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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED September 30, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 001-35388

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.®

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Texas | 74-2331986
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Prosperity Bank Plaza |
4295 San Felipe, Houston, Texas | 77027
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(281) 269-7199

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $1.00 per share |  | PB |  | New York Stock Exchange, Inc.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large Accelerated Filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated Filer | ☐
Non-accelerated Filer | ☐ |  | Smaller Reporting Company | ☐
|  |  | Emerging Growth Company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 4, 2024, there were 95,264,666 outstanding shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share.

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 3
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2024 (unaudited) and December 31, 2023 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited) | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited) | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited) | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited) | 7
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) | 8
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 35
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 61
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 61
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 62
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 62
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 62
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 62
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 62
Item 5. | Other Information | 62
Item 6. | Exhibits | 63
Signatures | 64

2

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |
|  | (Dollars in thousands, except par value) |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 2,209,863 |  |  | $ | 458,153 |
Federal funds sold |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | 260 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 2,210,071 |  |  |  | 458,413 |
Available for sale securities, at fair value |  |  | 331,414 |  |  |  | 438,588 |
Held to maturity securities, at cost (fair value of $9,964,060 and $10,984,598, respectively) |  |  | 10,969,342 |  |  |  | 12,365,308 |
Total securities |  |  | 11,300,756 |  |  |  | 12,803,896 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 6,113 |  |  |  | 5,734 |
Loans held for investment |  |  | 21,146,033 |  |  |  | 20,352,559 |
Loans held for investment - Warehouse Purchase Program |  |  | 1,228,706 |  |  |  | 822,245 |
Total loans |  |  | 22,380,852 |  |  |  | 21,180,538 |
Less: allowance for credit losses on loans |  |  | (354,397 | ) |  |  | (332,362 | )
Loans, net |  |  | 22,026,455 |  |  |  | 20,848,176 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 107,534 |  |  |  | 96,327 |
Goodwill |  |  | 3,504,388 |  |  |  | 3,396,086 |
Core deposit intangibles, net |  |  | 70,178 |  |  |  | 63,994 |
Bank premises and equipment, net |  |  | 373,812 |  |  |  | 369,992 |
Other real estate owned |  |  | 5,757 |  |  |  | 1,708 |
Bank owned life insurance (BOLI) |  |  | 384,228 |  |  |  | 379,447 |
Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas stock |  |  | 10,184 |  |  |  | 8,750 |
Other assets |  |  | 121,957 |  |  |  | 121,088 |
TOTAL ASSETS |  | $ | 40,115,320 |  |  | $ | 38,547,877 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing |  | $ | 9,811,361 |  |  | $ | 9,776,572 |
Interest-bearing |  |  | 18,276,250 |  |  |  | 17,403,237 |
Total deposits |  |  | 28,087,611 |  |  |  | 27,179,809 |
Other borrowings |  |  | 3,900,000 |  |  |  | 3,725,000 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | 228,896 |  |  |  | 309,277 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 174,229 |  |  |  | 34,819 |
Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures |  |  | 37,646 |  |  |  | 36,503 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 325,689 |  |  |  | 183,139 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 32,754,071 |  |  |  | 31,468,547 |
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY: |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $1 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized; no ne issued or outstanding |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock, $1 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 95,260,666 issued and outstanding at September 30, 2024; 93,722,383 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 95,261 |  |  |  | 93,723 |
Capital surplus |  |  | 3,793,435 |  |  |  | 3,703,795 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 3,473,398 |  |  |  | 3,283,210 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss —net unrealized loss on available for sale securities, net of tax benefit of $(225) and $(372), respectively |  |  | (845 | ) |  |  | (1,398 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 7,361,249 |  |  |  | 7,079,330 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  | $ | 40,115,320 |  |  | $ | 38,547,877 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

3

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(UNAUDITED)

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) |
INTEREST INCOME: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees |  | $ | 337,451 |  |  | $ | 308,678 |  |  | $ | 980,107 |  |  | $ | 842,434 |
Securities |  |  | 59,617 |  |  |  | 69,987 |  |  |  | 188,466 |  |  |  | 215,225 |
Federal funds sold and other earning assets |  |  | 20,835 |  |  |  | 1,689 |  |  |  | 44,195 |  |  |  | 10,452 |
Total interest income |  |  | 417,903 |  |  |  | 380,354 |  |  |  | 1,212,768 |  |  |  | 1,068,111 |
INTEREST EXPENSE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 107,758 |  |  |  | 76,069 |  |  |  | 306,574 |  |  |  | 187,376 |
Other borrowings |  |  | 46,792 |  |  |  | 62,190 |  |  |  | 142,020 |  |  |  | 153,937 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | 1,662 |  |  |  | 2,533 |  |  |  | 5,453 |  |  |  | 7,310 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38 |
Total interest expense |  |  | 156,212 |  |  |  | 140,830 |  |  |  | 454,047 |  |  |  | 348,661 |
NET INTEREST INCOME |  |  | 261,691 |  |  |  | 239,524 |  |  |  | 758,721 |  |  |  | 719,450 |
PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,066 |  |  |  | 18,540 |
NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES |  |  | 261,691 |  |  |  | 239,524 |  |  |  | 749,655 |  |  |  | 700,910 |
NONINTEREST INCOME: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonsufficient funds (NSF) fees |  |  | 9,016 |  |  |  | 8,719 |  |  |  | 25,457 |  |  |  | 25,326 |
Credit card, debit card and ATM card income |  |  | 9,620 |  |  |  | 9,285 |  |  |  | 27,865 |  |  |  | 27,157 |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  | 6,664 |  |  |  | 6,262 |  |  |  | 19,506 |  |  |  | 18,266 |
Trust income |  |  | 3,479 |  |  |  | 3,326 |  |  |  | 11,236 |  |  |  | 9,909 |
Mortgage income |  |  | 962 |  |  |  | 857 |  |  |  | 2,317 |  |  |  | 1,756 |
Brokerage income |  |  | 1,258 |  |  |  | 1,067 |  |  |  | 3,679 |  |  |  | 3,216 |
Net gain (loss) on sale or write-down of assets |  |  | 3,178 |  |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | 2,240 |  |  |  | 2,070 |
Net gain on sale or write-up of securities |  |  | 224 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,245 |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | 6,698 |  |  |  | 9,272 |  |  |  | 22,427 |  |  |  | 28,997 |
Total noninterest income |  |  | 41,099 |  |  |  | 38,743 |  |  |  | 125,972 |  |  |  | 116,697 |
NONINTEREST EXPENSE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 88,367 |  |  |  | 85,423 |  |  |  | 263,722 |  |  |  | 247,944 |
Net occupancy and equipment |  |  | 9,291 |  |  |  | 9,464 |  |  |  | 26,829 |  |  |  | 26,424 |
Credit and debit card, data processing and software amortization |  |  | 11,985 |  |  |  | 10,919 |  |  |  | 34,958 |  |  |  | 30,829 |
Regulatory assessments and FDIC insurance |  |  | 5,726 |  |  |  | 5,155 |  |  |  | 21,581 |  |  |  | 15,225 |
Core deposit intangibles amortization |  |  | 4,146 |  |  |  | 3,576 |  |  |  | 11,539 |  |  |  | 9,117 |
Depreciation |  |  | 4,741 |  |  |  | 4,585 |  |  |  | 14,263 |  |  |  | 13,676 |
Communications |  |  | 3,360 |  |  |  | 3,686 |  |  |  | 10,247 |  |  |  | 10,841 |
Net other real estate income |  |  | (85 | ) |  |  | (581 | ) |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | (1,033 | )
Merger related expenses |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 1,104 |  |  |  | 4,444 |  |  |  | 14,855 |
Other |  |  | 12,744 |  |  |  | 12,326 |  |  |  | 41,381 |  |  |  | 36,649 |
Total noninterest expense |  |  | 140,338 |  |  |  | 135,657 |  |  |  | 429,028 |  |  |  | 404,527 |
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES |  |  | 162,452 |  |  |  | 142,610 |  |  |  | 446,599 |  |  |  | 413,080 |
PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES |  |  | 35,170 |  |  |  | 30,402 |  |  |  | 97,289 |  |  |  | 89,240 |
NET INCOME |  | $ | 127,282 |  |  | $ | 112,208 |  |  | $ | 349,310 |  |  | $ | 323,840 |
EARNINGS PER SHARE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.34 |  |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 3.68 |  |  | $ | 3.50 |
Diluted |  | $ | 1.34 |  |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 3.68 |  |  | $ | 3.50 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

4

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(UNAUDITED)

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Net income |  | $ | 127,282 |  |  | $ | 112,208 |  |  | $ | 349,310 |  |  | $ | 323,840 |
Other comprehensive income, before tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized gain during the period |  |  | 938 |  |  |  | 951 |  |  |  | 700 |  |  |  | 1,953 |
Total other comprehensive income |  |  | 938 |  |  |  | 951 |  |  |  | 700 |  |  |  | 1,953 |
Deferred tax expense related to other comprehensive income |  |  | (197 | ) |  |  | (200 | ) |  |  | (147 | ) |  |  | (410 | )
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | 741 |  |  |  | 751 |  |  |  | 553 |  |  |  | 1,543 |
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 128,023 |  |  | $ | 112,959 |  |  | $ | 349,863 |  |  | $ | 325,383 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

5

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(UNAUDITED)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital |  |  | Retained |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Shareholders’ |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Surplus |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Income (Loss) |  |  | Equity |
|  | (In thousands, except share and per share data) |
Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BALANCE AT JUNE 30, 2024 |  |  | 95,262,416 |  |  | $ | 95,263 |  |  | $ | 3,790,305 |  |  | $ | 3,399,462 |  |  | $ | (1,586 | ) |  | $ | 7,283,444 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 127,282 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 127,282 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 741 |  |  |  | 741 |
Common stock issued in connection with the issuance (forfeiture) of restricted stock awards, net |  |  | (1,750 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Stock based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,128 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,128 |
Cash dividends declared, $0.56 per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (53,346 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (53,346 | )
BALANCE AT SEPTEMBER 30, 2024 |  |  | 95,260,666 |  |  | $ | 95,261 |  |  | $ | 3,793,435 |  |  | $ | 3,473,398 |  |  | $ | (845 | ) |  | $ | 7,361,249 |
Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2023 |  |  | 93,722,383 |  |  | $ | 93,723 |  |  | $ | 3,703,795 |  |  | $ | 3,283,210 |  |  | $ | (1,398 | ) |  | $ | 7,079,330 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 349,310 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 349,310 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 553 |  |  |  | 553 |
Common stock issued in connection with the issuance of restricted stock awards, net |  |  | 400,350 |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | (400 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Common stock issued in connection with the acquisition of Lone Star State Bancshares, Inc. |  |  | 2,376,143 |  |  |  | 2,376 |  |  |  | 153,927 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 156,303 |
Common stock repurchase |  |  | (1,238,210 | ) |  |  | (1,238 | ) |  |  | (73,528 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (74,766 | )
Stock based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,641 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,641 |
Cash dividends declared, $1.68 per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (159,122 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (159,122 | )
BALANCE AT SEPTEMBER 30, 2024 |  |  | 95,260,666 |  |  | $ | 95,261 |  |  | $ | 3,793,435 |  |  | $ | 3,473,398 |  |  | $ | (845 | ) |  | $ | 7,361,249 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital |  |  | Retained |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Shareholders’ |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Surplus |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Income (Loss) |  |  | Equity |
|  | (In thousands, except share and per share data) |
Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BALANCE AT JUNE 30, 2023 |  |  | 93,721,454 |  |  | $ | 93,722 |  |  | $ | 3,697,524 |  |  | $ | 3,179,551 |  |  | $ | (2,681 | ) |  | $ | 6,968,116 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 112,208 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 112,208 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 751 |  |  |  | 751 |
Common stock issued in connection with the issuance (forfeiture) of restricted stock awards, net |  |  | (4,000 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Stock based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,147 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,147 |
Cash dividends declared, $0.55 per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (51,545 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (51,545 | )
BALANCE AT SEPTEMBER 30, 2023 |  |  | 93,717,454 |  |  | $ | 93,718 |  |  | $ | 3,700,675 |  |  | $ | 3,240,214 |  |  | $ | (1,930 | ) |  | $ | 7,032,677 |
Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2022 |  |  | 91,313,615 |  |  | $ | 91,314 |  |  | $ | 3,541,924 |  |  | $ | 3,069,609 |  |  | $ | (3,473 | ) |  | $ | 6,699,374 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 323,840 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 323,840 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,543 |  |  |  | 1,543 |
Common stock issued in connection with the issuance of restricted stock awards, net |  |  | 27,200 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Common stock issued in connection with the acquisition of First Bancshares of Texas, Inc. |  |  | 3,582,675 |  |  |  | 3,583 |  |  |  | 220,764 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 224,347 |
Common stock repurchase |  |  | (1,206,036 | ) |  |  | (1,206 | ) |  |  | (71,042 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (72,248 | )
Stock based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,056 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,056 |
Cash dividends declared, $1.65 per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (153,235 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (153,235 | )
BALANCE AT SEPTEMBER 30, 2023 |  |  | 93,717,454 |  |  | $ | 93,718 |  |  | $ | 3,700,675 |  |  | $ | 3,240,214 |  |  | $ | (1,930 | ) |  | $ | 7,032,677 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

6

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)

|  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 349,310 |  |  | $ | 323,840 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and core deposit intangibles amortization |  |  | 25,802 |  |  |  | 22,793 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | 9,066 |  |  |  | 18,540 |
Net amortization of premium on investments |  |  | 17,227 |  |  |  | 21,412 |
Net gain on sale or write-up of securities |  |  | (11,245 | ) |  |  | — |
Net gain on sale of other real estate and repossessed assets |  |  | (204 | ) |  |  | (780 | )
Net gain on sale or write-down of assets |  |  | (2,240 | ) |  |  | (2,070 | )
Net accretion of discount on loans |  |  | (13,879 | ) |  |  | (5,566 | )
Net amortization of premium on deposits |  |  | (133 | ) |  |  | (450 | )
Net gain on sale of loans |  |  | (2,321 | ) |  |  | (1,670 | )
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale |  |  | 103,950 |  |  |  | 68,827 |
Originations of loans held for sale |  |  | (102,087 | ) |  |  | (77,242 | )
Stock based compensation expense |  |  | 9,641 |  |  |  | 9,056 |
Decrease in accrued interest receivable and other assets |  |  | 25,151 |  |  |  | 47,911 |
Increase in accrued interest payable and other liabilities |  |  | 270,500 |  |  |  | 193,806 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 678,538 |  |  |  | 618,407 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities, sales and principal paydowns of held to maturity securities |  |  | 1,411,488 |  |  |  | 1,308,839 |
Purchase of held to maturity securities |  |  | (41,999 | ) |  |  | (3,028 | )
Proceeds from maturities, sales and principal paydowns of available for sale securities |  |  | 18,706,454 |  |  |  | 11,220,463 |
Purchase of available for sale securities |  |  | (18,538,380 | ) |  |  | (11,026,566 | )
Originations of Warehouse Purchase Program loans |  |  | (10,910,602 | ) |  |  | (9,877,760 | )
Proceeds from pay-offs of Warehouse Purchase Program loans |  |  | 10,504,141 |  |  |  | 9,706,053 |
Net decrease (increase) in loans held for investment |  |  | 251,557 |  |  |  | (818,194 | )
Purchase of bank premises and equipment |  |  | (16,317 | ) |  |  | (29,517 | )
Proceeds from sale of bank premises, equipment and other real estate |  |  | 7,227 |  |  |  | 7,170 |
Proceeds from insurance claims |  |  | 1,423 |  |  |  | 11,427 |
Net cash used in the purchase of First Bancshares of Texas, Inc. |  |  | — |  |  |  | (24,365 | )
Net cash provided by the purchase of Lone Star State Bancshares, Inc. |  |  | 169,855 |  |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by investing activities |  |  | 1,544,847 |  |  |  | 474,522 |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net decrease in noninterest-bearing deposits |  |  | (370,954 | ) |  |  | (1,325,801 | )
Net increase (decrease) in interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 38,496 |  |  |  | (1,472,467 | )
Net proceeds from other short-term borrowings |  |  | 175,000 |  |  |  | 2,199,614 |
Net decrease in securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | (80,381 | ) |  |  | (177,294 | )
Redemption of junior subordinated debentures |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,158 | )
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (74,766 | ) |  |  | (72,248 | )
Payments of cash dividends |  |  | (159,122 | ) |  |  | (153,235 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (471,727 | ) |  |  | (1,004,589 | )
NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS |  |  | 1,751,658 |  |  |  | 88,340 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF PERIOD |  |  | 458,413 |  |  |  | 424,133 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF PERIOD |  | $ | 2,210,071 |  |  | $ | 512,473 |
NONCASH ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of real estate through foreclosure of collateral |  | $ | 7,031 |  |  | $ | 10,249 |
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION: |  |  |  |  |  |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | 28,397 |  |  | $ | 93,675 |
Interest paid |  |  | 314,637 |  |  |  | 275,113 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements

7

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Prosperity Bancshares, Inc.® (“Bancshares”) and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Prosperity Bank® (the “Bank,” and together with Bancshares, the “Company”). All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for financial information and with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, the statements reflect all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company on a consolidated basis; and all such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. These financial statements and the notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Operating results for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024 or any other period.

2. INCOME PER COMMON SHARE

The following table illustrates the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | Amount |  |  | Per Share Amount |  |  | Amount |  |  | Per Share Amount |  |  | Amount |  |  | Per Share Amount |  |  | Amount |  |  | Per Share Amount |
|  | (Amounts in thousands, except per share data) |
Net income |  | $ | 127,282 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 112,208 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 349,310 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 323,840 |  |  |  |
Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 95,261 |  |  | $ | 1.34 |  |  |  | 93,720 |  |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  |  | 94,912 |  |  | $ | 3.68 |  |  |  | 92,628 |  |  | $ | 3.50 |
Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 95,261 |  |  | $ | 1.34 |  |  |  | 93,720 |  |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  |  | 94,912 |  |  | $ | 3.68 |  |  |  | 92,628 |  |  | $ | 3.50 |

There were no stock options outstanding at September 30, 2024 or exercisable during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023 that would have had an anti-dilutive effect on the above computation.

3. NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”)

ASU 2024-01, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards. ASU 2024-01 clarifies the scope application of profits interest and similar awards by adding illustrative guidance to help entities determine whether profits interest and similar awards should be accounted for as share-based payment arrangements within the scope of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718, “Compensation—Stock Compensation.” However, this amendment does not change the intent of that guidance, nor how it should be applied. The ASU’s amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods within those years. The Company does not expect ASU 2024-01 to have a significant impact on its financial statements.

ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income. ASU 2023-09 focuses on the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid and requires a public business entity to disclose, on an annual basis, a tabular rate reconciliation using both percentages and currency amounts, broken out into specified categories with certain reconciling items further broken out by nature and jurisdiction to the extent those items exceed a specified threshold. In addition, all entities are required to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds received disaggregated by federal, state/local, and foreign and by jurisdiction if the amount is at least 5% of total income tax payments, net of refunds received. For public business entities the new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after

8

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. An entity may apply the amendments in this ASU prospectively by providing the revised disclosures for the period ending December 31, 2025 and continuing to provide the pre-ASU disclosures for the prior periods, or may apply the amendments retrospectively by providing the revised disclosures for all period presented. The Company does not expect ASU 2023-09 to have an impact on its financial statements.

ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280)—Improvement to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 amends the disclosure requirements related to segment reporting primarily through enhanced disclosure about significant segment expenses and by requiring disclosure of segment information on an annual and interim basis. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect ASU 2023-07 to have a significant impact on its financial statements.

ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements—Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. ASU 2023-06 amends the FASB Accounting Standards Codification to incorporate certain disclosure requirements from SEC Release No. 33-10532 - Disclosure Update and Simplification that was issued in 2018. The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The Company does not expect ASU 2023-06 to have a significant impact on its financial statements.

ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2022-02 eliminated the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings and enhanced disclosures for certain loan refinancing and restructurings to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. This guidance was applied on a prospective basis. Additionally, ASU 2022-02 requires entities to disclose current-period gross charge-offs by year of origination. ASU 2022-02 became effective for the Company on January 1, 2023 and did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements.

4. SECURITIES

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities were as follows:

|  | September 30, 2024 |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities |  | $ | 14,350 |  |  | $ | 1,982 |  |  | $ | (50 | ) |  | $ | 16,282 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 208,902 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | (2,125 | ) |  |  | 206,799 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 109,232 |  |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | (996 | ) |  |  | 108,333 |
Total |  | $ | 332,484 |  |  | $ | 2,101 |  |  | $ | (3,171 | ) |  | $ | 331,414 |
Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies |  | $ | 7,810 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 7,824 |
States and political subdivisions |  |  | 93,657 |  |  |  | 736 |  |  |  | (1,969 | ) |  |  | 92,424 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 12,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,600 | ) |  |  | 8,400 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 240,087 |  |  |  | 425 |  |  |  | (14,323 | ) |  |  | 226,189 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 10,615,788 |  |  |  | 5,721 |  |  |  | (992,286 | ) |  |  | 9,629,223 |
Total |  | $ | 10,969,342 |  |  | $ | 6,899 |  |  | $ | (1,012,181 | ) |  | $ | 9,964,060 |

9

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

|  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities |  | $ | 20,698 |  |  | $ | 1,827 |  |  | $ | (738 | ) |  | $ | 21,787 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 321,881 |  |  |  | 967 |  |  |  | (2,804 | ) |  |  | 320,044 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 97,779 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | (1,118 | ) |  |  | 96,757 |
Total |  | $ | 440,358 |  |  | $ | 2,890 |  |  | $ | (4,660 | ) |  | $ | 438,588 |
Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies |  | $ | 7,631 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (52 | ) |  | $ | 7,579 |
States and political subdivisions |  |  | 116,497 |  |  |  | 1,864 |  |  |  | (2,306 | ) |  |  | 116,055 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 12,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,200 | ) |  |  | 7,800 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 263,250 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (20,864 | ) |  |  | 242,386 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 11,965,930 |  |  |  | 2,131 |  |  |  | (1,357,283 | ) |  |  | 10,610,778 |
Total |  | $ | 12,365,308 |  |  | $ | 3,995 |  |  | $ | (1,384,705 | ) |  | $ | 10,984,598 |

The investment securities portfolio is measured for expected credit losses by segregating the portfolio into two general classifications and applying the appropriate expected credit losses methodology. Investment securities classified as available for sale or held to maturity are evaluated for expected credit losses under FASB ASC 326, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses.”

Available for sale securities. For available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position, the amount of the expected credit losses recognized in earnings depends on whether an entity intends to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss. If an entity intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the expected credit losses will be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. If an entity does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period loss, the expected credit losses will be separated into the amount representing the credit-related portion of the impairment loss (“credit loss”) and the noncredit portion of the impairment loss (“noncredit portion”). The amount of the total expected credit losses related to the credit loss is determined based on the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis and such difference is recognized in earnings. The amount of the total expected credit losses related to the noncredit portion is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. The previous amortized cost basis less the expected credit losses recognized in earnings will become the new amortized cost basis of the investment.

As of September 30, 2024, management does not have the intent to sell any of the securities classified as available for sale before a recovery of cost. In addition, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell any of its investment securities before a recovery of cost. The unrealized losses are largely due to changes in market interest rates and spread relationships since the time the underlying securities were purchased. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date, or if market yields for such investments decline. Management does not believe any of the securities are impaired due to reasons of credit quality. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2024, management believes that there is no potential for credit losses on available for sale securities.

