,671 |  |  | $ | 815,723 |  |  | $ | 12,163 |  |  | $ | 5,829,002 |
Intersegment sales |  | 238,095 |  |  | 1,185,280 |  |  | 13,708 |  |  | 1,325 |  |  | (1,438,408 | ) |  | — |
Net sales |  | 1,146,546 |  |  | 3,068,274 |  |  | 2,223,379 |  |  | 817,048 |  |  | (1,426,245 | ) |  | 5,829,002 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | 42,124 |  |  | 545,215 |  |  | (123,014 | ) |  | 100,102 |  |  | (140,342 | ) |  | 424,085 |
Interest expense* |  | 3,097 |  |  | 16,186 |  |  | 27,656 |  |  | 2,493 |  |  | 21,941 |  |  | 71,373 |
Capital expenditures |  | 22,560 |  |  | 54,069 |  |  | 12,490 |  |  | 40,337 |  |  | 9,380 |  |  | 138,836 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 16,825 |  |  | 91,326 |  |  | 17,567 |  |  | 25,993 |  |  | 6,941 |  |  | 158,652 |
Impairment of assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 369 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 384 |
Total assets** |  | 257,517 |  |  | 1,667,366 |  |  | 1,106,420 |  |  | 464,177 |  |  | 263,291 |  |  | 3,758,771 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales-unaffiliated customers |  | $ | 1,117,714 |  |  | $ | 1,204,181 |  |  | $ | 1,416,572 |  |  | $ | 885,919 |  |  | $ | 19,337 |  |  | $ | 4,643,723 |
Intersegment sales |  | 247,715 |  |  | 792,722 |  |  | 11,310 |  |  | 1,119 |  |  | (1,052,866 | ) |  | — |
Net sales |  | 1,365,429 |  |  | 1,996,903 |  |  | 1,427,882 |  |  | 887,038 |  |  | (1,033,529 | ) |  | 4,643,723 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | 68,694 |  |  | 301,805 |  |  | (39,394 | ) |  | 131,720 |  |  | (110,604 | ) |  | 352,221 |
Interest expense* |  | 3,605 |  |  | 5,317 |  |  | 14,295 |  |  | 2,699 |  |  | 15,041 |  |  | 40,957 |
Capital expenditures |  | 8,592 |  |  | 121,029 |  |  | 14,386 |  |  | 23,552 |  |  | 3,808 |  |  | 171,367 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 17,246 |  |  | 61,512 |  |  | 13,537 |  |  | 27,255 |  |  | 11,958 |  |  | 131,508 |
Impairment of assets |  | 180 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 14,157 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,372 |
Total assets** |  | 291,838 |  |  | 1,115,339 |  |  | 739,151 |  |  | 485,548 |  |  | 696,428 |  |  | 3,328,304 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales-unaffiliated customers |  | $ | 865,462 |  |  | $ | 917,689 |  |  | $ | 1,364,826 |  |  | $ | 636,402 |  |  | $ | 59,690 |  |  | $ | 3,844,069 |
Intersegment sales |  | 146,038 |  |  | 647,765 |  |  | 11,102 |  |  | 871 |  |  | (805,776 | ) |  | — |
Net sales |  | 1,011,500 |  |  | 1,565,454 |  |  | 1,375,928 |  |  | 637,273 |  |  | (746,086 | ) |  | 3,844,069 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | 33,541 |  |  | 224,183 |  |  | 27,259 |  |  | 76,068 |  |  | (125,229 | ) |  | 235,822 |
Interest expense* |  | 2,979 |  |  | (3,394 | ) |  | 9,899 |  |  | 3,079 |  |  | 31,588 |  |  | 44,151 |
Capital expenditures |  | 7,148 |  |  | 172,738 |  |  | 15,495 |  |  | 12,603 |  |  | 5,090 |  |  | 213,074 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 15,501 |  |  | 49,419 |  |  | 13,400 |  |  | 25,830 |  |  | 20,340 |  |  | 124,490 |
Impairment of assets |  | 559 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150 |  |  | 1,021 |  |  | 1,730 |
Total assets** |  | 240,371 |  |  | 933,022 |  |  | 683,609 |  |  | 464,428 |  |  | 653,701 |  |  | 2,975,131 |

