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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File No. 001-7784

LUMEN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Louisiana | 72-0651161
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
100 CenturyLink Drive, |
Monroe, | Louisiana | 71203
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(318) 388-9000
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share |  | LUMN |  | New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock Purchase Rights |  | N/A |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer | ☒ | Accelerated Filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated Filer | ☐ | Smaller Reporting Company | ☐
|  |  |  |  |  | Emerging Growth Company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
On April 28, 2023, there were 1,004,325,546 shares of common stock outstanding.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements | 3
Part I. | Financial Information |
Item 1. | Financial Statements |
| Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) | 7
| Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) | 8
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | 9
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) | 10
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)* | 11
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 38
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 55
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 55
Part II. | Other Information |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 56
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 56
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 57
Item 6. | Exhibits | 58
Signature | 59
* All references to "Notes" in this quarterly report refer to these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This report and other documents filed by us under the federal securities law include, and future oral or written statements or press releases by us and our management may include, forward-looking statements about our business, financial condition, operating results or prospects. These "forward-looking" statements are defined by, and are subject to the "safe harbor" protections under the federal securities laws. These statements include, among others:
•forecasts of our anticipated future results of operations, cash flows or financial position;
•statements concerning the anticipated impact of our transactions, investments, product development, participation in government programs, Quantum Fiber buildout plans, and other initiatives, including synergies or costs associated with these initiatives;
•statements about our liquidity, profitability, profit margins, tax position, tax assets, tax rates, asset values, contingent liabilities, growth opportunities, growth rates, acquisition and divestiture opportunities, business prospects, regulatory and competitive outlook, market share, product capabilities, investment and expenditure plans, business strategies, securities repurchase plans, leverage, capital allocation plans, financing alternatives and sources, and pricing plans;
•statements regarding how the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath may impact our business, financial position, operating results or prospects; and
•other similar statements of our expectations, beliefs, future plans and strategies, anticipated developments and other matters that are not historical facts, many of which are highlighted by words such as “may,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “plans,” “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” "forecasts," “projects,” "proposes," "targets," “intends,” “likely,” “seeks,” “hopes,” or variations or similar expressions with respect to the future.
These forward-looking statements are based upon our judgment and assumptions as of the date such statements are made concerning future developments and events, many of which are beyond our control. These forward-looking statements, and the assumptions upon which they are based, (i) are not guarantees of future results, (ii) are inherently speculative and (iii) are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. Actual events and results may differ materially from those anticipated, estimated, projected or implied by us in those statements if one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove incorrect. All of our forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by reference below to factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated, estimated, projected or implied by us in those forward-looking statements. These factors include but are not limited to:
•the effects of intense competition from a wide variety of competitive providers, including decreased demand for our more mature service offerings and increased pricing pressures;
•the effects of new, emerging or competing technologies, including those that could make our products less desirable or obsolete;
•our ability to successfully and timely attain our key operating imperatives, including simplifying and consolidating our network, simplifying and automating our service support systems, attaining our Quantum Fiber buildout goals, strengthening our relationships with customers and attaining projected cost savings;
•our ability to safeguard our network, and to avoid the adverse impact of cyber-attacks, security breaches, service outages, system failures, or similar events impacting our network or the availability and quality of our services;
•the effects of ongoing changes in the regulation of the communications industry, including the outcome of legislative, regulatory or judicial proceedings relating to content liability standards, intercarrier compensation, universal service, service standards, broadband deployment, data protection, privacy and net neutrality;
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•our ability to generate cash flows sufficient to fund our financial commitments and objectives, including our capital expenditures, operating costs, debt repayments, pension contributions and other benefits payments;
•our ability to effectively retain and hire key personnel and to successfully negotiate collective bargaining agreements on reasonable terms without work stoppages;
•changes in customer demand for our products and services, including increased demand for high-speed data transmission services;
•our ability to successfully maintain the quality and profitability of our existing product and service offerings, to introduce profitable new offerings on a timely and cost-effective basis and to transition customers from our legacy products to our newer offerings;
•our ability to successfully and timely implement our corporate strategies, including our deleveraging and buildout strategies;
•our ability to successfully and timely consummate the pending divestiture of our European, Middle Eastern and African business, to successfully and timely realize the anticipated benefits from that divestiture and our divestitures completed in 2022, and to successfully operate and transform our retained business after such divestitures;
•changes in our operating plans, corporate strategies, or capital allocation plans, whether based upon changes in our cash flows, cash requirements, financial performance, financial position, market or regulatory conditions or otherwise;
•the impact of any future material acquisitions or divestitures that we may transact;
•the negative impact of increases in the costs of our pension, healthcare, post-employment or other benefits, including those caused by changes in markets, interest rates, mortality rates, demographics or regulations;
•the potential negative impact of customer complaints, government investigations, security breaches or service outages impacting us or our industry;
•adverse changes in our access to credit markets on favorable terms, whether caused by changes in our financial position, lower credit ratings, unstable markets, debt covenant restrictions or otherwise;
•our ability to meet the terms and conditions of our debt obligations and covenants, including our ability to make transfers of cash in compliance therewith;
•our ability to maintain favorable relations with our security holders, key business partners, suppliers, vendors, landlords and financial institutions;
•our ability to timely obtain necessary hardware, software, equipment, services, governmental permits, and other items on favorable terms;
•our ability to meet evolving environmental, social and governance ("ESG") expectations and benchmarks, and effectively communicate and implement our ESG strategies;
•our ability to collect our receivables from, or continue to do business with, financially-troubled customers;
•our ability to continue to use or renew intellectual property used to conduct our operations;
•any adverse developments in legal or regulatory proceedings involving us;
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•changes in tax, pension, healthcare or other laws or regulations, in governmental support programs, or in general government funding levels, including those arising from recently enacted legislation promoting broadband development;
•our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards in the amounts projected;
•the effects of changes in accounting policies, practices or assumptions, including changes that could potentially require additional future impairment charges;
•continuing uncertainties regarding the impact that COVID-19 and its aftermath could have on our business, operations, cash flows and corporate initiatives;
•the effects of adverse weather, terrorism, epidemics, pandemics, rioting, vandalism, societal unrest, or other natural or man-made disasters or disturbances;
•the potential adverse effects if our internal controls over financial reporting have weaknesses or deficiencies, or otherwise fail to operate as intended;
•the effects of changes in interest rates and inflation;
•the effects of more general factors such as changes in exchange rates, in operating costs, in public policy, in the views of financial analysts, or in general market, labor, economic or geopolitical conditions; and
•other risks referenced in the "Risk Factors" section or other portions of this report or other of our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC").
Additional factors or risks that we currently deem immaterial, that are not presently known to us or that arise in the future could also cause our actual results to differ materially from our expected results. Given these uncertainties, investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon our forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements for any reason, whether as a result of new information, future events or developments, changed circumstances, or otherwise. Furthermore, any information about our intentions contained in any of our forward-looking statements reflects our intentions as of the date of such forward-looking statement, and is based upon, among other things, existing regulatory, technological, industry, competitive, economic and market conditions, and our assumptions as of such date. We may change our intentions, strategies or plans (including our capital allocation plans) at any time and without notice, based upon any changes in such factors, in our assumptions or otherwise.
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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
LUMEN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(UNAUDITED)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (Dollars in millions, except per share amounts, and shares in thousands)
OPERATING REVENUE | $ | 3,738 |  |  | 4,676 |
OPERATING EXPENSES |  |  |
Cost of services and products (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) | 1,817 |  |  | 1,985 |
Selling, general and administrative | 721 |  |  | 800 |
Loss on disposal group held for sale | 77 |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization | 733 |  |  | 808 |
Total operating expenses | 3,348 |  |  | 3,593 |
OPERATING INCOME | 390 |  |  | 1,083 |
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) |  |  |
Interest expense | (279) |  |  | (352) |
Net gain on early retirement of debt (Note 6) | 609 |  |  | — |
Other (expense) income, net | (40) |  |  | 70 |
Total other income (expense), net | 290 |  |  | (282) |
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES | 680 |  |  | 801 |
Income tax expense | 169 |  |  | 202 |
NET INCOME | $ | 511 |  |  | 599 |
BASIC AND DILUTED EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE |  |  |
BASIC | $ | 0.52 |  |  | 0.59 |
DILUTED | $ | 0.52 |  |  | 0.59 |
WEIGHTED-AVERAGE COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING |  |  |
BASIC | 981,555 |  |  | 1,008,430 |
DILUTED | 982,283 |  |  | 1,015,215 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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LUMEN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(UNAUDITED)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (Dollars in millions)
NET INCOME | $ | 511 |  |  | 599 |
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME: |  |  |
Items related to employee benefit plans: |  |  |
Change in net actuarial loss, net of $(5) and $(9) tax | 15 |  |  | 28 |
Change in net prior service cost, net of $1 and $— tax | (3) |  |  | (1) |
Reclassification of realized loss on interest rate swaps to net income, net of $— and $(5) tax | — |  |  | 17 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of $(6) and $10 tax | 18 |  |  | 67 |
Other comprehensive income | 30 |  |  | 111 |
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME | $ | 541 |  |  | 710 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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LUMEN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(UNAUDITED)