Held to maturity securities. The Company’s held to maturity investments include mortgage-related bonds issued by either the Government National Mortgage Corporation (“Ginnie Mae”), Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”). Ginnie Mae issued securities are explicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, while Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac issued securities are fully guaranteed by those respective United States government-sponsored agencies and conditionally guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the United States. The Company’s held to maturity securities also include taxable and tax-exempt municipal securities issued primarily by school districts, utility districts and municipalities located in Texas. The Company’s investment in municipal securities is exposed to credit risk. The securities are highly rated by major rating agencies and regularly reviewed by management. A significant portion are guaranteed or insured by either the Texas Permanent School Fund, Assured Guaranty or Build America Mutual. As of September 30, 2024, the Company’s municipal securities represent 0.8% of the securities portfolio. Management has the ability and intent to hold the securities classified as held to maturity until they

10

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

mature, at which time the Company will receive full value for the securities. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2024, management believes that there is no potential for material credit losses on held to maturity securities.

Securities with unrealized losses, segregated by length of time, that have been in a continuous loss position were as follows:

|  | September 30, 2024 |
|  | Less than 12 Months |  |  | 12 Months or More |  |  | Total |
|  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,450 |  |  | $ | (50 | ) |  | $ | 3,450 |  |  | $ | (50 | )
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 36,514 |  |  |  | (204 | ) |  |  | 129,093 |  |  |  | (1,921 | ) |  |  | 165,607 |  |  |  | (2,125 | )
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 14,412 |  |  |  | (56 | ) |  |  | 90,003 |  |  |  | (940 | ) |  |  | 104,415 |  |  |  | (996 | )
Total |  | $ | 50,926 |  |  | $ | (260 | ) |  | $ | 222,546 |  |  | $ | (2,911 | ) |  | $ | 273,472 |  |  | $ | (3,171 | )
Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,989 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 1,989 |  |  | $ | (3 | )
States and political subdivisions |  |  | 647 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 49,214 |  |  |  | (1,968 | ) |  |  | 49,861 |  |  |  | (1,969 | )
Corporate debt securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,400 |  |  |  | (3,600 | ) |  |  | 8,400 |  |  |  | (3,600 | )
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 196,396 |  |  |  | (14,323 | ) |  |  | 196,425 |  |  |  | (14,323 | )
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 1,420 |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | 9,353,645 |  |  |  | (992,274 | ) |  |  | 9,355,065 |  |  |  | (992,286 | )
Total |  | $ | 2,096 |  |  | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | 9,609,644 |  |  | $ | (1,012,168 | ) |  | $ | 9,611,740 |  |  | $ | (1,012,181 | )

|  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | Less than 12 Months |  |  | 12 Months or More |  |  | Total |
|  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities |  | $ | 7,300 |  |  | $ | (738 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,300 |  |  | $ | (738 | )
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 54,611 |  |  |  | (729 | ) |  |  | 114,758 |  |  |  | (2,075 | ) |  |  | 169,369 |  |  |  | (2,804 | )
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 1,154 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 92,211 |  |  |  | (1,105 | ) |  |  | 93,365 |  |  |  | (1,118 | )
Total |  | $ | 63,065 |  |  | $ | (1,480 | ) |  | $ | 206,969 |  |  | $ | (3,180 | ) |  | $ | 270,034 |  |  | $ | (4,660 | )
Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies |  | $ | 7,580 |  |  | $ | (52 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,580 |  |  | $ | (52 | )
States and political subdivisions |  |  | 23,085 |  |  |  | (79 | ) |  |  | 41,039 |  |  |  | (2,227 | ) |  |  | 64,124 |  |  |  | (2,306 | )
Corporate debt securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,800 |  |  |  | (4,200 | ) |  |  | 7,800 |  |  |  | (4,200 | )
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 50,147 |  |  |  | (470 | ) |  |  | 192,205 |  |  |  | (20,394 | ) |  |  | 242,352 |  |  |  | (20,864 | )
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 52,853 |  |  |  | (807 | ) |  |  | 10,354,514 |  |  |  | (1,356,476 | ) |  |  | 10,407,367 |  |  |  | (1,357,283 | )
Total |  | $ | 133,665 |  |  | $ | (1,408 | ) |  | $ | 10,595,558 |  |  | $ | (1,383,297 | ) |  | $ | 10,729,223 |  |  | $ | (1,384,705 | )

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 968 securities and 941 securities, respectively, in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or more.

11

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

The table below summarizes the amortized cost and fair value of investment securities at September 30, 2024, by contractual maturity. Actual maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations at any time with or without call or prepayment penalties.

|  | Held to Maturity |  |  | Available for Sale |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 17,607 |  |  | $ | 17,629 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Due after one year through five years |  |  | 48,525 |  |  |  | 48,545 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Due after five years through ten years |  |  | 39,826 |  |  |  | 35,711 |  |  |  | 14,350 |  |  |  | 16,282 |
Due after ten years |  |  | 7,509 |  |  |  | 6,763 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  |  | 113,467 |  |  |  | 108,648 |  |  |  | 14,350 |  |  |  | 16,282 |
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 10,855,875 |  |  |  | 9,855,412 |  |  |  | 318,134 |  |  |  | 315,132 |
Total |  | $ | 10,969,342 |  |  | $ | 9,964,060 |  |  | $ | 332,484 |  |  | $ | 331,414 |

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company did not own securities of any one issuer (other than the U.S. government and its agencies) for which aggregate adjusted cost exceeded 10% of the consolidated shareholders’ equity at such respective dates.

Securities with an amortized cost of $10.28 billion and $11.34 billion and a fair value of $9.31 billion and $10.09 billion at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, were pledged to collateralize public deposits and for other purposes required or permitted by law.

The Company recorded no gain or loss on the sale of investment securities for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and a $9.4 million net loss on the sale of investment securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The Company recorded no gain or loss on the sale of investment securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2024, the Company did not own any non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations.

Visa Class B-1 Stock Exchange. During the second quarter of 2024, the Bank tendered all of its shares of Visa, Inc. (“Visa”) Class B-1 common stock in exchange for a combination of Visa Class B-2 common stock and Visa Class C common stock, pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of the public offering of Visa to exchange its Class B-1 common stock for a combination of shares of its Class B-2 common stock and Class C common stock, which expired on May 3, 2024. The Company recorded a gain of $20.6 million during the second quarter of 2024 based on the conversion privilege of the Class C common stock and the closing price of Visa Class A common stock. In the exchange, the Bank received 48,492 shares of Class B-2 stock, recorded at zero cost basis, and 19,245 shares of Class C common stock and has subsequently sold all shares of Class C stock.

12

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

5. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The loan portfolio consists of various types of loans and is categorized by major type as follows:

|  | September 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Residential mortgage loans held for sale |  | $ | 6,113 |  |  | $ | 5,734 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 2,543,632 |  |  |  | 2,305,040 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land development and other land loans |  |  | 2,814,521 |  |  |  | 3,076,591 |
1-4 family residential (includes home equity) |  |  | 8,471,421 |  |  |  | 8,162,344 |
Commercial real estate (includes multi-family residential) |  |  | 5,869,687 |  |  |  | 5,662,948 |
Farmland |  |  | 703,599 |  |  |  | 598,898 |
Agriculture |  |  | 329,625 |  |  |  | 217,145 |
Consumer and other |  |  | 413,548 |  |  |  | 329,593 |
Total loans held for investment, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program |  |  | 21,146,033 |  |  |  | 20,352,559 |
Warehouse Purchase Program |  |  | 1,228,706 |  |  |  | 822,245 |
Total loans, including Warehouse Purchase Program |  | $ | 22,380,852 |  |  | $ | 21,180,538 |

Concentrations of Credit. Most of the Company’s lending activity occurs within the states of Texas and Oklahoma. Commercial real estate loans, 1-4 family residential loans and construction, land development and other land loans made up 81.1% and 83.0% of the Company’s total loan portfolio, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program loans, at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program loans, there were no concentrations of loans related to any single industry in excess of 10% of total loans.

Related Party Loans. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, loans outstanding to directors, officers and their affiliates totaled $274 thousand and $292 thousand, respectively. All transactions between the Company and such related parties are conducted in the ordinary course of business and made on the same terms and conditions as similar transactions with unaffiliated persons.

An analysis of activity with respect to these related party loans is as follows:

|  | As of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  | As of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Beginning balance on January 1 |  | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 547 |
New loans |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 64 |
Repayments |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | (319 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 292 |

Nonperforming Assets and Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans. The Company has several procedures in place to assist it in maintaining the overall quality of its loan portfolio. The Company has established underwriting guidelines to be followed by its officers, including requiring appraisals on loans collateralized by real estate. The Company also monitors its delinquency levels for any negative or adverse trends. Nevertheless, the Company’s loan portfolio could become subject to increasing pressures from deteriorating borrower credit due to general economic conditions.

The Company generally places a loan on nonaccrual status and ceases accruing interest when the payment of principal or interest is delinquent for 90 days, or earlier in some cases; unless the loan is in the process of collection and the underlying collateral fully supports the carrying value of the loan. A loan may be returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future principal and interest amounts contractually due are reasonably assured, which is typically evidenced by a sustained period (at least six months) of repayment performance by the borrower.

13

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

With respect to potential problem loans, an evaluation of the borrower’s overall financial condition is made, together with an appraisal for loans collateralized by real estate, to determine the need, if any, for possible write-downs or appropriate additions to the allowance for credit losses.

An aging analysis of past due loans, segregated by category of loan, is presented below:

|  | September 30, 2024 |
|  | Loans Past Due and Still Accruing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 30-89 Days |  |  | 90 or More Days |  |  | Total Past Due Loans |  |  | Nonaccrual Loans |  |  | Current Loans |  |  | Total Loans |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Construction, land development and other land loans |  | $ | 10,953 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,953 |  |  | $ | 1,848 |  |  | $ | 2,801,720 |  |  | $ | 2,814,521 |
Warehouse Purchase Program loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,228,706 |  |  |  | 1,228,706 |
Agriculture and agriculture real estate (includes farmland) |  |  | 15,202 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,202 |  |  |  | 2,686 |  |  |  | 1,015,336 |  |  |  | 1,033,224 |
1-4 family (includes home equity) (1) |  |  | 44,032 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 44,032 |  |  |  | 34,611 |  |  |  | 8,398,891 |  |  |  | 8,477,534 |
Commercial real estate (includes multi-family residential) |  |  | 7,678 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,678 |  |  |  | 31,685 |  |  |  | 5,830,324 |  |  |  | 5,869,687 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 16,530 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,530 |  |  |  | 13,080 |  |  |  | 2,514,022 |  |  |  | 2,543,632 |
Consumer and other |  |  | 3,410 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 3,430 |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 410,059 |  |  |  | 413,548 |
Total |  | $ | 97,805 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 97,825 |  |  | $ | 83,969 |  |  | $ | 22,199,058 |  |  | $ | 22,380,852 |

|  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | Loans Past Due and Still Accruing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 30-89 Days |  |  | 90 or More Days |  |  | Total Past Due Loans |  |  | Nonaccrual Loans |  |  | Current Loans |  |  | Total Loans |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Construction, land development and other land loans |  | $ | 21,627 |  |  | $ | 1,635 |  |  | $ | 23,262 |  |  | $ | 14,770 |  |  | $ | 3,038,559 |  |  | $ | 3,076,591 |
Warehouse Purchase Program loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 822,245 |  |  |  | 822,245 |
Agriculture and agriculture real estate (includes farmland) |  |  | 8,572 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,572 |  |  |  | 1,460 |  |  |  | 806,011 |  |  |  | 816,043 |
1-4 family (includes home equity) (1) |  |  | 38,350 |  |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 38,480 |  |  |  | 25,694 |  |  |  | 8,103,904 |  |  |  | 8,168,078 |
Commercial real estate (includes multi-family residential) |  |  | 23,511 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,511 |  |  |  | 18,662 |  |  |  | 5,620,775 |  |  |  | 5,662,948 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 14,782 |  |  |  | 430 |  |  |  | 15,212 |  |  |  | 8,066 |  |  |  | 2,281,762 |  |  |  | 2,305,040 |
Consumer and other |  |  | 503 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 503 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 329,054 |  |  |  | 329,593 |
Total |  | $ | 107,345 |  |  | $ | 2,195 |  |  | $ | 109,540 |  |  | $ | 68,688 |  |  | $ | 21,002,310 |  |  | $ | 21,180,538 |

(1)
Includes $6.1 million and $5.7 million of residential mortgage loans held for sale at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

14

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

The following table presents information regarding nonperforming assets as of the dates indicated:

|  | September 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Nonaccrual loans (1) (2) |  | $ | 83,969 |  |  | $ | 68,688 |
Accruing loans 90 or more days past due |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 2,195 |
Total nonperforming loans |  |  | 83,989 |  |  |  | 70,883 |
Repossessed assets |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 76 |
Other real estate |  |  | 5,757 |  |  |  | 1,708 |
Total nonperforming assets |  | $ | 89,923 |  |  | $ | 72,667 |
Nonperforming assets to total loans and other real estate |  |  | 0.40 | % |  |  | 0.34 | %
Nonperforming assets to total loans, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program loans, and other real estate |  |  | 0.43 | % |  |  | 0.36 | %
Nonaccrual loans to total loans |  |  | 0.38 | % |  |  | 0.32 | %
Nonaccrual loans to total loans, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program loans |  |  | 0.40 | % |  |  | 0.34 | %

(1)
ASU 2022-02 became effective for the Company on January 1, 2023.
(2)
There were no nonperforming Warehouse Purchase Program loans or Warehouse Purchase Program lines of credit for the periods presented.

The Company had $89.9 million in nonperforming assets at September 30, 2024 compared with $72.7 million at December 31, 2023. Nonperforming assets were 0.40% of total loans and other real estate at September 30, 2024 and 0.34% of total loans and other real estate at December 31, 2023. The Company had $84.0 million in nonaccrual loans at September 30, 2024 compared with $68.7 million at December 31, 2023.

Acquired Loans. Acquired loans were preliminarily recorded at fair value based on a discounted cash flow valuation methodology that considers, among other things, interest rates, projected default rates, loss given default, and recovery rates. Projected default rates, loss given default, and recovery rates for purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans primarily impact the related allowance, as opposed to the fair value mark. During the valuation process, the Company identified PCD and Non-PCD loans in the acquired loan portfolios. Loans acquired with evidence of credit quality deterioration since origination as of the acquisition date were accounted for as PCD. PCD loan identification considers the following factors: payment history and past due status, debt service coverage, loan grading, collateral values and other factors that may indicate deterioration of credit quality as of the acquisition date when compared to the origination date. Non-PCD loan identification considers the following factors: account types, remaining terms, annual interest rates or coupons, current market rates, interest types, past delinquencies, timing of principal and interest payments, loan to value ratios, loss exposures and remaining balances. Accretion of purchased discounts on PCD and Non-PCD loans will be recognized based on payment structure and the contractual maturity of individual loans.

15

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

PCD Loans. The recorded investment in PCD loans included in the consolidated balance sheet and the related outstanding balance as of the dates indicated are presented in the table below. The outstanding balance represents the total amount owed as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

|  | September 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
PCD loans: |  |  |
Outstanding balance |  | $ | 468,657 |  |  | $ | 533,653 |
Discount |  |  | (8,274 | ) |  |  | (7,914 | )
Recorded investment |  | $ | 460,383 |  |  | $ | 525,739 |

Changes in the accretable yield for acquired PCD loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 9,507 |  |  | $ | 10,110 |  |  | $ | 7,914 |  |  | $ | 3,361 |
Additions |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,558 |  |  |  | 8,336 |
Adjustments |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (44 | ) |  |  | (70 | )
Accretion |  |  | (1,212 | ) |  |  | (767 | ) |  |  | (4,154 | ) |  |  | (2,284 | )
Balance at September 30, |  | $ | 8,274 |  |  | $ | 9,343 |  |  | $ | 8,274 |  |  | $ | 9,343 |

Income recognition on PCD loans is subject to the timing and amount of future cash flows. PCD loans for which the Company is accruing interest income are not considered nonperforming or impaired. The PCD discount reflected above as of September 30, 2024, represents the amount of discount available to be recognized as income.

Non-PCD Loans. The recorded investment in Non-PCD loans included in the consolidated balance sheet and the related outstanding balance as of the dates indicated are presented in the table below. The outstanding balance represents the total amount owed as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

|  | September 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Non-PCD loans: |  |  |
Outstanding balance |  | $ | 2,314,275 |  |  | $ | 1,823,809 |
Discount |  |  | (30,612 | ) |  |  | (19,992 | )
Recorded investment |  | $ | 2,283,663 |  |  | $ | 1,803,817 |

Changes in the discount accretion for Non-PCD loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 34,250 |  |  | $ | 23,052 |  |  | $ | 19,992 |  |  | $ | 2,233 |
Additions |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,378 |  |  |  | 22,593 |
Adjustments |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (33 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Accretion |  |  | (3,616 | ) |  |  | (1,508 | ) |  |  | (9,725 | ) |  |  | (3,282 | )
Balance at September 30, |  | $ | 30,612 |  |  | $ | 21,543 |  |  | $ | 30,612 |  |  | $ | 21,543 |

16

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

Credit Quality Indicators. As part of the ongoing monitoring of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio and methodology for calculating the allowance for credit losses, management assigns and tracks loan grades to be used as credit quality indicators. The following is a general description of the loan grades used:

Grade 1—Credits in this category have risk potential that is virtually nonexistent. These loans may be secured by insured certificates of deposit, insured savings accounts, U.S. Government securities and highly rated municipal bonds.

Grade 2—Credits in this category are of the highest quality. These borrowers represent top rated companies and individuals with unquestionable financial standing with excellent global cash flow coverage, net worth, liquidity and collateral coverage.

Grade 3—Credits in this category are not immune from risk but are well protected by the collateral and paying capacity of the borrower. These loans may exhibit a minor unfavorable credit factor, but the overall credit is sufficiently strong to minimize the possibility of loss.

Grade 4—Credits in this category are considered to be of acceptable credit quality with moderately greater risk than Grade 3 and receiving closer monitoring. Loans in this category have sources of repayment that remain sufficient to preclude a larger than normal probability of default and secondary sources are likewise currently of sufficient quantity, quality, and liquidity to protect the Company against loss of principal and interest. These borrowers have specific risk factors, but the overall strength of the credit is acceptable based on other mitigating credit and/or collateral factors and can repay the debt in the normal course of business.

Grade 5—Credits in this category constitute an undue and unwarranted credit risk; however, the factors do not rise to a level of substandard. These credits have potential weaknesses and/or declining trends that, if not corrected, could expose the Company to risk at a future date. These loans are monitored on the Company’s internally-generated watch list and evaluated on a quarterly basis.

Grade 6—Credits in this category are considered “substandard” but “non-impaired” loans in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Loans in this category have well-defined weakness that, if not corrected, could make default of principal and interest possible. Loans in this category are still accruing interest and may be dependent upon secondary sources of repayment and/or collateral liquidation.

Grade 7—Credits in this category are deemed “substandard” and “impaired” pursuant to regulatory guidelines. As such, the Company has determined that it is probable that less than 100% of the contractual principal and interest will be collected. These loans are individually evaluated for a specific reserve and will typically have the accrual of interest stopped.

Grade 8—Credits in this category include “doubtful” loans in accordance with regulatory guidance. Such loans are no longer accruing interest and factors indicate a loss is imminent. These loans are also deemed “impaired.” While a specific reserve may be in place while the loan and collateral are being evaluated, these loans are typically charged down to an amount the Company estimates is collectible.

Grade 9—Credits in this category are deemed a “loss” in accordance with regulatory guidelines and have been charged off or charged down. The Company may continue collection efforts and may have partial recovery in the future.

17

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

The following tables present loans by risk grade, by category of loan and year of origination/renewal at September 30, 2024.

|  | Term Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Revolving Loans |  |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Construction, Land Development and Other Land Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Grade 1 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Grade 2 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 921 |  |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,091 |
Grade 3 |  |  | 410,166 |  |  |  | 611,667 |  |  |  | 537,443 |  |  |  | 265,630 |  |  |  | 122,745 |  |  |  | 42,038 |  |  |  | 110,971 |  |  |  | 8,869 |  |  |  | 2,109,529 |
Grade 4 |  |  | 32,881 |  |  |  | 111,188 |  |  |  | 167,799 |  |  |  | 77,493 |  |  |  | 64,818 |  |  |  | 28,277 |  |  |  | 19,451 |  |  |  | 17,224 |  |  |  | 519,131 |
Grade 5 |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 3,037 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 33,234 |  |  |  | 15,627 |  |  |  | 795 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52,773 |
Grade 6 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,317 |  |  |  | 179 |  |  |  | 492 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,988 |
Grade 7 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 223 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 509 |
Grade 8 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Grade 9 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
PCD Loans |  |  | 8,441 |  |  |  | 20,022 |  |  |  | 53,663 |  |  |  | 9,561 |  |  |  | 4,688 |  |  |  | 6,655 |  |  |  | 20,470 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 123,500 |
Total |  | $ | 451,554 |  |  | $ | 743,812 |  |  | $ | 762,203 |  |  | $ | 360,117 |  |  | $ | 225,664 |  |  | $ | 93,168 |  |  | $ | 151,910 |  |  | $ | 26,093 |  |  | $ | 2,814,521 |
Current-period gross write-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 486 |
Agriculture and Agriculture Real Estate (includes Farmland) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Grade 1 |  | $ | 1,132 |  |  | $ | 540 |  |  | $ | 975 |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 183 |  |  | $ | 405 |  |  | $ | 10,047 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 13,379 |
Grade 2 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 247 |  |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 683 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,047 |
Grade 3 |  |  | 143,498 |  |  |  | 122,082 |  |  |  | 193,582 |  |  |  | 86,595 |  |  |  | 50,888 |  |  |  | 107,228 |  |  |  | 120,427 |  |  |  | 142 |  |  |  | 824,442 |
Grade 4 |  |  | 14,626 |  |  |  | 20,545 |  |  |  | 15,681 |  |  |  | 26,758 |  |  |  | 6,167 |  |  |  | 12,127 |  |  |  | 27,780 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 123,712 |
Grade 5 |  |  | 1,048 |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 730 |  |  |  | 782 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,120 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,737 |
Grade 6 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,844 |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,165 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,083 |
Grade 7 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,419 |  |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 207 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,825 |
Grade 8 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Grade 9 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
PCD Loans |  |  | 18,047 |  |  |  | 1,874 |  |  |  | 15,708 |  |  |  | 2,034 |  |  |  | 3,410 |  |  |  | 2,731 |  |  |  | 17,195 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 60,999 |
Total |  | $ | 178,351 |  |  | $ | 145,345 |  |  | $ | 230,999 |  |  | $ | 116,584 |  |  | $ | 60,648 |  |  | $ | 125,666 |  |  | $ | 175,449 |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | 1,033,224 |
Current-period gross write-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 339 |  |  | $ | 121 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 631 |
1-4 Family (includes Home Equity) (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Grade 1 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 328 |
Grade 2 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 404 |  |  |  | 1,144 |  |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,316 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,012 |
Grade 3 |  |  | 310,005 |  |  |  | 1,252,218 |  |  |  | 2,353,241 |  |  |  | 2,100,201 |  |  |  | 971,979 |  |  |  | 1,186,914 |  |  |  | 96,313 |  |  |  | 879 |  |  |  | 8,271,750 |
Grade 4 |  |  | 7,511 |  |  |  | 17,291 |  |  |  | 22,220 |  |  |  | 27,744 |  |  |  | 8,463 |  |  |  | 66,167 |  |  |  | 3,862 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 153,258 |
Grade 5 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 693 |  |  |  | 1,364 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,162 |  |  |  | 1,886 |  |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,181 |
Grade 6 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 374 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 1,431 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,841 |
Grade 7 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,135 |  |  |  | 9,833 |  |  |  | 5,506 |  |  |  | 4,401 |  |  |  | 11,383 |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34,383 |
Grade 8 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Grade 9 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
PCD Loans |  |  | 336 |  |  |  | 972 |  |  |  | 2,771 |  |  |  | 470 |  |  |  | 517 |  |  |  | 1,715 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,781 |
Total |  | $ | 317,852 |  |  | $ | 1,274,805 |  |  | $ | 2,391,094 |  |  | $ | 2,134,069 |  |  | $ | 986,647 |  |  | $ | 1,271,812 |  |  | $ | 100,376 |  |  | $ | 879 |  |  | $ | 8,477,534 |
Current-period gross write-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 1,024 |  |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,336 |