________________________
* Includes intercompany interest expense (income) in the segments, which is eliminated within Corporate and Other.
** Total assets listed in Corporate and Other includes assets from discontinued operations.
The following table presents a reconciliation of earnings from continuing operations to adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations:

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Earnings from continuing operations |  | $ | 198,779 |  |  | $ | 135,237 |  |  | $ | 50,175 |
Interest expense |  | 71,373 |  |  | 40,957 |  |  | 44,151 |
Income taxes |  | 69,681 |  |  | 30,147 |  |  | 15,276 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 158,652 |  |  | 131,508 |  |  | 124,490 |
Amortization of acquired unfavorable contract backlog |  | (74,784 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Impairment of assets |  | 384 |  |  | 14,372 |  |  | 1,730 |
Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations |  | $ | 424,085 |  |  | $ | 352,221 |  |  | $ | 235,822 |

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The following table present the Company's external net sales from continuing operations by major geographic area:

|  | Year Ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Geographic area: |  |  |  |  |  |
North America |  | $ | 4,843,985 |  |  | $ | 3,535,499 |  |  | $ | 3,015,481 |
Europe |  | 833,627 |  |  | 892,452 |  |  | 666,396 |
Asia and other |  | 151,390 |  |  | 215,772 |  |  | 162,192 |
Net sales |  | $ | 5,829,002 |  |  | $ | 4,643,723 |  |  | $ | 3,844,069 |

The following table presents long-lived assets, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization, by geographic area:

|  | August 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
United States |  | $ | 1,426,131 |  |  | $ | 1,001,102 |  |  | $ | 971,881 |
Europe and other |  | 173,087 |  |  | 171,505 |  |  | 187,995 |
Total long-lived assets |  | $ | 1,599,218 |  |  | $ | 1,172,607 |  |  | $ | 1,159,876 |

NOTE 22. QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
Summarized quarterly financial data for 2019 and 2018 was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended Fiscal 2019
(in thousands except per share data) |  | Nov. 30 |  | Feb. 28 |  | May 31 |  | Aug. 31
Net sales* |  | $ | 1,277,342 |  |  | $ | 1,402,783 |  |  | $ | 1,605,872 |  |  | $ | 1,543,005 |
Gross profit* |  | 158,909 |  |  | 150,290 |  |  | 241,630 |  |  | 252,659 |
Net earnings from continuing operations |  | 19,420 |  |  | 14,928 |  |  | 78,551 |  |  | 85,880 |
Net earnings |  | 19,742 |  |  | 13,850 |  |  | 78,390 |  |  | 86,111 |
Basic EPS from continuing operations |  | 0.17 |  |  | 0.13 |  |  | 0.67 |  |  | 0.73 |
Diluted EPS from continuing operations |  | 0.16 |  |  | 0.13 |  |  | 0.66 |  |  | 0.72 |
Basic EPS |  | 0.17 |  |  | 0.12 |  |  | 0.66 |  |  | 0.73 |
Diluted EPS |  | 0.17 |  |  | 0.12 |  |  | 0.66 |  |  | 0.72 |

|  | Three Months Ended Fiscal 2018
(in thousands except per share data) |  | Nov. 30 |  | Feb. 28 |  | May 31 |  | Aug. 31
Net sales* |  | $ | 1,076,533 |  |  | $ | 1,054,268 |  |  | $ | 1,204,484 |  |  | $ | 1,308,438 |
Gross profit* |  | 143,017 |  |  | 127,167 |  |  | 168,570 |  |  | 183,411 |
Net earnings from continuing operations |  | 31,871 |  |  | 9,781 |  |  | 42,325 |  |  | 51,260 |
Net earnings |  | 36,810 |  |  | 10,169 |  |  | 39,965 |  |  | 51,560 |
Basic EPS from continuing operations |  | 0.27 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | 0.36 |  |  | 0.44 |
Diluted EPS from continuing operations |  | 0.27 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | 0.36 |  |  | 0.43 |
Basic EPS |  | 0.32 |  |  | 0.09 |  |  | 0.34 |  |  | 0.44 |
Diluted EPS |  | 0.31 |  |  | 0.09 |  |  | 0.34 |  |  | 0.44 |