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| (Dollars in millions and shares in thousands)
ASSETS |  |  |
CURRENT ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,148 |  |  | 1,251 |
Accounts receivable, less allowance of $84 and $85 | 1,432 |  |  | 1,477 |
Assets held for sale | 1,946 |  |  | 1,889 |
Other | 879 |  |  | 803 |
Total current assets | 5,405 |  |  | 5,420 |
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $20,291 and $19,886 | 19,321 |  |  | 19,166 |
GOODWILL AND OTHER ASSETS |  |  |
Goodwill | 12,657 |  |  | 12,657 |
Other intangible assets, net | 6,034 |  |  | 6,166 |
Other, net | 2,113 |  |  | 2,172 |
Total goodwill and other assets | 20,804 |  |  | 20,995 |
TOTAL ASSETS | $ | 45,530 |  |  | 45,581 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |
CURRENT LIABILITIES |  |  |
Current maturities of long-term debt | $ | 153 |  |  | 154 |
Accounts payable | 1,131 |  |  | 950 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  |
Salaries and benefits | 590 |  |  | 692 |
Income and other taxes | 1,303 |  |  | 1,158 |
Current operating lease liabilities | 326 |  |  | 344 |
Interest | 88 |  |  | 181 |
Other | 178 |  |  | 277 |
Liabilities held for sale | 472 |  |  | 451 |
Current portion of deferred revenue | 607 |  |  | 596 |
Total current liabilities | 4,848 |  |  | 4,803 |
LONG-TERM DEBT | 19,743 |  |  | 20,418 |
DEFERRED CREDITS AND OTHER LIABILITIES |  |  |
Deferred income taxes, net | 3,200 |  |  | 3,163 |
Benefit plan obligations, net | 2,358 |  |  | 2,391 |
Deferred revenue | 1,808 |  |  | 1,758 |
Other | 2,578 |  |  | 2,611 |
Total deferred credits and other liabilities | 9,944 |  |  | 9,923 |
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 12) |  |  |
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |
Preferred stock—non-redeemable, $25.00 par value, authorized 2,000 and 2,000 shares, issued and outstanding 7 and 7 shares | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $1.00 par value, authorized 2,200,000 and 2,200,000 shares, issued and outstanding 1,004,870 and 1,001,688 shares | 1,005 |  |  | 1,002 |
Additional paid-in capital | 18,094 |  |  | 18,080 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (1,069) |  |  | (1,099) |
Accumulated deficit | (7,035) |  |  | (7,546) |
Total stockholders' equity | 10,995 |  |  | 10,437 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | $ | 45,530 |  |  | 45,581 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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LUMEN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(UNAUDITED)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (Dollars in millions)
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net income | $ | 511 |  |  | 599 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 733 |  |  | 808 |
Loss on disposal group held for sale | 77 |  |  | — |
Deferred income taxes | 46 |  |  | 179 |
Provision for uncollectible accounts | 27 |  |  | 25 |
Net gain on early retirement of debt | (609) |  |  | — |
Unrealized loss (gain) on investments | 80 |  |  | (66) |
Stock-based compensation | 14 |  |  | 23 |
Changes in current assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 14 |  |  | 131 |
Accounts payable | (8) |  |  | (38) |
Accrued income and other taxes | 143 |  |  | 34 |
Other current assets and liabilities, net | (374) |  |  | (376) |
Retirement benefits | (15) |  |  | (38) |
Changes in other noncurrent assets and liabilities, net | (16) |  |  | 39 |
Other, net | (28) |  |  | 55 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 595 |  |  | 1,375 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (640) |  |  | (577) |
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment, and other assets | 23 |  |  | 6 |
Other, net | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (616) |  |  | (569) |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Payments of long-term debt | (61) |  |  | (1,474) |
Net payments on revolving line of credit | — |  |  | 1,000 |
Dividends paid | (8) |  |  | (271) |
Other, net | (17) |  |  | (31) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (86) |  |  | (776) |
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (107) |  |  | 30 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 1,307 |  |  | 409 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 1,200 |  |  | 439 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |
Income taxes paid, net | $ | (96) |  |  | (10) |
Interest paid (net of capitalized interest of $21 and $16) | $ | (363) |  |  | (386) |
Supplemental noncash information regarding financing activities: |  |  |
Cancellation of senior unsecured notes as part of exchange offers (Note 6) | (1,535) |  |  | — |
Issuance of senior secured notes as part of exchange offers (Note 6) | $ | 915 |  |  | — |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,148 |  |  | 366 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash included in Assets held for sale | 41 |  |  | 59 |
Restricted cash included in Other current assets | — |  |  | 2 |
Restricted cash included in Other, net noncurrent assets | 11 |  |  | 12 |
Total | $ | 1,200 |  |  | 439 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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LUMEN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(UNAUDITED)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (Dollars in millions except per share amounts)
COMMON STOCK |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,002 |  |  | 1,024 |
Issuance of common stock through incentive and benefit plans | 3 |  |  | 9 |
Balance at end of period | 1,005 |  |  | 1,033 |
ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 18,080 |  |  | 18,972 |
Shares withheld to satisfy tax withholdings | (4) |  |  | (28) |
Stock-based compensation | 14 |  |  | 23 |
Dividends declared | — |  |  | (272) |
Other | 4 |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period | 18,094 |  |  | 18,695 |
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | (1,099) |  |  | (2,158) |
Other comprehensive income | 30 |  |  | 111 |
Balance at end of period | (1,069) |  |  | (2,047) |
ACCUMULATED DEFICIT |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | (7,546) |  |  | (5,998) |
Net income | 511 |  |  | 599 |
Balance at end of period | (7,035) |  |  | (5,399) |
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | $ | 10,995 |  |  | 12,282 |
DIVIDENDS DECLARED PER COMMON SHARE | $ | — |  |  | 0.25 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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LUMEN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
References in the Notes to "Lumen Technologies" or "Lumen," "we," "us," the "Company," and "our" refer to Lumen Technologies, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires. References in the Notes to "Level 3" refer to Level 3 Parent, LLC and its predecessor, Level 3 Communications, Inc., which we acquired on November 1, 2017.
(1) Background
General
We are an international facilities-based technology and communications company focused on providing our business and mass markets customers with a broad array of integrated products and services necessary to fully participate in our ever-evolving digital world. We operate one of the world’s most interconnected networks. Our platform empowers our customers to swiftly adjust digital programs securely to meet immediate demands, create efficiencies, accelerate market access and reduce costs - allowing customers to rapidly evolve their IT programs to address dynamic changes. Our specific products and services are detailed in Note 4—Revenue Recognition.
Basis of Presentation
Our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022, which was derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, and our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements provided herein have been prepared in accordance with the instructions for Form 10-Q. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") have been condensed or omitted pursuant to rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). However, in our opinion, the disclosures made therein are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. We believe these consolidated financial statements include all normal recurring adjustments necessary to fairly present the results for the interim periods. The consolidated results of operations and cash flows for the first three months of the year are not necessarily indicative of the consolidated results of operations and cash flows that might be expected for the entire year. These consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include our accounts and the accounts of our subsidiaries in which we have a controlling interest. Intercompany amounts and transactions with our consolidated subsidiaries have been eliminated.
To simplify the overall presentation of our consolidated financial statements, we report immaterial amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests in certain of our subsidiaries as follows: (i) income attributable to noncontrolling interests in other (expense) income, net, (ii) equity attributable to noncontrolling interests in additional paid-in capital and (iii) cash flows attributable to noncontrolling interests in other, net financing activities.
We reclassified certain prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation, including the recategorization of our Business revenue by product category and sales channel in our segment reporting. See Note 11—Segment Information for additional information. These changes had no impact on total operating revenue, total operating expenses or net income for any period.
Operating lease assets are included in other, net under goodwill and other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Noncurrent operating lease liabilities are included in other under deferred credits and other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.
There were no book overdrafts included in accounts payable at March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Refer to the significant accounting policies described in Note 1— Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in Part II, Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
Supplier Finance Programs
On January 1, 2023, we adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") ASU 2022-04, “Liabilities-Supplier Finance Program (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations” (“ASU 2022-04”). These amendments require that a company that uses a supplier finance program in connection with the purchase of goods or services disclose sufficient information about the program to allow a user of financial statements to understand the program’s nature, program activity during the period, changes from period to period and potential magnitude of program transactions. The adoption of ASU 2022-04 did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Credit Losses
On January 1, 2023, we adopted ASU 2022-02, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”) and Vintage Disclosures” (“ASU 2022-02”). The ASU eliminates the TDR recognition and measurement guidance, enhances existing disclosure requirements and introduces new requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The adoption of ASU 2022-02 did not have any impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Derivatives and Hedging
On January 1, 2023, we adopted ASU 2022-01, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging-Portfolio Layer Method” ("ASU 2022-01"). The ASU expands the current single-layer method to allow multiple hedged layers of a single closed portfolio under the method. The adoption of ASU 2022-01 did not have any impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Business Combinations
On January 1, 2023, we adopted ASU 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers” (“ASU 2021-08”). This ASU requires entities to apply Topic 606 to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination. The adoption of ASU 2021-08 did not have any impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Government Assistance
On January 1, 2022, we adopted ASU 2021-10, "Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance” (“ASU 2021-10”). This ASU requires business entities to disclose information about certain types of government assistance they receive. The ASU only impacts annual financial statement note disclosures. The adoption of ASU 2021-10 did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Leases
On January 1, 2022, we adopted ASU 2021-05, “Leases (Topic 842): Lessors—Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments” (“ASU 2021-05”). This ASU (i) amends the lease classification requirements for lessors to align them with practice under ASC Topic 840, (ii) provides criteria for lessors to classify and account for a lease with variable lease payments that do not depend on a reference index or a rate as an operating lease; and (iii) provides guidance with respect to net investments by lessors under operating leases and other related topics. The adoption of ASU 2021-05 did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2023-02, “Investments-Equity method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method” (“ASU 2023-02”). These amendments allow reporting entities to elect to account for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits. ASU 2023-02 will become effective for us in the first quarter of fiscal 2024 and early adoption is permitted. As of March 31, 2023, we do not expect ASU 2023-02 to have an impact to our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-01, “Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements” (“ASU 2023-01”). These amendments require all entities to amortize leasehold improvements associated with common control leases over the useful life to the common control group. ASU 2023-01 will become effective for us in the first quarter of fiscal 2024 and early adoption is permitted. As of March 31, 2023, we do not expect ASU 2023-01 to have an impact to our consolidated financial statements.
In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions” (“ASU 2022-03”). These amendments clarify that a contractual restriction on the sales of an investment in an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. ASU 2022-03 will become effective for us in the first quarter of fiscal 2024 and early adoption is permitted. As of March 31, 2023, we do not expect ASU 2022-03 to have an impact to our consolidated financial statements.
(2) Planned Divestiture of the EMEA Business
On November 2, 2022, affiliates of Level 3 Parent, LLC, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Lumen Technologies, Inc., granted an option to Colt Technology Services Group Limited, a portfolio company of Fidelity Investments, to purchase certain of their operations in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (the "EMEA business"), in exchange for $1.8 billion in cash, subject to certain working capital and other purchase price adjustments. Following the completion of a French consultative process, Colt exercised its option and on February 8, 2023, the parties entered into a definitive purchase agreement, which contains various customary covenants for transactions of this type including various indemnities. Level 3 Parent, LLC expects to close the transaction as early as late 2023, subject to receiving all requisite regulatory approvals in the U.S. and certain countries where the EMEA business operates, as well as the satisfaction of other customary conditions.
The actual amount of our net after-tax proceeds from this divestiture could vary substantially from the amounts we currently estimate, particularly if we experience delays in completing the transaction or if any of our other assumptions prove to be incorrect.
We do not believe this divestiture represents a strategic shift for Lumen. Therefore, the planned divestiture of the EMEA business does not meet the criteria to be classified as discontinued operations. As a result, we will continue to report our operating results for the EMEA business (the "disposal group") in our consolidated operating results until the transaction is closed.
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As of March 31, 2023 in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet, the assets and liabilities of our EMEA business are classified as held for sale and measured at the lower of (i) the carrying value when we classified the disposal group as held for sale and (ii) the fair value of the disposal group, less costs to sell. Effective with the designation of the disposal group as held for sale on November 2, 2022, we suspended recording depreciation of property, plant and equipment and amortization of finite-lived intangible assets and right-of-use assets while these assets are classified as held for sale. We estimate that we would have recorded an additional $72 million of depreciation, intangible amortization, and amortization of right-of-use assets for the three months ended March 31, 2023 if the EMEA business did not meet the held for sale criteria.
The classification of the EMEA business as held for sale was considered an event or change in circumstance which requires an assessment of the goodwill of the disposal group for impairment each reporting period until disposal. We performed a pre-classification and post-classification goodwill impairment test of the disposal group as described further in Note 3—Goodwill, Customer Relationships and Other Intangible Assets in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. As a result of our impairment tests, we determined the EMEA business disposal group was impaired resulting in a non-cash, non-tax-deductible goodwill impairment charge of $43 million. We evaluated the recoverability of the carrying value of the assets and liabilities held for sale relative to the agreed upon sales price, adjusted for costs to sell, and recorded an estimated loss on disposal of $660 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 in the consolidated statement of operations and a valuation allowance included in assets held for sale on the consolidated balance sheet. As a result of our evaluation of the recoverability of the carrying value of the EMEA assets and liabilities held for sale relative to the agreed upon sales price, adjusted for costs to sell, as of March 31, 2023, we recorded an additional $77 million estimated loss on disposal during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and increased the valuation allowance by the same amount. In future quarters, we will conduct similar evaluations and to adjust the valuation allowance for the EMEA assets held for sale, as necessary.
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The principal components of the held for sale assets and liabilities of the EMEA business as of the dates below are as follows:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |
| (Dollars in millions)
Assets held for sale |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 40 |  |  | 43 |  |  |
Accounts receivable, less allowance of $5 and $5 | 85 |  |  | 76 |  |  |
Other current assets | 70 |  |  | 59 |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $1,047 and $1,033 | 1,934 |  |  | 1,873 |  |  |
Customer relationships and other intangible assets, net | 103 |  |  | 100 |  |  |
Operating lease assets | 170 |  |  | 156 |  |  |
Valuation allowance on assets held for sale(1) | (737) |  |  | (660) |  |  |
Deferred tax assets | 154 |  |  | 138 |  |  |
Other non-current assets | 39 |  |  | 38 |  |  |
Total assets held for sale | $ | 1,858 |  |  | 1,823 |  |  |
Liabilities held for sale |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 74 |  |  | 78 |  |  |
Salaries and benefits | 13 |  |  | 23 |  |  |
Current portion of deferred revenue | 37 |  |  | 28 |  |  |
Current operating lease liabilities | 38 |  |  | 33 |  |  |
Other current liabilities | 33 |  |  | 28 |  |  |
Deferred income taxes, net | 45 |  |  | 38 |  |  |
Asset retirement obligations | 31 |  |  | 30 |  |  |
Deferred revenue, non-current | 96 |  |  | 85 |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities, non-current | 100 |  |  | 103 |  |  |
Total liabilities held for sale | $ | 467 |  |  | 446 |  |  |

