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PENSIONS AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Postemployment Benefits [Abstract] |
Schedule of Defined Benefit Plans Disclosures | The following tables and information provide additional disclosures:
(In millions) | Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
Change in benefit obligations: | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Benefit obligations — beginning of year | $ | 4,646 |  |  | $ | 6,036 |  |  | $ | 1,233 |  |  | $ | 3,254 |
Service cost | 31 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 35 |
Interest cost | 235 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 72 |
Plan amendments | 3 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (163) |
Actuarial loss (gain) | 116 |  |  | (1,236) |  |  | (158) |  |  | (1,781) |
Benefits paid | (436) |  |  | (431) |  |  | (163) |  |  | (232) |
Participant contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | 47 |
Effect of settlement | (24) |  |  | (34) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Benefit obligations — end of year | $ | 4,571 |  |  | $ | 4,646 |  |  | $ | 1,036 |  |  | $ | 1,233 |
Change in plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets — beginning of year | $ | 4,338 |  |  | $ | 5,606 |  |  | $ | 728 |  |  | $ | 812 |
Actual return on plan assets | 375 |  |  | (809) |  |  | 67 |  |  | (97) |
Participant contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | 47 |
Employer contributions | 29 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 198 |
Benefits paid | (436) |  |  | (431) |  |  | (163) |  |  | (232) |
Effect of settlement | (24) |  |  | (34) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fair value of plan assets — end of year | $ | 4,282 |  |  | $ | 4,338 |  |  | $ | 739 |  |  | $ | 728 |
Funded status | $ | (289) |  |  | $ | (308) |  |  | $ | (297) |  |  | $ | (505) |
Amounts recognized in Statements of Financial Position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-current assets | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 161 |
Current liabilities 1 | (18) |  |  | (30) |  |  | (76) |  |  | (81) |
Non-current liabilities | (408) |  |  | (473) |  |  | (413) |  |  | (585) |
Total amount recognized | $ | (289) |  |  | $ | (308) |  |  | $ | (297) |  |  | $ | (505) |
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss (income): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial gain | $ | (304) |  |  | $ | (361) |  |  | $ | (2,033) |  |  | $ | (1,996) |
Prior service cost (credit) | 106 |  |  | 121 |  |  | (131) |  |  | (156) |
Net amount recognized | $ | (198) |  |  | $ | (240) |  |  | $ | (2,164) |  |  | $ | (2,152) |
1 Current liabilities are classified within Other current liabilities on the Statements of Consolidated Financial Position.
Company contributions and payments we expect to make in 2024, and made in 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
|  | Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
(In millions) |  | VEBA 1 |  | Direct Payments |  | Total
2022 |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 198 |
2023 |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |  |  | 65 |
2024 (Expected) |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | 66 |  |  | 66 |
1 Pursuant to the applicable bargaining agreements, benefits can be paid from certain VEBAs that are at least 70% funded (all VEBAs were over 70% funded at December 31, 2023). Certain agreements with plans holding VEBA assets have capped healthcare costs. For the Cleveland-Cliffs Steel LLC VEBA, we are required to make contributions based on earnings, and we may withdraw money from the VEBA plan to the extent funds are available for costs in excess of the cap. VEBA withdrawals are represented net of direct payments. There will be no further contributions to the Cleveland-Cliffs Steel LLC VEBA based on earnings for the remainder of the labor agreement with the USW, which expires in September of 2026.
Components Of Net Periodic Benefit Cost | COMPONENTS OF NET PERIODIC BENEFIT COST (CREDIT)
| Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
(In millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Service cost | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 51 |
Interest cost | 235 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 74 |
Expected return on plan assets | (315) |  |  | (355) |  |  | (359) |  |  | (43) |  |  | (37) |  |  | (40) |
Amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss (gain) | 3 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 32 |  |  | (145) |  |  | (43) |  |  | 3 |
Prior service costs (credits) | 18 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (2) |
Settlements | (4) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (22) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit cost (credit) | $ | (32) |  |  | $ | (156) |  |  | $ | (189) |  |  | $ | (131) |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 86 |
For 2024, we estimate net periodic benefit cost (credit) as follows:
(In millions) |
Defined benefit pension plans | $ | (58) |
OPEB plans | (154) |
Total | $ | (212) |
Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | The following includes details on the significant actuarial losses (gains) impacting the benefit obligation and other components of other comprehensive loss (income):
| Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
(In millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Discount rates | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | (1,143) |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | (441) |
Demographic updates 1 | (5) |  |  | (102) |  |  | (208) |  |  | (7) |
Mortality | (2) |  |  | 17 |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |
Per capita healthcare costs and healthcare trend 2 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | (1,333) |
Other | (1) |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Actuarial loss (gain) on benefit obligation | 116 |  |  | (1,236) |  |  | (158) |  |  | (1,781) |
Actual returns on assets under (over) expected | (60) |  |  | 1,165 |  |  | (24) |  |  | 134 |
Amortization of net actuarial gain (loss) | (3) |  |  | (13) |  |  | 145 |  |  | 43 |
Amortization of prior service credits (costs) | (18) |  |  | (5) |  |  | 17 |  |  | 3 |
Settlements | 4 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Plan amendments 3 | 3 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (163) |
Total recognized in other comprehensive loss (income) | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | (1,764) |
1 In 2023, the OPEB plans generated an actuarial gain relating to updates for demographic experience. We had adjustments relating to retirements, participation, persistency and census data updates.