_________________________
*Excludes discontinued operations.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
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We are in the process of integrating the Acquired Businesses which represented approximately 24% of the Company's consolidated total assets and consolidated net sales as of and for the year ended August 31, 2019. In reliance on interpretive guidance issued by the SEC staff, management's evaluation and conclusion as to the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K excludes any evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of the Acquired Businesses. Management will include the Acquired Businesses in its 2020 assessment of internal control over financial reporting.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as required by Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this report. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of August 31, 2019.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate over time.
Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of August 31, 2019 based on the guidelines established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on the results of our evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of August 31, 2019.
CMC's internal control over financial reporting as of August 31, 2019 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report which is included in Item 8 of this Annual Report.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. No change to our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the quarter ended August 31, 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Information required in response to this item with regard to directors is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report from our definitive proxy statement for our 2020 annual meeting of stockholders (such proxy statement, the "2020 Proxy Statement"). Such information will be included in the 2020 Proxy Statement under the captions "Proposal 1: Election of Directors," "Certain Relationships and Related Person Transactions," "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports," "Audit Committee Report" and "Corporate Governance; Board and Committee Matters." Information regarding the Company's executive officers is set forth under the caption "Executive Officers of the Registrant" in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report and incorporated herein by reference.
Code of Ethics
We have adopted a Financial Code of Ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer. Our Financial Code of Ethics is available on our website (www.cmc.com), and we intend to post any
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amendments to or waivers from our Financial Code of Ethics on our website to the extent applicable to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer. We hereby undertake to provide to any person without charge, upon request, a copy of our Financial Code of Ethics. Requests may be directed to Commercial Metals Company, 6565 N. MacArthur Blvd., Suite 800, Irving, Texas 75039, Attention: Corporate Secretary, or by calling (214) 689-4300.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information required in response to this Item 11 is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report from our 2020 Proxy Statement. Such information will be included in the 2020 Proxy Statement under the caption "Executive Compensation," "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" and "Compensation Committee Report."
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The following table presents information about our equity compensation plans as of August 31, 2019:

Plan Category |  | (A) Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |  | (B) Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |  | (C) Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (A))
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation plans approved by security holders |  | 2,289,625 |  | $15.98 |  | 8,021,005
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation plans not approved by security holders |  | — |  | — |  | —
Total |  | 2,289,625 |  | $15.98 |  | 8,021,005

The other information required in response to this Item 12 is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report from the 2020 Proxy Statement. Such information will be included in the 2020 Proxy Statement under the caption "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management."
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
To the extent applicable, information required in response to this Item 13 is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report from the 2020 Proxy Statement. Such information will be included in the 2020 Proxy Statement under the caption "Certain Relationships and Related Person Transactions."
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required in response to this Item 14 is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report from the 2020 Proxy Statement. Such information will be included in the 2020 Proxy Statement under the caption "Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm."
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PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE
(a) The following documents are filed as a part of this Annual Report:
1. All financial statements are included in Item 8 above.
2. Financial statement schedule: The following financial statement schedule is attached to this Annual Report.
Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
All other financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, they are not required or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
3. Exhibits:

EXHIBIT |  |
NO. |  | DESCRIPTION
2(a) |  | Stock and Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of December 29, 2017, by and among Commercial Metals Company, CMC Steel Fabricators, Inc., CMC Steel US, LLC, GNA Financing, Inc., Gerdau Ameristeel US, Inc., Gerdau Ameristeel Sayreville Inc. and Gerdau Ameristeel WC, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Commercial Metals Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 2, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference).
3(i)(a) |  | Restated Certificate of Incorporation dated March 2, 1989 (filed as Exhibit 3(i) to Commercial Metals Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2009 and incorporated herein by reference).
3(i)(b) |  | Certificate of Amendment of Restated Certificate of Incorporation dated February 1, 1994 (filed as Exhibit 3(i)(a) to Commercial Metals Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2009 and incorporated herein by reference).
3(i)(c) |  | Certificate of Amendment of Restated Certificate of Incorporation dated February 17, 1995 (filed as Exhibit 3(i)(b) to Commercial Metals Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2009 and incorporated herein by reference).
3(i)(d) |  | Certificate of Amendment of Restated Certificate of Incorporation dated January 30, 2004 (filed as Exhibit 3(i)(d) to Commercial Metals Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended February 29, 2004 and incorporated herein by reference).
3(i)(e) |  | Certificate of Amendment of Restated Certificate of Incorporation dated January 26, 2006 (filed as Exhibit 3(i) to Commercial Metals Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended February 28, 2006 and incorporated herein by reference).
3(i)(f) |  | Certificate of Designation, Preferences and Rights of Series A Preferred Stock (filed as Exhibit 2 to Commercial Metals Company's Form 8-A filed August 3, 1999 and incorporated herein by reference).
3(ii) |  | Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 23, 2019).
4(i)(a) |  | Indenture, dated May 6, 2013, by and between Commercial Metals Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed May 6, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference).
4(i)(b) |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated May 20, 2013, to Indenture, dated May 6, 2013, by and between Commercial Metals Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 20, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference).
4(i)(c) |  | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated July 11, 2017, to Indenture, dated May 6, 2013, by and between Commercial Metals Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 11, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference).