______________________________________________________________________
(1)Includes the impact of $369 million and $365 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, primarily related to loss on foreign currency translation, expected to be reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss upon close of the sale.
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(3) Goodwill, Customer Relationships and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill, customer relationships and other intangible assets consisted of the following:

| March 31, 2023(1) |  | December 31, 2022(1)
| (Dollars in millions)
Goodwill | $ | 12,657 |  |  | 12,657 |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets | $ | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Other intangible assets subject to amortization: |  |  |
Customer relationships, less accumulated amortization of $3,771 and $3,606 | 4,409 |  |  | 4,574 |
Capitalized software, less accumulated amortization of $3,801 and $3,895(2) | 1,519 |  |  | 1,482 |
Trade names, patents and other, less accumulated amortization of $61 and $188(2) | 97 |  |  | 101 |
Total other intangible assets, net | $ | 6,034 |  |  | 6,166 |

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(1) These values exclude assets classified as held for sale.
(2) Certain capitalized software with a gross carrying value of $183 million and trade names with a gross carrying value of $130 million became fully amortized during 2022 and were retired during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
As of March 31, 2023, the gross carrying amount of goodwill, customer relationships, indefinite-lived and other intangible assets was $26.3 billion.
Our goodwill was derived from numerous acquisitions where the purchase price exceeded the fair value of the net assets acquired. We report our results within two segments: Business and Mass Markets. See Note 11—Segment Information for more information on these segments. The amount of goodwill assigned to our Business segment as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $7.9 billion. The amount of goodwill assigned to our Mass Markets segment as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $4.8 billion. Total goodwill as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was net of accumulated impairment losses of $11.0 billion.
We are required to assess our goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually, or, under certain circumstances, more frequently, such as when events or changes in circumstances indicate there may be impairment. We are required to write down the value of goodwill only when our assessment determines the carrying value of equity of any of our reporting units exceeds its fair value. Our annual impairment assessment date for goodwill is October 31, at which date we assess our reporting units. Our annual impairment assessment date for indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill is December 31.
As of March 31, 2023, we have three reporting units for goodwill impairment testing, which are (i) Mass Markets, (ii) North America Business and (iii) Asia Pacific region. Our reporting units are not discrete legal entities with discrete full financial statements. Our assets and liabilities are employed in and relate to the operations of multiple reporting units. For each reporting unit, we compare its estimated fair value of equity to its carrying value of equity that we assign to the reporting unit. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is greater than the carrying value, we conclude that no impairment exists. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, we record a non-cash impairment charge equal to the excess amount. Depending on the facts and circumstances, we typically estimate the fair value of our reporting units by considering either or both of (i) a discounted cash flow method, which is based on the present value of projected cash flows over a discrete projection period and a terminal value, which is based on the expected normalized cash flows of the reporting units following the discrete projection period, and (ii) a market approach, which includes the use of market multiples of publicly-traded companies whose services are comparable to ours.
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Total amortization expense for finite-lived intangible assets for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 totaled $260 million and $274 million, respectively.
We estimate that total amortization expense for finite-lived intangible assets for the years ending December 31, 2023 through 2027 will be as provided in the table below. As a result of classifying our EMEA business as held for sale on our March 31, 2023 consolidated balance sheet, the amounts presented below do not include future amortization expense for intangible assets of the business to be divested. See Note 2—Planned Divestiture of the EMEA Business for more information.

| (Dollars in millions)
2023 (remaining nine months) | $ | 720 |
2024 | 891 |
2025 | 832 |
2026 | 787 |
2027 | 704 |

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(4) Revenue Recognition
Product and Service Categories
We categorize our products and services revenue among the following categories for the Business segment:
•Grow, which includes products and services that we anticipate will grow, including our dark fiber, Edge Cloud services, IP, managed security, software-defined wide area networks ("SD WAN"), secure access service edge ("SASE"), Unified Communications and Collaboration ("UC&C") and wavelengths services;
•Nurture, which includes our more mature offerings, including ethernet and VPN data networks services;
•Harvest, which includes our legacy services managed for cash flow, including Time Division Multiplexing ("TDM") voice, private line and other legacy services; and
•Other, which includes equipment, IT solutions and other services.
We categorize our products and services revenue among the following categories for the Mass Markets segment:
•Fiber Broadband, under which we provide high speed broadband services to residential and small business customers utilizing our fiber-based network infrastructure;
•Other Broadband, under which we provide primarily lower speed broadband services to residential and small business customers utilizing our copper-based network infrastructure; and
•Voice and Other, under which we derive revenues from (i) providing local and long-distance services, professional services, and other ancillary services, and (ii) federal broadband and state support payments.
Reconciliation of Total Revenue to Revenue from Contracts with Customers
The following table provides total revenue by segment, sales channel and product category. It also provides the amount of revenue that is not subject to ASC 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASC 606"), but is instead governed by other accounting standards. The amounts in the table below include revenue for the Latin American and ILEC businesses prior to their sales on August 1, 2022 and October 3, 2022, respectively. See Note 2—Divestitures of the Latin American and ILEC Businesses and Planned Divestiture of the EMEA Business in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for additional information on these divestitures.
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| Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
| Total Revenue | Adjustments for Non-ASC 606 revenue (1) | Total revenue from Contracts with Customers |  | Total Revenue | Adjustments for Non-ASC 606 revenue (1) | Total revenue from Contracts with Customers
| (Dollars in millions)
Business Segment by Sales Channel and Product Category |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Large Enterprise |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Grow | $ | 550 |  | (79) |  | 471 |  |  | 653 |  | (103) |  | 550 |
Nurture | 375 |  | — |  | 375 |  |  | 454 |  | — |  | 454 |
Harvest | 207 |  | — |  | 207 |  |  | 276 |  | — |  | 276 |
Other | 62 |  | (1) |  | 61 |  |  | 59 |  | (2) |  | 57 |
Total Large Enterprise Revenue | 1,194 |  | (80) |  | 1,114 |  |  | 1,442 |  | (105) |  | 1,337 |
Mid-Market Enterprise |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Grow | 196 |  | (7) |  | 189 |  |  | 185 |  | (8) |  | 177 |
Nurture | 211 |  | — |  | 211 |  |  | 241 |  | — |  | 241 |
Harvest | 100 |  | (1) |  | 99 |  |  | 140 |  | (2) |  | 138 |
Other | 8 |  | (2) |  | 6 |  |  | 7 |  | — |  | 7 |
Total Mid-Market Enterprise Revenue | 515 |  | (10) |  | 505 |  |  | 573 |  | (10) |  | 563 |
Public Sector |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Grow | 116 |  | (19) |  | 97 |  |  | 115 |  | (27) |  | 88 |
Nurture | 106 |  | — |  | 106 |  |  | 131 |  | — |  | 131 |
Harvest | 99 |  | — |  | 99 |  |  | 124 |  | (1) |  | 123 |
Other | 109 |  | — |  | 109 |  |  | 109 |  | — |  | 109 |
Total Public Sector Revenue | 430 |  | (19) |  | 411 |  |  | 479 |  | (28) |  | 451 |
Wholesale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Grow | 266 |  | (71) |  | 195 |  |  | 233 |  | (67) |  | 166 |
Nurture | 213 |  | (6) |  | 207 |  |  | 267 |  | (7) |  | 260 |
Harvest | 333 |  | (44) |  | 289 |  |  | 407 |  | (58) |  | 349 |
Other | 5 |  | — |  | 5 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Wholesale Revenue | 817 |  | (121) |  | 696 |  |  | 907 |  | (132) |  | 775 |
Business Segment by Product Category |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Grow | 1,128 |  | (176) |  | 952 |  |  | 1,186 |  | (205) |  | 981 |
Nurture | 905 |  | (6) |  | 899 |  |  | 1,093 |  | (7) |  | 1,086 |
Harvest | 739 |  | (45) |  | 694 |  |  | 947 |  | (61) |  | 886 |
Other | 184 |  | (3) |  | 181 |  |  | 175 |  | (2) |  | 173 |
Total Business Segment Revenue | 2,956 |  | (230) |  | 2,726 |  |  | 3,401 |  | (275) |  | 3,126 |
Mass Markets Segment by Product Category |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fiber Broadband | 152 |  | (4) |  | 148 |  |  | 145 |  | (5) |  | 140 |
Other Broadband | 369 |  | (33) |  | 336 |  |  | 610 |  | (56) |  | 554 |
Voice and Other | 261 |  | (9) |  | 252 |  |  | 520 |  | (79) |  | 441 |
Total Mass Markets Revenue | 782 |  | (46) |  | 736 |  |  | 1,275 |  | (140) |  | 1,135 |
Total Revenue | $ | 3,738 |  | (276) |  | 3,462 |  |  | 4,676 |  | (415) |  | 4,261 |

_____________________________________________________________________
(1)Includes regulatory revenue and lease revenue not within the scope of ASC 606.
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Operating Lease Income
Lumen Technologies leases various dark fiber, office facilities, colocation facilities, switching facilities, other network sites and service equipment to third parties under operating leases. Lease and sublease income are included in operating revenue in our consolidated statements of operations.
For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, our gross rental income was $269 million and $337 million, respectively, which represents approximately 7% of our operating revenue for both the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
Customer Receivables and Contract Balances
The following table provides balances of customer receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities, net of amounts classified as held for sale, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| (Dollars in millions)
Customer receivables(1) | $ | 1,374 |  |  | 1,424 |
Contract assets(2) | 30 |  |  | 34 |
Contract liabilities(3) | 675 |  |  | 656 |

