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PENSIONS AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Postemployment Benefits [Abstract] |
PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS | NOTE 9 - PENSIONS AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS We offer defined benefit pension plans, defined contribution pension plans and OPEB plans to a significant portion of our employees and retirees. Benefits are also provided through multiemployer plans for certain union members. DEFINED BENEFIT PENSION PLANS The defined benefit pension plans are largely noncontributory and limited in participation. Most plans are closed to new participants with only the legacy iron ore hourly and salaried plans still open. The pension benefit calculations vary by plan but are generally based on employees' years of service and compensation or a fixed rate and years of service. Certain salaried plans calculate benefits using a cash balance formula, which earns interest credits and allocations based on a percent of pay. OPEB PLANS We offer postretirement health care and life insurance benefits to retirees through various funded and unfunded plans. The vast majority of our plans are closed to new participants. In lieu of retiree medical coverage, many union-represented employees receive a 401(k) contribution per hour worked to a restricted Retiree Health Care Account. Cost sharing features between the employer and retiree vary by plan and several plans include employer caps. Retiree healthcare coverage is provided through programs administered by insurance companies whose charges are based on benefits paid. Certain labor agreements require the funding of VEBAs, which, depending on funding levels, may be used to reimburse the employer for paid benefits. USW LABOR AGREEMENTS On September 30, 2022, a new 47-month labor agreement with the USW was ratified. The contract became effective on October 1, 2022, and covers approximately 2,000 USW-represented employees at our United Taconite, Hibbing Taconite, Tilden and Empire mines. For the affected defined benefit pension plans, we agreed to increase the pre-2023 service multiplier to $115 and the service multiplier applicable to service beginning in 2023 to $126 for retirements after January 1, 2023. For the affected OPEB plans, we introduced a new Medicare Advantage plan to the Medicare-eligible retirees. Effective January 1, 2023, all Medicare-eligible retirees covered under this agreement will switch to this plan. The Medicare Advantage plan will offer similar benefits to the previous healthcare plan but will have significantly lower premiums due to increased government subsidies and our successful use of scale to negotiate better healthcare rates with our vendors. On October 12, 2022, a new 4-year labor agreement with the USW, covering 12,000 USW-represented employees at 13 operating locations, was ratified. For the affected defined benefit pension plans, we agreed to increase the pre-2023 service multiplier to $115 and the service multiplier applicable to service beginning in 2023 to $126 for retirements after January 1, 2023. For the affected OPEB plans, we implemented a cap on healthcare costs for employees retiring after January 1, 2026. Separate from the labor agreements, we negotiated favorable Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug healthcare rates, which will go into effect January 1, 2023. Additionally, we paused the contribution requirement to the Cleveland-Cliffs Steel LLC VEBA based on earnings for the remainder of the labor agreement with the USW, which expires in September of 2026. Additionally, we increased our contribution rate to the Steelworkers Pension Trust by $0.50 to $4.00 per eligible hour with both agreements. The increase was effective November 1, 2022. These labor agreements triggered interim remeasurements on their ratification dates. All affected plans were remeasured again at December 31, 2022. OBLIGATIONS AND FUNDED STATUS The following tables and information provide additional disclosures:
(In millions) | Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
Change in benefit obligations: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Benefit obligations — beginning of year | $ | 6,036 |  |  | $ | 6,565 |  |  | $ | 3,254 |  |  | $ | 3,757 |
Service cost | 45 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 51 |
Interest cost | 144 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 74 |
Plan amendments | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | (163) |  |  | 8 |
Actuarial gain | (1,236) |  |  | (131) |  |  | (1,781) |  |  | (456) |
Benefits paid | (431) |  |  | (456) |  |  | (232) |  |  | (227) |
Participant contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | 47 |
Effect of settlement | (34) |  |  | (101) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Benefit obligations — end of year | $ | 4,646 |  |  | $ | 6,036 |  |  | $ | 1,233 |  |  | $ | 3,254 |
Change in plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets — beginning of year | $ | 5,606 |  |  | $ | 5,332 |  |  | $ | 812 |  |  | $ | 783 |
Actual return on plan assets | (809) |  |  | 668 |  |  | (97) |  |  | 29 |
Participant contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | 47 |
Employer contributions | 6 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 180 |
Benefits paid | (431) |  |  | (456) |  |  | (232) |  |  | (227) |
Effect of settlement | (34) |  |  | (101) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fair value of plan assets — end of year | $ | 4,338 |  |  | $ | 5,606 |  |  | $ | 728 |  |  | $ | 812 |