2 The gain in per capita healthcare costs in 2022 relating to our OPEB plans is primarily due to the negotiation of favorable Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug healthcare rates, which went into effect on January 1, 2023. Additionally, we expanded the Medicare Advantage program to retirees on some of our other plans during the 2022 USW labor negotiations which added additional savings. The negotiated rates extend through 2025.
3 In 2022, the plan amendment gains and losses were generated from the ratification of the 2022 USW labor agreements. The plan amendment loss related to our pension plans is attributable to the increase to the pre-2023 service multiplier to $115 and the service multiplier applicable to service beginning in 2023 to $126 for retirements after January 1, 2023. The plan amendment gain related to our OPEB plans is attributable to the implementation of a cap on healthcare costs for employees retiring after January 1, 2026 on one of our Cleveland-Cliffs Steel LLC plans as well as the extension of the Medicare Advantage program to plans that previously did not have the offering.
Estimated Future Benefit Payments |
(In millions) | Pension Benefits |  | OPEB 1
2024 | $ | 503 |  |  | $ | 107 |
2025 | 442 |  |  | 98 |
2026 | 433 |  |  | 95 |
2027 | 415 |  |  | 89 |
2028 | 400 |  |  | 86 |
2029-2033 | 1,728 |  |  | 380 |
1 OPEB benefit payments are displayed net of participant contributions.
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions | The following represents weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations:
| Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
| December 31, |  | December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Discount rate | 5.12 | % |  | 5.47 | % |  | 5.15 | % |  | 5.52 | %
Interest crediting rate | 5.46 |  |  | 5.39 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Compensation rate increase | 3.00 |  |  | 3.00 |  |  | 3.00 |  |  | 3.00 |
The following represents weighted-average assumptions used to determine net benefit cost:
| Pension Benefits |  | OPEB
| December 31, |  | December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Obligation discount rate | 5.47 |  | % |  | 3.21 |  | % |  | 2.32 |  | % |  | 5.52 |  | % |  | 3.33 |  | % |  | 2.46 |  | %
Service cost discount rate | 5.61 |  |  |  | 3.49 |  |  |  | 2.78 |  |  |  | 5.65 |  |  |  | 3.91 |  |  |  | 3.28 |  |
Interest cost discount rate | 5.34 |  |  |  | 2.75 |  |  |  | 1.64 |  |  |  | 5.38 |  |  |  | 3.01 |  |  |  | 2.04 |  |
Interest crediting rate | 5.46 |  |  |  | 5.39 |  |  |  | 5.35 |  |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Expected return on plan assets | 7.66 |  |  |  | 6.87 |  |  |  | 6.84 |  |  |  | 5.87 |  |  |  | 4.86 |  |  |  | 5.20 |  |
Compensation rate increase | 3.00 |  |  |  | 2.74 |  |  |  | 2.54 |  |  |  | 3.00 |  |  |  | 3.00 |  |  |  | 3.00 |  |
Assumed Health Care Cost Trend Rates | The following represents assumed weighted-average health care cost trend rates:
| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year 1 | 5.49 |  | % |  | 5.44 |  | %
Ultimate health care cost trend rate | 4.50 |  | % |  | 4.50 |  | %
Year that the ultimate rate is reached | 2032 |  |  | 2030 |
1 The health care trend rate for the next year is weighted for all of our OPEB plans and factors in our Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug pricing arrangements. In 2023, we increased our assumed health care cost trend rate for self insured plans to 6.50% from 6.00% for 2024, which grades down on a linear basis to 4.50% by 2032. The health care trend rate for the Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug plans is set to match the negotiated rates through 2025 and then converts to the same trend rate as our self insured plan. In 2023, we layered in a one time increase to the healthcare trend rate for the Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug plans for 2026. These increases align with our expectation of higher health care costs due to increased popularity of specialty medication, current carrier and provider negotiations and impacts from third party funding associated with the Inflation Reduction Act.