18

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

|  | Term Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Revolving Loans |  |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Commercial Real Estate (includes Multi-Family Residential) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Grade 1 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Grade 2 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,070 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 435 |  |  |  | 2,020 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,525 |
Grade 3 |  |  | 192,738 |  |  |  | 422,199 |  |  |  | 926,952 |  |  |  | 727,824 |  |  |  | 413,895 |  |  |  | 1,129,802 |  |  |  | 51,405 |  |  |  | 253 |  |  |  | 3,865,068 |
Grade 4 |  |  | 7,229 |  |  |  | 66,531 |  |  |  | 302,535 |  |  |  | 239,074 |  |  |  | 227,702 |  |  |  | 587,942 |  |  |  | 15,455 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,446,468 |
Grade 5 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,325 |  |  |  | 7,558 |  |  |  | 7,190 |  |  |  | 21,762 |  |  |  | 152,210 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 191,045 |
Grade 6 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 597 |  |  |  | 2,376 |  |  |  | 339 |  |  |  | 15,619 |  |  |  | 93,984 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 112,915 |
Grade 7 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,426 |  |  |  | 781 |  |  |  | 1,064 |  |  |  | 1,568 |  |  |  | 3,536 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,425 |
Grade 8 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Grade 9 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
PCD Loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42,731 |  |  |  | 72,240 |  |  |  | 40,220 |  |  |  | 16,477 |  |  |  | 69,244 |  |  |  | 329 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 241,241 |
Total |  | $ | 199,967 |  |  | $ | 536,809 |  |  | $ | 1,313,512 |  |  | $ | 1,015,711 |  |  | $ | 697,458 |  |  | $ | 2,038,738 |  |  | $ | 67,239 |  |  | $ | 253 |  |  | $ | 5,869,687 |
Current-period gross write-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 167 |  |  | $ | 481 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 160 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 808 |
Commercial and Industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Grade 1 |  | $ | 42,831 |  |  | $ | 11,280 |  |  | $ | 7,730 |  |  | $ | 3,498 |  |  | $ | 2,165 |  |  | $ | 4,698 |  |  | $ | 46,472 |  |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 118,829 |
Grade 2 |  |  | 2,202 |  |  |  | 3,252 |  |  |  | 7,255 |  |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 3,361 |  |  |  | 6,207 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22,543 |
Grade 3 |  |  | 250,903 |  |  |  | 183,975 |  |  |  | 190,192 |  |  |  | 135,024 |  |  |  | 54,337 |  |  |  | 167,734 |  |  |  | 1,014,305 |  |  |  | 1,813 |  |  |  | 1,998,283 |
Grade 4 |  |  | 39,698 |  |  |  | 67,267 |  |  |  | 30,184 |  |  |  | 6,092 |  |  |  | 8,340 |  |  |  | 35,539 |  |  |  | 99,458 |  |  |  | 1,470 |  |  |  | 288,048 |
Grade 5 |  |  | 27,340 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,765 |  |  |  | 195 |  |  |  | 1,356 |  |  |  | 5,925 |  |  |  | 12,224 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 67,805 |
Grade 6 |  |  | 391 |  |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | 3,528 |  |  |  | 540 |  |  |  | 256 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 4,032 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,903 |
Grade 7 |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 3,470 |  |  |  | 632 |  |  |  | 5,321 |  |  |  | 810 |  |  |  | 1,001 |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,406 |
Grade 8 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Grade 9 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
PCD Loans |  |  | 1,883 |  |  |  | 1,492 |  |  |  | 7,541 |  |  |  | 2,114 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 3,307 |  |  |  | 11,433 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27,815 |
Total |  | $ | 365,310 |  |  | $ | 270,868 |  |  | $ | 267,827 |  |  | $ | 152,932 |  |  | $ | 67,427 |  |  | $ | 221,589 |  |  | $ | 1,194,241 |  |  | $ | 3,438 |  |  | $ | 2,543,632 |
Current-period gross write-offs |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 642 |  |  | $ | 1,435 |  |  | $ | 1,144 |  |  | $ | 1,336 |  |  | $ | 604 |  |  | $ | 2,953 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,283 |
Consumer and Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Grade 1 |  | $ | 15,257 |  |  | $ | 8,483 |  |  | $ | 4,208 |  |  | $ | 2,382 |  |  | $ | 1,335 |  |  | $ | 4,662 |  |  | $ | 2,592 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 38,928 |
Grade 2 |  |  | 110,341 |  |  |  | 12,559 |  |  |  | 14,179 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 1,800 |  |  |  | 20,006 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 158,980 |
Grade 3 |  |  | 36,451 |  |  |  | 32,464 |  |  |  | 34,686 |  |  |  | 19,401 |  |  |  | 10,015 |  |  |  | 14,235 |  |  |  | 44,456 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 191,709 |
Grade 4 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,566 |  |  |  | 246 |  |  |  | 1,018 |  |  |  | 14,924 |  |  |  | 2,494 |  |  |  | 3,332 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,580 |
Grade 5 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 250 |
Grade 6 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Grade 7 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 54 |
Grade 8 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Grade 9 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
PCD Loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 47 |
Total |  | $ | 162,049 |  |  | $ | 55,078 |  |  | $ | 53,319 |  |  | $ | 22,865 |  |  | $ | 26,331 |  |  | $ | 23,200 |  |  | $ | 70,651 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 413,548 |
Current-period gross write-offs |  | $ | 3,999 |  |  | $ | 208 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 305 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 4,715 |

19

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

|  | Term Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Revolving Loans |  |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Warehouse Purchase Program |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Grade 1 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Grade 2 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Grade 3 |  |  | 1,228,706 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,228,706 |
Grade 4 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Grade 5 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Grade 6 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Grade 7 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Grade 8 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Grade 9 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
PCD Loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 1,228,706 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,228,706 |
Current-period gross write-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Grade 1 |  | $ | 59,220 |  |  | $ | 20,376 |  |  | $ | 13,060 |  |  | $ | 5,965 |  |  | $ | 3,791 |  |  | $ | 9,765 |  |  | $ | 59,111 |  |  | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | 171,464 |
Grade 2 |  |  | 112,543 |  |  |  | 17,383 |  |  |  | 23,865 |  |  |  | 394 |  |  |  | 607 |  |  |  | 10,193 |  |  |  | 26,213 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 191,198 |
Grade 3 |  |  | 2,572,467 |  |  |  | 2,624,605 |  |  |  | 4,236,096 |  |  |  | 3,334,675 |  |  |  | 1,623,859 |  |  |  | 2,647,951 |  |  |  | 1,437,877 |  |  |  | 11,957 |  |  |  | 18,489,487 |
Grade 4 |  |  | 101,945 |  |  |  | 284,388 |  |  |  | 538,665 |  |  |  | 378,179 |  |  |  | 330,414 |  |  |  | 732,546 |  |  |  | 169,338 |  |  |  | 18,722 |  |  |  | 2,554,197 |
Grade 5 |  |  | 28,454 |  |  |  | 3,089 |  |  |  | 33,454 |  |  |  | 8,167 |  |  |  | 57,514 |  |  |  | 176,768 |  |  |  | 13,345 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 320,791 |
Grade 6 |  |  | 391 |  |  |  | 748 |  |  |  | 9,122 |  |  |  | 8,270 |  |  |  | 16,071 |  |  |  | 97,096 |  |  |  | 4,032 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 135,730 |
Grade 7 |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 9,037 |  |  |  | 12,769 |  |  |  | 12,206 |  |  |  | 6,782 |  |  |  | 16,193 |  |  |  | 508 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 57,602 |
Grade 8 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Grade 9 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
PCD Loans |  |  | 28,707 |  |  |  | 67,091 |  |  |  | 151,923 |  |  |  | 54,422 |  |  |  | 25,137 |  |  |  | 83,661 |  |  |  | 49,442 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 460,383 |
Total |  | $ | 2,903,789 |  |  | $ | 3,026,717 |  |  | $ | 5,018,954 |  |  | $ | 3,802,278 |  |  | $ | 2,064,175 |  |  | $ | 3,774,173 |  |  | $ | 1,759,866 |  |  | $ | 30,900 |  |  | $ | 22,380,852 |
Current-period gross write-offs |  | $ | 4,168 |  |  | $ | 1,320 |  |  | $ | 2,900 |  |  | $ | 1,830 |  |  | $ | 1,761 |  |  | $ | 1,260 |  |  | $ | 3,015 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 16,259 |

(1)
Includes $6.1 million of residential mortgage loans held for sale at September 30, 2024.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans. The allowance for credit losses is adjusted through charges to earnings in the form of a provision for credit losses. Management has established an allowance for credit losses which it believes is adequate as of September 30, 2024 for estimated losses in the Company’s loan portfolio. The amount of the allowance for credit losses on loans is affected by the following: (1) charge-offs of loans that occur when loans are deemed uncollectible and decrease the allowance, (2) recoveries on loans previously charged off that increase the allowance, (3) provisions for credit losses charged to earnings that increase the allowance, and (4) provision releases returned to earnings that decrease the allowance. Based on an evaluation of the loan portfolio and consideration of the factors listed below, management presents a quarterly review of the allowance for credit losses to the Bank’s Board of Directors, indicating any change in the allowance since the last review and any recommendations as to adjustments in the allowance. Although management believes it uses the best information available to make determinations with respect to the allowance for credit losses, future adjustments may be necessary if economic conditions or borrower performance differ from the assumptions used in making the initial determinations.

The Company’s allowance for credit losses on loans consists of two components: (1) a specific valuation allowance based on expected losses on specifically identified loans and (2) a general valuation allowance based on historical lifetime loan loss experience, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasted economic conditions and other qualitative risk factors both internal and external to the Company.

20

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

In setting the specific valuation allowance, the Company follows a loan review program to evaluate the credit risk in the total loan portfolio and assigns risk grades to each loan. Through this loan review process, the Company maintains an internal list of impaired loans, which along with the delinquency list of loans, helps management assess the overall quality of the loan portfolio and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. All loans that have been identified as impaired are reviewed on a quarterly basis in order to determine whether a specific reserve is required. For certain impaired loans, the Company allocates a specific loan loss reserve primarily based on the value of the collateral securing the impaired loan in accordance with ASC Topic 326-20, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses.” The specific reserves are determined on an individual loan basis. Loans for which specific reserves are provided are excluded from the general valuation allowance described below.

In connection with this review of the loan portfolio, the Company considers risk elements attributable to particular loan types or categories in assessing the quality of individual loans. Some of the risk elements include:

•
for 1-4 family residential mortgage loans, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan, including a consideration of the debt to income ratio and employment and income stability, the loan to value ratio, and the age, condition and marketability of collateral;
•
for commercial real estate loans and multifamily residential loans, the debt service coverage ratio (income from the property in excess of operating expenses compared to loan payment requirements), operating results of the owner in the case of owner-occupied properties, the loan to value ratio, the age and condition of the collateral and the volatility of income, property value and future operating results typical of properties of that type;
•
for construction, land development and other land loans, the perceived feasibility of the project including the ability to sell developed lots or improvements constructed for resale or the ability to lease property constructed for lease, the quality and nature of contracts for presale or prelease, if any, experience and ability of the developer and loan to value ratio;
•
for commercial and industrial loans, the operating results of the commercial, industrial or professional enterprise, the borrower’s business, professional and financial ability and expertise, the specific risks and volatility of income and operating results typical for businesses in that category and the value, nature and marketability of collateral;
•
for the Warehouse Purchase Program, the capitalization and liquidity of the mortgage banking client, the operating experience, the client’s satisfactory underwriting of purchased loans and the consistent timeliness by the client of loan resale to investors;
•
for agriculture real estate loans, the experience and financial capability of the borrower, projected debt service coverage of the operations of the borrower and loan to value ratio; and
•
for non-real estate agriculture loans, the operating results, experience and financial capability of the borrower, historical and expected market conditions and the value, nature and marketability of collateral.

In addition, for each category, the Company considers secondary sources of income and the financial strength and credit history of the borrower and any guarantors.

In determining the amount of the general valuation allowance, management considers factors such as historical lifetime loan loss experience, concentration risk of specific loan types, the volume, growth and composition of the Company’s loan portfolio, current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasted economic conditions that may affect borrower ability to pay and the value of collateral, the evaluation of the Company’s loan portfolio through its internal loan review process, other qualitative risk factors both internal and external to the Company and other relevant factors in accordance with ASC Topic 326, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses.” Historical lifetime loan loss experience is determined by utilizing an open-pool (“cumulative loss rate”) methodology. Adjustments to the historical lifetime loan loss experience are made for differences in current loan pool risk characteristics such as portfolio concentrations, delinquency, non-accrual, and watch list levels, as well as changes in current and forecasted economic conditions such as unemployment rates, property and collateral values, and other indices relating to economic activity. The utilization of reasonable and supportable forecasts includes an immediate reversion to lifetime historical loss rates. Based on a review of these factors for each loan type, the Company applies an estimated percentage to the outstanding balance of each loan type, excluding any loan that has a specific reserve. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.

21

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

The following table details activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans by category of loan for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

|  | Construction, Land Development and Other Land Loans |  |  | Agriculture and Agriculture Real Estate (includes Farmland) |  |  | 1-4 Family (includes Home Equity) |  |  | Commercial Real Estate (includes Multi-Family Residential) |  |  | Commercial and Industrial |  |  | Consumer and Other |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Allowance for credit losses on loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance June 30, 2024 |  | $ | 76,776 |  |  | $ | 29,479 |  |  | $ | 80,689 |  |  | $ | 95,728 |  |  | $ | 70,112 |  |  | $ | 7,068 |  |  | $ | 359,852 |
Provision for credit losses on loans |  |  | (633 | ) |  |  | (450 | ) |  |  | 1,442 |  |  |  | (921 | ) |  |  | (2,216 | ) |  |  | 2,778 |  |  |  | — |
Charge-offs |  |  | (378 | ) |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | (442 | ) |  |  | (297 | ) |  |  | (3,746 | ) |  |  | (1,568 | ) |  |  | (6,540 | )
Recoveries |  |  | — |  |  |  | 225 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 437 |  |  |  | 351 |  |  |  | 1,085 |
Net (charge-offs) recoveries |  |  | (378 | ) |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | (409 | ) |  |  | (258 | ) |  |  | (3,309 | ) |  |  | (1,217 | ) |  |  | (5,455 | )
Balance September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 75,765 |  |  | $ | 29,145 |  |  | $ | 81,722 |  |  | $ | 94,549 |  |  | $ | 64,587 |  |  | $ | 8,629 |  |  | $ | 354,397 |
Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 87,775 |  |  | $ | 11,380 |  |  | $ | 77,652 |  |  | $ | 88,664 |  |  | $ | 59,832 |  |  | $ | 7,059 |  |  | $ | 332,362 |
Initial allowance on loans purchased with credit deterioration |  |  | 942 |  |  |  | 14,309 |  |  |  | 344 |  |  |  | 4,306 |  |  |  | 6,176 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 26,078 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | (12,467 | ) |  |  | 3,577 |  |  |  | 5,017 |  |  |  | 1,439 |  |  |  | 4,948 |  |  |  | 5,409 |  |  |  | 7,923 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (486 | ) |  |  | (631 | ) |  |  | (1,336 | ) |  |  | (808 | ) |  |  | (8,283 | ) |  |  | (4,715 | ) |  |  | (16,259 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 510 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 948 |  |  |  | 1,914 |  |  |  | 875 |  |  |  | 4,293 |
Net (charge-offs) recoveries |  |  | (485 | ) |  |  | (121 | ) |  |  | (1,291 | ) |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | (6,369 | ) |  |  | (3,840 | ) |  |  | (11,966 | )
Balance September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 75,765 |  |  | $ | 29,145 |  |  | $ | 81,722 |  |  | $ | 94,549 |  |  | $ | 64,587 |  |  | $ | 8,629 |  |  | $ | 354,397 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance June 30, 2023 |  | $ | 91,858 |  |  | $ | 11,254 |  |  | $ | 67,722 |  |  | $ | 86,765 |  |  | $ | 81,970 |  |  | $ | 5,640 |  |  | $ | 345,209 |
Initial allowance on loans purchased with credit deterioration |  |  | 1,641 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,290 |  |  |  | 3,763 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,694 |
Provision for credit losses on loans |  |  | 1,437 |  |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | 3,932 |  |  |  | (4,554 | ) |  |  | (2,455 | ) |  |  | 1,491 |  |  |  | — |
Charge-offs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (584 | ) |  |  | (1,961 | ) |  |  | (1,550 | ) |  |  | (4,115 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 367 |  |  |  | 223 |  |  |  | 707 |
Net (charge-offs) recoveries |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | (570 | ) |  |  | (1,594 | ) |  |  | (1,327 | ) |  |  | (3,408 | )
Balance September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 94,941 |  |  | $ | 11,403 |  |  | $ | 71,732 |  |  | $ | 85,931 |  |  | $ | 81,684 |  |  | $ | 5,804 |  |  | $ | 351,495 |
Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 78,853 |  |  | $ | 7,699 |  |  | $ | 60,795 |  |  | $ | 66,272 |  |  | $ | 62,319 |  |  | $ | 5,638 |  |  | $ | 281,576 |
Initial allowance on loans purchased with credit deterioration |  |  | 16,878 |  |  |  | 2,914 |  |  |  | 1,590 |  |  |  | 25,292 |  |  |  | 30,095 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 76,793 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | (758 | ) |  |  | 706 |  |  |  | 9,059 |  |  |  | 9,893 |  |  |  | (10,448 | ) |  |  | 3,532 |  |  |  | 11,984 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (77 | ) |  |  | (113 | ) |  |  | (121 | ) |  |  | (15,559 | ) |  |  | (3,203 | ) |  |  | (4,066 | ) |  |  | (23,139 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 197 |  |  |  | 409 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 2,921 |  |  |  | 676 |  |  |  | 4,281 |
Net (charge-offs) recoveries |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 288 |  |  |  | (15,526 | ) |  |  | (282 | ) |  |  | (3,390 | ) |  |  | (18,858 | )
Balance September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 94,941 |  |  | $ | 11,403 |  |  | $ | 71,732 |  |  | $ | 85,931 |  |  | $ | 81,684 |  |  | $ | 5,804 |  |  | $ | 351,495 |

22

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

The allowance for credit losses on loans as of September 30, 2024 totaled $354.4 million or 1.58% of total loans, including acquired loans with discounts, an increase of $22.0 million or 6.6% compared to the allowance for credit losses on loans totaling $332.4 million or 1.57% of total loans, including acquired loans with discounts, as of December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to the merger of Lone Star State Bancshares, Inc. (“Lone Star”) into Bancshares and the subsequent merger of its wholly owned subsidiary Lone Star State Bank of West Texas (“Lone Star Bank”) into the Bank (collectively, the “LSSB Merger”) on April 1, 2024.

There was no provision for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and a provision for credit losses of $9.1 million and $18.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As a result of the loans acquired in the LSSB Merger, the second quarter of 2024 included a $7.9 million provision for credit losses on loans and a $1.2 million provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures.

Net charge-offs were $5.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to net charge-offs of $3.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Net charge-offs for the three months ended September 30, 2024 included $1.4 million related to resolved PCD loans, which had specific reserves that were allocated to the charge-offs. Further, $5.0 million of reserves on resolved PCD loans without any related charge-offs was released to the general reserve.

Net charge-offs were $12.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with $18.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Net charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 included $3.3 million related to resolved PCD loans, which had specific reserves that were allocated to the charge-offs. Additionally, reserves on PCD loans increased by $26.1 million due to Day One accounting for PCD loans at the time of the LSSB Merger. Further, $13.9 million of reserves on resolved PCD loans was released to the general reserve.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which there is exposure to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, except when an obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance is adjusted by provisions for credit losses charged to earnings that increase the allowance, or by provision releases returned to earnings that decrease the allowance. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on the commitments expected to fund. The estimate of commitments expected to fund is affected by historical analysis of utilization rates. The expected credit loss rates applied to the commitments expected to fund are affected by the general valuation allowance utilized for outstanding balances with the same underlying assumptions and drivers. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $37.6 million and $36.5 million in allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures, respectively, with the increase due to the LSSB Merger. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is a separate line item on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had $1.85 billion in commitments expected to fund.

The following table represents a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 37,646 |  |  | $ | 36,503 |  |  | $ | 36,503 |  |  | $ | 29,947 |
Provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,143 |  |  |  | 6,556 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 37,646 |  |  | $ | 36,503 |  |  | $ | 37,646 |  |  | $ | 36,503 |

23

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty. The Company evaluates all restructurings, including restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, to determine whether they result in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. In accordance with ASC Topic 326, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses”, the Company only establishes a specific reserve for modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty when the loan is identified as impaired. The effect of most modifications of loans made to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance. The Company adjusts the terms of loans for certain borrowers when it believes such changes will help its customers manage their loan obligations and increase the collectability of the loans.

Modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty may include but are not limited to changes in committed loan amount, interest rate, amortization, note maturity, borrower, guarantor, collateral, forbearance, forgiveness of principal or interest, and other actions intended to minimize economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of collateral. The approval of modifications of loans for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are handled on a case-by-case basis.

