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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
Income Taxes
12. Income Taxes

The effective income tax rates for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were 29.5% and 28.2%, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate reflected a lower tax benefit on share-based compensation, partially offset by a valuation allowance release related to state deferred tax assets. In addition, the effective tax rates in both periods were favorably impacted by a tax benefit attributable to the Domestic Production Activity (Internal Revenue Code Section 199) Deduction, favorable tax rates in foreign jurisdictions, and a benefit associated with the U.S. research and development credit, offset by state and local taxes and increases to uncertain tax positions.

The effective income tax rates for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 were 31.6% and 28.6%, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate reflected a lower tax benefit on share-based compensation, partially offset by a valuation allowance release related to state deferred tax assets. In addition, the effective tax rates in both periods were favorably impacted by a tax benefit attributable to the Domestic Production Activity (Internal Revenue Code Section 199) Deduction, favorable tax rates in foreign jurisdictions, and a benefit associated with the U.S. research and development credit, offset by state and local taxes and increases to uncertain tax positions.

It is reasonably possible that, within the next 12 months, total unrecognized tax benefits may decrease up to $1.5 million, primarily as a result of the conclusion of pending U.S. federal, state and foreign income tax proceedings.