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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes For the year ended December 31, 2022, the statutory income tax rates of the countries where the Company does business are 21% in the United States and 0.0% in Bermuda. The statutory income tax rate of each country is applied against the taxable income from each country to calculate the income tax expense. Income tax expense which is generated in the U.S. consists of the following components for the years ended December 31:
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Current |  | $ | 98,666 |  |  | $ | 56,509 |  |  | $ | 38,402 |
Deferred |  | 58,168 |  |  | 84,022 |  |  | 38,653 |
Total income tax expense |  | $ | 156,834 |  |  | $ | 140,531 |  |  | $ | 77,055 |
For the year ended December 31, 2022, pre-tax income attributable to Bermuda and U.S. operations was $282.5 million and $705.6 million, respectively, as compared to $217.3 million and $605.0 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $129.3 million and $360.8 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2020. Income tax expense is different from that which would be obtained by applying the applicable statutory income tax rates to income before taxes by jurisdiction (i.e. U.S. 21%; Bermuda 0.0%). The reconciliation of the difference between income tax expense and the expected tax provision at the weighted average tax rate was as follows for the years ended December 31:
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
($ in thousands) |  | $ |  | % of pretax income |  | $ |  | % of pretax income |  | $ |  | % of pretax income
Tax provision at weighted average statutory rates |  | $ | 148,176 |  |  | 15.0 | % |  | $ | 127,046 |  |  | 15.5 | % |  | $ | 75,763 |  |  | 15.5 | %
State taxes, net of federal benefit |  | 6,306 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 11,295 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.0 |
Non-deductible expenses |  | 4,041 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 3,652 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 2,482 |  |  | 0.5 |
Tax exempt interest, net of proration |  | (1,463) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (1,606) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (1,462) |  |  | (0.3) |
Excess tax (benefit) deficit from stock-based compensation |  | 75 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | (599) |  |  | (0.1) |
Other |  | (301) |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 871 |  |  | 0.1 |
Total income tax expense |  | $ | 156,834 |  |  | 15.9 | % |  | $ | 140,531 |  |  | 17.1 | % |  | $ | 77,055 |  |  | 15.7 | %
We provide deferred taxes to reflect the estimated future tax effects of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using currently enacted tax laws. The net deferred tax liability was comprised of the following at December 31:
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Deferred tax assets |  | $ | 91,729 |  |  | $ | 29,100 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | (448,539) |  |  | (402,754) |
Net deferred tax liability |  | $ | (356,810) |  |  | $ | (373,654) |
The components of the net deferred tax liability were as follows at December 31:
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Contingency reserves |  | $ | (432,265) |  |  | $ | (372,336) |
Unrealized (gain) loss on investments |  | 60,439 |  |  | (14,573) |
Unearned premium reserve |  | 14,099 |  |  | 12,539 |
Investments in limited partnerships |  | (13,907) |  |  | (13,002) |
Accrued expenses |  | 6,257 |  |  | 6,076 |
Unearned ceding commissions |  | 2,363 |  |  | 2,474 |
Change in fair market value of derivatives |  | 2,377 |  |  | 1,827 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs |  | (2,152) |  |  | (2,642) |
Nonvested shares |  | 1,640 |  |  | 1,841 |
Start-up expenditures, net |  | 1,233 |  |  | 880 |
Fixed assets |  | 1,197 |  |  | 836 |
Impairments on available-for-sale investment securities |  | 1,155 |  |  | — |
Loss reserves |  | 965 |  |  | 2,622 |
Prepaid expenses |  | (156) |  |  | (123) |
Loss reserves - TCJA transition adjustment |  | (59) |  |  | (78) |
Organizational expenditures |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |
Net deferred tax liability |  | $ | (356,810) |  |  | $ | (373,654) |
As a mortgage guaranty insurer, we are eligible for a tax deduction, subject to certain limitations, under Section 832(e) of the Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") for amounts required by state law or regulation to be set aside in statutory contingency reserves. The deduction is allowed only to the extent that we purchase T&L Bonds in an amount equal to the tax benefit derived from deducting any portion of our statutory contingency reserves. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we had net purchases of T&L Bonds in the amount of $57.7 million and had net purchases of T&L Bonds in the amount of $58.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we held $418.5 million and $360.8 million of T&L Bonds, respectively. In evaluating our ability to realize the benefit of our deferred tax assets, we consider the relevant impact of all available positive and negative evidence including our past operating results and our forecasts of future taxable income. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had unrealized losses attributable to its available-for-sale investment securities that if sold would result in capital losses. Accordingly, management considered the ability and intent to hold such available-for-sale securities until recovery. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, after weighing all the evidence, management concluded that it was more likely than not that our ordinary and capital deferred tax assets would be realized. Under current Bermuda law, the parent company, Essent Group, and its Bermuda subsidiary, Essent Re, are not required to pay any taxes on income and capital gains. In the event that there is a change such that these taxes are imposed, these companies would be exempted from any such tax until March of 2035 pursuant to the Bermuda Exempt Undertakings Tax Protection Act of 1966, and the Exempt Undertakings Tax Protection Amendment Act of 2011. Essent Holdings and its subsidiaries are subject to income taxes imposed by U.S. law and file a U.S. Consolidated Income Tax Return. Should Essent Holdings pay a dividend to its parent company, Essent Irish Intermediate Holdings Limited, withholding taxes at a rate of 5% under the U.S./Ireland tax treaty would likely apply assuming the Company avails itself of Treaty benefits under the U.S./Ireland tax treaty. Absent treaty benefits, the withholding rate on outbound dividends would be 30%. Currently, however, no withholding taxes are accrued with respect to such unremitted earnings as management has no intention of remitting these earnings. Similarly, no foreign income taxes have been provided on the unremitted earnings of the Company's U.S. subsidiaries as management has neither the intention of remitting these earnings, nor would any Ireland tax be due, as any Irish tax would be expected to be fully offset by credit for taxes paid to the U.S. An estimate of the cumulative amount of U.S. earnings that would be subject to withholding tax, if distributed outside of the U.S., is approximately $3.4 billion. The associated withholding tax liability under the U.S./Ireland tax treaty would be approximately $169.7 million. Essent is not subject to income taxation other than as stated above. There can be no assurance that there will not be changes in applicable laws, regulations, or treaties which might require Essent to change the way it operates or becomes subject to taxation. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits. As of December 31, 2022, the U.S. federal income tax returns for the tax years 2018 through 2021 remain subject to examination. The Company has not recorded any uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

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