The following table displays the amortized cost of loans that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, presented by category of loan and type of modification.

|  | Payment Delay |  |  | Term Extension |  |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  |  | Total |  |  | Percent of Total Class of Loans |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land development and other land loans |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,163 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,163 |  |  |  | 0.3 | %
Agriculture |  |  | — |  |  |  | 950 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 950 |  |  |  | 0.3 | %
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,113 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,113 |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,768 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,768 |  |  |  | 0.1 | %
Construction, land development and other land loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,163 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,163 |  |  |  | 0.3 | %
Agriculture |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,600 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,600 |  |  |  | 3.8 | %
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,531 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,531 |  |  |  | 0.1 | %

|  | Payment Delay |  |  | Term Extension |  |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  |  | Total |  |  | Percent of Total Class of Loans |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,639 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,639 |  |  |  | 0.2 | %
Commercial real estate (includes multi-family residential) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,922 |  |  |  | 6,922 |  |  |  | 0.1 | %
Agriculture |  |  | — |  |  |  | 419 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 419 |  |  |  | 0.2 | %
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,058 |  |  | $ | 6,922 |  |  | $ | 12,980 |  |  |  | 0.1 | %
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,639 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 5,931 |  |  |  | 0.2 | %
Construction, land development and other land loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,054 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,054 |  |  |  | 0.2 | %
Commercial real estate (includes multi-family residential) |  |  | 1,294 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,922 |  |  |  | 8,216 |  |  |  | 0.1 | %
Agriculture |  |  | — |  |  |  | 419 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 419 |  |  |  | 0.2 | %
Total |  | $ | 1,294 |  |  | $ | 12,112 |  |  | $ | 7,214 |  |  | $ | 20,620 |  |  |  | 0.1 | %

24

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

The following table describes the modifications made to the loans presented above to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Term Extension
Loan Type |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Commercial and industrial |  | ̶̶̶ |  | Short-term extensions; modification to a 7 year term
Construction, land development and other land loans |  | Short-term extension |  | Short-term extension
Agriculture |  | Modified to a 2 year term |  | Modified to a 2 year term

Payment Delay
Loan Type |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Commercial real estate (includes multi-family residential) |  | ̶̶̶ |  | Short-term principal deferral
Term Extension
Loan Type |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Commercial and industrial |  | Short-term extension |  | Short-term extension
Construction, land development and other land loans |  | ̶̶̶ |  | Short-term extension
Agriculture |  | Short-term extension |  | Short-term extension
Interest Rate Reduction
Loan Type |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Commercial and industrial |  | ̶̶̶ |  | Reduced contractual interest rate
Commercial real estate (includes multi-family residential) |  | Reduced contractual interest rate |  | Reduced contractual interest rate

The Company did not have any modified loans that defaulted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 that were modified during the prior trailing twelve months. Payment default is defined as movement to nonperforming status, foreclosure or charge-off, whichever occurs first.

6. FAIR VALUE

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and to determine fair value disclosures. Fair values represent the estimated price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability, otherwise known as an “exit price.” Securities available for sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” establishes a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

Fair Value Hierarchy

The Company groups financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:

•
Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•
Level 2—Other significant observable inputs (including quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities) or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
•
Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

25

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

The fair value of an asset or liability is the price that would be received to sell that asset or paid to transfer that liability in an orderly transaction occurring in the principal market (or most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market) for such asset or liability. In estimating fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that are consistent with the market approach, the income approach and/or the cost approach. Such valuation techniques are consistently applied. Inputs to valuation techniques include the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The fair value disclosures below represent the Company’s estimates based on relevant market information and information about the financial instruments. Fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding current economic conditions, risk characteristics of the various instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in the above methodologies and assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

The following tables present fair values for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

|  | As of September 30, 2024 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,282 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,282 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | — |  |  |  | 206,799 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 206,799 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 108,333 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 108,333 |
Derivative financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 276 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 276 |
Forward mortgage-backed securities trades |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27 |
Loan customer counterparty |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Financial institution counterparty |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,365 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,365 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Forward mortgage-backed securities trades |  |  | — |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 80 |
Loan customer counterparty |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,375 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,375 |
Financial institution counterparty |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

|  | As of December 31, 2023 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21,787 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21,787 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | — |  |  |  | 320,044 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 320,044 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 96,757 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 96,757 |
Derivative financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 218 |
Forward mortgage-backed securities trades |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
Loan customer counterparty |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Financial institution counterparty |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,876 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,876 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Forward mortgage-backed securities trades |  |  | — |  |  |  | 161 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 161 |
Loan customer counterparty |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,899 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,899 |
Financial institution counterparty |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

26

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). These instruments include other real estate owned, repossessed assets, held to maturity debt securities, loans held for sale and impaired loans, which are included as loans held for investment. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company had additions to other real estate owned of $3.1 million and $7.0 million, respectively, of which $2.8 million and $4.4 million, respectively, were outstanding as of September 30, 2024. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company had additions to impaired loans of $10.2 million and $39.1 million, respectively, of which $10.2 million and $33.1 million, respectively, were outstanding as of September 30, 2024. The remaining financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis that were recorded in 2024 and remained outstanding at September 30, 2024 were not significant.

The following tables present carrying and fair value information of financial instruments as of the dates indicated:

|  | As of September 30, 2024 |
|  | Carrying |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
|  | Amount |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 2,209,863 |  |  | $ | 2,209,863 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,209,863 |
Federal funds sold |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 208 |
Held to maturity securities |  |  | 10,969,342 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,964,060 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,964,060 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 6,113 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,113 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,113 |
Loans held for investment, net of allowance |  |  | 20,791,636 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19,152,919 |  |  |  | 19,152,919 |
Loans held for investment - Warehouse Purchase Program |  |  | 1,228,706 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,228,706 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,228,706 |
Other real estate owned |  |  | 5,757 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,757 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,757 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing |  | $ | 9,811,361 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,811,361 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,811,361 |
Interest-bearing |  |  | 18,276,250 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,258,729 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,258,729 |
Other borrowings |  |  | 3,900,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,896,912 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,896,912 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | 228,896 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 228,876 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 228,876 |

|  | As of December 31, 2023 |
|  | Carrying |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
|  | Amount |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 458,153 |  |  | $ | 458,153 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 458,153 |
Federal funds sold |  |  | 260 |  |  |  | 260 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 260 |
Held to maturity securities |  |  | 12,365,308 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,984,598 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,984,598 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 5,734 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,734 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,734 |
Loans held for investment, net of allowance |  |  | 20,020,197 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,321,054 |  |  |  | 18,321,054 |
Loans held for investment - Warehouse Purchase Program |  |  | 822,245 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 822,245 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 822,245 |
Other real estate owned |  |  | 1,708 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,708 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,708 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing |  | $ | 9,776,572 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,776,572 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,776,572 |
Interest-bearing |  |  | 17,403,237 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,371,523 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,371,523 |
Other borrowings |  |  | 3,725,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,725,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,725,000 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | 309,277 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 309,245 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 309,245 |

27

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

The following is a description of the fair value estimates, methods and assumptions that are used by the Company in estimating the fair values of financial instruments.

Loans held for sale— Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value. Fair value for consumer mortgages held for sale is based on commitments on hand from investors or prevailing market prices. As such, the Company classifies loans held for sale subjected to nonrecurring fair value adjustments as Level 2.

Loans held for investment— The Company does not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis. As such, valuation techniques discussed herein for loans are primarily for estimating fair value disclosures. The Company’s discounted cash flow calculation to determine fair value considers internal and market-based information such as prepayment risk, cost of funds and liquidity. From time to time, the Company records nonrecurring fair value adjustments to impaired loans to reflect (1) partial write-downs that are based on the observable market price or current appraised value of the collateral, or (2) the full charge-off of the loan carrying value. Where appraisals are not available, estimated cash flows are discounted using a rate commensurate with the credit risk associated with those cash flows. Assumptions regarding credit risk, cash flows and discount rates are judgmentally determined using available market information and specific borrower information.

The Company classifies the estimated fair value of loans held for investment as Level 3.

Other real estate owned— Other real estate owned is primarily foreclosed properties securing residential loans and commercial real estate loans. Foreclosed assets are adjusted to fair value less estimated costs to sell upon transfer of the loans to other real estate owned. Subsequently, these assets are carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Other real estate carried at fair value based on an observable market price or a current appraised value is classified by the Company as Level 2. When management determines that the fair value of other real estate requires additional adjustments, either as a result of a non-current appraisal or when there is no observable market price, the Company classifies the other real estate as Level 3.

The fair value estimates presented herein are based on information available to management at September 30, 2024. Although management is not aware of any factors that would significantly affect the estimated fair value amounts, such amounts have not been comprehensively revalued for purposes of these financial statements since those dates and, therefore, current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein.

7. GOODWILL AND CORE DEPOSIT INTANGIBLES

Changes in the carrying amount of the Company’s goodwill and core deposit intangibles for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023 were as follows:

|  | Goodwill |  |  | Core Deposit Intangibles |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 3,231,636 |  |  | $ | 51,348 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,676 | )
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |
First Bancshares merger |  |  | 164,450 |  |  |  | 25,322 |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 3,396,086 |  |  |  | 63,994 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,539 | )
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |
Measurement period adjustment of First Bancshares merger |  |  | 316 |  |  |  | — |
Lone Star State Bancshares merger |  |  | 107,986 |  |  |  | 17,723 |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 3,504,388 |  |  | $ | 70,178 |

28

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

Goodwill is recorded as of the acquisition date of each entity. The Company may record subsequent adjustments to goodwill for amounts undeterminable at acquisition date, such as deferred taxes and real estate valuations, and therefore the goodwill amounts may change accordingly. The Company initially records the total premium paid on acquisitions as goodwill. After finalizing the valuation, core deposit intangibles are identified and reclassified from goodwill to core deposit intangibles on the balance sheet. This reclassification has no effect on total assets, liabilities, shareholders’ equity, net income or cash flows. Management performs an evaluation annually, and more frequently if a triggering event occurs, of whether any impairment of the goodwill or core deposit intangibles has occurred. If any such impairment is determined, a write-down is recorded. As of September 30, 2024, there was no impairment recorded on goodwill and core deposit intangibles.

The measurement period for the Company to determine the fair value of acquired identifiable assets and assumed liabilities will be at the end of the earlier of (1) twelve months from the date of acquisition or (2) as soon as the Company receives the information it was seeking about facts and circumstances that existed as of the date of acquisition.

Core deposit intangibles are being amortized on a non-pro rata basis over their estimated lives, which the Company believes is between 10 and 15 years. Amortization expense related to intangible assets totaled $4.1 million and $3.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $11.5 million and $9.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The estimated aggregate future amortization expense for core deposit intangibles remaining as of September 30, 2024 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

Remaining 2024 |  | $ | 4,131 |
2025 |  |  | 14,441 |
2026 |  |  | 12,763 |
2027 |  |  | 11,262 |
2028 |  |  | 9,958 |
Thereafter |  |  | 17,623 |
Total |  | $ | 70,178 |

8. STOCK–BASED COMPENSATION

At September 30, 2024, Bancshares had one active stock-based incentive compensation plan with awards outstanding.

On March 3, 2020, Bancshares’ Board of Directors established the Prosperity Bancshares, Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”), which was approved by Bancshares' shareholders on April 21, 2020. The 2020 Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 2,500,000 shares of common stock upon the exercise of options or pursuant to the grant or exercise, as the case may be, of other awards granted under the 2020 Plan, including incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, shares of restricted stock and restricted stock units. As of September 30, 2024, 422,257 shares of restricted common stock have vested and 554,547 shares of unvested restricted stock have been issued under the 2020 Plan.

As of September 30, 2024, the Company had no stock options outstanding. Stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock was $3.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and $9.6 million and $9.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, there was $22.9 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock-based compensation arrangements. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.24 years.

29

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

9. CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND OFF-BALANCE SHEET ITEMS

Contractual Obligations

The Company’s contractual obligations and other commitments to make future payments (other than deposit obligations and securities sold under repurchase agreements) as of September 30, 2024 are summarized below.

Bank Term Funding Program

During the second quarter of 2023, the Bank began participating in the Federal Reserve’s Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”), which ceased extending new loans as of March 11, 2024. Under the BTFP program, eligible depository institutions could obtain loans of up to one year in length by pledging U.S. Treasuries, agency debt and mortgage-backed securities, and other qualifying assets as collateral. The pledged assets are valued at par totaling $4.03 billion at September 30, 2024. At September 30, 2024, the balance outstanding was $3.90 billion consisting of a one-term advance maturing in January 2025 with an interest rate of 4.76%, collateralized by the par value of pledged securities. The Company’s future cash payments associated with its contractual obligations pursuant to the BTFP as of September 30, 2024 are summarized below. The future interest payments were calculated using the current rate in effect at September 30, 2024. Payments under the BTFP include interest of $186.1 million that will be due over the future periods. These payments do not include prepayment options that may be available to the Company.

|  | 1 year or less |  |  | More than 1 year but less than 3 years |  |  | 3 years or more but less than 5 years |  |  | 5 years or more |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Bank Term Funding Program |  | $ | 4,086,149 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,086,149 |

Leases

The Company’s leases relate primarily to operating leases for office space and banking centers. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at inception. The Company’s leases have remaining lease terms of 1 to 15 years, which may include the option to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain for the Company to exercise that option. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental collateralized borrowing rate to determine the present value of lease payments. Short-term leases and leases with variable lease costs are immaterial and the Company has one sublease arrangement. Sublease income was $826 thousand and $816 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $2.5 million and $2.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities were approximately $35.5 million. ROU assets and lease liabilities were classified as other assets and other liabilities, respectively.

As of September 30, 2024, the weighted average of remaining lease terms of the Company’s operating leases was 5.9 years. The weighted average discount rate used to determine the lease liabilities as of September 30, 2024 for the Company’s operating leases was 3.0%. Cash paid for the Company’s operating leases was $2.9 million and $3.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was $8.7 million and $9.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company obtained $5.2 million in ROU assets in exchange for lease liabilities for three operating leases.

The Company’s future undiscounted cash payments associated with its operating leases as of September 30, 2024 are summarized below (dollars in thousands).

Remaining 2024 |  | $ | 2,668 |
2025 |  |  | 10,461 |
2026 |  |  | 9,334 |
2027 |  |  | 6,332 |
2028 |  |  | 3,355 |
2029 |  |  | 2,006 |
Thereafter |  |  | 10,495 |
Total undiscounted lease payments |  | $ | 44,651 |

30

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

Off-Balance Sheet Items

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into various transactions that, in accordance with GAAP, are not included in its consolidated balance sheets. The Company enters into these transactions to meet the financing needs of its customers. These transactions include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, which involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company’s commitments associated with outstanding standby letters of credit, unused capacity on Warehouse Purchase Program loans and commitments to extend credit expiring by period as of September 30, 2024 are summarized below. Since commitments associated with letters of credit, unused capacity on Warehouse Purchase Program loans and commitments to extend credit may expire unused, the amounts shown may not necessarily reflect the actual future cash funding requirements.

|  | 1 year or less |  |  | More than 1 year but less than 3 years |  |  | 3 years or more but less than 5 years |  |  | 5 years or more |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Standby letters of credit |  | $ | 71,344 |  |  | $ | 16,656 |  |  | $ | 2,045 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 90,071 |
Unused capacity on Warehouse Purchase Program loans |  |  | 752,452 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 752,452 |
Commitments to extend credit |  |  | 1,595,889 |  |  |  | 911,817 |  |  |  | 172,499 |  |  |  | 1,364,391 |  |  |  | 4,044,596 |
Total |  | $ | 2,419,685 |  |  | $ | 928,473 |  |  | $ | 174,544 |  |  | $ | 1,364,417 |  |  | $ | 4,887,119 |

The Company records an allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposure that is adjusted through a charge to provision for credit losses on the Company’s consolidated statement of income. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, this allowance, reported as a separate line item on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet, totaled $37.6 million and $36.5 million, respectively. The increase in the allowance was primarily due to the LSSB Merger.

10. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

The tax effects allocated to each component of other comprehensive income were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | Before Tax Amount |  |  | Tax Effect |  |  | Net of Tax Amount |  |  | Before Tax Amount |  |  | Tax Effect |  |  | Net of Tax Amount |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized gain during period |  | $ | 938 |  |  | $ | (197 | ) |  | $ | 741 |  |  | $ | 951 |  |  | $ | (200 | ) |  | $ | 751 |
Total securities available for sale |  |  | 938 |  |  |  | (197 | ) |  |  | 741 |  |  |  | 951 |  |  |  | (200 | ) |  |  | 751 |
Total other comprehensive income |  | $ | 938 |  |  | $ | (197 | ) |  | $ | 741 |  |  | $ | 951 |  |  | $ | (200 | ) |  | $ | 751 |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | Before Tax Amount |  |  | Tax Effect |  |  | Net of Tax Amount |  |  | Before Tax Amount |  |  | Tax Effect |  |  | Net of Tax Amount |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized gain during period |  | $ | 700 |  |  | $ | (147 | ) |  | $ | 553 |  |  | $ | 1,953 |  |  | $ | (410 | ) |  | $ | 1,543 |
Total securities available for sale |  |  | 700 |  |  |  | (147 | ) |  |  | 553 |  |  |  | 1,953 |  |  |  | (410 | ) |  |  | 1,543 |
Total other comprehensive income |  | $ | 700 |  |  | $ | (147 | ) |  | $ | 553 |  |  | $ | 1,953 |  |  | $ | (410 | ) |  | $ | 1,543 |

31

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

Activity in accumulated other comprehensive loss associated with securities available for sale, net of tax, was as follows:

|  | Securities Available for Sale |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | (1,398 | ) |  | $ | (1,398 | )
Other comprehensive income |  |  | 553 |  |  |  | 553 |
Balance at September 30, 2024 |  | $ | (845 | ) |  | $ | (845 | )
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | (3,473 | ) |  | $ | (3,473 | )
Other comprehensive income |  |  | 1,543 |  |  |  | 1,543 |
Balance at September 30, 2023 |  | $ | (1,930 | ) |  | $ | (1,930 | )

11. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The following table provides the outstanding notional balances and fair values of outstanding derivative positions at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

|  | September 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | Outstanding Notional Balance |  |  | Asset Derivative Fair Value |  |  | Liability Derivative Fair Value |  |  | Outstanding Notional Balance |  |  | Asset Derivative Fair Value |  |  | Liability Derivative Fair Value |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | $ | 12,625 |  |  |  | 276 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 7,113 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | — |
Forward mortgage-backed securities trades |  |  | 25,500 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 14,250 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 161 |
Commercial loan interest rate swaps and caps: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan customer counterparty |  |  | 53,465 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,375 |  |  |  | 67,408 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,899 |
Financial institution counterparty |  |  | 53,465 |  |  |  | 1,365 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 67,408 |  |  |  | 3,876 |  |  |  | — |

These financial instruments are not designated as hedging instruments and are used for asset and liability management and commercial customers’ financing needs. All derivatives are carried at fair value in either other assets or other liabilities, and all related cash flows are reported in the operating section of the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”) — In the normal course of business, the Company enters into interest rate lock commitments with consumers to originate mortgage loans at a specified interest rate. These commitments, which contain fixed expiration dates, offer the borrower an interest rate guarantee provided the loan meets underwriting guidelines and closes within the timeframe established by the Company.

Forward mortgage-backed securities trades — The Company manages the changes in fair value associated with changes in interest rates related to IRLCs by using forward sold commitments known as forward mortgage-backed securities trades. These instruments are typically entered into at the time the interest rate lock commitment is made.

Interest rate swaps and caps — These derivative positions relate to transactions in which the Company enters into an interest rate swap or cap with a customer, while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap or cap with another financial institution. An interest rate swap transaction allows the Company’s customer to effectively convert a variable rate loan to a fixed rate. In connection with each swap, the Company agrees to pay interest to the customer on a notional amount at a variable interest rate and receive interest from the customer on a similar notional amount at a fixed interest rate. At the same time, the Company agrees to pay another financial institution a similar fixed interest rate on the same notional amount and receive substantially the same variable interest rate on the same notional amount. In connection with each interest rate cap, the Company sells a cap to the customer and agrees to pay interest if the underlying index exceeds the strike price defined in the cap agreement. Simultaneously the Company purchases a cap with matching terms from another financial institution that agrees to pay the Company if the underlying index exceeds the strike price.

32

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

The commercial loan customer counterparty weighted average received and paid interest rates for interest rate swaps outstanding at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are presented in the following table.

|  | Weighted-Average Interest Rate |
|  | September 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | Received |  |  | Paid |  |  | Received |  |  | Paid |
Loan customer counterparty |  |  | 2.97 | % |  |  | 6.40 | % |  |  | 3.07 | % |  |  | 6.81 | %

The Company’s credit exposure on interest rate swaps is limited to the net favorable value of all swaps by each counterparty, which was approximately $905 thousand at September 30, 2024 and $3.9 million at December 31, 2023. This credit exposure is partly mitigated as transactions with customers are secured by the collateral, if any, securing the underlying transaction being hedged. The Company’s credit exposure, net of collateral pledged, relating to interest rate swaps with upstream financial institution counterparties was $155 thousand at September 30, 2024. A credit support annex is in place and allows the Company to call collateral from upstream financial institution counterparties. Collateral levels are monitored and adjusted on a regular basis for changes in interest rate swap values. The Company’s cash collateral pledged for interest rate swaps was zero at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The initial and subsequent changes in the fair value of IRLCs and the forward sales of mortgage-backed securities are recorded in net gain on sale of mortgage loans. These gains and losses were not attributable to instrument-specific credit risk. For interest rate swaps and caps, because the Company acts as an intermediary for its customer, changes in the fair value of the underlying derivative contracts substantially offset each other and do not have a material impact on its results of operations. Income (loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | (11 | ) |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 103 |
Forward mortgage-backed securities trades |  |  | (284 | ) |  |  | 510 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 668 |

12. ACQUISITIONS

Merger of Lone Star State Bancshares, Inc. — Effective April 1, 2024, the Company completed the merger of Lone Star into Bancshares and the subsequent merger of its wholly owned subsidiary Lone Star Bank into the Bank. Lone Star Bank operated five full-service banking offices in the West Texas area, including its main office in Lubbock, and one banking center in each of Brownfield, Midland, Odessa and Big Spring, Texas. As of March 31, 2024, Lone Star, on a consolidated basis, reported total assets of $1.38 billion, total loans of $1.08 billion and total deposits of $1.24 billion. The acquisition was not considered significant to the Company’s financial statements and therefore pro forma financial data and related disclosures are not included.

Pursuant to the terms of the definitive agreement, Bancshares issued 2,376,182 shares of its common stock plus approximately $64.1 million in cash for all outstanding shares of Lone Star. This resulted in goodwill of $108.0 million as of September 30, 2024, which does not include all the subsequent fair value adjustments that have not yet been finalized. Goodwill represents the excess of the total purchase price paid over the fair value of the assets acquired, net of the fair value of liabilities assumed. Additionally, the Company recognized $17.7 million of core deposit intangibles as of September 30, 2024. In October 2024, the Company completed the operational conversion of Lone Star Bank.

Merger of First Bancshares of Texas, Inc. — Effective May 1, 2023, the Company completed the merger of First Bancshares of Texas, Inc. (“First Bancshares”) into Bancshares and the subsequent merger of its wholly owned subsidiary, FirstCapital Bank of Texas, N.A. (“FirstCapital Bank”), into the Bank (collectively, the “FB Merger”). FirstCapital Bank operated 16 full-service banking offices in six different markets in West, North and Central Texas areas, including its main office in Midland, and banking offices in Midland, Lubbock, Amarillo, Wichita Falls, Burkburnett, Byers, Henrietta, Dallas, Horseshoe Bay, Marble Falls and Fredericksburg, Texas. As of March 31, 2023, First Bancshares, on a consolidated basis, reported total assets of $2.14 billion, total loans of $1.65 billion and total deposits of $1.71 billion. The acquisition was not considered significant to the Company’s financial statements and therefore pro forma financial data and related disclosures are not included.

33

PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC.® AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SEPTEMBER 30, 2024

(UNAUDITED)

Pursuant to the terms of the definitive agreement, Bancshares issued 3,583,370 shares of its common stock plus approximately $91.5 million in cash for all outstanding shares of First Bancshares. As of September 30, 2024, the Company recognized goodwill of $164.8 million, which was subject to all final subsequent fair value adjustments. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company completed the operational conversion of FirstCapital Bank.

