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Income taxes
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 28, 2025
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income taxes Income taxes
We compute the year-to-date income tax provision by applying our estimated annual effective tax rate to our year-to-date pre-tax income and adjust for discrete tax items in the period in which they occur.
For the three months ended June 28, 2025, we had an income tax expense of $16.8 million on pre-tax income of $80.2 million, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 20.9%, compared to an income tax expense of $12.3 million on pre-tax income of $90.2 million, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 13.6% for the three months ended June 29, 2024.
For the three months ended June 28, 2025, the effective tax rate was driven primarily by net discrete tax benefits of $7.2 million, of which $3.2 million related to prior year adjustments primarily from various foreign jurisdictions in which returns were filed, $2.6 million related to excess tax benefits on stock option exercises, and $2.0 million related to changes in the realizability of certain deferred tax assets, offset by $0.6 million of other net discrete tax expenses. For the three months ended June 29, 2024, the effective tax rate was driven primarily by discrete tax benefits of $12.2 million, of which $13.8 million related to unrecognized tax benefits due to audit closures offset by $1.6 million of discrete expenses related to changes in the realizability of certain deferred tax assets.
For the six months ended June 28, 2025, we had an income tax expense of $42.0 million on pre-tax income of $174.0 million, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 24.1%, compared to an income tax expense of $46.8 million on pre-tax income of $170.9 million, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 27.4% for the six months ended June 29, 2024.
For the six months ended June 28, 2025, the effective tax rate was driven primarily by net discrete tax benefits of $7.1 million, of which $8.6 million related to excess tax benefits on stock option exercises, $3.2 million related to prior year adjustments primarily from various foreign jurisdictions in which returns were filed and $0.6 million other discrete tax benefits, offset by $3.2 million related to changes in the realizability of certain deferred tax assets and $2.1 million related to net unrecognized tax benefits. For the six months ended June 29, 2024, the net impact of discrete items was nominal, and the effective tax rate was driven primarily by jurisdictional mix of earnings.
On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted in the U.S. The OBBBA makes permanent key elements of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, including 100% bonus depreciation, domestic research cost expensing, and the business interest expense limitation. In addition, the legislation makes extensive reforms to the U.S. international tax regime. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. We are currently assessing its impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for future tax consequences arising from differences between the carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities under U.S. GAAP and their respective tax bases, and for net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. We evaluate the recoverability of our deferred tax assets, weighing all positive and negative evidence, and are required to establish or maintain a valuation allowance for these assets if we determine that it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
As of each reporting date, we consider new evidence, both positive and negative, that could impact our view with regard to the future realization of deferred tax assets. We will maintain our positions with regard to future realization of deferred tax assets, including those with respect to which we continue maintaining valuation allowances, until there is sufficient new evidence to support a change in expectations. Such a change in expectations could arise due to many factors, including those impacting our forecasts of future earnings, as well as changes in the international tax laws under which we operate and tax planning. It is not reasonably possible to forecast any such changes at the present time, but it is possible that, should they arise, our view of their effect on the future realization of deferred tax assets may materially impact our financial statements.