Plan Assets and Asset Allocation | The following table reflects the actual asset allocations for pension and VEBA assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, as well as the 2024 weighted average target asset allocations:
|  | Pension Assets |  | VEBA Assets
Asset Category |  | 2024 Target Allocation |  | Actual Asset Allocation at December 31, |  | 2024 Target Allocation |  | Actual Asset Allocation at December 31,
2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Equity securities |  | 33.8 | % |  | 32.1 | % |  | 36.1 | % |  | 16.6 | % |  | 18.4 | % |  | 22.0 | %
Fixed income |  | 41.1 |  |  | 38.8 |  |  | 40.9 |  |  | 78.5 |  |  | 74.5 |  |  | 67.4 |
Hedge funds |  | 9.4 |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.9 |
Private equity |  | 3.3 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Structured credit |  | 2.4 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 1.2 |
Real estate |  | 10.0 |  |  | 11.2 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 1.7 |
Absolute return fixed income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.8 |
Total |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Fair Value of Pension Assets by Asset Category | The fair value of our pension assets by asset category is as follows:
(In millions) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Investments Measured at Net Asset Value |  | Total
Asset Category | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. equities | $ | 809 |  | $ | 564 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 569 |  |  | $ | 809 |  | $ | 1,133 |
Global equities | 502 |  | 328 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 65 |  | 106 |  |  | 567 |  | 434 |
Fixed income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government securities 1 | 22 |  | 87 |  |  | 657 |  | 380 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 142 |  | 63 |  |  | 821 |  | 530 |
U.S. corporate bonds | 587 |  | 574 |  |  | — |  | 266 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 94 |  | 373 |  |  | 681 |  | 1,213 |
Non U.S. and other bonds | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | 32 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 160 |  | — |  |  | 160 |  | 32 |
Hedge funds | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 118 |  | 115 |  |  | 285 |  | — |  |  | 403 |  | 115 |
Private equity | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 146 |  | 143 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 146 |  | 143 |
Structured credit | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 220 |  | 298 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 220 |  | 298 |
Real estate | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 286 |  | 356 |  |  | 189 |  | — |  |  | 475 |  | 356 |
Absolute return fixed income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | 84 |  |  | — |  | 84 |
Total | $ | 1,920 |  | $ | 1,553 |  |  | $ | 657 |  | $ | 678 |  |  | $ | 770 |  | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 935 |  | $ | 1,195 |  |  | $ | 4,282 |  | $ | 4,338 |
1 Includes cash equivalents.
The fair value of our VEBA assets by asset category is as follows:
(In millions) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Investments Measured at Net Asset Value |  | Total
Asset Category | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. equities | $ | 102 |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 102 |  | $ | 113 |
Global equities | 3 |  | 5 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 30 |  | 42 |  |  | 33 |  | 47 |
Fixed income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government securities 1 | 119 |  | 149 |  |  | 27 |  | 79 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 47 |  | — |  |  | 193 |  | 228 |
U.S. corporate bonds | 214 |  | 146 |  |  | 94 |  | 117 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 49 |  | — |  |  | 357 |  | 263 |
Non U.S. and other bonds | 3 |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3 |  | — |
Hedge funds | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 10 |  | 14 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 10 |  | 14 |
Private equity | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Structured credit | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 7 |  | 9 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 7 |  | 9 |
Real estate | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 10 |  | 12 |  |  | 24 |  | — |  |  | 34 |  | 12 |
Absolute return fixed income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | 42 |  |  | — |  | 42 |
Total | $ | 441 |  | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | 121 |  | $ | 196 |  |  | $ | 27 |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 150 |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 739 |  | $ | 728 |
1 Includes cash equivalents.
Effect of Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs on Changes in Plan Assets | The following represents the fair value measurements of changes in plan assets using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):
| Pension Assets |  | VEBA Assets
(In millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Beginning balance — January 1 | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 904 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 42 |
Actual return on plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Relating to assets still held at the reporting date | (16) |  |  | (6) |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Relating to assets sold during the period | 10 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Purchases | 24 |  |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sales | (160) |  |  | (29) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (9) |
Ending balance — December 31 | $ | 770 |  |  | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 35 |
Multiemployer Plan | Information with respect to multiemployer plans in which we participate follows:
Pension Fund | EIN/Pension Plan Number | Pension Protection Act Zone Status 1 | FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented 2 | Contributions (in millions) | Surcharge Imposed 3 | Expiration Date of Collective Bargaining Agreement 4
|  | 2023 | 2022 |  | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 |  |
Steelworkers Pension Trust | 23-6648508/499 | Green | Green | No | $ | 119 |  | $ | 93 |  | $ | 88 |  | No | 4/1/2025 to 9/1/2026
IAM National Pension Fund’s National Pension Plan | 51-6031295/002 | Red | Red | Yes | 23 |  | 22 |  | 16 |  | Yes | 5/31/2025 to 5/15/2027
Other Plans 5 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  |  |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 143 |  | $ | 115 |  | $ | 104 |  |  |
1 The most recent Pension Protection Act zone status available in 2023 and 2022 is for each plan's year-end at December 31, 2022 and 2021. The plan's actuary certifies the zone status. Generally, plans in the red zone are less than 65% funded, plans in the yellow zone are between 65% and 80% funded, and plans in the green zone are at least 80% funded. The IAM National Pension Fund's National Pension Plan voluntarily elected to place itself in the "Red Zone" in April 2019 and has implemented a rehabilitation plan to address its underfunded status. Additional contributions will be required as part of the rehabilitation plan until the plan exits the "Red Zone".
2 The "FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented" column indicates plans for which a financial improvement plan or a rehabilitation plan is either pending or has been implemented, as defined by ERISA.
3 The surcharge represents an additional required contribution due as a result of the critical funding status of the plan.
4 We are a party to six collective bargaining agreements that require contributions to the Steelworkers Pension Trust and three collective bargaining agreements that require contributions to the IAM National Pension Fund's National Pension Plan.
5 Plans that are not individually significant to our Company are presented in aggregate.

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