34

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Special Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Statements and financial discussion and analysis contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q that are not statements of historical fact constitute forward-looking statements made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are based on assumptions and involve a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the Company’s control. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “believes,” “intends,” “expects,” “plans,” “will” and similar references to future periods. Many possible events or factors could affect the future financial results and performance of the Company and could cause such results or performance to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements. These possible events or factors include, but are not limited to:

•
changes in the strength of the United States economy in general and the strength of the local economies in which the Company conducts operations resulting in, among other things, a deterioration in credit quality or reduced demand for credit, including the result and effect on the Company’s loan portfolio and allowance for credit losses;
•
adverse developments in the banking industry highlighted by high-profile bank failures and the potential impact of such developments on customer confidence, the Company’s stock price, liquidity and regulatory responses to these developments (including increases in the cost of the Company’s deposit insurance assessments);
•
the Company’s ability to effectively manage its liquidity risk and the availability of capital and funding;
•
volatility in interest rates and market prices, which could reduce the Company’s net interest margins, asset valuations and expense expectations;
•
prolonged periods of high inflation and their effects on the Company’s business, profitability and stock price;
•
changes in the levels of loan prepayments and the resulting effects on the value of the Company’s loan portfolio;
•
changes in local economic and business conditions, including fluctuations in the price of oil, natural gas and other commodities, which adversely affect the Company’s customers and their ability to transact profitable business with the company, including the ability of the Company’s borrowers to repay their loans according to their terms or a change in the value of the related collateral;
•
the potential impacts of climate change;
•
increased competition for deposits and loans adversely affecting balances, rates and terms;
•
the timing, impact and other uncertainties of any future acquisitions and the Company’s ability to identify suitable future acquisition candidates, the success or failure in the integration of their operations, and the ability to enter new markets successfully and capitalize on growth opportunities;
•
the risk that the regulatory environment may not be conducive to or may prohibit the consummation of future mergers and/or business combinations, may increase the length of time and amount of resources required to consummate such transactions, and the potential to reduce anticipated benefits from such mergers or combinations;
•
the possible impairment of goodwill associated with an acquisition and possible adverse short-term effects on the results of operations;
•
increased credit risk in the Company’s assets and increased operating risk caused by a material change in commercial, consumer and/or real estate loans as a percentage of the total loan portfolio;
•
the concentration of the Company’s loan portfolio in loans collateralized by residential and commercial real estate;
•
the failure of assumptions underlying the establishment of and provisions made to the allowance for credit losses, including such assumptions related to potential or recent acquisitions;
•
changes in the availability of funds resulting in increased costs or reduced liquidity;
•
a deterioration or downgrade in the credit quality and credit agency ratings of the securities in the Company’s securities portfolio;
•
increased asset levels and changes in the composition of assets and the resulting impact on the Company’s capital levels and regulatory capital ratios;
•
the Company’s ability to acquire, operate and maintain cost effective and efficient systems without incurring unexpectedly difficult or expensive but necessary technological changes;

35

•
the loss of senior management or operating personnel and the potential inability to hire qualified personnel at reasonable compensation levels;
•
government intervention in the U.S. financial system;
•
changes in statutes and government regulations or their interpretations applicable to financial holding companies and the Company’s present and future banking and other subsidiaries, including changes in tax requirements and tax rates;
•
the effect of changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, as well as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the Financial Accounting Standards Board and other accounting standard setters;
•
the Company’s ability to identify and address cybersecurity risks such as data security breaches, malware, “denial of service” attacks, “hacking”, and identity theft, a failure of which could disrupt business and result in significant losses or adverse effects to the Company’s reputation;
•
poor performance by, or breach of the operational or security systems of, third-party vendors and other service providers;
•
exposure to potential losses in the event of fraud and/or theft, or in the event that a third-party vendor, obligor, or business partner fails to pay amounts due to the Company under that relationship or under any other arrangement;
•
the failure of analytical and forecasting models and tools used by the Company to estimate expected credit losses and to measure the fair value of financial instruments;
•
additional risks from new lines of businesses or new products and services;
•
risks related to potential claims, damages, penalties, fines and reputational damage resulting from pending or future litigation, regulatory proceedings or enforcement actions, including those related to cybersecurity breaches, intellectual property or fiduciary responsibilities;
•
the failure of the Company’s enterprise risk management framework to identify or address risks adequately;
•
potential risk of environmental liability associated with lending activities;
•
acts of terrorism, an outbreak of hostilities, or other international or domestic calamities, civil unrest, insurrections, other political, economic or diplomatic developments, including those caused by public health issues, outbreaks of diseases and pandemics, weather or other acts of God and other matters beyond the Company’s control; and
•
other risks and uncertainties described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, or in the Company’s other reports and documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

A forward-looking statement may include a statement of the assumptions or bases underlying the forward-looking statement. The Company believes it has chosen these assumptions or bases in good faith and that they are reasonable. However, the Company cautions that assumptions or bases almost always vary from actual results, and the differences between assumptions or bases and actual results can be material. Therefore, the Company cautions against placing undue reliance on its forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date the statements are made. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or otherwise revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations analyzes the major elements of the Company’s balance sheets and statements of income. This section should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in Part I, Item 1 of this report and with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and other detailed information appearing in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

OVERVIEW

Prosperity Bancshares, Inc., a Texas corporation (“Bancshares”), is a registered financial holding company that derives substantially all of its revenues and income from the operation of its bank subsidiary, Prosperity Bank (the “Bank,” and together with Bancshares, the “Company”). The Bank provides a wide array of financial products and services to businesses and consumers throughout Texas and Oklahoma. As of September 30, 2024, the Bank operated 287 full-service banking locations: 65 in the Houston area, including The Woodlands; 30 in the South Texas area including Corpus Christi and Victoria; 62 in the Dallas/Fort Worth area; 22 in the East Texas area; 31 in the Central Texas area including Austin and San Antonio; 43 in the West Texas area including Lubbock, Midland-Odessa, Abilene; Amarillo and Wichita Falls; 15 in the Bryan/College Station area, 6 in the Central Oklahoma area; 8 in the Tulsa, Oklahoma area and 5 in the West Texas area currently doing business as Lone Star Bank. The Company’s principal executive office is located at Prosperity Bank Plaza, 4295 San Felipe in Houston, Texas, and its telephone number is

36

(281) 269-7199. The Company’s website address is www.prosperitybankusa.com. Information contained on the Company’s website is not incorporated by reference into this quarterly report on Form 10-Q and is not part of this or any other report.

The Company generates the majority of its revenues from interest income on loans, service charges and fees on customer accounts and income from investment in securities. The revenues are partially offset by interest expense paid on deposits and other borrowings and noninterest expenses such as administrative and occupancy expenses. Net interest income is the difference between interest income on earning assets such as loans and securities and interest expense on liabilities such as deposits and borrowings which are used to fund those assets. Net interest income is the Company’s largest source of revenue. The level of interest rates and the volume and mix of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities impact net interest income and margin.

Three principal components of the Company’s growth strategy are internal growth, efficient operations and acquisitions, including strategic merger transactions. The Company focuses on continual internal growth. The Company maintains separate data with respect to each banking center’s net interest income, efficiency ratio, deposit growth and loan growth for purposes of measuring its overall profitability. The Company also focuses on maintaining efficiency and stringent cost control practices and policies. The Company has centralized many of its critical operations, such as data processing and loan processing. Management believes that this centralized infrastructure can accommodate substantial additional growth and achieve necessary controls while enabling the Company to minimize operational costs through certain economies of scale. The Company also intends to continue to seek expansion opportunities.

Total assets were $40.12 billion at September 30, 2024 compared with $38.55 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $1.57 billion or 4.1%. Total loans were $22.38 billion at September 30, 2024 compared with $21.18 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $1.20 billion or 5.7%. Total deposits were $28.09 billion at September 30, 2024 compared with $27.18 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $907.8 million or 3.3%. Total shareholders’ equity was $7.36 billion at September 30, 2024 compared with $7.08 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $281.9 million or 4.0%.

RECENT ACQUISITIONS

Merger of Lone Star State Bancshares, Inc. — Effective April 1, 2024, the Company completed the merger of Lone Star State Bancshares, Inc. (“Lone Star”) into Bancshares and the subsequent merger of its wholly owned subsidiary Lone Star State Bank of West Texas (“Lone Star Bank”), into the Bank (collectively, the “LSSB Merger”). Lone Star operated five full-service banking offices in the West Texas area, including its main office in Lubbock, and one banking center in each of Brownfield, Midland, Odessa and Big Spring, Texas. As of March 31, 2024, Lone Star, on a consolidated basis, reported total assets of $1.38 billion, total loans of $1.08 billion and total deposits of $1.24 billion.

Pursuant to the terms of the definitive agreement, Bancshares issued 2,376,182 shares of its common stock plus approximately $64.1 million in cash for all outstanding shares of Lone Star. This resulted in goodwill of $108.0 million as of September 30, 2024, which does not include all the subsequent fair value adjustments that have not yet been finalized. Goodwill represents the excess of the total purchase price paid over the fair value of the assets acquired, net of the fair value of liabilities assumed. Additionally, the Company recognized $17.7 million of core deposit intangibles as of September 30, 2024. In October 2024, the Company completed the operational conversion of Lone Star Bank.

Merger of First Bancshares of Texas, Inc. — Effective May 1, 2023, the Company completed the merger of First Bancshares of Texas, Inc. (“First Bancshares”) into Bancshares and the subsequent merger of its wholly owned subsidiary, FirstCapital Bank of Texas, N.A. (“FirstCapital Bank”), into the Bank (collectively, the “FB Merger”). FirstCapital Bank operated 16 full-service banking offices in six different markets in West, North and Central Texas areas, including its main office in Midland, Texas, and banking offices in Midland, Lubbock, Amarillo, Wichita Falls, Burkburnett, Byers, Henrietta, Dallas, Horseshoe Bay, Marble Falls and Fredericksburg, Texas. As of March 31, 2023, First Bancshares, on a consolidated basis, reported total assets of $2.14 billion, total loans of $1.65 billion and total deposits of $1.71 billion.

Pursuant to the terms of the definitive agreement, Bancshares issued 3,583,370 shares of its common stock plus approximately $91.5 million in cash for all outstanding shares of First Bancshares capital stock. As of September 30, 2024, the Company recognized goodwill of $164.8 million, which includes all the final subsequent fair value adjustments. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company completed the operational conversion of FirstCapital Bank.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to establish accounting policies and make estimates that affect amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. An accounting estimate requires assumptions and judgments about uncertain matters that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Estimates are made using

37

facts and circumstances known at a point in time. Changes in those facts and circumstances could produce results substantially different from those estimates. The Company’s accounting policies are described in detail in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company believes that of its significant accounting policies, the following may involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity:

Business Combinations—Generally, acquisitions are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations. A business combination occurs when the Company acquires net assets that constitute a business and obtains control over that business. Business combinations are effected through the transfer of consideration consisting of cash and/or common stock and are accounted for using the acquisition method. Accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the acquired business are recorded at their respective fair values at the acquisition date. Determining the fair value of assets and liabilities, especially the loan portfolio, is a process involving significant judgment regarding methods and assumptions used to calculate estimated fair values. Fair values are subject to refinement for up to one year after the closing date of the acquisition as information relative to closing date fair values becomes available. The results of operations of an acquired entity are included in the Company’s consolidated results from the acquisition date, and prior periods are not restated.

Allowance for Credit Losses— The allowance for credit losses is accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments which replaced the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology. CECL requires a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is an allowance available for losses on loans and held-to-maturity securities. The allowance for credit losses is adjusted through charges to earnings in the form of a provision for credit losses. All losses are charged to the allowance when the loss actually occurs or when a determination is made that such a loss is likely and can be reasonably estimated. Recoveries are credited to the allowance at the time of recovery.

The Company’s allowance for credit losses consists of two elements: (1) specific valuation allowances based on expected losses on impaired loans and certain purchased credit-deteriorated loans (“PCD”) loans; and (2) a general valuation allowance based on historical lifetime loan loss experience, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasted economic conditions and other qualitative risk factors both internal and external to the Company. Management has established an allowance for credit losses which it believes is adequate for estimated losses in the Company’s loan portfolio. Based on an evaluation of the portfolio, management presents a quarterly review of the allowance for credit losses to the Bank’s Board of Directors, indicating any change in the allowance since the last review and any recommendations as to adjustments in the allowance. In making its evaluation, management considers factors such as historical lifetime loan loss experience, the amount of nonperforming assets and related collateral, the volume, growth and composition of the portfolio, current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasted economic conditions that may affect borrower ability to pay and the value of collateral, the evaluation of the portfolio through its internal loan review process and other relevant factors. Portions of the allowance may be allocated for specific credits; however, the entire allowance is available for any credit that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off. Charge-offs occur when loans are deemed to be uncollectible. Pursuant to the Company's adoption of ASU 2022-02 effective January 1, 2023, the Company prospectively discontinued troubled debt restructurings accounting and no longer measures the economic concession for loan modifications occurring on or after the adoption date. In addition, modifications to loans previously designated as troubled debt restructurings that occur on or after January 1, 2023, are accounted for under ASU 2022-02 and result in the elimination of any prior economic concession recorded in the allowance related to such loans. For further discussion of the methodology used in the determination of the allowance for credit losses on loans, see “Accounting for Acquired Loans and the Allowance for Acquired Credit Losses” below and “Financial Condition—Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans” below.

Accounting for Acquired Loans and the Allowance for Acquired Credit Losses — The Company accounts for its acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the assets, including loans, and liabilities of the acquired entity are recorded at their fair values at the acquisition date. The fair value estimates associated with acquired loans, based on a discounted cash flow model, include estimates related to market interest rates and undiscounted projections of future cash flows that incorporate expectations of prepayments and the amount and timing of principal, interest and other cash flows, as well as any shortfalls thereof. For further discussion of the methodology used in the determination of the allowance for credit losses for acquired loans, see “Financial Condition—Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans” below. For further discussion of the Company’s acquisition and loan accounting, see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

For the quarter ended September 30, 2024, net income available to common shareholders was $127.3 million or $1.34 per diluted common share compared with $112.2 million or $1.20 per diluted common share for the same period in 2023. The change was

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primarily due to an increase in net interest income, partially offset by an increase in noninterest expense related to three months of Lone Star Bank operations. The Company posted annualized returns on average common equity of 6.93% and 6.39%, annualized returns on average assets of 1.28% and 1.13% and efficiency ratios of 46.87% and 48.74% for the quarters ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing total noninterest expense (excluding net gains and losses on the sale, write down or write up of assets and securities) by the sum of net interest income and noninterest income. Because the ratio is a measure of revenues and expenses resulting from the Company’s lending activities and fee-based banking services, net gains and losses on the sale, write-up or write-down of assets and securities are not included. Additionally, taxes are not part of this calculation.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net income available to common shareholders was $349.3 million or $3.68 per diluted common share compared with $323.8 million or $3.50 per diluted common share for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Net income and net income per diluted common share for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 were impacted by an increase in net interest income, a gain on Visa Class B-1 stock exchange net of investment securities sales of $11.2 million, lower merger related provision for credit losses and a decrease in merger related expenses, partially offset by a FDIC special assessment of $3.6 million and an increase in noninterest expenses related to six months of Lone Star Bank operations and nine months of FirstCapital Bank operations. The Company posted annualized returns on average common equity of 6.40% and 6.25%, annualized returns on average assets of 1.16% and 1.11% and efficiency ratios of 49.25% and 48.50% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Net Interest Income

The Company’s net interest income is affected by changes in the amount and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, referred to as a “volume change.” It is also affected by changes in yields earned on interest-earning assets and rates paid on interest-bearing deposits and other borrowed funds, referred to as a “rate change.”

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024

Net interest income before the provision for credit losses was $261.7 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $22.2 million or 9.3% compared with $239.5 million for the same period in 2023. The change was primarily due to an increase in the average balances and average rates on loans, an increase in the average balances on federal funds sold and other earning assets and a decrease in the average balances and rate on other borrowings, partially offset by a decrease in the average balances on investment securities and an increase in the average balances and rates on interest-bearing deposits.

Interest income on loans was $337.5 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $28.8 million or 9.3% compared with $308.7 million for the same period in 2023. The increase was due to an increase in both the average balances and average rates on loans.

Interest income on securities was $59.6 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, a decrease of $10.4 million or 14.8% compared with $70.0 million for the same period in 2023, primarily due to a decrease in the average balances on investment securities.

Average interest-bearing liabilities were $22.39 billion for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $408.7 million or 1.9% compared with $21.98 billion for the same period in 2023, primarily due to an increase in interest-earning deposits partially offset by a decrease in other borrowings and securities sold under repurchase agreements. The average rate on interest-bearing liabilities was 2.78% for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, an increase of 24 basis points compared with 2.54% for the same period in 2023.

The net interest margin on a tax-equivalent basis was 2.95% for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, an increase of 23 basis points compared with 2.72% for the same period in 2023. The change was primarily due to an increase in the average balances and average rates on loans, an increase in the average balances on federal funds sold and other earning assets and a decrease in the average balances and rate on other borrowings, partially offset by a decrease in the average balances on investment securities and an increase in the average balances and rates on interest-bearing deposits. The increases in the average balances on loans and deposits were primarily due to the LSSB Merger.

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

Net interest income before the provision for credit losses was $758.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $39.3 million or 5.5% compared with $719.5 million for the same period in 2023. The change was primarily due to an increase in the average balances and average rates on loans, an increase in the average balances and average rates on federal funds sold and other earning assets, an increase in loan discount accretion and a decrease in the average rates on other borrowings, partially

39

offset by a decrease in the average balances on investment securities and an increase in the average balances and rates on interest-bearing deposits.

Interest income on loans was $980.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $137.7 million or 16.3% compared with $842.4 million for the same period in 2023. The change was due to an increase in both the average balances and average rates on loans.

Interest income on securities was $188.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, a decrease of $26.8 million or 12.4% compared with $215.2 million for the same period in 2023, primarily due to a decrease in the average balances on investment securities.

Average interest-bearing liabilities were $22.59 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $1.05 billion or 4.9% compared with $21.55 billion for the same period in 2023, primarily due to an increase in interest-bearing deposits partially offset by a decrease in securities sold under repurchase agreements and other borrowings. The average rate on interest-bearing liabilities was 2.68% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of 52 basis points compared with 2.16% for the same period in 2023.

The net interest margin on a tax-equivalent basis was 2.86% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of 7 basis points compared with 2.79% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The change was primarily due to an increase in the average balances and average rates on loans, an increase in the average balances and average rates on federal funds sold and other earning assets, an increase in loan discount accretion and a decrease in the average rates on other borrowings, partially offset by a decrease in the average balances on investment securities and an increase in the average balances and rates on interest-bearing deposits. The increases in the average balances on loans and deposits were primarily due to the LSSB Merger and FB Merger.

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The following tables present, for the periods indicated, the total dollar amount of average balances, interest income from average interest-earning assets and the resultant yields, as well as the interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities and the resultant rates. Except as indicated in the footnotes, no tax-equivalent adjustments were made and all average balances are daily average balances. Any nonaccruing loans have been included in the tables as loans carrying a zero yield.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | Average Outstanding Balance |  |  | Interest Earned/Paid |  |  | Average Yield/Rate (1) |  |  | Average Outstanding Balance |  |  | Interest Earned/Paid |  |  | Average Yield/Rate (1) |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Earning Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale |  | $ | 7,913 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  |  | 6.89 | % |  | $ | 9,832 |  |  | $ | 162 |  |  |  | 6.54 | %
Loans held for investment |  |  | 21,107,139 |  |  |  | 316,939 |  |  |  | 5.97 | % |  |  | 20,496,075 |  |  |  | 290,566 |  |  |  | 5.62 | %
Loans held for investment - Warehouse Purchase Program |  |  | 1,114,681 |  |  |  | 20,375 |  |  |  | 7.27 | % |  |  | 972,936 |  |  |  | 17,950 |  |  |  | 7.32 | %
Total loans |  |  | 22,229,733 |  |  |  | 337,451 |  |  |  | 6.04 | % |  |  | 21,478,843 |  |  |  | 308,678 |  |  |  | 5.70 | %
Investment securities |  |  | 11,612,193 |  |  |  | 59,617 |  |  |  | 2.04 | % |  |  | 13,512,137 |  |  |  | 69,987 |  |  |  | 2.05 | %
Federal funds sold and other earning assets |  |  | 1,531,788 |  |  |  | 20,835 |  |  |  | 5.41 | % |  |  | 125,690 |  |  |  | 1,689 |  |  |  | 5.33 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  |  | 35,373,714 |  |  |  | 417,903 |  |  |  | 4.70 | % |  |  | 35,116,670 |  |  |  | 380,354 |  |  |  | 4.30 | %
Allowance for credit losses on loans |  |  | (358,237 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (343,967 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-earning assets |  |  | 4,873,725 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,829,336 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 39,889,202 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 39,602,039 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits |  | $ | 4,774,975 |  |  | $ | 9,251 |  |  |  | 0.77 | % |  | $ | 4,768,485 |  |  | $ | 5,182 |  |  |  | 0.43 | %
Savings and money market deposits |  |  | 8,908,315 |  |  |  | 49,824 |  |  |  | 2.23 | % |  |  | 8,977,824 |  |  |  | 44,446 |  |  |  | 1.96 | %
Certificates and other time deposits |  |  | 4,564,232 |  |  |  | 48,683 |  |  |  | 4.24 | % |  |  | 3,172,178 |  |  |  | 26,441 |  |  |  | 3.31 | %
Other borrowings |  |  | 3,900,000 |  |  |  | 46,792 |  |  |  | 4.77 | % |  |  | 4,671,449 |  |  |  | 62,190 |  |  |  | 5.28 | %
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | 242,813 |  |  |  | 1,662 |  |  |  | 2.72 | % |  |  | 389,149 |  |  |  | 2,533 |  |  |  | 2.58 | %
Subordinated debentures |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,578 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 5.85 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 22,390,335 |  |  |  | 156,212 |  |  |  | 2.78 | % |  |  | 21,981,663 |  |  |  | 140,830 |  |  |  | 2.54 | %
Noninterest-Bearing Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits |  |  | 9,680,785 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,269,162 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures |  |  | 37,646 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 36,504 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  |  | 433,171 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 290,217 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  |  | 32,541,937 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32,577,546 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders' equity |  |  | 7,347,265 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,024,493 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  | $ | 39,889,202 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 39,602,039 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.92 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.76 | %
Net interest income and margin (2) (3) |  |  |  |  | $ | 261,691 |  |  |  | 2.94 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | 239,524 |  |  |  | 2.71 | %
Net interest income and margin (tax equivalent) (4) |  |  |  |  | $ | 262,499 |  |  |  | 2.95 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | 240,524 |  |  |  | 2.72 | %

(1)
Annualized and based on average balances on an actual 366-day or 365-day basis for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.
(2)
Yield is based on amortized cost and does not include any component of unrealized gains or losses.
(3)
The net interest margin is equal to net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets.
(4)
In order to make pretax income and resultant yields on tax-exempt investments and loans comparable to those on taxable investments and loans, a tax-equivalent adjustment has been computed using a federal income tax rate of 21% and other applicable effective tax rates.