______________________________________________________________________
(1)Reflects gross customer receivables of $1.4 billion and $1.5 billion, net of allowance for credit losses of $72 million and $73 million, at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. These amounts exclude customer receivables, net, classified as held for sale of $85 million at March 31, 2023 and $76 million at December 31, 2022 related to the EMEA business.
(2)These amounts exclude contract assets classified as held for sale of $13 million at March 31, 2023 and $16 million at December 31, 2022 related to the EMEA business.
(3)These amounts exclude contract liabilities classified as held for sale of $57 million at March 31, 2023 and $59 million at December 31, 2022 related to the EMEA business.
Contract liabilities are consideration we have received from our customers or billed in advance of providing goods or services promised in the future. We defer recognizing this consideration as revenue until we have satisfied the related performance obligation to the customer. Contract liabilities include recurring services billed one month in advance and installation and maintenance charges that are deferred and recognized over the actual or expected contract term, which typically ranges from one to five years depending on the service. Contract liabilities are included within deferred revenue on our consolidated balance sheets. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recognized $305 million of revenue that was included in contract liabilities of $715 million as of January 1, 2023, including contract liabilities that were classified as held for sale. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we recognized $395 million of revenue that was included in contract liabilities of $841 million as of January 1, 2022, including contract liabilities that were classified as held for sale.
Performance Obligations
As of March 31, 2023, we expect to recognize approximately $7.8 billion of revenue in the future related to performance obligations associated with existing customer contracts that are partially or wholly unsatisfied. As of March 31, 2023, the transaction price related to unsatisfied performance obligations that are expected to be recognized for the remainder of 2023, 2024 and thereafter was $2.4 billion, $1.9 billion and $3.5 billion, respectively.
These amounts exclude (i) the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed (for example, uncommitted usage or non-recurring charges associated with professional or technical services to be completed), (ii) contracts that are classified as leasing arrangements or government assistance that are not subject to ASC 606, and (iii) the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts which relate to our planned divestiture of the EMEA business.
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Contract Costs
The following table provides changes in our contract acquisition costs and fulfillment costs:

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
| Acquisition Costs |  | Fulfillment Costs |  | Acquisition Costs |  | Fulfillment Costs
| (Dollars in millions) |  | (Dollars in millions)
Beginning of period balance(1)(2) | $ | 202 |  |  | 192 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 186 |
Costs incurred | 36 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 40 |
Amortization | (41) |  |  | (35) |  |  | (52) |  |  | (39) |
Change in contract costs held for sale | (5) |  |  | (15) |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
End of period balance(3)(4) | $ | 192 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 187 |

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(1)Beginning of period balance for the three months ended March 31, 2023 excludes $6 million of acquisition costs and no fulfillment costs classified as held for sale related to the EMEA business.
(2)Beginning of period balance for the three months ended March 31, 2022 excludes acquisition costs and fulfillment costs classified as held for sale of $34 million and $32 million, respectively (related to both the Latin American business and the ILEC business).
(3)End of period balance for the three months ended March 31, 2023 excludes $11 million of acquisition costs and $15 million fulfillment costs classified as held for sale related to the EMEA business.
(4)End of period balance for the three months ended March 31, 2022 excludes acquisition costs and fulfillment costs classified as held for sale of $32 million and $32 million, respectively (related to both the Latin American business and the ILEC business).
Acquisition costs include commission fees paid to employees as a result of obtaining contracts. Fulfillment costs include third party and internal costs associated with the provision, installation and activation of services to customers, including labor and materials consumed for these activities.
Deferred acquisition and fulfillment costs are amortized based on the transfer of services on a straight-line basis over the average contract life of approximately 36 months for mass markets customers and 33 months for business customers. Amortized fulfillment costs are included in cost of services and products and amortized acquisition costs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. The amount of these deferred costs that are anticipated to be amortized in the next 12 months are included in other current assets on our consolidated balance sheets. The amount of deferred costs expected to be amortized beyond the next twelve months is included in other noncurrent assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Deferred acquisition and fulfillment costs are assessed for impairment on a quarterly basis.
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(5) Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
To assess our expected credit losses on financial instruments, we aggregate financial assets with similar risk characteristics to monitor their credit quality or deterioration over the life of such assets. We periodically monitor certain risk characteristics within our aggregated financial assets and revise their composition accordingly, to the extent internal and external risk factors change. We separately evaluate financial assets that do not share risk characteristics with other financial assets. Our financial assets measured at amortized cost primarily consist of accounts receivable.
We use a loss rate method to estimate our allowance for credit losses. Our determination of the current expected credit loss rate begins with our review of historical loss experience as a percentage of accounts receivable. We measure our historical loss period based on the average days to recognize accounts receivable as credit losses. When asset specific characteristics and current conditions change from those in the historical period, due to changes in our credit and collections strategy, certain classes of aged balances, or credit loss and recovery policies, we perform a qualitative and quantitative assessment to adjust our historical loss rate. We use regression analysis to develop an expected loss rate using historical experience and economic data over a forecast period. We measure our forecast period based on the average days to collect payment on billed accounts receivable. To determine our current allowance for credit losses, we combine the historical and expected credit loss rates and apply them to our period end accounts receivable.
If there is an unexpected deterioration of a customer's financial condition or an unexpected change in economic conditions, including macroeconomic events, we assess the need to adjust the allowance for credit losses. Any such resulting adjustments would affect earnings in the period that adjustments are made.
The assessment of the correlation between historical observed default rates, current conditions and forecasted economic conditions requires judgment. Alternative interpretations of these factors could have resulted in different conclusions regarding our allowance for credit losses. The amount of credit loss is sensitive to changes in circumstances and forecasted economic conditions. Our historical credit loss experience, current conditions and forecast of economic conditions may also not be representative of the customers' actual default experience in the future, and we may use methodologies that differ from those used by other companies.
The following table presents the activity of our allowance for credit losses by accounts receivable portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2023:

| Business |  | Mass Markets |  | Total
| (Dollars in millions)
As of December 31, 2022(1) | $ | 57 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 85 |
Provision for expected losses | 12 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 27 |
Write-offs charged against the allowance | (12) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (30) |
Recoveries collected | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Ending balance at March 31, 2023(1) | $ | 59 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 84 |

______________________________________________________________________
(1)As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, these amounts excluded a $5 million allowance for credit losses classified as held for sale related to the EMEA business included in the Business portfolio. See Note 2—Planned Divestiture of the EMEA Business.
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(6) Long-Term Debt and Credit Facilities
The following table reflects the consolidated long-term debt of Lumen Technologies, Inc. and its subsidiaries as of the dates indicated below, including unamortized discounts and premiums and unamortized debt issuance costs:

| Interest Rates(1) |  | Maturities(1) |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  |  |  |  | (Dollars in millions)
Senior Secured Debt: (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lumen Technologies, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revolving Credit Facility | LIBOR + 2.00% |  | 2025 |  | $ | — |  |  | — |
Term Loan A(3) | LIBOR + 2.00% |  | 2025 |  | 977 |  |  | 991 |
Term Loan A-1(3) | LIBOR + 2.00% |  | 2025 |  | 279 |  |  | 283 |
Term Loan B(4) | LIBOR + 2.25% |  | 2027 |  | 3,928 |  |  | 3,941 |
Senior notes | 4.000% |  | 2027 |  | 1,250 |  |  | 1,250 |
Subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Level 3 Financing, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tranche B 2027 Term Loan(5) | LIBOR + 1.75% |  | 2027 |  | 2,411 |  |  | 2,411 |
Senior notes | 3.400% - 10.500% |  | 2027 - 2030 |  | 2,415 |  |  | 1,500 |
Senior Notes and Other Debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lumen Technologies, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior notes | 4.500% - 7.650% |  | 2023 - 2042 |  | 2,162 |  |  | 3,722 |
Subsidiaries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Level 3 Financing, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior notes | 3.625% - 4.625% |  | 2027 - 2029 |  | 3,940 |  |  | 3,940 |
Qwest Corporation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior notes | 6.500% - 7.750% |  | 2025 - 2057 |  | 1,986 |  |  | 1,986 |
Term loan(6) | LIBOR + 2.50% |  | 2027 |  | 215 |  |  | 215 |
Qwest Capital Funding, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior notes | 6.875% - 7.750% |  | 2028 - 2031 |  | 192 |  |  | 192 |
Finance lease and other obligations | Various |  | Various |  | 306 |  |  | 317 |
Unamortized discounts, net |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | (7) |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  | (162) |  |  | (169) |
Total long-term debt |  |  |  |  | 19,896 |  |  | 20,572 |
Less current maturities |  |  |  |  | (153) |  |  | (154) |
Long-term debt, excluding current maturities |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,743 |  |  | 20,418 |

______________________________________________________________________
(1)As of March 31, 2023.
(2)See Note 7—Long-Term Debt and Credit Facilities in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for a description of certain parent or subsidiary guarantees and liens securing this debt.
(3)Term Loans A and A-1 had interest rates of 6.922% and 6.384% as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
(4)Term Loan B had interest rates of 7.172% and 6.634% as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
(5)The Level 3 Tranche B 2027 Term Loan had interest rates of 6.672% and 6.134% as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
(6)The Qwest Corporation Term Loan had interest rates of 7.422% and 6.640% as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
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Long-Term Debt Maturities
Set forth below is the aggregate principal amount of our long-term debt as of March 31, 2023 (excluding unamortized discounts, net, and unamortized debt issuance costs), maturing during the following years. As a result of classifying our EMEA business as held for sale on our March 31, 2023 consolidated balance sheet, the amounts presented below do not include maturities of the finance lease obligations of that business. See Note 2—Planned Divestiture of the EMEA Business.

| (Dollars in millions)
2023 (remaining nine months) | $ | 115 |
2024 | 157 |
2025 | 1,665 |
2026 | 498 |
2027 | 9,386 |
2028 and thereafter | 8,240 |
Total long-term debt | $ | 20,061 |

Borrowings and Repayments
Pursuant to exchange offers that commenced on March 16, 2023 (the “Exchange Offers”), on March 31, 2023, Level 3 Financing, Inc. issued $915 million of its 10.500% Senior Secured Notes due 2030 (the “10.500% Notes”) in exchange for $1.535 billion of Lumen’s outstanding senior unsecured notes, which were concurrently cancelled. These transactions resulted in a net reduction in the aggregate principal amount of Lumen’s consolidated indebtedness of approximately $620 million. In addition, we repurchased $24 million of Lumen's outstanding senior unsecured notes during the first quarter of 2023. These above-described transactions resulted in an aggregate gain of $609 million.
The following table sets forth the aggregate principal amount of each series of Lumen’s senior unsecured notes exchanged and retired on March 31, 2023:

Debt | (Aggregate principal amount in millions)
5.625% Senior Notes, Series X, due 2025 | $ | 48 |
7.200% Senior Notes, Series D, due 2025 | 21 |
5.125% Senior Notes due 2026 | 291 |
6.875% Debentures, Series G, due 2028 | 52 |
5.375% Senior Notes due 2029 | 275 |
4.500% Senior Notes due 2029 | 556 |
7.600% Senior Notes, Series P, due 2039 | 161 |
7.650% Senior Notes, Series U, due 2042 | 131 |
Total | $ | 1,535 |