Funded status | $ | (308) |  |  | $ | (430) |  |  | $ | (505) |  |  | $ | (2,442) |
Amounts recognized in Statements of Financial Position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-current assets | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 71 |
Current liabilities | (30) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (81) |  |  | (130) |
Non-current liabilities | (473) |  |  | (578) |  |  | (585) |  |  | (2,383) |
Total amount recognized | $ | (308) |  |  | $ | (430) |  |  | $ | (505) |  |  | $ | (2,442) |
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss (income): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial gain | $ | (361) |  |  | $ | (286) |  |  | $ | (1,996) |  |  | $ | (392) |
Prior service cost (credit) | 121 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (156) |  |  | 4 |
Net amount recognized | $ | (240) |  |  | $ | (281) |  |  | $ | (2,152) |  |  | $ | (388) |
The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $4,628 million and $6,013 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. COMPONENTS OF NET PERIODIC BENEFIT COST (CREDIT)
| Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
(In millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Service cost | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 8 |
Interest cost | 144 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 19 |
Expected return on plan assets | (355) |  |  | (359) |  |  | (140) |  |  | (37) |  |  | (40) |  |  | (20) |
Amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss (gain) | 13 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 27 |  |  | (43) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Prior service costs (credits) | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (3) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |
Settlements | (8) |  |  | (22) |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit cost (credit) | $ | (156) |  |  | $ | (189) |  |  | $ | (31) |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 8 |
For 2023, we estimate net periodic benefit cost (credit) as follows:
(In millions) |
Defined benefit pension plans | $ | (29) |
OPEB plans | (130) |
Total | $ | (159) |
COMPONENTS OF OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (INCOME) The following includes details on the significant actuarial losses (gains) impacting the benefit obligation and other components of other comprehensive loss (income):
| Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
(In millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Discount rates | $ | (1,143) |  |  | $ | (224) |  |  | $ | (441) |  |  | $ | (117) |
Demographic updates | (102) |  |  | 76 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 3 |
Mortality | 17 |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
Per capita healthcare costs 1 | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,328) |  |  | (350) |
Other | (8) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (5) |
Actuarial gain on benefit obligation | (1,236) |  |  | (131) |  |  | (1,781) |  |  | (456) |
Actual returns on assets under (over) expected | 1,165 |  |  | (309) |  |  | 134 |  |  | 11 |
Amortization of net actuarial gain (loss) | (13) |  |  | (32) |  |  | 43 |  |  | (3) |
Amortization of prior service credits (costs) | (5) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |
Settlements | 8 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Plan amendments 2 | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | (163) |  |  | 8 |
Total recognized in other comprehensive loss (income) | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | (451) |  |  | $ | (1,764) |  |  | $ | (438) |
1 The gain in per capita healthcare costs in 2022 relating to our OPEB plans is primarily due to the negotiation of favorable Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug healthcare rates, which will go into effect January 1, 2023. Additionally, we expanded the Medicare Advantage program to retirees on some of our other plans which added additional savings. The negotiated rates extend through 2025.
2 The plan amendment loss related to our pension plans is attributable to the increase to the pre-2023 service multiplier to $115 and the service multiplier applicable to service beginning in 2023 to $126 for retirements after January 1, 2023. The plan amendment gain related to our OPEB plans is attributable to the implementation of a cap on healthcare costs for employees retiring after January 1, 2026 on one of our Cleveland-Cliffs Steel LLC plans as well as the extension of the Medicare Advantage offering to plans that previously didn't have the program.
CONTRIBUTIONS We make both required and discretionary pension contributions. Required contributions are based on minimum funding requirements pursuant to ERISA regulations. Funded OPEB plans are not subject to minimum regulatory funding requirements, but rather amounts are contributed pursuant to bargaining agreements. Contributions toward unfunded OPEB plans are payments made directly from corporate assets. Company contributions and payments we expect to make in 2023, and made in 2022 and 2021 are as follows:
|  | Pension Benefits 1 |  | OPEB
(In millions) |  | VEBA 2 |  | Direct Payments |  | Total
2021 |  | $ | 163 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 180 |
2022 |  | 6 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 198 |
2023 (Expected) |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 73 |  |  | 73 |
1 The 2021 pension contributions include $118 million in deferred 2020 pension contributions in connection with the CARES Act that were paid on January 4, 2021.