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|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | Average Outstanding Balance |  |  | Interest Earned/Paid |  |  | Average Yield/Rate (1) |  |  | Average Outstanding Balance |  |  | Interest Earned/Paid |  |  | Average Yield/Rate (1) |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Earning Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale |  | $ | 7,278 |  |  | $ | 378 |  |  |  | 6.94 | % |  | $ | 5,389 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  |  | 6.62 | %
Loans held for investment |  |  | 21,312,440 |  |  |  | 928,973 |  |  |  | 5.82 | % |  |  | 19,546,826 |  |  |  | 797,861 |  |  |  | 5.46 | %
Loans held for investment - Warehouse Purchase Program |  |  | 918,172 |  |  |  | 50,756 |  |  |  | 7.38 | % |  |  | 831,143 |  |  |  | 44,306 |  |  |  | 7.13 | %
Total loans |  |  | 22,237,890 |  |  |  | 980,107 |  |  |  | 5.89 | % |  |  | 20,383,358 |  |  |  | 842,434 |  |  |  | 5.53 | %
Investment securities |  |  | 12,161,391 |  |  |  | 188,466 |  |  |  | 2.07 | % |  |  | 13,937,483 |  |  |  | 215,225 |  |  |  | 2.06 | %
Federal funds sold and other earning assets |  |  | 1,153,335 |  |  |  | 44,195 |  |  |  | 5.12 | % |  |  | 290,275 |  |  |  | 10,452 |  |  |  | 4.81 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  |  | 35,552,616 |  |  |  | 1,212,768 |  |  |  | 4.56 | % |  |  | 34,611,116 |  |  |  | 1,068,111 |  |  |  | 4.13 | %
Allowance for credit losses on loans |  |  | (341,659 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (303,518 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-earning assets |  |  | 4,823,938 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,722,064 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 40,034,895 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 39,029,662 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits |  | $ | 4,947,514 |  |  | $ | 26,807 |  |  |  | 0.72 | % |  | $ | 5,260,463 |  |  | $ | 12,765 |  |  |  | 0.32 | %
Savings and money market deposits |  |  | 9,060,992 |  |  |  | 147,228 |  |  |  | 2.17 | % |  |  | 9,235,646 |  |  |  | 122,992 |  |  |  | 1.78 | %
Certificates and other time deposits |  |  | 4,356,700 |  |  |  | 132,539 |  |  |  | 4.06 | % |  |  | 2,627,402 |  |  |  | 51,619 |  |  |  | 2.63 | %
Other borrowings |  |  | 3,960,821 |  |  |  | 142,020 |  |  |  | 4.79 | % |  |  | 4,001,994 |  |  |  | 153,937 |  |  |  | 5.14 | %
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | 265,878 |  |  |  | 5,453 |  |  |  | 2.74 | % |  |  | 419,304 |  |  |  | 7,310 |  |  |  | 2.33 | %
Subordinated debentures |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,375 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 3.69 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 22,591,905 |  |  |  | 454,047 |  |  |  | 2.68 | % |  |  | 21,546,184 |  |  |  | 348,661 |  |  |  | 2.16 | %
Noninterest-Bearing Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits |  |  | 9,759,927 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,310,878 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures |  |  | 36,994 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32,181 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  |  | 372,060 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 232,903 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  |  | 32,760,886 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32,122,146 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders' equity |  |  | 7,274,009 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,907,516 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  | $ | 40,034,895 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 39,029,662 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.88 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.97 | %
Net interest income and margin (2) (3) |  |  |  |  | $ | 758,721 |  |  |  | 2.85 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | 719,450 |  |  |  | 2.78 | %
Net interest income and margin (tax equivalent) (4) |  |  |  |  | $ | 761,137 |  |  |  | 2.86 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | 722,316 |  |  |  | 2.79 | %

(1)
Annualized and based on average balances on an actual 366-day or 365-day basis for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.
(2)
Yield is based on amortized cost and does not include any component of unrealized gains or losses.
(3)
The net interest margin is equal to net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets.
(4)
In order to make pretax income and resultant yields on tax-exempt investments and loans comparable to those on taxable investments and loans, a tax-equivalent adjustment has been computed using a federal income tax rate of 21% and other applicable effective tax rates.

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The following table presents information regarding the dollar amount of changes in interest income and interest expense for the periods indicated for each major component of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and distinguishes between the changes attributable to changes in volume and changes in interest rates. For purposes of this table, changes in interest income and interest expense related to purchase accounting adjustments and changes attributable to both rate and volume which cannot be segregated have been allocated to rate.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2024 vs. 2023 |  |  | 2024 vs. 2023 |
|  | Increase |  |  |  |  |  | Increase |  |  |  |
|  | (Decrease) |  |  |  |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  |  |
|  | Due to Change in |  |  |  |  |  | Due to Change in |  |  |  |
|  | Volume |  |  | Rate |  |  | Total |  |  | Volume |  |  | Rate |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Interest-Earning Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale |  | $ | (32 | ) |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (25 | ) |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 111 |
Loans held for investment (1) |  |  | 8,639 |  |  |  | 17,734 |  |  |  | 26,373 |  |  |  | 72,135 |  |  |  | 58,977 |  |  |  | 131,112 |
Loans held for investment - Warehouse Purchase Program |  |  | 2,608 |  |  |  | (183 | ) |  |  | 2,425 |  |  |  | 4,644 |  |  |  | 1,806 |  |  |  | 6,450 |
Investment securities (1) |  |  | (9,814 | ) |  |  | (556 | ) |  |  | (10,370 | ) |  |  | (27,452 | ) |  |  | 693 |  |  |  | (26,759 | )
Federal funds sold and other earning assets |  |  | 18,843 |  |  |  | 303 |  |  |  | 19,146 |  |  |  | 31,105 |  |  |  | 2,638 |  |  |  | 33,743 |
Total increase in interest income |  |  | 20,244 |  |  |  | 17,305 |  |  |  | 37,549 |  |  |  | 80,526 |  |  |  | 64,131 |  |  |  | 144,657 |
Interest-Bearing Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 4,062 |  |  |  | 4,069 |  |  |  | (760 | ) |  |  | 14,802 |  |  |  | 14,042 |
Savings and money market deposits |  |  | (343 | ) |  |  | 5,721 |  |  |  | 5,378 |  |  |  | (2,328 | ) |  |  | 26,564 |  |  |  | 24,236 |
Certificates and other time deposits (1) |  |  | 11,571 |  |  |  | 10,671 |  |  |  | 22,242 |  |  |  | 34,006 |  |  |  | 46,914 |  |  |  | 80,920 |
Other borrowings |  |  | (10,242 | ) |  |  | (5,156 | ) |  |  | (15,398 | ) |  |  | (1,585 | ) |  |  | (10,332 | ) |  |  | (11,917 | )
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | (950 | ) |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | (871 | ) |  |  | (2,677 | ) |  |  | 820 |  |  |  | (1,857 | )
Subordinated debentures |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (38 | )
Total increase in interest expense |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 15,377 |  |  |  | 15,382 |  |  |  | 26,618 |  |  |  | 78,768 |  |  |  | 105,386 |
Increase (decrease) in net interest income |  | $ | 20,239 |  |  | $ | 1,928 |  |  | $ | 22,167 |  |  | $ | 53,908 |  |  | $ | (14,637 | ) |  | $ | 39,271 |

(1)
Includes impact of purchase accounting adjustments.

Provision for Credit Losses

Management actively monitors the Company’s asset quality and provides specific loss provisions when necessary. Provisions for credit losses are charged to income to bring the total allowance for credit losses on loans and off-balance sheet credit exposures to a level deemed appropriate by management of the Company based on such factors as historical lifetime credit loss experience, the amount of nonperforming loans and related collateral, the volume growth and composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasted economic conditions that may affect borrower ability to pay and the value of collateral, the evaluation of the loan portfolio through the internal loan review process and other relevant factors.

Loans are charged off against the allowance for credit losses when appropriate. Although management believes it uses the best information available to make determinations with respect to the provision for credit losses, future adjustments may be necessary if economic conditions differ from the assumptions used in making the initial determinations.

There was no provision for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. The provision for credit losses was $9.1 million and $18.5 million for nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As a result of the loans acquired in the LSSB Merger, the nine months ended September 30, 2024 included a $7.9 million provision for credit losses on loans and a $1.2 million provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures.

Net charge-offs were $5.5 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2024 compared with net charge-offs of $3.4 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2023. Net charge-offs for the three months ended September 30, 2024 included $1.4 million related to resolved PCD loans, which had specific reserves that were allocated to the charge-offs. Further, $5.0 million of reserves on resolved PCD loans without any related charge-offs was released to the general reserve.

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Net charge-offs were $12.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with $18.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Net charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 included $3.3 million related to resolved PCD loans, which had specific reserves that were allocated to the charge-offs. Additionally, reserves on PCD loans increased by $26.1 million due to Day One accounting for PCD loans at the time of the LSSB Merger. Further, $13.9 million of reserves on resolved PCD loans was released to the general reserve.

Noninterest Income

The Company’s primary sources of recurring noninterest income are credit, debit and ATM card income, nonsufficient funds fees and service charges on deposit accounts. Additionally, the Company generates recurring noninterest income from its various additional products and services, including trust services, mortgage lending, brokerage and independent sales organization sponsorship operations. Noninterest income does not include loan origination fees, which are recognized over the life of the related loan as an adjustment to yield using the interest method.

Noninterest income totaled $41.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared with $38.7 million for the same period in 2023, an increase of $2.4 million or 6.1%, primarily due to the increase in the net gain (loss) on sale or write-down of assets, partially offset by a decrease in other noninterest income. Noninterest income totaled $126.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with $116.7 million for the same period in 2023, an increase of $9.3 million or 7.9%, primarily due to a gain on Visa Class B-1 stock exchange net of investment securities sales and, an increase in trust income, partially offset by a decrease in other noninterest income.

The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the major categories of noninterest income:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Nonsufficient funds fees |  | $ | 9,016 |  |  | $ | 8,719 |  |  | $ | 25,457 |  |  | $ | 25,326 |
Credit card, debit card and ATM card income |  |  | 9,620 |  |  |  | 9,285 |  |  |  | 27,865 |  |  |  | 27,157 |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  | 6,664 |  |  |  | 6,262 |  |  |  | 19,506 |  |  |  | 18,266 |
Trust income |  |  | 3,479 |  |  |  | 3,326 |  |  |  | 11,236 |  |  |  | 9,909 |
Mortgage income |  |  | 962 |  |  |  | 857 |  |  |  | 2,317 |  |  |  | 1,756 |
Brokerage income |  |  | 1,258 |  |  |  | 1,067 |  |  |  | 3,679 |  |  |  | 3,216 |
Bank owned life insurance income |  |  | 2,028 |  |  |  | 1,864 |  |  |  | 5,960 |  |  |  | 4,771 |
Net gain (loss) on sale or write-down of assets |  |  | 3,178 |  |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | 2,240 |  |  |  | 2,070 |
Net gain on sale or write-up of securities |  |  | 224 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,245 |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | 4,670 |  |  |  | 7,408 |  |  |  | 16,467 |  |  |  | 24,226 |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 41,099 |  |  | $ | 38,743 |  |  | $ | 125,972 |  |  | $ | 116,697 |

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Noninterest Expense

Noninterest expense totaled $140.3 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2024 compared with $135.7 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $4.7 million or 3.5%, primarily due to an increase in salaries and benefits, an increase in credit and debit card, data processing and software amortization, and additional expenses related to three months of Lone Star Bank operations, partially offset by a decrease in merger related expenses. Noninterest expense totaled $429.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with $404.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $24.5 million or 6.1%, primarily due to a FDIC special assessment of $3.6 million, an increase in salaries and benefits and additional expenses related to six months of Lone Star Bank operations and nine months of FirstCapital Bank operations, partially offset by a decrease in merger related expenses.

The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the major categories of noninterest expense:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Salaries and employee benefits (1) |  | $ | 88,367 |  |  | $ | 85,423 |  |  | $ | 263,722 |  |  | $ | 247,944 |
Non-staff expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net occupancy and equipment |  |  | 9,291 |  |  |  | 9,464 |  |  |  | 26,829 |  |  |  | 26,424 |
Credit and debit card, data processing and software amortization |  |  | 11,985 |  |  |  | 10,919 |  |  |  | 34,958 |  |  |  | 30,829 |
Regulatory assessments and FDIC insurance |  |  | 5,726 |  |  |  | 5,155 |  |  |  | 21,581 |  |  |  | 15,225 |
Core deposit intangibles amortization |  |  | 4,146 |  |  |  | 3,576 |  |  |  | 11,539 |  |  |  | 9,117 |
Depreciation |  |  | 4,741 |  |  |  | 4,585 |  |  |  | 14,263 |  |  |  | 13,676 |
Communications (2) |  |  | 3,360 |  |  |  | 3,686 |  |  |  | 10,247 |  |  |  | 10,841 |
Net other real estate income (3) |  |  | (85 | ) |  |  | (581 | ) |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | (1,033 | )
Merger related expenses |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 1,104 |  |  |  | 4,444 |  |  |  | 14,855 |
Other |  |  | 12,744 |  |  |  | 12,326 |  |  |  | 41,381 |  |  |  | 36,649 |
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 140,338 |  |  | $ | 135,657 |  |  | $ | 429,028 |  |  | $ | 404,527 |

(1)
Includes stock-based compensation expense of $3.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and $9.6 million and $9.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(2)
Communications expense includes telephone, data circuits, postage and courier expenses.
(3)
Net other real estate income is comprised of rental expense, rental income and gains and losses on sales of real estate.

Income Taxes

The amount of federal and state income tax expense is influenced by the amount of pre-tax income, the amount of tax-exempt income and the amount of other nondeductible expenses. Income tax expense totaled $35.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared with $30.4 million for the same period in 2023, an increase of $4.8 million or 15.7%. Income tax expense totaled $97.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared with $89.2 million for the same period in 2023, an increase of $8.0 million or 9.0%. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was 21.6% and 21.3%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was 21.8% and 21.6%, respectively.

FINANCIAL CONDITION

Loan Portfolio

The Company separates its loan portfolio into two general categories of loans: (1) “originated loans,” which are loans originated by the Company and made pursuant to the Company’s loan policy and procedures in effect at the time the loan was made, and (2) “acquired loans,” which are loans acquired in a business combination and recorded at fair value at acquisition date. Those acquired loans that are renewed or substantially modified after the date of the business combination are referred to as “re-underwritten acquired loans.” If a renewal or substantial modification of an acquired loan is underwritten by the Company with a new credit analysis, the loan may no longer be categorized as an acquired loan. For example, acquired loans to one borrower may be combined into a new loan with a new loan number and categorized as an originated loan. Acquired loans with a fair value discount or premium at the date of the business combination that remained at the reporting date are referred to as “fair-valued acquired loans.” All fair-valued acquired loans are further categorized into PCD loans and “Non-PCD loans.” Acquired loans with evidence of credit quality deterioration as of the acquisition date when compared to the origination date are classified as PCD loans.

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The following tables summarize the Company’s originated and acquired loan portfolios broken out into originated loans, re-underwritten acquired loans, Non-PCD loans and PCD loans, as of the dates indicated.

|  | September 30, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  | Acquired Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Originated Loans |  |  | Re-Underwritten Acquired Loans |  |  | Non-PCD Loans |  |  | PCD Loans |  |  | Total Loans |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Residential mortgage loans held for sale |  | $ | 6,113 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,113 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 1,693,360 |  |  |  | 545,288 |  |  |  | 277,169 |  |  |  | 27,815 |  |  |  | 2,543,632 |
Warehouse purchase program |  |  | 1,228,706 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,228,706 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land development and other land loans |  |  | 2,435,349 |  |  |  | 154,679 |  |  |  | 100,993 |  |  |  | 123,500 |  |  |  | 2,814,521 |
1-4 family residential (includes home equity) |  |  | 7,559,213 |  |  |  | 201,119 |  |  |  | 704,308 |  |  |  | 6,781 |  |  |  | 8,471,421 |
Commercial real estate (includes multi-family residential) |  |  | 4,273,952 |  |  |  | 327,149 |  |  |  | 1,027,345 |  |  |  | 241,241 |  |  |  | 5,869,687 |
Farmland |  |  | 563,329 |  |  |  | 24,038 |  |  |  | 92,735 |  |  |  | 23,497 |  |  |  | 703,599 |
Agriculture |  |  | 194,122 |  |  |  | 29,018 |  |  |  | 68,983 |  |  |  | 37,502 |  |  |  | 329,625 |
Consumer and other |  |  | 374,543 |  |  |  | 26,828 |  |  |  | 12,130 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 413,548 |
Total loans held for investment |  |  | 18,322,574 |  |  |  | 1,308,119 |  |  |  | 2,283,663 |  |  |  | 460,383 |  |  |  | 22,374,739 |
Total |  | $ | 18,328,687 |  |  | $ | 1,308,119 |  |  | $ | 2,283,663 |  |  | $ | 460,383 |  |  | $ | 22,380,852 |

|  | December 31, 2023 |
|  |  |  |  | Acquired Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Originated Loans |  |  | Re-Underwritten Acquired Loans |  |  | Non-PCD Loans |  |  | PCD Loans |  |  | Total Loans |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Residential mortgage loans held for sale |  | $ | 5,734 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,734 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 1,499,739 |  |  |  | 540,360 |  |  |  | 195,509 |  |  |  | 69,432 |  |  |  | 2,305,040 |
Warehouse purchase program |  |  | 822,245 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 822,245 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land development and other land loans |  |  | 2,739,059 |  |  |  | 126,694 |  |  |  | 5,412 |  |  |  | 205,426 |  |  |  | 3,076,591 |
1-4 family residential (includes home equity) |  |  | 7,211,453 |  |  |  | 214,809 |  |  |  | 730,189 |  |  |  | 5,893 |  |  |  | 8,162,344 |
Commercial real estate (includes multi-family residential) |  |  | 4,262,288 |  |  |  | 338,200 |  |  |  | 834,922 |  |  |  | 227,538 |  |  |  | 5,662,948 |
Farmland |  |  | 560,440 |  |  |  | 8,516 |  |  |  | 18,706 |  |  |  | 11,236 |  |  |  | 598,898 |
Agriculture |  |  | 160,381 |  |  |  | 45,142 |  |  |  | 5,491 |  |  |  | 6,131 |  |  |  | 217,145 |
Consumer and other |  |  | 271,000 |  |  |  | 44,922 |  |  |  | 13,588 |  |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | 329,593 |
Total loans held for investment |  |  | 17,526,605 |  |  |  | 1,318,643 |  |  |  | 1,803,817 |  |  |  | 525,739 |  |  |  | 21,174,804 |
Total |  | $ | 17,532,339 |  |  | $ | 1,318,643 |  |  | $ | 1,803,817 |  |  | $ | 525,739 |  |  | $ | 21,180,538 |

At September 30, 2024, total loans were $22.38 billion, an increase of $1.20 billion or 5.7% compared with $21.18 billion at December 31, 2023. Loans at September 30, 2024 included $6.1 million of loans held for sale and $1.23 billion of Warehouse Purchase Program loans compared with $5.7 million of loans held for sale and $822.2 million of Warehouse Purchase Program loans at December 31, 2023. At September 30, 2024, loans represented 55.8% of total assets compared with 54.9% of total assets at December 31, 2023.

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The loan portfolio consists of various types of loans categorized by major type as follows:

(i) Commercial and Industrial Loans. In nearly all cases, the Company’s commercial loans are made in the Company’s market areas and are underwritten based on the borrower’s ability to service the debt from income. Working capital loans are primarily collateralized by short-term assets whereas term loans are primarily collateralized by long-term assets. As a general practice, term loans are secured by any available real estate, equipment or other assets owned by the borrower. Both working capital and term loans are typically supported by a personal guaranty of a principal. In general, commercial loans involve more credit risk than residential mortgage loans and commercial mortgage loans and, therefore, usually yield a higher return. The increased risk in commercial loans is due to the type of collateral securing these loans as well as the expectation that commercial loans generally will be serviced principally from the operations of the business, and those operations may not be successful. Historical trends have shown these types of loans to have higher delinquencies than mortgage loans. As a result of these additional complexities, variables and risks, commercial loans require more thorough underwriting and servicing than other types of loans.

Included in commercial and industrial loans are (1) commitments to oil and gas producers largely secured by proven, developed and producing reserves and (2) commitments to service, equipment and midstream companies secured mainly by accounts receivable, inventory and equipment. Mineral reserve values supporting commitments to producers are normally re-determined semi-annually using reserve studies prepared by a third-party or the Company’s oil and gas engineer. Accounts receivable and inventory borrowing bases for service companies are typically re-determined monthly. Funding requests by both producers and service companies are monitored relative to the most recently determined borrowing base.

(ii) Commercial Real Estate. The Company makes commercial real estate loans collateralized by owner-occupied and nonowner-occupied real estate to finance the purchase of real estate. The Company’s commercial real estate loans are collateralized by first liens on real estate, typically have variable interest rates (or five year or less fixed rates) and amortize over a 15- to 25-year period. Payments on loans secured by nonowner-occupied properties are often dependent on the successful operation or management of the properties. Accordingly, repayment of these loans may be subject to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy to a greater extent than other types of loans. The Company seeks to minimize these risks in a variety of ways, including giving careful consideration to the property’s operating history, future operating projections, current and projected occupancy, location and physical condition, in connection with underwriting these loans. The underwriting analysis also includes credit verification, analysis of global cash flow, appraisals and a review of the financial condition of the borrower and guarantor. Loans to hotels and restaurants are included in commercial real estate loans.

(iii) 1-4 Family Residential Loans. The Company’s lending activities also include the origination of 1-4 family residential mortgage loans (including home equity loans) collateralized by owner-occupied and nonowner-occupied residential properties located in the Company’s market areas. The Company offers a variety of mortgage loan portfolio products which generally are amortized over five to 30 years. Loans collateralized by 1-4 family residential real estate generally have been originated in amounts of no more than 89% of appraised value. The Company requires mortgage title insurance, as well as hazard, wind and/or flood insurance as appropriate. The Company prefers to retain residential mortgage loans for its own account rather than selling them into the secondary market. By doing so, the Company incurs interest rate risk as well as the risks associated with non-payments on such loans. The Company’s mortgage department also offers a variety of mortgage loan products which are generally amortized over 30 years, including FHA and VA loans, which are sold to secondary market investors.

(iv) Construction, Land Development and Other Land Loans. The Company makes loans to finance the construction of residential and nonresidential properties. Construction loans generally are collateralized by first liens on real estate and have variable interest rates. The Company conducts periodic inspections, either directly or through an agent, prior to approval of periodic draws on these loans. Underwriting guidelines similar to those described above are also used in the Company’s construction lending activities, with heightened analysis of construction and/or development costs. Construction loans involve additional risks attributable to the fact that loan funds are advanced upon the security of a project under construction, and the project is of uncertain value prior to its completion. Because of uncertainties inherent in estimating construction costs, the market value of the completed project and the effects of governmental regulation on real property, it can be difficult to accurately evaluate the total funds required to complete a project and the related loan to value ratio. As a result of these uncertainties, construction lending often involves the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment dependent, in part, on the success of the ultimate project rather than the ability of a borrower or guarantor to repay the loan. If the Company is forced to foreclose on a project prior to completion, the Company may not be able to recover all of the unpaid portion of the loan. In addition, the Company may be required to fund additional amounts to complete a project and may have to hold the property for an indeterminate period of time. Although the Company has underwriting procedures designed to identify what it believes to be acceptable levels of risks in construction lending, these procedures may not prevent losses from the risks described above.

47

(v) Warehouse Purchase Program. The Warehouse Purchase Program allows unaffiliated mortgage originators (“Clients”) to close 1-4 family real estate loans in their own name and manage their cash flow needs until the loans are sold to investors. The Company’s Clients are strategically targeted for their experienced management teams and analyzed for the expected profitability of each Client’s business model over the long term. The Clients are located across the U.S. and originate mortgage loans primarily through traditional retail and/or wholesale business models using underwriting standards as required by United States government-sponsored enterprise agencies, “Agencies” such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), private investors to which the mortgage loans are ultimately sold and/or mortgage insurers.