Level 3 Financing, Inc.’s obligations under the 10.500% Notes will be guaranteed on a secured basis by its direct parent, Level 3 Parent, LLC, and certain of its material domestic subsidiaries that guarantee the term loan under Level 3 Financing, Inc.’s existing senior secured credit facility and existing senior secured notes (the “Issuer’s Secured Debt”), subject in certain instances to receipt of regulatory approvals. Such guarantees, when provided by each entity, will be secured by liens on substantially the same collateral that is pledged to secure the Issuer’s Secured Debt.
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Covenants
Certain of our debt instruments contain affirmative and negative covenants. Debt at Lumen Technologies, Inc. and Level 3 Financing, Inc. contains more extensive covenants including, among other things and subject to certain exceptions, restrictions on the ability to declare or pay dividends, repay certain other indebtedness, create liens, incur additional indebtedness, make investments, engage in transactions with affiliates, dispose of assets and merge or consolidate with any other person. Also, Lumen Technologies, Inc. and certain of its affiliates will be required to offer to purchase certain of their respective outstanding debt under defined circumstances in connection with specified "change of control" transactions.
Certain of our debt instruments contain cross-payment default or cross-acceleration provisions.
Compliance
As of March 31, 2023, Lumen Technologies, Inc. believes it and its subsidiaries were in compliance with the provisions and financial covenants in their respective material debt agreements in all material respects.
Subsequent Event - Issuance of Senior Secured Notes
On April 17, 2023, in connection with the Exchange Offers, Level 3 Financing, Inc. issued an additional $9 million of its 10.500% Notes in exchange for $19 million aggregate principal amount of Lumen’s senior unsecured notes.
(7) Severance
Periodically, we reduce our workforce and accrue liabilities for the related severance costs. These workforce reductions result primarily from the progression or completion of our post-acquisition integration plans, increased competitive pressures, cost reduction initiatives, process improvements through automation and reduced workloads due to reduced demand for certain services.
Changes in our accrued liabilities for severance expenses were as follows:

| Severance
| (Dollars in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 11 |
Accrued to expense | 8 |
Payments, net | (5) |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | $ | 14 |

(8) Employee Benefits
For detailed description of the various defined benefit pension plans (qualified and non-qualified), post-retirement benefits plans and defined contribution plan we sponsor, see Note 11—Employee Benefits to the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in Part II, Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
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Net periodic benefit expense (income) for the Lumen Combined Pension Plan (the "Combined Pension Plan" or the "Plan") includes the following components:

| Combined Pension Plan
| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022(1)
| (Dollars in millions)
Service cost | $ | 6 |  |  | 12 |
Interest cost | 68 |  |  | 52 |
Expected return on plan assets | (71) |  |  | (100) |
Recognition of prior service credit | (2) |  |  | (3) |
Recognition of actuarial loss | 25 |  |  | 37 |
Net periodic pension expense (income) | $ | 26 |  |  | (2) |

______________________________________________________________________
(1)These amounts include pension costs related to the Lumen Pension Plan prior to the sale of the ILEC business on October 3, 2022. For additional information on the Lumen Pension Plan, see Note 11—Employee Benefits to the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in Part II, Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Net periodic benefit expense for our post-retirement benefit plans includes the following components:

| Post-Retirement Benefit Plans
| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (Dollars in millions)
Service cost | $ | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Interest cost | 26 |  |  | 15 |
Recognition of prior service cost | (2) |  |  | 2 |
Recognition of actuarial loss | (5) |  |  | — |
Net periodic post-retirement benefit expense | $ | 20 |  |  | 20 |

Service costs for our pension plans and post-retirement benefit plans are included in the cost of services and products and selling, general and administrative line items on our consolidated statements of operations and all other costs listed above are included in other (expense) income, net on our consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
Our Combined Pension Plan contains provisions that allow us, from time to time, to offer lump sum payment options to certain former employees in settlement of their future retirement benefits. We record an accounting settlement charge, consisting of the recognition of certain deferred costs of the pension plan associated with these lump sum payments only if, in the aggregate, they exceed or are probable to exceed the sum of the annual service and interest costs for the plan’s net periodic pension benefit cost, which represents the settlement accounting threshold. The amount of any future non-cash settlement charges will be dependent on several factors, including the total amount of our future lump sum benefit payments.
Benefits paid by the Combined Pension Plan are paid through a trust that holds the Plan's assets. The amount of required contributions to the Combined Pension Plan in 2023 and beyond will depend on a variety of factors, most of which are beyond our control, including earnings on plan investments, prevailing interest rates, demographic experience, changes in plan benefits and changes in funding laws and regulations. Based on current laws and circumstances, we do not believe we are required to make any additional contributions and we do not expect to make voluntary contributions to the trust for the Combined Pension Plan in 2023.
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(9) Earnings Per Common Share
Basic and diluted earnings per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were calculated as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (Dollars in millions, except per share amounts, shares in thousands)
Income (numerator) |  |  |
Net income | $ | 511 |  |  | 599 |
Net income applicable to common stock for computing basic earnings per common share | 511 |  |  | 599 |
Net income as adjusted for purposes of computing diluted earnings per common share | $ | 511 |  |  | 599 |
Shares (denominator): |  |  |
Weighted-average number of shares: |  |  |
Outstanding during period | 1,003,666 |  |  | 1,027,217 |
Non-vested restricted stock | (22,111) |  |  | (18,787) |
Weighted average shares outstanding for computing basic earnings per common share | 981,555 |  |  | 1,008,430 |
Incremental common shares attributable to dilutive securities: |  |  |
Shares issuable under convertible securities | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Shares issuable under incentive compensation plans | 718 |  |  | 6,775 |
Number of shares as adjusted for purposes of computing diluted earnings per common share | 982,283 |  |  | 1,015,215 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 0.52 |  |  | 0.59 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 0.52 |  |  | 0.59 |

Our calculation of diluted earnings per common share excludes unvested restricted stock awards that are antidilutive as a result of unrecognized compensation cost. Such shares were 21.2 million and 8.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(10) Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Our financial instruments consist of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, long-term debt (excluding finance lease and other obligations), interest rate swap contracts, certain equity investments and certain indemnification obligations. Due primarily to their short-term nature, the carrying amounts of our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their fair values.
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between independent and knowledgeable parties who are willing and able to transact for an asset or liability at the measurement date. We use valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value and then we rank the estimated values based on the reliability of the inputs used following the fair value hierarchy.
We determined the fair values of our long-term debt, including the current portion, based on quoted market prices where available or, if not available, based on inputs other than quoted market prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable such as discounted future cash flows using current market interest rates.
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The three input levels in the hierarchy of fair value measurements are defined by the FASB generally as follows:

Input Level |  | Description of Input
Level 1 |  | Observable inputs such as quoted market prices in active markets.
Level 2 |  | Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable.
Level 3 |  | Unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists.

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our financial assets and liabilities as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

|  |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Input Level |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
|  |  | (Dollars in millions)
Equity securities(1) | 1 |  | $ | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 22 |
Long-term debt, excluding finance lease and other obligations | 2 |  | 19,590 |  |  | 13,439 |  |  | 20,255 |  |  | 17,309 |
Indemnifications related to the sale of the Latin American business | 3 |  | 86 |  |  | 86 |  | 86 |  |  | 86 |

______________________________________________________________________
(1)For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recognized $19 million of loss on equity securities in other (expense) income, net in our consolidated statements of operations.
Investment Held at Net Asset Value
We hold an investment in a limited partnership created as a holding company for various investments, including a portion of the colocation and data center business that we divested in 2017. The limited partnership has sole discretion as to the amount and timing of distributions of the underlying assets. As of March 31, 2023, the underlying investments held by the limited partnership are traded in active markets and as such, we account for our investment in the limited partnership using net asset value ("NAV"). Subject to restrictions imposed by law and other provisions of the limited partnership agreement, the general partner has the sole discretion as to the amounts and timing of distributions of partnership assets to partners. The following table summarizes the net asset value of our investment in this limited partnership.

| As of March 31, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022
| Net Asset Value
| (Dollars in millions)
Investment in limited partnership(1) | $ | 24 |  |  | 85 |

______________________________________________________________________
(1)For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recognized $61 million of loss on investment, reflected in other (expense) income, net in our consolidated statements of operations. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, we recognized $66 million of gain on investment, reflected in other (expense) income, net in our consolidated statements of operations.
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(11) Segment Information
We report our results within two segments: Business and Mass Markets.
Under our Business segment we provide products and services to meet the needs of our enterprise and wholesale customers under four distinct sales channels: Large Enterprise, Mid-Market Enterprise, Public Sector and Wholesale. For Business segment revenue, we report the following product categories: Grow, Nurture, Harvest and Other, in each case through the sales channels outlined above. The Business segment included the results of our Latin American and ILEC businesses prior to their sales on August 1, 2022 and October 3, 2022, respectively.
Under our Mass Markets Segment, we provide products and services to residential and small business customers. We report the following categories: Fiber Broadband, Other Broadband and Voice and Other. The Mass Markets segment included the results of our ILEC business prior to its sale on October 3, 2022.
See detailed descriptions of these product and service categories in Note 4—Revenue Recognition.
As described in more detail below, our segments are managed based on the direct costs of providing services to their customers and directly associated selling, general and administrative costs (primarily salaries and commissions). Shared costs are managed separately and included in "other unallocated amounts" in the table below. As referenced above, we reclassified certain prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation. See Note 1— Background for additional detail on these changes.
The following tables summarize our segment results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, based on the segment categorization we were operating under at March 31, 2023.

