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SHARE-BASED AWARDS
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
SHARE-BASED AWARDS SHARE-BASED AWARDS
2014 Stock Plan
Our 2014 Stock Plan (the “2014 Plan”), as last amended and approved by the board of directors on February 6, 2020, allowed the Company to grant up to 106,320,623 shares of common stock to employees, directors, and non-employees pursuant to awards of stock options, restricted stock or restricted stock units (“RSUs”) granted under the 2014 Plan. Upon the Closing, the remaining unallocated share reserve under the 2014 Plan was cancelled and no new awards will be granted under the 2014 Plan. Awards outstanding under the 2014 Plan were assumed by Opendoor Technologies upon the Closing and continue to be governed by the terms of the 2014 Plan.
2020 Equity Incentive Plans
In connection with the close of the Business Combination, the Company adopted the 2020 Incentive Award Plan (the “2020 Plan”) under which 43,508,048 shares of common stock were initially reserved for issuance. The 2020 Plan allows for the issuance of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, dividend equivalents and other stock or cash based awards. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock available for issuance under the 2020 Plan automatically increases on the first day of each calendar year, beginning January 1, 2022 and ending on and including January 1, 2030, by the lesser of (a) a number equal to the excess (if any) of (1) 5% of the aggregate number of shares of common Stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year over (2) the number of shares of common Stock then reserved for issuance under the 2020 Plan as of such date, and (b) such smaller number of shares determined by the Company’s board of directors. Pursuant to this automatic increase provision, as of December 31, 2023, 93,166,834 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance under the 2020 Plan.
In connection with the close of the Business Combination, the Company’s board of directors approved the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), which was last amended on February 8, 2023. There are 5,438,506 shares of common stock initially reserved for issuance under the ESPP. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock available for issuance under the ESPP automatically increases on the first day of each calendar year, beginning January 1, 2022 and ending on and including January 1, 2030, by the lesser of (a) 1% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on December 31 of the immediately preceding calendar year and (b) such number of shares as is determined by the Company’s board of directors; provided that, no more than 54,385,060 shares may be issued under the ESPP. Pursuant to this automatic increase provision, as of December 31, 2023, 17,973,904 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance under the ESPP. For the
twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, shares issued under the ESPP were 2,151,794 at a weighted average price of $1.16 per share and 493,790 at a weighted average price of $3.68, respectively.
2022 Inducement Plan
In July 2022, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2022 Inducement Plan (the “Inducement Plan”). Under the Inducement Plan, 31,200,000 shares were initially reserved for issuance. The purpose of the Inducement Plan is to attract, retain and motivate prospective employees of the Company, particularly executive team members and employees joining as part of business combinations. The Inducement Plan allows for the issuance of non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, dividend equivalents and other stock or cash based awards to new employees of the Company or any subsidiary of the Company.
Stock options and RSUs
Option awards are generally granted with an exercise price equal to the fair value of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant. Options are exercisable over a maximum term of 10 years from the date of grant and generally vest over a period of four years. Incentive stock options granted to a 10% shareholder are exercisable over a maximum term of five years from the date of grant.
A summary of the stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2023, is as follows:
Number of
Options
(in thousands)
Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (in years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in millions)
Balance – December 31, 202210,712 $2.13 3.5$1 
Granted— — 
Exercised(2,535)1.07 
Expired(357)2.87 
Balance – December 31, 20237,820 2.44 3.3$16 
Exercisable – December 31, 20237,820 2.44 3.3$16 
Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the exercise price of the options and the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock. The total intrinsic value of options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, was $3 million, $20 million, and $144 million, respectively.
The weighted-average grant date fair value per option granted for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $10.18.
RSUs typically vest upon a service-based requirement, generally over a two or four year period. Prior to 2021, certain awards also had a performance condition to vesting, which was satisfied upon completion of the February 2021 Offering and triggered the recognition of compensation expense for certain RSUs for which the time-based vesting condition had been satisfied or partially satisfied. Subsequent to the February 2021 Offering, these RSUs are only subject to time-based vesting conditions.
A summary of the RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2023, is as follows:
Number of
RSUs
(in thousands)
Weighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Unvested and outstanding – December 31, 202254,547 $10.29 
Granted56,065 2.12 
Vested(35,776)5.05 
Forfeited(13,940)11.02 
Unvested and outstanding – December 31, 202360,896 $4.05 
The total fair value of RSUs vested for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021was $112 million, $98 million, and $599 million, respectively.
Restricted Shares
The Company has granted Restricted Shares to certain continuing employees, primarily in connection with acquisitions. The Restricted Shares vest upon satisfaction of a service condition, which generally ranges from three to four years.
There were no Restricted Shares as of December 31, 2023. The total fair value of Restricted Shares vested for the years ended December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021 was $1 million and $21 million, respectively.