2 Pursuant to the applicable bargaining agreements, benefits can be paid from certain VEBAs that are at least 70% funded (all VEBAs were over 70% funded at December 31, 2022). Certain agreements with plans holding VEBA assets have capped healthcare costs. For the Cleveland-Cliffs Steel LLC VEBA, we are required to make contributions based on earnings, and we may withdraw money from the VEBA plan to the extent funds are available for costs in excess of the cap. VEBA withdrawals are represented net of direct payments. There will be no further contributions to the Cleveland-Cliffs Steel LLC VEBA based on earnings for the remainder of labor agreement with the USW which expires September of 2026.
ESTIMATED FUTURE BENEFIT PAYMENTS
(In millions) | Pension Benefits |  | OPEB 1
2023 | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | 115 |
2024 | 450 |  |  | 110 |
2025 | 428 |  |  | 103 |
2026 | 421 |  |  | 99 |
2027 | 410 |  |  | 96 |
2028-2032 | 1,826 |  |  | 451 |
1 OPEB benefit payments are displayed net of participant contributions.
ASSUMPTIONS The discount rates used to measure plan liabilities as of the December 31 measurement date are determined individually for each plan. The discount rates are determined by matching the projected cash flows used to determine the plan liabilities to a projected yield curve of high-quality corporate bonds available at the measurement date. Discount rates for expense are calculated using the granular approach for each plan. Depending on the plan, we use either company-specific base mortality tables or tables issued by the Society of Actuaries. For tables issued by the Society of Actuaries, we use Pri-2012 mortality tables with adjustments for blue collar, white collar or no collar depending on the plan. Mortality is projected for all plans using Scale MP-2021 with generational projection for both years. The following represents weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations:
| Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
| December 31, |  | December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Discount rate | 5.47 | % |  | 2.75 | % |  | 5.52 | % |  | 3.01 | %
Interest crediting rate | 5.39 |  |  | 5.35 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Compensation rate increase | 3.00 |  |  | 2.52 |  |  | 3.00 |  |  | 3.00 |
The following represents weighted-average assumptions used to determine net benefit cost:
| Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
| December 31, |  | December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Obligation discount rate | 3.21 |  | % |  | 2.32 |  | % |  | 3.02 |  | % |  | 3.33 |  | % |  | 2.46 |  | % |  | 3.28 |  | %
Service cost discount rate | 3.49 |  |  |  | 2.78 |  |  |  | 3.34 |  |  |  | 3.91 |  |  |  | 3.28 |  |  |  | 3.35 |  |
Interest cost discount rate | 2.75 |  |  |  | 1.64 |  |  |  | 2.53 |  |  |  | 3.01 |  |  |  | 2.04 |  |  |  | 2.51 |  |
Interest crediting rate | 5.39 |  |  |  | 5.35 |  |  |  | 5.50 |  |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Expected return on plan assets | 6.87 |  |  |  | 6.84 |  |  |  | 7.69 |  |  |  | 4.86 |  |  |  | 5.20 |  |  |  | 6.82 |  |
Compensation rate increase | 2.74 |  |  |  | 2.54 |  |  |  | 2.56 |  |  |  | 3.00 |  |  |  | 3.00 |  |  |  | 3.00 |  |
The following represents assumed weighted-average health care cost trend rates:
| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year 1 | 5.44 |  | % |  | 2.36 |  | %
Ultimate health care cost trend rate | 4.50 |  | % |  | 4.50 |  | %
Year that the ultimate rate is reached | 2030 |  |  | 2031 |
1 The health care trend rate for the next year is weighted for all of our OPEB plans and factors in our Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug pricing arrangements.