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
| Business |  | Mass Markets |  |  |
| (Dollars in millions)
Segment revenue | $ | 2,956 |  |  | 782 |  |  |  |
Segment expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services and products | 801 |  |  | 25 |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 290 |  |  | 325 |  |  |  |
Total segment expense | 1,091 |  |  | 350 |  |  |  |
Total segment adjusted EBITDA | $ | 1,865 |  |  | 432 |  |  |  |

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
| Business |  | Mass Markets |  |  |
| (Dollars in millions)
Segment revenue | $ | 3,401 |  |  | 1,275 |  |  |  |
Segment expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services and products | 812 |  |  | 32 |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 322 |  |  | 395 |  |  |  |
Total segment expense | 1,134 |  |  | 427 |  |  |  |
Total segment adjusted EBITDA | $ | 2,267 |  |  | 848 |  |  |  |

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| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (Dollars in millions)
Business segment adjusted EBITDA | $ | 1,865 |  |  | 2,267 |
Mass Markets segment adjusted EBITDA | 432 |  |  | 848 |
Other unallocated amounts | (1,160) |  |  | (1,201) |
Total Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 1,137 |  |  | 1,914 |

Revenue and Expenses
Our segment revenue includes all revenue from our two segments as described in more detail above. Our segment revenue is based upon each customer's classification. We report our segment revenue based upon all services provided to that segment's customers. Our segment expenses include specific cost of service expenses incurred as a direct result of providing services and products to segment customers, along with selling, general and administrative expenses that are directly associated with specific segment customers or activities. We have not allocated assets or debt to specific segments.
The following items are excluded from our segment results, because they are centrally managed and not monitored by or reported to our chief operating decision maker by segment:
•network expenses not incurred as a direct result of providing services and products to segment customers and centrally managed expenses such as Finance, Human Resources, Legal, Marketing, Product Management and IT, all of which are reported as "other unallocated amounts" in the table above;
•depreciation and amortization expense;
•goodwill or other impairments;
•interest expense;
•stock-based compensation; and
•other income and expense items.
The following table reconciles total adjusted EBITDA to net income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (Dollars in millions)
Net income | $ | 511 |  |  | 599 |
Income tax expense | 169 |  |  | 202 |
Total other (income) expense, net | (290) |  |  | 282 |
Depreciation and amortization | 733 |  |  | 808 |
Stock-based compensation | 14 |  |  | 23 |
Total Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 1,137 |  |  | 1,914 |

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(12) Commitments, Contingencies and Other Items
We are subject to various claims, legal proceedings and other contingent liabilities, including the matters described below, which individually or in the aggregate could materially affect our financial condition, future results of operations or cash flows. As a matter of course, we are prepared to both litigate these matters to judgment as needed, as well as to evaluate and consider reasonable settlement opportunities.
We review our litigation accrual liabilities on a quarterly basis, but in accordance with applicable accounting guidelines only establish accrual liabilities when losses are deemed probable and reasonably estimable and only revise previously established accrual liabilities when warranted by changes in circumstances, in each case based on then-available information. As such, as of any given date we could have exposure to losses under proceedings as to which no liability has been accrued or as to which the accrued liability is inadequate. Subject to these limitations, at March 31, 2023, we had accrued $86 million in the aggregate for our litigation and non-income tax contingencies, which is included in other current liabilities, other liabilities, or liabilities held for sale on our consolidated balance sheet as of such date. We cannot at this time estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss in excess of this $86 million accrual due to the inherent uncertainties and speculative nature of contested proceedings. The establishment of an accrual does not mean that actual funds have been set aside to satisfy a given contingency. Thus, the resolution of a particular contingency for the amount accrued could have no effect on our results of operations but nonetheless could have an adverse effect on our cash flows.
In this Note, when we refer to a class action as "putative" it is because a class has been alleged, but not certified, in that matter.
Principal Proceedings
Shareholder Class Action Suits
Lumen and certain Lumen Board of Directors members and officers were named as defendants in a putative shareholder class action lawsuit filed on June 12, 2018 in the Boulder County District Court of the state of Colorado, captioned Houser et al. v. CenturyLink, et al. The complaint asserted claims on behalf of a putative class of former Level 3 shareholders who became CenturyLink, Inc. shareholders as a result of our acquisition of Level 3. It alleged that the proxy statement provided to the Level 3 shareholders failed to disclose various material information of several kinds, including information about strategic revenue, customer loss rates, and customer account issues, among other items. The complaint seeks damages, costs and fees, rescission, rescissory damages, and other equitable relief. In May 2020, the court dismissed the complaint. Plaintiffs appealed that decision, and in March 2022, the appellate court affirmed the district court's order in part and reversed it in part. It then remanded the case to the district court for further proceedings.
On March 3, 2023, a purported shareholder of Lumen filed a putative class action complaint captioned Voigt v. Lumen Technologies, Inc., et al., Case 3:23-cv-00286-TAD-KDM, in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Louisiana. The complaint alleges that Lumen and certain of its current or former officers violated the federal securities laws by omitting or misstating material information related to Lumen’s expansion of its Quantum Fiber business. The complaint seeks money damages, attorneys’ fees and costs, and other relief.
State Tax Suits
Since 2012, a number of Missouri municipalities have asserted claims in the Circuit Court of St. Louis County, Missouri, alleging that we and several of our subsidiaries have underpaid taxes. These municipalities are seeking, among other things, declaratory relief regarding the application of business license and gross receipts taxes and back taxes from 2007 to the present, plus penalties and interest. In a February 2017 ruling in connection with one of these pending cases, the court entered an order awarding the plaintiffs $4 million and broadening the tax base on a going-forward basis. We appealed that decision to the Missouri Supreme Court. In December 2019, it affirmed the circuit court's order in some respects and reversed it in others, remanding the case to the circuit court for further proceedings. The Missouri Supreme Court's decision reduced our exposure in the case. In a June 2021 ruling in one of the pending cases, another trial court awarded the cities of Columbia and Joplin approximately $55 million, plus statutory interest. On appeal, the Missouri Court of Appeals affirmed in part and reversed in part, vacated the judgment and remanded the case to the trial court with instructions for further proceedings consistent with the Missouri Supreme Court's decision. We continue to vigorously defend against these claims.
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Billing Practices Suits
In June 2017, a former employee filed an employment lawsuit against us claiming that she was wrongfully terminated for alleging that we charged some of our retail customers for products and services they did not authorize. Thereafter, based in part on the allegations made by the former employee, several legal proceedings were filed, including consumer class actions in federal and state courts, a series of securities investor class actions in federal courts and several shareholder derivative actions in federal and Louisiana state courts. The derivative cases were brought on behalf of CenturyLink, Inc. against certain current and former officers and directors of the Company and seek damages for alleged breaches of fiduciary duties.
The consumer class actions, the securities investor class actions, and the federal derivative actions were transferred to the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota for coordinated and consolidated pretrial proceedings as In Re: CenturyLink Sales Practices and Securities Litigation. We have settled the consumer and securities investor class actions. Those settlements are final. The derivative actions remain pending.
We have engaged in discussions regarding related claims with a number of state attorneys general, and have entered into agreements settling certain of the consumer practices claims asserted by state attorneys general. While we do not agree with allegations raised in these matters, we have been willing to consider reasonable settlements where appropriate.
December 2018 Outage Proceedings
We experienced an outage on one of our transport networks that impacted voice, IP, 911, and transport services for some of our customers between the 27th and 29th of December 2018. We believe that the outage was caused by a faulty network management card from a third-party equipment vendor.
The FCC and four states (both Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission ("WUTC") and the Washington Attorney General; the Montana Public Service Commission; the Nebraska Public Service Commission; and the Wyoming Public Service Commission) initiated formal investigations. In November 2020, following the FCC's release of a public report on the outage, we negotiated a settlement which was released by the FCC in December 2020. The amount of the settlement was not material to our financial statements.
In December 2020, the Staff of the WUTC filed a complaint against us based on the December 2018 outage, seeking penalties owed for alleged violations of Washington regulations and laws. The matter was tried before the WUTC in December 2022 and we await a decision by the WUTC.
AT&T Proceedings
In August 2022, certain of our subsidiaries filed a complaint in federal district court in Colorado captioned Central Telephone Company of Virginia, et al, v. AT&T Corp., et al. The suit seeks relief and damages for AT&T’s failure to pay amounts for services it receives. AT&T disputes those claims and has asserted counterclaims alleging breach of contract and seeking declaratory relief. It has requested the court to enjoin the plaintiffs from terminating services for failure to pay, and it has requested the court transfer the case to federal court in the southern district of New York for further proceedings. Also in August 2022, AT&T filed a separate lawsuit in federal court in the western district of Louisiana against Central Telephone Company of Virginia and other of our subsidiaries alleging, among other claims, breach of contract provisions pertaining to network architecture. The Lumen plaintiff entities dispute AT&T’s claims.
Latin American Tax Litigation and Claims
In connection with the recent divestiture of our Latin American business, the purchaser assumed responsibility for the Peruvian tax litigation and Brazilian tax claims described in our prior periodic reports filed with the SEC. We have agreed to indemnify the purchaser for amounts paid in respect of the Brazilian tax claims. The value of this indemnification is included in the indemnification amount as disclosed in Note 10—Fair Value of Financial Instruments.
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Other Proceedings, Disputes and Contingencies
From time to time, we are involved in other proceedings incidental to our business, including patent infringement allegations, regulatory hearings relating primarily to our rates or services, actions relating to employee claims, various tax issues, environmental law issues, grievance hearings before labor regulatory agencies and miscellaneous third-party tort actions or commercial disputes.
We are currently defending several patent infringement lawsuits asserted against us by non-practicing entities, many of which are seeking substantial recoveries. These cases have progressed to various stages and one or more may go to trial within the next twelve months if they are not otherwise resolved. Where applicable, we are seeking full or partial indemnification from our vendors and suppliers. As with all litigation, we are vigorously defending these actions and, as a matter of course, are prepared to litigate these matters to judgment, as well as to evaluate and consider all reasonable settlement opportunities.
We are subject to various foreign, federal, state and local environmental protection and health and safety laws. From time to time, we are subject to judicial and administrative proceedings brought by various governmental authorities under these laws. Several such proceedings are currently pending, but none is reasonably expected to exceed $300,000 in fines and penalties.
The outcome of these other proceedings described under this heading is not predictable. However, based on current circumstances, we do not believe that the ultimate resolution of these other proceedings, after considering available defenses and any insurance coverage or indemnification rights, will have a material adverse effect on us.
The matters listed in this Note do not reflect all of our contingencies. For additional information on our contingencies, see Note 18—Commitments, Contingencies and Other Items to the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in Part II, Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. The ultimate outcome of the above-described matters may differ materially from the outcomes anticipated, estimated, projected or implied by us in certain of our statements appearing above in this Note, and proceedings currently viewed as immaterial by us may ultimately materially impact us.
(13) Other Financial Information
Other Current Assets
The following table presents details of other current assets reflected on our consolidated balance sheets:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| (Dollars in millions)
Prepaid expenses | $ | 410 |  |  | 319 |
Materials, supplies and inventory | 223 |  |  | 236 |
Contract assets | 18 |  |  | 20 |
Contract acquisition costs | 118 |  |  | 123 |
Contract fulfillment costs | 100 |  |  | 100 |
Other | 10 |  |  | 5 |
Total other current assets(1) | $ | 879 |  |  | 803 |

______________________________________________________________________
(1)Excludes $70 million and $59 million of other current assets related to the EMEA business that were classified as held for sale as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
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(14) Repurchases of Lumen Common Stock
During the fourth quarter of 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a two-year program to repurchase up to an aggregate of $1.5 billion of our outstanding common stock. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we did not repurchase any shares of our outstanding common stock under this program. As of March 31, 2023, we are authorized to purchase up to an aggregate of $1.3 billion of our outstanding common stock under this program.
Any repurchases made in 2023 or thereafter will be subject to a non-deductible 1% excise tax on the fair market value of the stock under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022.
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(15) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Information Relating to 2023
The table below summarizes changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss recorded on our consolidated balance sheet by component for the three months ended March 31, 2023:

| Pension Plans |  | Post-Retirement Benefit Plans |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment and Other |  |  |  | Total
| (Dollars in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | (985) |  |  | 308 |  |  | (422) |  |  |  |  | (1,099) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  | 18 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | 17 |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 12 |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) | 17 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  | 30 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | $ | (968) |  |  | 303 |  |  | (404) |  |  |  |  | (1,069) |

The table below presents further information about our reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the three months ended March 31, 2023:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  | Decrease (Increase) in Net Income |  | Affected Line Item in Consolidated Statement of Operations
|  | (Dollars in millions) |  |
Amortization of pension & post-retirement plans(1) |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss |  | $ | 20 |  |  | Other (expense) income, net
Prior service credit |  | (4) |  |  | Other (expense) income, net
Total before tax |  | 16 |  |  |
Income tax benefit |  | (4) |  |  | Income tax expense
Net of tax |  | $ | 12 |  |  |