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4(i)(d) |  | Form of 4.875% Senior Note due 2023 (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 20, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference).
4(i)(e) |  | Form of 5.375% Senior Note due 2027 (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 11, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference).
4(i)(f) |  | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated May 3, 2018, by and among Commercial Metals Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Commercial Metals Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 3, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference).
4(i)(g) |  | Form of 5.750% Senior Note due 2026 (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Commercial Metals Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 3, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference).
4(ii)(a) |  | The description of Commercial Metals Company's Common Stock (filed herewith).
10(i)(a) |  | Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated June 26, 2014, by and among Commercial Metals Company, CMC International Finance, S.à R.L., the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended May 31, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(i)(b) |  | Second Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated June 23, 2017, by and among Commercial Metals Company, CMC International Finance, S.à R.L., the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 26, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(i)(c) |  | Third Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated June 23, 2017, by and among Commercial Metals Company, CMC International Finance, S.à R.L., the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 26, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(i)(d) |  | Receivables Sale Agreement, dated April 5, 2011, by and between Commercial Metals Company and several of its subsidiaries and CMC Receivables, Inc. (a special purpose wholly-owned subsidiary of Commercial Metals Company) (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Commercial Metals Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended February 28, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(i)(e) |  | Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated April 5, 2011, by and among Commercial Metals Company, CMC Receivables, Inc. (a special purpose wholly-owned subsidiary of Commercial Metals Company), certain purchasers and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the purchasers (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Commercial Metals Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended February 28, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(i)(f) |  | Fourth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated December 29, 2017, by and among Commercial Metals Company, CMC International Finance, S.à R.L., the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 2, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(i)(g) |  | Joinder Agreement and Fifth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated February 21, 2018, by and among Commercial Metals Company, CMC International Finance, S.à R.L., the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 23, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(i)(h) |  | Performance Undertaking, dated April 5, 2011, executed by Commercial Metals Company in favor of CMC Receivables, Inc. (a special purpose wholly-owned subsidiary of Commercial Metals Company) (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Commercial Metals Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended February 28, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(i)(i) |  | Amendment No. 1 to Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated December 28, 2011, by and among Commercial Metals Company, CMC Receivables, Inc., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., The Bank of Nova Scotia and Liberty Street Funding LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 3, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference).