Although not subject to any legally binding commitment, when the Company makes a purchase decision, it acquires a 100% participation interest in the mortgage loans originated by its Clients. Individual mortgage loans are warehoused in the Company’s portfolio only for a short duration, averaging less than 30 days. When instructed by a Client that a warehoused loan has been sold to an investor, the Company delivers the note to the investor that pays the Company, which in turn remits the net sales proceeds to the Client.

(vi) Agriculture Loans. The Company provides agriculture loans for short-term livestock and crop production, including rice, cotton, milo and corn, farm equipment financing and agriculture real estate financing. The Company evaluates agriculture borrowers primarily based on their historical profitability, level of experience in their particular industry segment, overall financial capacity and the availability of secondary collateral to withstand economic and natural variations common to the industry. Because agriculture loans present a higher level of risk associated with events caused by nature, the Company routinely makes on-site visits and inspections in order to identify and monitor such risks.

(vii) Consumer Loans. Consumer loans made by the Company include direct “A”-credit automobile loans, recreational vehicle loans, boat loans, home improvement loans, personal loans (collateralized and uncollateralized) and deposit account collateralized loans. The terms of these loans typically range from 12 to 180 months and vary based upon the nature of collateral and size of loan. Generally, consumer loans entail greater risk than do real estate secured loans, particularly in the case of consumer loans that are unsecured or collateralized by rapidly depreciating assets such as automobiles. In such cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment for the outstanding loan balance. The remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower beyond obtaining a deficiency judgment. In addition, consumer loan collections are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability, and thus are more likely to be adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness, personal bankruptcy or death. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws may limit the amount which can be recovered on such loans.

The Company maintains an independent loan review department that reviews and validates the credit risk program on a periodic basis. Results of these reviews are presented to management. The loan review process complements and reinforces the risk identification and assessment decisions made by lenders and credit personnel, as well as the Company’s policies and procedures.

Nonperforming Assets

Nonperforming assets include loans on nonaccrual status, accruing loans 90 days or more past due, repossessed assets and real estate which has been acquired through foreclosure and is awaiting disposition. Nonperforming assets do not include PCD loans unless the loan has deteriorated since the acquisition date.

The Company generally places a loan on nonaccrual status and ceases accruing interest when the payment of principal or interest is delinquent for 90 days, or earlier in some cases, unless the loan is in the process of collection and the underlying collateral fully supports the carrying value of the loan. A loan may be returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future principal and interest amounts contractually due are reasonably assured, which is typically evidenced by a sustained period (at least six months) of repayment performance by the borrower.

Nonperforming assets increased $17.3 million to $89.9 million at September 30, 2024 compared with $72.7 million at December 31, 2023, with a significant portion of the balance for each period attributable to acquired loans.

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The following tables present information regarding nonperforming assets differentiated among originated loans, re-underwritten acquired loans, Non-PCD loans and PCD loans, as of the dates indicated:

|  | September 30, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  | Acquired Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Originated Loans |  |  | Re-Underwritten Acquired Loans |  |  | Non-PCD Loans |  |  | PCD Loans |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Nonaccrual loans (1)(2) |  | $ | 44,311 |  |  | $ | 3,558 |  |  | $ | 9,733 |  |  | $ | 26,367 |  |  | $ | 83,969 |
Accruing loans 90 or more days past due |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20 |
Total nonperforming loans |  |  | 44,331 |  |  |  | 3,558 |  |  |  | 9,733 |  |  |  | 26,367 |  |  |  | 83,989 |
Repossessed assets |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 177 |
Other real estate |  |  | 2,541 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,171 |  |  |  | 2,045 |  |  |  | 5,757 |
Total nonperforming assets |  | $ | 46,887 |  |  | $ | 3,558 |  |  | $ | 11,066 |  |  | $ | 28,412 |  |  | $ | 89,923 |
Nonperforming assets to total loans and other real estate |  |  | 0.26 | % |  |  | 0.27 | % |  |  | 0.48 | % |  |  | 6.14 | % |  |  | 0.40 | %
Nonperforming assets to total loans, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program loans, and other real estate |  |  | 0.27 | % |  |  | 0.27 | % |  |  | 0.48 | % |  |  | 6.14 | % |  |  | 0.43 | %
Nonaccrual loans to total loans |  |  | 0.24 | % |  |  | 0.27 | % |  |  | 0.43 | % |  |  | 5.73 | % |  |  | 0.38 | %
Nonaccrual loans to total loans, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program loans |  |  | 0.26 | % |  |  | 0.27 | % |  |  | 0.43 | % |  |  | 5.73 | % |  |  | 0.40 | %

|  | December 31, 2023 |
|  |  |  |  | Acquired Loans |  |  |  |
|  | Originated Loans |  |  | Re-Underwritten Acquired Loans |  |  | Non-PCD Loans |  |  | PCD Loans |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Nonaccrual loans (1)(2) |  | $ | 29,160 |  |  | $ | 2,612 |  |  | $ | 8,594 |  |  | $ | 28,322 |  |  | $ | 68,688 |
Accruing loans 90 or more days past due |  |  | — |  |  |  | 552 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 1,635 |  |  |  | 2,195 |
Total nonperforming loans |  |  | 29,160 |  |  |  | 3,164 |  |  |  | 8,602 |  |  |  | 29,957 |  |  |  | 70,883 |
Repossessed assets |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 76 |
Other real estate |  |  | 1,323 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 385 |  |  |  | 1,708 |
Total nonperforming assets |  | $ | 30,559 |  |  | $ | 3,164 |  |  | $ | 8,602 |  |  | $ | 30,342 |  |  | $ | 72,667 |
Nonperforming assets to total loans and other real estate |  |  | 0.17 | % |  |  | 0.24 | % |  |  | 0.48 | % |  |  | 5.77 | % |  |  | 0.34 | %
Nonperforming assets to total loans, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program loans, and other real estate |  |  | 0.18 | % |  |  | 0.24 | % |  |  | 0.48 | % |  |  | 5.77 | % |  |  | 0.36 | %
Nonaccrual loans to total loans |  |  | 0.17 | % |  |  | 0.20 | % |  |  | 0.48 | % |  |  | 5.39 | % |  |  | 0.32 | %
Nonaccrual loans to total loans, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program loans |  |  | 0.17 | % |  |  | 0.20 | % |  |  | 0.48 | % |  |  | 5.39 | % |  |  | 0.34 | %

(1)
ASU 2022-02 became effective for the Company on January 1, 2023.
(2)
There were no nonperforming Warehouse Purchase Program loans or Warehouse Purchase Program lines of credit for the periods presented.

Nonperforming assets were 0.40% of total loans and other real estate at September 30, 2024 and 0.34% of total loans and other real estate at December 31, 2023. The allowance for credit losses on loans as a percentage of total nonperforming loans was 422.0% at September 30, 2024 and 468.9% at December 31, 2023.

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Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The allowance for credit losses is adjusted through charges to earnings in the form of a provision for credit losses. Management has established an allowance for credit losses on loans which it believes is adequate as of September 30, 2024 for estimated losses in the Company’s loan portfolio. The amount of the allowance for credit losses on loans is affected by the following: (1) charge-offs of loans that occur when loans are deemed uncollectible and decrease the allowance, (2) recoveries on loans previously charged off that increase the allowance, (3) provisions for credit losses charged to earnings that increase the allowance, and (4) provision releases returned to earnings that decrease the allowance. Based on an evaluation of the loan portfolio and consideration of the factors listed below, management presents a quarterly review of the allowance for credit losses to the Bank’s Board of Directors, indicating any change in the allowance since the last review and any recommendations as to adjustments in the allowance. Although management believes it uses the best information available to make determinations with respect to the allowance for credit losses, future adjustments may be necessary if economic conditions or borrower performance differ from the assumptions used in making the initial determinations.

The Company’s allowance for credit losses on loans consists of two components: (1) a specific valuation allowance based on expected lifetime losses on specifically identified loans and (2) a general valuation allowance based on historical lifetime loan loss experience, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasted economic conditions and other qualitative risk factors both internal and external to the Company.

In setting the specific valuation allowance, the Company follows a loan review program to evaluate the credit risk in the total loan portfolio and assigns risk grades to each loan. Through this loan review process, the Company maintains an internal list of impaired loans which, along with the delinquency list of loans, helps management assess the overall quality of the loan portfolio and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. All loans that have been identified as impaired are reviewed on a quarterly basis in order to determine whether a specific reserve is required. For certain impaired loans, the Company allocates a specific loan loss reserve primarily based on the value of the collateral securing the impaired loan. The specific reserves are determined on an individual loan basis. Loans for which specific reserves are provided are excluded from the general valuation allowance described below.

In determining the amount of the general valuation allowance, management considers factors such as historical lifetime loan loss experience, concentration risk of specific loan types, the volume, growth and composition of the Company’s loan portfolio, current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasted economic conditions that may affect borrower ability to pay and the value of collateral, the evaluation of the Company’s loan portfolio through its internal loan review process, other qualitative risk factors both internal and external to the Company and other relevant factors. Historical lifetime loan loss experience is determined by utilizing an open-pool (“cumulative loss rate”) methodology. Adjustments to the historical lifetime loan loss experience are made for differences in current loan pool risk characteristics such as portfolio concentrations, delinquency, non-accrual, and watch list levels, as well as changes in current and forecasted economic conditions such as unemployment rates, property and collateral values, and other indices relating to economic activity. The utilization of reasonable and supportable forecasts includes an immediate reversion to lifetime historical loss rates. Based on a review of these factors for each loan type, the Company applies an estimated percentage to the outstanding balance of each loan type, excluding any loan that has a specific reserve. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.

A change in the allowance for credit losses can be attributable to several factors, most notably (1) specific reserves identified for impaired loans, (2) historical lifetime credit loss information, (3) changes in current and forecasted environmental factors and (4) growth in the balance of loans.

Changes in the Company’s asset quality are reflected in the allowance in several ways. Specific reserves that are calculated on a loan-by-loan basis and the qualitative assessment of all other loans reflect current changes in the credit quality of the loan portfolio. Historical lifetime credit losses, on the other hand, are based on an open-pool (“cumulative loss rate”) methodology, which is then applied to estimate lifetime credit losses in the loan portfolio. A deterioration in the credit quality of the loan portfolio in the current period would increase the historical lifetime loss rate to be applied in future periods, just as an improvement in credit quality would decrease the historical lifetime loss rate.

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The allowance for credit losses is further determined by the size of the loan portfolio subject to the allowance methodology and environmental factors that include Company-specific risk indicators and general economic conditions, both of which are constantly changing. The Company evaluates the economic and portfolio-specific factors on a quarterly basis to determine a qualitative component of the general valuation allowance. The factors include current economic metrics, reasonable and supportable forecasted economic metrics, business conditions, delinquency trends, credit concentrations, nature and volume of the portfolio and other adjustments for items not covered by specific reserves and historical lifetime loss experience. Management’s assessment of qualitative factors is a statistically based approach to determine the loss rate adjustment associated with such factors. Based on the Company’s actual historical lifetime loan loss experience relative to economic and loan portfolio-specific factors at the time the losses occurred, management is able to identify the expected level of lifetime losses as of the date of measurement. The correlation of historical loss experience with current and forecasted economic conditions provides an estimate of lifetime losses that has not been previously factored into the general valuation allowance by the determination of specific reserves and lifetime historical losses. Additionally, the Company considers qualitative factors not easily quantified and the possibility of model imprecision.

Utilizing the aggregation of specific reserves, historical loss experience and a qualitative component, management is able to determine the valuation allowance to reflect the full lifetime loss.

The Company accounts for its acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the assets, including loans, and liabilities of the acquired entity are recorded at their fair values at the acquisition date. These fair value estimates associated with acquired loans, and based on a discounted cash flow model, include estimates related to market interest rates and undiscounted projections of future cash flows that incorporate expectations of prepayments and the amount and timing of principal, interest and other cash flows, as well as any shortfalls thereof.

Non-PCD loans that were not deemed impaired subsequent to the acquisition date are considered non-impaired and are evaluated as part of the general valuation allowance.

Non-PCD loans that have deteriorated to an impaired status subsequent to acquisition are evaluated for a specific reserve on a quarterly basis which, when identified, is added to the allowance for credit losses. The Company reviews impaired Non-PCD loans on a loan-by-loan basis and determines the specific reserve based on the difference between the recorded investment in the loan and one of three factors: expected future cash flows, observable market price or fair value of the collateral. Because essentially all of the Company’s impaired Non-PCD loans have been collateral-dependent, the amount of the specific reserve historically has been determined by comparing the fair value of the collateral securing the Non-PCD loan with the recorded investment in such loan. In the future, the Company will continue to analyze impaired Non-PCD loans on a loan-by-loan basis and may use an alternative measurement method to determine the specific reserve, as appropriate and in accordance with applicable accounting standards.

PCD loans are monitored individually or on a pooled basis quarterly to assess for changes in expected cash flows subsequent to acquisition. If a deterioration in cash flows is identified, an increase to the PCD reserves for that individual loan or pool of loans is made. PCD loans were recorded at their acquisition date fair values, which were based on expected cash flows and considers estimates of expected future credit losses. The Company’s estimates of loan fair values at the acquisition date may be adjusted for a period of up to one year as the Company continues to evaluate its estimate of expected future cash flows at the acquisition date. If the Company determines that losses arose after the acquisition date, the additional losses will be reflected as a provision for credit losses. See “Critical Accounting Estimates” above for more information.

As described in the section captioned “Critical Accounting Estimates” above, the Company’s determination of the allowance for credit losses involves a high degree of judgment and complexity. The Company’s analysis of qualitative, or environmental, factors on pools of loans with common risk characteristics, in combination with the quantitative historical lifetime loss information and specific reserves, provides the Company with an estimate of lifetime losses. The allowance must reflect changes in the balance of loans subject to the allowance methodology, as well as the estimated lifetime losses associated with those loans.

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The following tables present, as of and for the periods indicated, information regarding the allowance for credit losses on loans differentiated between originated loans and acquired loans. Reported net charge-offs may include those from Non-PCD loans and PCD loans, but only if the total charge-off required is greater than the remaining discount.

|  | As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |
|  | Originated Loans |  |  | Acquired Loans |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Average loans outstanding |  | $ | 18,387,962 |  |  | $ | 3,849,928 |  |  | $ | 22,237,890 |
Gross loans outstanding at end of period |  | $ | 18,328,687 |  |  | $ | 4,052,165 |  |  | $ | 22,380,852 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans at beginning of period |  | $ | 222,413 |  |  | $ | 109,949 |  |  | $ | 332,362 |
Initial allowance on loans purchased with credit deterioration |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,078 |  |  |  | 26,078 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | 10,727 |  |  |  | (2,804 | ) |  |  | 7,923 |
Charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | (1,650 | ) |  |  | (6,633 | ) |  |  | (8,283 | )
Real estate and agriculture |  |  | (994 | ) |  |  | (2,267 | ) |  |  | (3,261 | )
Consumer and other |  |  | (4,395 | ) |  |  | (320 | ) |  |  | (4,715 | )
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 354 |  |  |  | 1,560 |  |  |  | 1,914 |
Real estate and agriculture |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 1,492 |  |  |  | 1,504 |
Consumer and other |  |  | 762 |  |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | 875 |
Net (charge-offs) recoveries(1) |  |  | (5,911 | ) |  |  | (6,055 | ) |  |  | (11,966 | )
Allowance for credit losses on loans at end of period |  | $ | 227,229 |  |  | $ | 127,168 |  |  | $ | 354,397 |
Ratio of allowance to end of period loans |  |  | 1.24 | % |  |  | 3.14 | % |  |  | 1.58 | %
Ratio of allowance to end of period loans, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program |  |  | 1.33 | % |  |  | 3.14 | % |  |  | 1.68 | %
Ratio of net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans (annualized) |  |  | 0.04 | % |  |  | 0.21 | % |  |  | 0.07 | %
Ratio of allowance to end of period nonperforming loans |  |  | 512.6 | % |  |  | 320.7 | % |  |  | 422.0 | %
Ratio of allowance to end of period nonaccrual loans |  |  | 512.8 | % |  |  | 320.7 | % |  |  | 422.1 | %

|  | As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |
|  | Originated Loans |  |  | Acquired Loans |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Average loans outstanding |  | $ | 16,955,872 |  |  | $ | 3,427,486 |  |  | $ | 20,383,358 |
Gross loans outstanding at end of period |  | $ | 17,517,008 |  |  | $ | 3,915,705 |  |  | $ | 21,432,713 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans at beginning of period |  | $ | 209,467 |  |  | $ | 72,109 |  |  | $ | 281,576 |
Initial allowance on loans purchased with credit deterioration |  |  | — |  |  |  | 76,793 |  |  |  | 76,793 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | 28,847 |  |  |  | (16,863 | ) |  |  | 11,984 |
Charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | (2,478 | ) |  |  | (725 | ) |  |  | (3,203 | )
Real estate and agriculture |  |  | (15,870 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,870 | )
Consumer and other |  |  | (4,012 | ) |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | (4,066 | )
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 1,636 |  |  |  | 1,285 |  |  |  | 2,921 |
Real estate and agriculture |  |  | 389 |  |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | 684 |
Consumer and other |  |  | 650 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 676 |
Net (charge-offs) recoveries(1) |  |  | (19,685 | ) |  |  | 827 |  |  |  | (18,858 | )
Allowance for credit losses on loans at end of period |  | $ | 218,629 |  |  | $ | 132,866 |  |  | $ | 351,495 |
Ratio of allowance to end of period loans |  |  | 1.25 | % |  |  | 3.39 | % |  |  | 1.64 | %
Ratio of allowance to end of period loans, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program |  |  | 1.32 | % |  |  | 3.39 | % |  |  | 1.71 | %
Ratio of net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans (annualized) |  |  | 0.15 | % |  |  | (0.03 | %) |  |  | 0.12 | %
Ratio of allowance to end of period nonperforming loans |  |  | 801.8 | % |  |  | 404.4 | % |  |  | 584.6 | %
Ratio of allowance to end of period nonaccrual loans |  |  | 813.6 | % |  |  | 404.4 | % |  |  | 588.5 | %

(1)
There was no net charge-off activity on Warehouse Purchase Program loans during the periods presented.

The Company had gross charge-offs on originated loans of $7.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Partially offsetting these charge-offs were recoveries on originated loans of $1.1 million. Gross charge-offs on acquired loans were $9.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Offsetting these charge-offs were recoveries on acquired loans of $3.2

52

million. Total charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 were $16.3 million, partially offset by total recoveries of $4.3 million.

The following table shows the allocation of the net charge-offs among various categories of loans as of the dates indicated.

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30 |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | Amount |  |  | Ratio of Net Charge-offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans (Annualized) |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio of Net Charge-offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans (Annualized) |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Balance of net (charge-offs) recoveries applicable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | (6,369 | ) |  |  | 0.04 | % |  | $ | (282 | ) |  |  | 0.00 | %
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land development and other land loans |  |  | (485 | ) |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | 0.00 | %
1-4 family residential (including home equity) |  |  | (1,291 | ) |  |  | 0.01 | % |  |  | 288 |  |  |  | 0.00 | %
Commercial real estate (including multi-family residential) |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | (15,526 | ) |  |  | 0.10 | %
Agriculture (includes farmland) |  |  | (121 | ) |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 0.00 | %
Consumer and other |  |  | (3,840 | ) |  |  | 0.02 | % |  |  | (3,390 | ) |  |  | 0.02 | %
Total net (charge-offs) recoveries |  | $ | (11,966 | ) |  |  | 0.07 | % |  | $ | (18,858 | ) |  |  | 0.12 | %

The following tables show the allocation of the allowance for credit losses on loans among various categories of loans disaggregated between originated loans, re-underwritten acquired loans, Non-PCD loans and PCD loans at the dates indicated. The allocation is made for analytical purposes and is not necessarily indicative of the categories in which future losses may occur. The total allowance is available to absorb losses from any loan category, regardless of whether allocated to an originated loan or an acquired loan.

|  | September 30, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  | Acquired Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Originated Loans |  |  | Re-Underwritten Acquired Loans |  |  | Non-PCD Loans |  |  | PCD Loans |  |  | Total Allowance |  |  | Percent of Loans to Total Loans(1) |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Balance of allowance for credit losses on loans applicable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 34,746 |  |  | $ | 17,816 |  |  | $ | 6,179 |  |  | $ | 5,846 |  |  | $ | 64,587 |  |  |  | 12.0 | %
Real estate |  |  | 176,591 |  |  |  | 10,016 |  |  |  | 19,987 |  |  |  | 45,442 |  |  |  | 252,036 |  |  |  | 81.1 | %
Agriculture and agriculture real estate |  |  | 8,315 |  |  |  | 851 |  |  |  | 2,261 |  |  |  | 17,718 |  |  |  | 29,145 |  |  |  | 4.9 | %
Consumer and other |  |  | 7,577 |  |  |  | 860 |  |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 8,629 |  |  |  | 2.0 | %
Total allowance for credit losses on loans |  | $ | 227,229 |  |  | $ | 29,543 |  |  | $ | 28,604 |  |  | $ | 69,021 |  |  | $ | 354,397 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

|  | December 31, 2023 |
|  |  |  |  | Acquired Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Originated Loans |  |  | Re-Underwritten Acquired Loans |  |  | Non-PCD Loans |  |  | PCD Loans |  |  | Total Allowance |  |  | Percent of Loans to Total Loans(1) |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Balance of allowance for credit losses on loans applicable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 27,948 |  |  | $ | 18,211 |  |  | $ | 5,340 |  |  | $ | 8,333 |  |  | $ | 59,832 |  |  |  | 11.3 | %
Real estate |  |  | 181,358 |  |  |  | 9,239 |  |  |  | 16,511 |  |  |  | 46,983 |  |  |  | 254,091 |  |  |  | 83.1 | %
Agriculture and agriculture real estate |  |  | 7,750 |  |  |  | 1,037 |  |  |  | 256 |  |  |  | 2,337 |  |  |  | 11,380 |  |  |  | 4.0 | %
Consumer and other |  |  | 5,357 |  |  |  | 1,465 |  |  |  | 217 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 7,059 |  |  |  | 1.6 | %
Total allowance for credit losses on loans |  | $ | 222,413 |  |  | $ | 29,952 |  |  | $ | 22,324 |  |  | $ | 57,673 |  |  | $ | 332,362 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1)
Loans outstanding as of a percentage of total loans, excluding Warehouse Purchase Program loans.

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The allowance for credit losses on loans totaled $354.4 million at September 30, 2024 compared with $332.4 million at December 31, 2023, an increase of $22.0 million or 6.6%, primarily due to the LSSB Merger. The allowance for credit losses on loans totaled 1.58% of total loans at September 30, 2024 and 1.57% of total loans at December 31, 2023.

At September 30, 2024, $227.2 million of the allowance for credit losses on loans was attributable to originated loans, an increase of $4.8 million or 2.2% compared with $222.4 million of the allowance at December 31, 2023. At September 30, 2024, $29.5 million of the allowance for credit losses on loans was attributable to re-underwritten acquired loans compared with $30.0 million of the allowance at December 31, 2023, a decrease of $409 thousand or 1.4%. At September 30, 2024, $28.6 million of the allowance for credit losses on loans was attributable to Non-PCD loans compared with $22.3 million of the allowance at December 31, 2023, an increase of $6.3 million or 28.1%. At September 30, 2024, $69.0 million of the allowance for credit losses on loans was attributable to PCD loans compared with $57.7 million of the allowance at December 31, 2023, an increase of $11.3 million or 19.7%.