________________________________________________________________________
(1)See Note 8—Employee Benefits for additional information on our net periodic benefit expense (income) related to our pension and post-retirement plans.
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Information Relating to 2022
The table below summarizes changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss recorded on our consolidated balance sheets by component for the three months ended March 31, 2022:

| Pension Plans |  | Post-Retirement Benefit Plans |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment and Other |  | Interest Rate Swap |  | Total
| (Dollars in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | (1,577) |  |  | (164) |  |  | (400) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (2,158) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | 67 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | 26 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | 44 |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) | 26 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 111 |
Balance at March 31, 2022 | $ | (1,551) |  |  | (163) |  |  | (333) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,047) |

The table below presents further information about our reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the three months ended March 31, 2022:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 |  | Decrease (Increase) in Net Income |  | Affected Line Item in Consolidated Statement of Operations
|  | (Dollars in millions) |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | 22 |  |  | Interest expense
Income tax benefit |  | (5) |  |  | Income tax expense
Net of tax |  | $ | 17 |  |  |
Amortization of pension & post-retirement plans(1) |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss |  | $ | 37 |  |  | Other (expense) income, net
Prior service cost |  | (1) |  |  | Other (expense) income, net
Total before tax |  | 36 |  |  |
Income tax benefit |  | (9) |  |  | Income tax expense
Net of tax |  | $ | 27 |  |  |

________________________________________________________________________
(1)See Note 8—Employee Benefits for additional information on our net periodic benefit income related to our pension and post-retirement plans.
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(16) Labor Union Contracts
As of March 31, 2023, approximately 20% of our employees were represented by the Communications Workers of America ("CWA") or the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers ("IBEW"). Approximately 1% of our represented employees were subject to collective bargaining agreements that were in expired status as of March 31, 2023, all of which have subsequently been renegotiated. Approximately 9% of our represented employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements that are scheduled to expire over the 12 month period ending March 31, 2024.
(17) Subsequent Event
Payment of Cash Taxes
In April 2023, we paid approximately $1.0 billion of estimated federal and state taxes, the majority of which relates to our 2022 divestitures.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Unless the context requires otherwise, (i) references in this report to "Lumen Technologies" or "Lumen," "we," "us" and "our" refer to Lumen Technologies, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries and (ii) references in this report to "Level 3" refer to Level 3 Parent, LLC and its predecessor, Level 3 Communications, Inc., which we acquired on November 1, 2017.
All references to "Notes" in this Item 2 of Part I refer to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of Part I of this report.
Certain statements in this report constitute forward-looking statements. See "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" appearing at the beginning of this report for factors relating to these statements and "Risk Factors" referenced in Item 1A of Part II of this report or other of our filings with the SEC for a discussion of certain risk factors applicable to our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or prospects.
Overview
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") included herein should be read in conjunction with MD&A and the other information included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and with the consolidated financial statements and related notes in Item 1 of Part I of this report. The results of operations and cash flows for the first three months of the year are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations and cash flows that might be expected for the entire year.
We are an international facilities-based technology and communications company focused on providing our business and mass markets customers with a broad array of integrated products and services necessary to fully participate in our ever-evolving digital world. We operate one of the world's most interconnected networks. Our platform empowers our customers to swiftly adjust digital programs securely to meet immediate demands, create efficiencies, accelerate market access, and reduce costs - allowing customers to rapidly evolve their IT programs to address dynamic changes. We are among the largest providers of communications services to domestic and global enterprise customers. Our terrestrial and subsea fiber optic long-haul network throughout North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific connects to metropolitan fiber networks that we operate. We provide services in over 60 countries, with most of our revenue being derived in the United States. As of March 31, 2023, we had approximately 30,000 employees.
Pending Divestiture of our European, Middle Eastern and African Business
Under agreements entered into on November 2, 2022 and February 8, 2023, affiliates of Level 3 Parent, LLC, have agreed to divest certain operations in EMEA to Colt Technology Services Group Limited, a portfolio company of Fidelity Investments, in exchange for $1.8 billion in cash, subject to certain post-closing adjustments. Level 3 Parent, LLC expects to close the transaction as early as late 2023, following receipt of all requisite regulatory approvals in the U.S. and certain countries where the EMEA business operates, as well as the satisfaction of other customary conditions. The actual amount of our net after-tax proceeds from this divestiture could vary substantially from the amounts we currently estimate, particularly if we experience delays in completing the transaction or any of our other assumptions prove to be incorrect.
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Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and the Macroeconomic Environment
Societal, governmental and macroeconomic changes arising out of the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted us, our customers and our business in several ways since March 2020. Beginning in the second half of 2020 and continuing into 2023, we rationalized our leased footprint and ceased using 39 leased property locations that were underutilized. In conjunction with our plans to continue to reduce costs, we expect to continue our real estate rationalization efforts and expect to incur additional accelerated lease costs in future periods. Additionally, as discussed further elsewhere herein, the pandemic and macroeconomic changes arising therefrom have resulted in (i) increases in certain revenue streams and decreases in others, (ii) operational challenges resulting from inflation and, to a lesser extent, shortages of certain components and other supplies that we use in our business, (iii) delays in our cost transformation initiatives and (iv) delayed decision-making by certain of our customers. None of these effects, individually or in the aggregate, have to date materially impacted our financial performance or financial position.
The COVID-19 pandemic and other factors have led to increased fiber construction demand combined with increased construction labor rates that have reduced the number of fiber buildout projects that met our internal payback requirement. Over the past couple years, we believe these factors contributed to a delay in our Quantum Fiber buildouts, but otherwise have not had a significant impact on our business results.
We reopened our offices in April 2022 under a "hybrid" working environment, which will permit some of our employees the flexibility to work remotely at least some of the time for the foreseeable future.
If any of the above-listed factors intensify, our financial results could be materially impacted in a variety of ways, including by increasing our expenses, decreasing our revenues, further delaying our network expansion plans or otherwise interfering with our ability to deliver products and services. For additional information on the impacts of the pandemic and the macroeconomic changes arising therefrom, see (i) the remainder of this item, including "—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Overview of Sources and Uses of Cash " and (ii) Item 1A of this report.
Reporting Segments
Our reporting segments are currently organized as follows, by customer focus:
•Business Segment: Under our Business segment, we provide our products and services under four sales channels:
◦Large Enterprise: Under our large enterprise sales channel, we provide our products and services to large enterprises, including multinational and global enterprise customers and carriers.
◦Mid-Market Enterprise: Under our mid-market enterprise sales channel, we provide our products and services to medium-sized enterprises directly and through our indirect channel partners.
◦Public Sector: Under our public sector sales channel, we provide our products and services to the public sector, including the U.S. Federal government, state and local governments and research and education institutions.
◦Wholesale: Under our wholesale sales channel, we provide our products and services to a wide range of other communication providers across the wireline, wireless, cable, voice and data center sectors.
•Mass Markets Segment: Under our Mass Markets segment, we provide products and services to residential and small business customers. At March 31, 2023, we served 3.0 million broadband subscribers under our Mass Markets segment.
See Note 11—Segment Information to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for additional information.
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We categorize our Business segment revenue among the following products and services categories:
•Grow, which includes products and services that we anticipate will grow, including our dark fiber, Edge Cloud services, IP, managed security, software-defined wide area networks ("SD WAN"), secure access service edge ("SASE"), Unified Communications and Collaboration ("UC&C") and wavelengths services;
•Nurture, which includes our more mature offerings, including ethernet and VPN data networks services;
•Harvest, which includes our legacy services managed for cash flow, including Time Division Multiplexing ("TDM") voice, private line and other legacy services; and
•Other, which includes equipment, IT solutions and other services.
We categorize our Mass Markets products and services revenue among the following categories:
•Fiber Broadband, under which we provide high speed broadband services to residential and small business customers utilizing our fiber-based network infrastructure;
•Other Broadband, under which we provide primarily lower speed broadband services to residential and small business customers utilizing our copper-based network infrastructure; and
•Voice and Other, under which we derive revenues from (i) providing local and long-distance services, professional services, and other ancillary services, and (ii) federal broadband and state support payments.
Trends Impacting Our Operations
In addition to the above-described impact of the pandemic and its aftermath, our consolidated operations have been, and will continue to be, impacted by the following company-wide trends:
•Customers’ demand for automated products and services and competitive pressures will require that we continue to invest in new technologies and automated processes to improve the customer experience and reduce our operating expenses.
•The increasingly digital environment and the growth in online video and gaming require robust, scalable network services. We are continuing to enhance our product capabilities and simplify our product portfolio based on demand and profitability to enable customers to have access to greater bandwidth.
•Businesses continue to adopt distributed, global operating models. We are expanding and enhancing our fiber network, connecting more buildings to our network to generate revenue opportunities and reducing our reliance upon other carriers.
•Changes in customer preferences and in the regulatory, technological and competitive environment are (i) significantly reducing demand for our more mature service offerings, commoditizing certain of our other offerings, or resulting in volume or rate reductions for other of our offerings and (ii) also creating certain opportunities for us arising out of increased demand for lower latency provided by Edge computing and for faster and more secure data transmissions.
•The operating margins of several of our newer, more technologically advanced services, some of which may connect to customers through other carriers, are lower than the operating margins on our traditional, on-net wireline services.
•Our expenses will be impacted by higher vendor costs, reduced economies of scale and other dis-synergies due to our 2022 divestitures.
•Declines in our traditional wireline services and other more mature offerings have necessitated right-sizing our cost structures to remain competitive.
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Inflation during 2022 placed downward pressure on our margins and macroeconomic uncertainties likely contributed to delayed decision-making by certain of our customers, which are trends that will likely continue to impact us as long as inflation rates remain elevated. These and other developments and trends impacting our operations are discussed elsewhere in this Item 2.
Results of Operations
In this section, we discuss our overall results of operations and highlight special items that are not included in our segment results. In "Segment Results" we review the performance of our two reporting segments in more detail. Results in this section include the results of our Latin American and ILEC businesses prior to their sale on August 1, 2022 and October 3, 2022, respectively.
The following table summarizes the results of our consolidated operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)
Operating revenue | $ | 3,738 |  |  | 4,676 |
Operating expenses | 3,348 |  |  | 3,593 |
Operating income | 390 |  |  | 1,083 |
Total other income (expense), net | 290 |  |  | (282) |
Income before income taxes | 680 |  |  | 801 |
Income tax expense | 169 |  |  | 202 |
Net income | $ | 511 |  |  | 599 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 0.52 |  |  | 0.59 |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 0.52 |  |  | 0.59 |