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10(i)(j) |  | Omnibus Amendment No. 1 (Amendment No. 2 to Receivables Sale Agreement, Amendment No. 2 to Receivables Purchase Agreement, and Amendment No. 2 to Performance Undertaking), dated May 3, 2013, by and among Commercial Metals Company, individually and as provider of the Performance Undertaking, CMC Cometals Processing, Inc., Howell Metal Company, Structural Metals, Inc., CMC Steel Fabricators, Inc., SMI Steel LLC, SMI-Owen Steel Company, Inc., Owen Electric Steel Company of South Carolina, AHT, Inc., CMC Receivables, Inc., Liberty Street Funding LLC, The Bank of Nova Scotia, individually and in its capacity as administrator of the Liberty Street Funding Group, and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., individually and as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Commercial Metals Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended May 31, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(i)(k) |  | Omnibus Amendment No. 2, (Amendment No. 3 to Receivables Sale Agreement, Amendment No. 3 to Receivables Purchase Agreement, and Amendment No. 3 to Performance Undertaking), dated August 15, 2014, by and among the Company, as servicer and provider of the Performance Undertaking, certain subsidiaries of the Company parties thereto, as originators, CMC Receivables, Inc., the conduit purchasers party thereto, the committed purchasers party thereto, Coöperatieve Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank B.A., "Rabobank Nederland", New York Branch in its capacity as administrator of the Nieuw Amsterdam Funding Group, BMO Capital Markets Corp. in its capacity as administrator of the Fairway Funding Group and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as a committed purchaser and as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 21, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(i)(l) |  | Amendment No. 5 to Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated July 29, 2016, by and among Commercial Metals Company, CMC Receivables, Inc., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., and Nieuw Amsterdam Receivables Corporation B.V. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 2, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(i)(m) |  | Omnibus Amendment No. 3 (Amendment No. 4 to Receivables Sale Agreement, Amendment No. 6 to Receivables Purchase Agreement, and Amendment No. 4 to Performance Undertaking), dated June 23, 2017, by and among the Company, as servicer and provider of the Performance Undertaking, certain subsidiaries of the Company parties thereto, as originators, CMC Receivables, Inc., the conduit purchasers party thereto, the committed purchasers party thereto, Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., in its capacity as administrator of the funding group, and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the purchasers party thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 26, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(i)(n) |  | Sixth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated October 23, 2018, by and among Commercial Metals Company, CMC International Finance, S.à R.L., the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10(i)(n) to Commercial Metals Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(i)(o) |  | Seventh Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated October 31, 2019, by and among Commercial Metals Company, CMC International Finance, S.à R.L., the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (filed herewith).
10(i)(p) |  | Amendment No. 7 to Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated August 31, 2018, by and among Commercial Metals Company, CMC Receivables, Inc., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Coöperatieve Rabobank U.A., and Nieuw Amsterdam Receivables Corporation B.V. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(i)(q) |  | Joinder and Amendment No. 5 to Receivables Sale Agreement and Performance Undertaking, dated September 1, 2018, by and among Commercial Metals Company, as servicer and provider of the Performance Undertaking, certain subsidiaries of Commercial Metals Company, as originators, and CMC Receivables, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 4, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(ii)(a) |  | Intercreditor Agreement, dated June 23, 2017, by and among Commercial Metals Company, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as securitization agent, and Bank of America, N.A., as bank agent (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 26, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(a)* |  | Second Amended and Restated 1999 Non-Employee Director Stock Option Plan (filed as Exhibit 10(iii)(a) to Commercial Metals Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ending February 28, 2007 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(b)* |  | Amendment Number One to the Second Amended and Restated 1999 Non-Employee Director Stock Option Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 28, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference).

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10(iii)(c)* |  | Commercial Metals Company 2006 Long-Term Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10(iii)(b) to Commercial Metals Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ending February 28, 2007 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(d)* |  | Amendment Number One to Commercial Metals Company 2006 Long-Term Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 28, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(e)* |  | Commercial Metals Company 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 28, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(f)* |  | Form of Executive Employment Continuity Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended February 28, 2006 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(g)* |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Commercial Metals Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended November 30, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(h)* |  | Form of Non-Employee Director Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10(iii)(q) to Commercial Metals Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2009 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(i)* |  | Form of Performance Award Agreement (Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Commercial Metals Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended November 30, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(j)* |  | Terms and Conditions of Employment, dated May 3, 2011, by and between Barbara R. Smith and Commercial Metals Company (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Commercial Metals Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended May 31, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(k)* |  | Second Amendment to Terms and Conditions of Employment, dated January 18, 2016, by and between Barbara R. Smith and Commercial Metals Company (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 19, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(l)* |  | Third Amendment to Terms and Conditions of Employment, dated January 18, 2016, by and between Barbara R. Smith and Commercial Metals Company (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 29, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(m)* |  | Fourth Amendment to Terms and Conditions of Employment, dated August 31, 2017, by and between Barbara R. Smith and Commercial Metals Company (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 1, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(n)* |  | Second Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated September 30, 2016, by and between Tracy L. Porter and Commercial Metals Company (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 3, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(o)* |  | Third Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated April 1, 2018, by and between Tracy L. Porter and Commercial Metals Company (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 2, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(p)* |  | Commercial Metals Company 2013 Long-Term Equity Incentive Plan as Amended and Restated Effective March 22, 2017 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Commercial Metals Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended February 28, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(iii)(q)* |  | Employment Agreement, dated August 13, 2019, by and between Paul J. Lawrence and Commercial Metals Company (filed herewith).
10(iii)(r)* |  | Executive Employment Continuity Agreement, dated September 1, 2019, by and between Paul J. Lawrence and Commercial Metals Company (filed herewith).
21 |  | Subsidiaries of Commercial Metals Company (filed herewith).
23 |  | Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP (filed herewith).
31(a) |  | Certification of Barbara R. Smith, President and Chief Executive Officer of Commercial Metals Company, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
31(b) |  | Certification of Paul J. Lawrence, Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Commercial Metals Company, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).