ESPP
The first offering period for the Company's 2020 ESPP began on March 1, 2022. The ESPP, pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 423, allows eligible participants to purchase shares using payroll deductions of up to 15% of their total compensation, subject to a $25,000 calendar year limitation on contributions. Prior to March 2023, the Company limited the maximum number of shares to be purchased in an offering period to 1,000 shares per employee, and each offering period was six months in duration. Beginning in March 2023, the maximum number of shares to be purchased in an offering period was increased to 10,000 shares per employee, 5,000 per purchase period, and each offering period is 12 months in duration, with two 6-month purchase periods. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a 15% discount on the lower price of either (i) the offer period start date or (ii) the purchase date. The ESPP also includes a reset provision for the purchase price if the stock price on the purchase date is less than the stock price on the offering date. ESPP employee payroll contributions withheld as of December 31, 2023 were $2 million and are included within Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Payroll contributions withheld as of December 31, 2023 will be used to purchase shares at the end of the current ESPP purchase period ending on February 29, 2024.
The fair value of ESPP purchase rights is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing valuation model. The following assumptions were applied in the model to estimate the grant-date fair value of the ESPP.
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Fair value
$0.64 - $2.13
$1.78- $3.55
Volatility
101.8% - 119.1%
94.5% - 101.4%
Risk-free rate
5.06% - 5.47%
0.60%- 3.34%
Expected life (in years)
0.5 - 1.0
0.5
Expected dividend$— $— 
The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP of $2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, total estimated unrecognized compensation expense related to the ESPP was $1.0 million. The unamortized compensation costs are expected to be recognized over the remaining term of the offering period of 0.4 years.
Stock-based compensation expense
Stock-based compensation expense is allocated based on the cost center to which the award holder belongs. The following table summarizes total stock-based compensation expense by function as presented in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, as follows (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
General and administrative$63 $109 $463 
Sales, marketing and operations
16 18 13 
Technology and development47 44 60 
Total stock-based compensation expense$126 $171 $536 
The Company recognized $(4) million, $(13) million, $290 million of compensation expense during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 respectively, related to all market condition awards outstanding. In December 2022, Eric Wu resigned as CEO of Opendoor, resulting in a $57 million reversal of stock-based compensation expense related to his market condition awards. In June 2021, the market condition for two market condition awards was satisfied, which resulted in the accelerated recognition of $2.0 million of stock-based compensation expense in the year ended December 31, 2021. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no market conditions were satisfied.
As of December 31, 2023, there was $209 million of unamortized stock-based compensation costs related to unvested RSUs. The unamortized compensation costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.8 years.
Valuation of options
The Black-Scholes Model used to value stock options incorporates the following assumptions:
Year Ended December 31,
2021
Fair value$15.00 
Volatility73 %
Risk-free rate1.09 %
Expected life (in years)7
Expected dividend$— 
Fair Value of Common Stock
Prior to the Company’s common stock becoming publicly traded, the fair value of the common stock underlying the stock option awards was determined by the board of directors. Given the absence of a public trading market, the board of directors considered numerous objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of the Company’s common stock at each meeting at which awards were approved. These factors included, but were not limited to (i) contemporaneous third-party valuations of common stock; (ii) the rights, preferences and privileges of convertible preferred stock relative to common stock; (iii) the lack of marketability of common stock; (iv) stage and development of the Company’s business; (v) general economic conditions and (vi) the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering or sale, given prevailing market conditions.
Volatility
Prior to the Company’s common stock becoming publicly traded, the expected stock price volatilities were estimated based on the historical and implied volatilities of comparable publicly traded companies as the Company did not have sufficient history of trading its common stock. Subsequent to the Company’s stock becoming publicly trade, the expected stock price
volatilities were determined based on the volatilities implied by the price of the Company’s publicly traded call options in its common stock.
Risk-Free Interest Rate
The risk-free interest rates are based on U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the grant date for notes with comparable terms as the awards.
Expected Life
The expected term of options granted to employees is determined using the simplified method, which allows the Company to estimate the expected life as the midpoint between the vesting period and the contractual term, as the Company's historical share option exercise experience does not provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term.
Dividend Yield
The expected dividend yield assumption is based on the Company’s current expectations about its anticipated dividend policy.
Valuation of RSUs and Restricted Stock
Prior to the Business Combination, given the absence of a public trading market, the Company’s board of directors considered numerous objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of common stock at each meeting at which awards were approved. These factors include, but were not limited to, (i) contemporaneous valuations of common stock performed by an independent valuation specialist; (ii) developments in the Company’s business and stage of development; the Company’s operational and financial performance and condition; (iii) issuances of preferred stock and the rights and preferences of preferred stock relative to common stock; (iv) current condition of capital markets and the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering or sale of the Company; and (v) the lack of marketability of the Company’s common stock. For financial reporting purposes, the Company considers the amount of time between the valuation date and the grant date to determine whether to use the latest common stock valuation or a straight-line interpolation between the two valuation dates. The determination includes an evaluation of whether the subsequent valuation indicates that any significant change in valuation had occurred between the previous valuation and the grant date.