PLAN ASSETS Our investment objectives with respect to our pension and OPEB assets are to maximize investment returns within reasonable and prudent levels of risk and maintain sufficient liquidity to meet benefit obligations over the life of each plan. The asset allocations are tailored to each individual plan and are determined by analyzing each plan's duration of benefit obligations, funded status and risk profile. Our investment strategy utilizes a broad mix of equity, fixed income and alternative investments to generate returns and manage risk. Equity investments are diversified across large-cap, mid-cap and small-cap companies located in the U.S. and worldwide, with a bias towards U.S. companies. Fixed income investments primarily include corporate bonds and government debt securities, which are generally customized based on a plan's obligation duration. To enhance our diversification, we also invest in hedge funds, private equity, structured credit, real estate and absolute return fixed income. We review investment performance, asset allocations and policy compliance on a quarterly basis. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we increased our fixed income allocation for one of our more mature pension plans, which totaled $1.2 billion on December 31, 2022. We also transitioned $2.9 billion of pension and OPEB assets to be managed by an external investment advisor in a delegated manner. Due to the timing of this transition, the 2023 target allocation will not match our actual December 31, 2022 asset mix, as the investment strategy will require us to start reallocating assets in the first quarter of 2023. The anticipated changes in our asset allocation will be reflected in our 2023 expected return on assets. The expected return on plan assets are calculated on a plan-by-plan basis and take into account each plan's strategic asset allocation. The calculation of rates by asset class are based primarily on our future expected returns and take into consideration the duration of the cash flows, active management and fees. Assets for OPEB plans include VEBA trusts pursuant to bargaining agreements that are available to fund retired employees’ life insurance obligations and medical benefits. The following table reflects the actual asset allocations for pension and VEBA assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, as well as the 2023 weighted average target asset allocations:
|  | Pension Assets |  | VEBA Assets
Asset Category |  | 2023 Target Allocation |  | Actual Asset Allocation at December 31, |  | 2023 Target Allocation |  | Actual Asset Allocation at December 31,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Equity securities |  | 33.3 | % |  | 36.1 | % |  | 47.6 | % |  | 21.9 | % |  | 22.0 | % |  | 22.5 | %
Fixed income |  | 41.6 |  |  | 40.9 |  |  | 34.6 |  |  | 73.7 |  |  | 67.4 |  |  | 66.4 |
Hedge funds |  | 9.2 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 1.8 |
Private equity |  | 3.3 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Structured credit |  | 2.6 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 1.2 |
Real estate |  | 10.0 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 2.1 |
Absolute return fixed income |  | — |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 6.0 |
Total |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Investments classified as Level 1 primarily include equity investments and fixed income mutual funds that are based on observable quoted market prices on an active exchange. Fixed income investments classified as Level 2 include U.S. Treasury STRIPS which are priced daily through a bond pricing vendor as well as corporate bonds, mortgage-backed securities and non-US bonds which have valuations based on their bid-ask spreads or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics. Hedge funds, private equity, structured credit and real estate investments are classified as Level 3 due to the absence of quoted market prices and inherent lack of liquidity. These investments are generally valued at estimated fair value based on financial inputs from our investment advisors, investment managers or third party appraisers. Investment commitments are made in private equity funds and capital calls are made over the life of the funds to fund the commitments. As of December 31, 2022, remaining commitments for our private equity investments total $117 million for our pension and OPEB plans. Committed amounts are funded from plan assets when capital calls are made. As a practical expedient, in accordance with ASC 820-10, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy below. NAV is based on the value of the underlying assets owned by the fund, minus its liabilities, and then divided by its number of shares outstanding. The fair value of our pension assets by asset category is as follows:
(In millions) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Investments Measured at Net Asset Value |  | Total
Asset Category | 2022 | 2021 |  | 2022 | 2021 |  | 2022 | 2021 |  | 2022 | 2021 |  | 2022 | 2021
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. equities | $ | 564 |  | $ | 1,157 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 569 |  | $ | 775 |  |  | $ | 1,133 |  | $ | 1,932 |
Global equities | 328 |  | 617 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 106 |  | 117 |  |  | 434 |  | 734 |
Fixed income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government securities 1 | 87 |  | 140 |  |  | 380 |  | 310 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 63 |  | 50 |  |  | 530 |  | 500 |
U.S. corporate bonds | 574 |  | 502 |  |  | 266 |  | 371 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 373 |  | 503 |  |  | 1,213 |  | 1,376 |
Non U.S. and other bonds | — |  | — |  |  | 32 |  | 66 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 32 |  | 66 |
Hedge funds | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 115 |  | 125 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 115 |  | 125 |
Private equity | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 143 |  | 151 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 143 |  | 151 |
Structured credit | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 298 |  | 315 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 298 |  | 315 |
Real estate | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 356 |  | 313 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 356 |  | 313 |
Absolute return fixed income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 84 |  | 94 |  |  | 84 |  | 94 |
Total | $ | 1,553 |  | $ | 2,416 |  |  | $ | 678 |  | $ | 747 |  |  | $ | 912 |  | $ | 904 |  |  | $ | 1,195 |  | $ | 1,539 |  |  | $ | 4,338 |  | $ | 5,606 |