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32(a) |  | Certification of Barbara R. Smith, President and Chief Executive Officer of Commercial Metals Company, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (furnished herewith).
32(b) |  | Certification of Paul J. Lawrence, Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Commercial Metals Company, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (furnished herewith).
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document (filed herewith).
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document (filed herewith).
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document (filed herewith).
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document (filed herewith).
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document (filed herewith).
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document (filed herewith).
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File

* | Denotes management contract or compensatory plan.

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SCHEDULE II — VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

|  |  |  |  |  | Additions |  | Deductions |  |
Description (in thousands) |  | Balance at Beginning of Period |  | Charged to Costs and Expenses |  | Charged to Other Accounts |  | Charged to Costs and Expenses |  | Charged to Other Accounts |  | Balance at End of Period
Year Ended August 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 4,489 |  |  |  |  | 1,820 |  |  | 4,718 |  |  | (1) |  | (75 | ) |  | (2,549 | ) |  | (2) |  | $ | 8,403 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance |  | 268,554 |  |  |  |  | 22,220 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,214 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 283,560 |
Year Ended August 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 4,146 |  |  | (3) |  | 2,645 |  |  | (165 | ) |  | (1) |  | (136 | ) |  | (2,001 | ) |  | (2) |  | $ | 4,489 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance |  | 273,991 |  |  |  |  | 31,471 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (36,908 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 268,554 |
Year Ended August 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 6,427 |  |  |  |  | 7,108 |  |  | 1,074 |  |  | (1) |  | (1,059 | ) |  | (4,885 | ) |  | (2) |  | $ | 8,665 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance |  | 153,011 |  |  |  |  | 127,660 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,680 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 273,991 |

(1) | Recoveries and translation adjustments.

(2) | Uncollectable accounts charged to the allowance. For the years ended August 31, 2018 and 2017, $166 and $(1,841) were reclassified to the fair value of the deferred purchase price under our sale of accounts receivables program, respectively. In 2019, there were no reclassifications due to the adoption of ASU 2016-15 as described in Note 7, Accounts Receivable Programs, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

(3) | The balance at end of the period for the year ended August 31, 2017 differs from the balance at the beginning of the period for the year ended August 31, 2018 due to the reclassification of certain trade receivables, including any related allowance for doubtful accounts, related to discontinued operations, which have been reclassified as assets held for sale on the consolidated balance sheets.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| COMMERCIAL METALS COMPANY |
| By | /s/ Barbara R. Smith |
|  | Barbara R. Smith |
|  | Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer |
|  | Date: | October 23, 2019 |

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

/s/ Barbara R. Smith |  | /s/ J. David Smith
Barbara R. Smith, October 23, 2019 |  | J. David Smith, October 23, 2019
Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer |  | Director
/s/ Joseph C. Winkler |  | /s/ Charles L. Szews
Joseph C. Winkler, October 23, 2019 |  | Charles L. Szews, October 23, 2019
Lead Director |  | Director
/s/ Vicki L. Avril |  | /s/ Richard B. Kelson
Vicki L. Avril, October 23, 2019 |  | Richard B. Kelson, October 23, 2019
Director |  | Director
/s/ Rhys J. Best |  | /s/ Paul J. Lawrence
Rhys J. Best, October 23, 2019 |  | Paul J. Lawrence, October 23, 2019
Director |  | Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
/s/ Rick J. Mills |  | /s/ Adam R. Hickey
Rick J. Mills, October 23, 2019 |  | Adam R. Hickey, October 23, 2019
Director |  | Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
/s/ Sarah Raiss |  |
Sarah Raiss, October 23, 2019 |  |
Director |  |

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