At September 30, 2024, the Company had $38.9 million of total outstanding accretable discounts on Non-PCD loans and PCD loans. The Company believes that the allowance for credit losses on loans at September 30, 2024 is adequate to absorb expected lifetime losses that may be realized from the loan portfolio as of such date. Nevertheless, the Company could sustain losses in future periods which could be substantial in relation to the size of the allowance at September 30, 2024.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which there is exposure to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, except when an obligation is unconditionally cancelable by the Company. The allowance is adjusted by provisions for credit losses charged to earnings that increase the allowance, or by provision releases returned to earnings that decrease the allowance. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on the commitments expected to fund. The estimate of commitments expected to fund is affected by historical analysis of utilization rates. The expected credit loss rates applied to the commitments expected to fund are affected by the general valuation allowance utilized for outstanding balances with the same underlying assumptions and drivers. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $37.6 million and $36.5 million, respectively, in allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures, with the increase due to the LSSB Merger. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is a separate line item on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

The following table represents a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures as of the dates indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 37,646 |  |  | $ | 36,503 |  |  | $ | 36,503 |  |  | $ | 29,947 |
Provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,143 |  |  |  | 6,556 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 37,646 |  |  | $ | 36,503 |  |  | $ | 37,646 |  |  | $ | 36,503 |

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Securities

The carrying cost of securities totaled $11.30 billion at September 30, 2024 compared with $12.80 billion at December 31, 2023, a decrease of $1.50 billion or 11.7%. At September 30, 2024, securities represented 28.2% of total assets compared with 33.2% of total assets at December 31, 2023.

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities were as follows:

|  | September 30, 2024 |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities |  | $ | 14,350 |  |  | $ | 1,982 |  |  | $ | (50 | ) |  | $ | 16,282 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 208,902 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | (2,125 | ) |  |  | 206,799 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 109,232 |  |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | (996 | ) |  |  | 108,333 |
Total |  | $ | 332,484 |  |  | $ | 2,101 |  |  | $ | (3,171 | ) |  | $ | 331,414 |
Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies |  | $ | 7,810 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 7,824 |
States and political subdivisions |  |  | 93,657 |  |  |  | 736 |  |  |  | (1,969 | ) |  |  | 92,424 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 12,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,600 | ) |  |  | 8,400 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 240,087 |  |  |  | 425 |  |  |  | (14,323 | ) |  |  | 226,189 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 10,615,788 |  |  |  | 5,721 |  |  |  | (992,286 | ) |  |  | 9,629,223 |
Total |  | $ | 10,969,342 |  |  | $ | 6,899 |  |  | $ | (1,012,181 | ) |  | $ | 9,964,060 |

|  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Available for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities |  | $ | 20,698 |  |  | $ | 1,827 |  |  | $ | (738 | ) |  | $ | 21,787 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 321,881 |  |  |  | 967 |  |  |  | (2,804 | ) |  |  | 320,044 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 97,779 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | (1,118 | ) |  |  | 96,757 |
Total |  | $ | 440,358 |  |  | $ | 2,890 |  |  | $ | (4,660 | ) |  | $ | 438,588 |
Held to Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government agencies |  | $ | 7,631 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (52 | ) |  | $ | 7,579 |
States and political subdivisions |  |  | 116,497 |  |  |  | 1,864 |  |  |  | (2,306 | ) |  |  | 116,055 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 12,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,200 | ) |  |  | 7,800 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 263,250 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (20,864 | ) |  |  | 242,386 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 11,965,930 |  |  |  | 2,131 |  |  |  | (1,357,283 | ) |  |  | 10,610,778 |
Total |  | $ | 12,365,308 |  |  | $ | 3,995 |  |  | $ | (1,384,705 | ) |  | $ | 10,984,598 |

The investment securities portfolio is measured for expected credit losses by segregating the portfolio into two general classifications and applying the appropriate expected credit losses methodology. Investment securities classified as available for sale or held to maturity are evaluated for expected credit losses under FASB ASC 326, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses.”

Available for sale securities. For available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position, the amount of the expected credit losses recognized in earnings depends on whether an entity intends to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss. If an entity intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the expected credit losses will be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. If an entity does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period loss, the expected credit losses will be separated into the amount representing the credit-related portion of the impairment loss (“credit loss”) and the noncredit portion of the impairment loss (“noncredit portion”). The amount of the total expected credit losses related to the credit loss is determined based on the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis, and such difference is recognized in earnings. The amount of the total expected credit losses related to the noncredit portion is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. The previous amortized cost basis less the expected credit losses recognized in earnings will become the new amortized cost basis of the investment.

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As of September 30, 2024, management does not have the intent to sell any of the securities classified as available for sale before a recovery of cost. In addition, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell any of its investment securities before a recovery of cost. The unrealized losses are largely due to changes in market interest rates and spread relationships since the time the underlying securities were purchased. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. Management does not believe any of the securities are impaired due to reasons of credit quality. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2024, management believes that there is no potential for credit losses on available for sale securities.

Held to maturity securities. The Company’s held to maturity investments include mortgage-related bonds issued by either the Government National Mortgage Corporation (“Ginnie Mae”), Fannie Mae or Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”). Ginnie Mae issued securities are explicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, while Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac issued securities are fully guaranteed by those respective United States government-sponsored agencies, and conditionally guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the United States. The Company’s held to maturity securities also include taxable and tax-exempt municipal securities issued primarily by school districts, utility districts and municipalities located in Texas. The Company’s investment in municipal securities is exposed to credit risk. The securities are highly rated by major rating agencies and regularly reviewed by management. A significant portion are guaranteed or insured by either the Texas Permanent School Fund, Assured Guaranty or Build America Mutual. As of September 30, 2024 the Company’s municipal securities represent 0.8% of the securities portfolio. Management has the ability and intent to hold the securities classified as held to maturity until they mature, at which time the Company will receive full value for the securities. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2024, management believes that there is no potential for material credit losses on held to maturity securities.

Visa Class B-1 Stock Exchange. During the second quarter of 2024, the Bank tendered all of its shares of Visa Class B-1 common stock in exchange for a combination of Visa Class B-2 common stock and Visa Class C common stock, pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of the public offering of Visa to exchange its Class B-1 common stock for a combination of shares of its Class B-2 common stock and Class C common stock, which expired on May 3, 2024. The Company recorded a gain of $20.6 million during the second quarter of 2024 based on the conversion privilege of the Class C common stock and the closing price of Visa Class A common stock. In the exchange, the Bank received 48,492 shares of Class B-2 stock, recorded at zero cost basis, and 19,245 shares of Class C common stock and has subsequently sold all shares of Class C stock.

Deposits

Total deposits were $28.09 billion at September 30, 2024 compared with $27.18 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $907.8 million or 3.3%. Total noninterest-bearing deposits were $9.81 billion at September 30, 2024 compared with $9.78 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $34.8 million or 0.4%. Interest-bearing deposits were $18.28 billion at September 30, 2024 compared with $17.40 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $873.0 million or 5.0%. The increases were primarily due to the LSSB Merger.

Average deposits for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 were $28.13 billion, an increase of $690.7 million or 2.5% compared with $27.43 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The ratio of average interest-bearing deposits to total average deposits was 65.3% and 62.4% during the first nine months of 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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The following table summarizes the daily average balances and weighted average rates paid on deposits for the periods indicated below:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | Average Balance |  |  | Average Rate (1) |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Average Rate (1) |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Interest-bearing demand deposits |  | $ | 4,947,514 |  |  |  | 0.72 | % |  | $ | 5,260,463 |  |  |  | 0.32 | %
Regular savings |  |  | 2,807,004 |  |  |  | 0.71 | % |  |  | 3,241,991 |  |  |  | 0.70 | %
Money market savings |  |  | 6,253,988 |  |  |  | 2.83 | % |  |  | 5,993,655 |  |  |  | 2.36 | %
Certificates, IRAs and other time deposits |  |  | 4,356,700 |  |  |  | 4.06 | % |  |  | 2,627,402 |  |  |  | 2.63 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 18,365,206 |  |  |  | 2.23 | % |  |  | 17,123,511 |  |  |  | 1.46 | %
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits |  |  | 9,759,927 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,310,878 |  |  |  |
Total deposits |  | $ | 28,125,133 |  |  |  | 1.46 | % |  | $ | 27,434,389 |  |  |  | 0.91 | %

(1)
Annualized and based on average balances on an actual 366-day or 365-day basis for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Other Borrowings

The following table presents the Company’s borrowings as of the dates indicated:

|  | September 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Bank Term Funding Program |  | $ | 3,900,000 |  |  | $ | 3,725,000 |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | 228,896 |  |  |  | 309,277 |
Total |  | $ | 4,128,896 |  |  | $ | 4,034,277 |

Bank Term Funding Program— During the second quarter of 2023, the Bank began participating in the Federal Reserve’s Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”), which ceased extending new loans as of March 11, 2024. Under the BTFP program, eligible depository institutions could obtain loans of up to one year in length by pledging U.S. Treasuries, agency debt and mortgage-backed securities, and other qualifying assets as collateral. The pledged assets are valued at par totaling $4.03 billion at September 30, 2024. At September 30, 2024, the balance outstanding was $3.90 billion consisting of a one-term advance maturing in January 2025 with an interest rate of 4.76%, collateralized by the par value of pledged securities.

FHLB advances and long-term notes payable— The Company has an available line of credit with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas (“FHLB”), which allows the Company to borrow on a collateralized basis. The Company’s FHLB advances are typically considered short-term borrowings and are used to manage liquidity as needed. Maturing advances are replaced by drawing on available cash, making additional borrowings or through increased customer deposits. At September 30, 2024, the Company had total borrowing capacity of $8.13 billion under this line. At September 30, 2024, the Company had no FHLB advances or long-term notes payable balance outstanding.

Securities sold under repurchase agreements— At September 30, 2024, the Company had $228.9 million in securities sold under repurchase agreements with banking customers compared with $309.3 million at December 31, 2023, a decrease of $80.4 million or 26.0%. Repurchase agreements are generally settled on the following business day; however, approximately $3.0 million of the repurchase agreements outstanding at September 30, 2024 have maturity dates ranging from 12 to 24 months. All securities sold under repurchase agreements are collateralized by certain pledged securities.

Liquidity

Liquidity involves the Company’s ability to raise funds to support asset growth and acquisitions or reduce assets to meet deposit withdrawals and other payment obligations, to maintain reserve requirements and otherwise to operate the Company on an ongoing basis and manage unexpected events. The Company’s largest source of funds is deposits and its largest use of funds is loans. The Company does not expect a change in the source or use of its funds in the future. Although access to purchased funds from correspondent banks is available and has been utilized on occasion to take advantage of investment opportunities, the Company does not generally rely on this external funding source. The cash and federal funds sold position, supplemented by amortizing investment and loan portfolios, has generally created an adequate liquidity position.

As of September 30, 2024, the Company had outstanding $4.04 billion in commitments to extend credit, $90.1 million in commitments associated with outstanding standby letters of credit and $752.5 million in commitments associated with unused

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capacity on Warehouse Purchase Program loans. Since commitments associated with letters of credit, unused capacity on Warehouse Purchase Program loans and commitments to extend credit may expire unused, the total outstanding may not necessarily reflect the actual future cash funding requirements.

The Company has no exposure to future cash requirements associated with known uncertainties or capital expenditures of a material nature.

Asset liquidity is provided by cash and assets which are readily marketable or which will mature in the near future. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $2.21 billion compared with $458.4 million at December 31, 2023, an increase of $1.75 billion or 382.1%. The increase was primarily due to net proceeds from maturities, sales and principal paydowns of investment securities of $1.54 billion, net cash provided by operating activities of $678.5 million, net cash provided by the purchase of Lone Star of $169.9 million and net proceeds from other short-term borrowings of $175.0 million, partially offset by net decrease in deposits of $332.5 million, net increase in loans of $154.9 million, payment of cash dividends of $159.1 million, net decrease in securities sold under repurchase agreements of $80.4 million and repurchase of common stock of $74.8 million.

Share Repurchases

On January 16, 2024, Bancshares announced a stock repurchase program under which it could repurchase up to 5%, or approximately 4.7 million shares, of its outstanding common stock over a one-year period expiring on January 16, 2025, at the discretion of management. Under the stock repurchase program, Bancshares may repurchase shares from time to time at prevailing market prices, through open-market purchases or privately negotiated transactions, depending upon market conditions. Repurchases under this program may also be made in transactions outside the safe harbor during a pending merger, acquisition or similar transaction. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, corporate and regulatory requirements, market conditions, and other corporate liquidity requirements and priorities. Shares of stock repurchased are held as authorized but unissued shares. Bancshares is not obligated to purchase any particular number of shares, and Bancshares may suspend, modify or terminate the program at any time and for any reason without prior notice. Under its 2024 stock repurchase program, Bancshares repurchased zero shares of its common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and approximately 1.2 million shares of its common stock at a weighted average price of $60.35 per share during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Contractual Obligations

The Company’s contractual obligations and other commitments to make future payments (other than deposit obligations and securities sold under repurchase agreements) as of September 30, 2024 are summarized below.

Bank Term Funding Program

The Company’s future cash payments associated with the Federal Reserve’s BTFP as of September 30, 2024 are summarized below. The future interest payments were calculated using the current rate in effect at September 30, 2024. Payments under the BTFP include interest of $186.1 million that will be due over the future periods. These payments do not include prepayment options that may be available to the Company.

|  | 1 year or less |  |  | More than 1 year but less than 3 years |  |  | 3 years or more but less than 5 years |  |  | 5 years or more |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Bank Term Funding Program |  | $ | 4,086,149 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,086,149 |

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Leases

The Company’s leases relate primarily to operating leases for office space and banking centers. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at inception. The Company’s leases have remaining lease terms of 1 to 15 years, which may include the option to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain for the Company to exercise that option. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental collateralized borrowing rate to determine the present value of lease payments. Short-term leases and leases with variable lease costs are immaterial, and the Company has one sublease arrangement. Sublease income was $826 thousand and $816 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 and $2.5 million and $2.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities were approximately $35.5 million. ROU assets and lease liabilities were classified as other assets and other liabilities, respectively.

As of September 30, 2024, the weighted average of remaining lease terms of the Company’s operating leases was 5.9 years. The weighted average discount rate used to determine the lease liabilities as of September 30, 2024 for the Company’s operating leases was 3.0%. Cash paid for the Company’s operating leases was $2.9 million and $3.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $8.7 million and $9.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company obtained $5.2 million in ROU assets in exchange for lease liabilities for three operating leases.

The Company’s future undiscounted cash payments associated with its operating leases as of September 30, 2024 are summarized below (dollars in thousands).

Remaining 2024 |  | $ | 2,668 |
2025 |  |  | 10,461 |
2026 |  |  | 9,334 |
2027 |  |  | 6,332 |
2028 |  |  | 3,355 |
2029 |  |  | 2,006 |
Thereafter |  |  | 10,495 |
Total undiscounted lease payments |  | $ | 44,651 |

Off-Balance Sheet Items

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into various transactions that, in accordance with GAAP, are not included in its consolidated balance sheets. The Company enters into these transactions to meet the financing needs of its customers. These transactions include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, which involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company’s commitments associated with outstanding standby letters of credit, unused capacity on Warehouse Purchase Program loans and commitments to extend credit expiring by period as of September 30, 2024 are summarized below. Since commitments associated with letters of credit, unused capacity on Warehouse Purchase Program loans and commitments to extend credit may expire unused, the amounts shown may not necessarily reflect the actual future cash funding requirements.

|  | 1 year or less |  |  | More than 1 year but less than 3 years |  |  | 3 years or more but less than 5 years |  |  | 5 years or more |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Standby letters of credit |  | $ | 71,344 |  |  | $ | 16,656 |  |  | $ | 2,045 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 90,071 |
Unused capacity on Warehouse Purchase Program loans |  |  | 752,452 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 752,452 |
Commitments to extend credit |  |  | 1,595,889 |  |  |  | 911,817 |  |  |  | 172,499 |  |  |  | 1,364,391 |  |  |  | 4,044,596 |
Total |  | $ | 2,419,685 |  |  | $ | 928,473 |  |  | $ | 174,544 |  |  | $ | 1,364,417 |  |  | $ | 4,887,119 |

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-balance Sheet Credit Exposures. The Company records an allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposure that is adjusted through a charge to provision for credit losses on the Company’s consolidated statement of income. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, this allowance, reported as a separate line item on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet, totaled $37.6 million and $36.5 million, respectively. The increase in the allowance was due to the LSSB Merger.

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Capital Resources

Total shareholders’ equity was $7.36 billion at September 30, 2024 compared with $7.08 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $281.9 million or 4.0%. The increase was primarily the result of the common stock issuance in connection with the LSSB Merger of $156.3 million and net income of $349.3 million, partially offset by dividend payments of $159.1 million and common stock repurchases of $74.8 million.

The Basel III Capital Rules, effective for the Company on January 1, 2015, substantially revised the risk-based capital requirements applicable to the Company and the Bank. The Basel III Capital Rules require a 2.5% capital conservation buffer with respect to each of the Common Equity Tier 1, Tier 1 risk-based and total risk-based capital ratios, which provides for capital levels that exceed the minimum risk-based capital adequacy requirements. A financial institution with a conservation buffer of less than the required amount will be subject to limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments and stock repurchases, and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in March 2020 the joint federal bank regulatory agencies issued an interim final rule that allowed banking organizations that implemented CECL in 2020 to mitigate the effects of the CECL accounting standard in their regulatory capital for two years. This two-year delay is in addition to the three-year transition period that the agencies had already made available. The Company adopted the option provided by the interim final rule, which delayed the effects of CECL on its regulatory capital through 2021, after which the effects will be phased in over a three-year period from January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024. Under the interim final rule, the amount of adjustments to regulatory capital deferred until the phase-in period include both the initial impact of the Company’s adoption of CECL on January 1, 2020 and 25% of subsequent changes in the Company’s allowance for credit losses during each quarter of the two-year period ending December 31, 2021. The cumulative amount of the transition adjustments is being phased in over the three-year transition period that began on January 1, 2022, with 75% recognized in 2022, 50% recognized in 2023, and 25% recognized in 2024.

Financial institutions are categorized by the FDIC based on minimum Common Equity Tier 1, Tier 1 risk-based, total risk-based and Tier 1 leverage ratios. As of September 30, 2024, the Bank’s capital ratios were above the levels required for the Bank to be designated as “well capitalized.”

The following table provides a comparison of the Company’s and the Bank’s risk-weighted and leverage capital ratios to the minimum and well-capitalized regulatory standards as of September 30, 2024:

|  | Minimum Required For Capital Adequacy Purposes |  |  |  | Minimum Required Plus Capital Conservation Buffer |  |  | To Be Categorized As Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions |  |  | Actual Ratio as of September 30, 2024 |
The Company |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CET1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) |  |  | 4.50 | % |  |  |  | 7.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  |  | 15.84 | %
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) |  |  | 6.00 | % |  |  |  | 8.50 | % |  | N/A |  |  |  | 15.84 | %
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) |  |  | 8.00 | % |  |  |  | 10.50 | % |  | N/A |  |  |  | 17.09 | %
Tier 1 capital (to average assets) (leverage) |  |  | 4.00 | % | (1) |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  |  | 10.52 | %
The Bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CET1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) |  |  | 4.50 | % |  |  |  | 7.00 | % |  |  | 6.50 | % |  |  | 15.79 | %
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) |  |  | 6.00 | % |  |  |  | 8.50 | % |  |  | 8.00 | % |  |  | 15.79 | %
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) |  |  | 8.00 | % |  |  |  | 10.50 | % |  |  | 10.00 | % |  |  | 17.04 | %
Tier 1 capital (to average assets) (leverage) |  |  | 4.00 | % | (2) |  |  | 4.00 | % |  |  | 5.00 | % |  |  | 10.48 | %

(1)
The Federal Reserve Board may require the Company to maintain a leverage ratio above the required minimum.
(2)
The FDIC may require the Bank to maintain a leverage ratio above the required minimum.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The Company manages market risk, which for the Company is primarily interest rate risk, through its Asset Liability Committee consisting of senior officers of the Company, in accordance with policies approved by the Company’s Board of Directors.

The Company uses simulation analysis to examine the potential effects of market changes on net interest income and market value. The Company considers macroeconomic variables, Company strategy, liquidity and other factors as it quantifies market risk. See Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Interest Rate Sensitivity and Liquidity” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed on February 28, 2024 (the “2023 Form 10-K”), for further discussion. There have been no material changes in the Company’s market risk exposures that would affect the quantitative and qualitative disclosures from those disclosed in the 2023 Form 10-K and presented as of December 31, 2023.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. As of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management was required to apply judgment in evaluating its controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting. There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Bancshares and the Bank are defendants, from time to time, in legal actions arising from transactions conducted in the ordinary course of business. After consultations with legal counsel, Bancshares and the Bank believe that the ultimate liability, if any, arising from such actions will not have a material adverse effect on their financial statements.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes in the Company’s risk factors from those disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

a. None.

b. None.

c. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Financial Condition—Share Repurchases” in Item 2 of Part I of this report for information regarding Bancshares’ stock repurchase program. No repurchases of Bancshares common stock were made during the third quarter of 2024.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

c. Insider Trading Arrangements and Policies.

On July 30, 2024, Ned Holmes, a member of Bancshares’ Board of Directors, adopted a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan (“Rule 10b5-1 Plan”) intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The Rule 10b5-1 Plan covers shares of Bancshares common stock owned by (i) by Mr. Holmes directly, (ii) a profit sharing plan for Mr. Holmes, and (iii) a trust for the benefit of Mr. Holmes’ daughter, for which he is the trustee. Among other things, the Rule 10b5-1 Plan provides for the sale of up to 52,000 shares of Bancshares common stock held directly by Mr. Holmes, up to 52,000 shares of Bancshares common stock held by the profit sharing plan and up to 10,400 shares of Bancshares common stock held by the trust. In each case, trades under the Rule 10b5-1 Plan will be made during the period beginning on the later of (i) November 13, 2024, and (ii) the third trading day following disclosure of the Company’s financial results on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, and ending on November 30, 2026, subject to earlier termination in accordance with the terms of the Rule 10b5-1 Plan and applicable laws, rules and regulations.

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, no other director or officer adopted or terminated any “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K) with respect to Bancshares common stock.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number |  | Description of Exhibit
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Prosperity Bancshares, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-63267) (the “Registration Statement”))
3.2 |  | Articles of Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Prosperity Bancshares, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2006 (File No. 001-35388))
3.3 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Prosperity Bancshares, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 20, 2019 (File No. 001-35388))
4.1 |  | Form of certificate representing shares of Bancshares common stock (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4 to the Registration Statement)
31.1* |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
31.2* |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
32.1** |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2** |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document – The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
104 |  | The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024 (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibits 101)

* Filed with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

** Furnished with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | PROSPERITY BANCSHARES, INC. ® (Registrant)
Date: 11/7/2024 |  | /S/ DAVID ZALMAN
|  | David Zalman
|  | Senior Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Date: 11/7/2024 |  | /S/ ASYLBEK OSMONOV
|  | Asylbek Osmonov
|  | Chief Financial Officer

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