1 Includes cash equivalents.
The fair value of our VEBA assets by asset category is as follows:
(In millions) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Investments Measured at Net Asset Value |  | Total
Asset Category | 2022 | 2021 |  | 2022 | 2021 |  | 2022 | 2021 |  | 2022 | 2021 |  | 2022 | 2021
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. equities | $ | 24 |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 89 |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 113 |  | $ | 129 |
Global equities | 5 |  | 6 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 42 |  | 48 |  |  | 47 |  | 54 |
Fixed income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government securities 1 | 149 |  | 111 |  |  | 79 |  | 80 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 228 |  | 191 |
U.S. corporate bonds | 146 |  | 219 |  |  | 117 |  | 129 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 263 |  | 348 |
Hedge funds | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 14 |  | 15 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 14 |  | 15 |
Private equity | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Structured credit | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 9 |  | 10 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 9 |  | 10 |
Real estate | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 12 |  | 17 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 12 |  | 17 |
Absolute return fixed income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 42 |  | 48 |  |  | 42 |  | 48 |
Total | $ | 324 |  | $ | 362 |  |  | $ | 196 |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 35 |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 173 |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 728 |  | $ | 812 |
1 Includes cash equivalents.
The following represents the fair value measurements of changes in plan assets using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):
| Pension Assets |  | VEBA Assets
(In millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance — January 1 | $ | 904 |  |  | $ | 670 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 38 |
Actual return on plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Relating to assets still held at the reporting date | (6) |  |  | 124 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |
Relating to assets sold during the period | 15 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Purchases | 28 |  |  | 142 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sales | (29) |  |  | (40) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (2) |
Acquired through business combinations | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Ending balance — December 31 | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 904 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 42 |
DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLANS Most employees are eligible to participate in various defined contribution plans. Certain of these plans have features with matching contributions or other Company contributions based on our financial results. Company contributions to these plans are expensed as incurred. Total expense from these plans was $52 million, $55 million and $22 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. MULTlEMPLOYER PLANS We contribute to multiemployer pension plans according to collective bargaining agreements that cover certain union-represented employees. The risks of participating in these multiemployer plans are different from the risks of participating in single-employer pension plans in the following respects: •Assets contributed to a multiemployer plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers. •If a participating employer stops contributing to a multiemployer plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers. •If the multiemployer plan becomes significantly underfunded or is unable to pay its benefits, we may be required to contribute additional amounts in excess of the rate required by the collective bargaining agreements. •If we choose to stop participating in a multiemployer plan, we may be required to pay that plan an amount based on the underfunded status of the plan, referred to as a withdrawal liability. Information with respect to multiemployer plans in which we participate follows:
Pension Fund | EIN/Pension Plan Number | Pension Protection Act Zone Status 1 | FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented 2 | Contributions | Surcharge Imposed 3 | Expiration Date of Collective Bargaining Agreement 4
|  | 2022 | 2021 |  | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 |  |
Steelworkers Pension Trust | 23-6648508/499 | Green | Green | No | $ | 93 |  | $ | 88 |  | $ | 14 |  | No | 4/1/2025 to 9/1/2026
IAM National Pension Fund’s National Pension Plan | 51-6031295/002 | Red | Red | Yes | 22 |  | 16 |  | 16 |  | Yes | 5/15/2023 to 6/15/2025
Other Plans 5 |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 115 |  | $ | 104 |  | $ | 30 |  |  |
1 The most recent Pension Protection Act zone status available in 2022 and 2021 is for each plan's year-end at December 31, 2021 and 2020. The plan's actuary certifies the zone status. Generally, plans in the red zone are less than 65% funded, plans in the yellow zone are between 65% and 80% funded, and plans in the green zone are at least 80% funded. The IAM National Pension Fund's National Pension Plan voluntarily elected to place itself in the "Red Zone" in April 2019 and has implemented a rehabilitation plan to address its underfunded status. Additional contributions will be required as part of the rehabilitation plan until the plan exits the "Red Zone".
2 The "FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented" column indicates plans for which a financial improvement plan or a rehabilitation plan is either pending or has been implemented, as defined by ERISA.
3 The surcharge represents an additional required contribution due as a result of the critical funding status of the plan.
4 We are a party to six collective bargaining agreements that require contributions to the Steelworkers Pension Trust and three collective bargaining agreements that require contributions to the IAM National Pension Fund's National Pension Plan.
5 Plans that are not individually significant to our Company are presented in aggregate.
With the ratification of our USW labor agreements in 2022, we increased our contribution rate to the Steelworkers Pension Trust by $0.50 to $4.00 per eligible hour. The increase was effective November 1, 2022. We are one of the largest contributors to the Steelworkers Pension Trust. Our contributions exceeded 5% of total combined contributions in 2022 and 2021. As of January 1, 2022 (the last date for which we have information), the Steelworkers Pension Trust had a total actuarial liability of $6,170 million and assets with a market value of $6,871 million, for a funded ratio of about 111%.

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