We have experienced revenue declines, excluding the impact of acquisitions, primarily due to declines in voice and private line customers, switched access rates and minutes of use. More recently, we have experienced declines in revenue derived from the sale of certain of our other products and services. To partially mitigate these revenue declines, we remain focused on efforts to, among other things:
•promote long-term relationships with our customers through bundling of integrated services;
•increase the size, capacity, speed and usage of our networks;
•allocate capital to our most promising products and services;
•increase revenue from our Grow products and services to Business customers and our Quantum Fiber services to Mass Markets customers;
•pursue acquisitions of additional assets or divestitures of non-strategic assets, in each case if available at attractive prices;
•increase prices on our products and services and rationalize products across our portfolio if and when practicable; and
•market our products and services to new customers, and transition existing customers from our legacy products to our newer offerings.
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Revenue
The following table summarizes our consolidated operating revenue recorded under each of our two segments and in our four revenue sales channels within the Business segment described above:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions) |  |
Business Segment: |  |  |  |  |
Large Enterprise | $ | 1,194 |  |  | 1,442 |  |  | (17) | %
Mid-Market Enterprise | 515 |  |  | 573 |  |  | (10) | %
Public Sector | 430 |  |  | 479 |  |  | (10) | %
Wholesale | 817 |  |  | 907 |  |  | (10) | %
Business Segment Revenue | 2,956 |  |  | 3,401 |  |  | (13) | %
Mass Markets Segment Revenue | 782 |  |  | 1,275 |  |  | (39) | %
Total consolidated operating revenue | $ | 3,738 |  |  | 4,676 |  |  | (20) | %

Our consolidated operating revenue decreased by $938 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, $716 million of which is attributable to the sale of our Latin American and ILEC businesses in the second half of 2022 as well the $59 million release during the first quarter of 2022 of previously deferred revenue related to the CAF II program, which lapsed on December 31, 2021. See our segment results below for additional information on the drivers of the decrease in revenue.
Operating Expenses
The following table summarizes our operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions) |  |
Cost of services and products (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) | $ | 1,817 |  |  | 1,985 |  |  | (8) | %
Selling, general and administrative | 721 |  |  | 800 |  |  | (10) | %
Loss on disposal group held for sale | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | nm
Depreciation and amortization | 733 |  |  | 808 |  |  | (9) | %
Total operating expenses | $ | 3,348 |  |  | 3,593 |  |  | (7) | %

_______________________________________________________________________________
nm Percentages greater than 200% and comparisons between positive and negative values or to/from zero values are considered not meaningful.
Cost of Services and Products (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
Cost of services and products (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) decreased by $168 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease of approximately $217 million due to the sale of the Latin American and ILEC businesses in the second half of 2022, as well as reductions of approximately $33 million in employee-related expense from lower headcount in our retained business. These decreases were partially offset by approximately $73 million higher facility costs.
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Selling, General and Administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $79 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of approximately $63 million due to the sale of our Latin American and ILEC businesses in the second half of 2022, as well as reductions of $28 million in employee-related expense from lower headcount.
Loss on Disposal Group Held for Sale
For a discussion of the loss on disposal group held for sale that we recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2023, see Note 2—Planned Divestiture of the EMEA Business.
Depreciation and Amortization
The following table provides detail of our depreciation and amortization expense:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions) |  |
Depreciation | $ | 473 |  |  | 534 |  |  | (11) | %
Amortization | 260 |  |  | 274 |  |  | (5) | %
Total depreciation and amortization | $ | 733 |  |  | 808 |  |  | (9) | %

Depreciation expense decreased by $61 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022 primarily due to the discontinuation during the fourth quarter of 2022 of the depreciation of the tangible assets of our planned divestiture of our EMEA business, resulting in a decrease of $46 million of depreciation expense during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. In addition, depreciation expense decreased $34 million due to the impact of annual rate depreciable life changes, which was partially offset by higher depreciation expense of $19 million associated with net growth in depreciable assets.
Amortization expense decreased by $14 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of $8 million due to the discontinuation during the fourth quarter of 2022 of the amortization of the intangible assets of our planned divestiture of our EMEA business and a decrease of $6 million associated with net reductions in amortizable assets for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022.
Further analysis of our segment operating expenses by segment is provided below in "Segment Results."
Other Consolidated Results
The following table summarizes our total other income (expense), net and income tax expense:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions) |  |
Interest expense | $ | (279) |  |  | (352) |  |  | (21) | %
Net gain on early retirement of debt | 609 |  |  | — |  |  | nm
Other (expense) income, net | (40) |  |  | 70 |  |  | nm
Total other income (expense), net | $ | 290 |  |  | (282) |  |  | nm
Income tax expense | $ | 169 |  |  | 202 |  |  | (16) | %

_______________________________________________________________________________
nm Percentages greater than 200% and comparisons between positive and negative values or to/from zero values are considered not meaningful.
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Interest Expense
Interest expense decreased by $73 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. The decrease was due to the decrease in average outstanding long-term debt (inclusive of debt classified as held for sale) from $28.8 billion to $20.2 billion, which was partially offset by the increase in the average interest rate of 4.58% to 5.73% for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Net Gain on Early Retirement of Debt
For a discussion of the exchange offers that resulted in the net gain on debt that we recognized for three months ended March 31, 2023, see Note 6—Long-Term Debt and Credit Facilities.
Other (Expense) Income, Net
Other (expense) income, net reflects certain items not directly related to our core operations, including (i) components of net periodic pension and post-retirement benefit costs, (ii) foreign currency gains and losses, (iii) our share of income from partnerships we do not control, (iv) interest income, (v) gains and losses from non-operating asset dispositions, (vi) income from transition and separation services provided by us to the purchasers of our divested businesses and (vii) other non-core items.

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (Dollars in millions)
Pension and post-retirement net periodic expense | $ | (39) |  |  | (3) |
Foreign currency gain (loss) | 2 |  |  | (13) |
(Loss) gain on investment in limited partnership | (61) |  |  | 66 |
Loss on investment in equity securities | (19) |  |  | — |
Transition and separation services | 49 |  |  | 3 |
Other | 28 |  |  | 17 |
Total other (expense) income, net | $ | (40) |  |  | 70 |

See Note 10—Fair Value of Financial Instruments for more information regarding the losses recognized on our investments in equity securities and a limited partnership.
Income Tax Expense
For the three months ended March 31, 2023, our effective income tax rate was 24.9% and for the three months ended March 31, 2022, our effective income tax rate was 25.2%.
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Segment Results
General
Reconciliation of segment revenue to total operating revenue is below. The results presented in this section include results of our Latin American and ILEC businesses prior to their sale on August 1, 2022 and October 3, 2022, respectively:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (Dollars in millions)
Operating revenue |  |  |
Business | $ | 2,956 |  |  | 3,401 |
Mass Markets | 782 |  |  | 1,275 |
Total operating revenue | $ | 3,738 |  |  | 4,676 |

Additional information regarding our total adjusted EBITDA is below:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (Dollars in millions)
Net income | $ | 511 |  |  | 599 |
Income tax expense | 169 |  |  | 202 |
Total other (income) expense, net | (290) |  |  | 282 |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 733 |  |  | 808 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 14 |  |  | 23 |
Total adjusted EBITDA | $ | 1,137 |  |  | 1,914 |
Business segment adjusted EBITDA | $ | 1,865 |  |  | 2,267 |
Mass Markets segment adjusted EBITDA | 432 |  |  | 848 |
Other unallocated amounts | (1,160) |  |  | (1,201) |

For additional information on our reportable segments and product and services categories, see Note 4—Revenue Recognition and Note 11—Segment Information to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report.
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Business Segment

| Three Months Ended March 31, | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (Dollars in millions) |
Business Segment Product Categories: |  |  |  |
Grow | $ | 1,128 |  |  | 1,186 |  | (5) | %
Nurture | 905 |  |  | 1,093 |  | (17) | %
Harvest | 739 |  |  | 947 |  | (22) | %
Other | 184 |  |  | 175 |  | 5 | %
Total segment revenue | 2,956 |  |  | 3,401 |  | (13) | %
Expenses: |  |  |  |
Total segment expense | 1,091 |  |  | 1,134 |  | (4) | %
Total segment adjusted EBITDA | $ | 1,865 |  |  | 2,267 |  | (18) | %

Three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the same period ended March 31, 2022
Business segment revenue decreased $445 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to March 31, 2022. Approximately $351 million of this decrease was due to the sale of the Latin American and ILEC businesses in the second half of 2022. More specifically, within each product category:
•Grow decreased by $58 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to March 31, 2022 due to a decrease of approximately $133 million associated with the sale of the Latin American and ILEC businesses. This decline was partially offset by growth in most products, primarily due to an increase of $75 million in products such as IP, dark fiber, wavelengths and colocation;
•Nurture decreased by $188 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to March 31, 2022, approximately $91 million of which was attributable to the sale of the Latin American and ILEC businesses. The remainder of the decline is principally attributable to declines in traditional VPN networks of $68 million and declines in Ethernet services of $30 million;
•Harvest decreased by $208 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to March 31, 2022, approximately $126 million of which was attributable to the sale of the Latin American and ILEC businesses. The remainder of the decline is principally attributable to a $61 million decline in legacy voice services;
•Other increased for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to March 31, 2022 due to higher equipment revenue.
The decrease in Business segment revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 includes $16 million of unfavorable foreign currency adjustments as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022.
Business segment expense decreased by $43 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022 primarily driven by $76 million due to the sale of the Latin American and ILEC businesses and a $21 million reduction in employee costs, offset by higher network expense of approximately $54 million.
Business segment adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of segment revenue was 63% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 67% for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
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Mass Markets Segment

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions) |
Mass Markets Product Categories: |  |  |  |  |
Fiber Broadband | $ | 152 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 5 | %
Other Broadband | 369 |  |  | 610 |  |  | (40) | %
Voice and Other | 261 |  |  | 520 |  |  | (50) | %
Total segment revenue | 782 |  |  | 1,275 |  |  | (39) | %
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Total segment expense | 350 |  |  | 427 |  |  | (18) | %
Total segment adjusted EBITDA | $ | 432 |  |  | 848 |  |  | (49) | %

Three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the same period ended March 31, 2022
Mass Markets segment revenue decreased $493 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to March 31, 2022. Approximately $365 million of this decrease is due to the sale of our ILEC business in the fourth quarter of 2022. More specifically, within each product category:
•Fiber Broadband revenue increased $7 million, primarily driven by $18 million of growth in fiber customers associated with our continued increase in enabled locations from our Quantum Fiber buildout, partially offset by a $13 million decrease due to the sale of the ILEC business;
•Other Broadband revenue decreased $241 million. Approximately $190 million of this decrease was due to the sale of the ILEC business and $51 million was due to customer losses in our lower speed copper-based broadband services;
•Voice and Other declined $259 million, principally due to (i) a $162 million decrease due to the sale of the ILEC business, (ii) a $38 million decrease due to the continued loss of legacy voice customers and (iii) the recognition in the first quarter of 2022 of $59 million of previously deferred revenue related to the CAF II program, which lapsed on December 31, 2021.
Mass Markets segment expense decreased $77 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022 primarily driven by a decrease of $106 million due to the sale of the ILEC business, partially offset by an $18 million increase in employee costs.
Mass Markets segment adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of segment revenue was 55% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 67% for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview of Sources and Uses of Cash
We are a holding company that is dependent on the capital resources of our subsidiaries to satisfy our parent company liquidity requirements. Several of our significant operating subsidiaries have borrowed funds either on a standalone basis or as part of a separate restricted group with certain of its subsidiaries or affiliates. The terms of the instruments governing the indebtedness of these borrowers or borrowing groups may restrict our ability to access their accumulated cash. In addition, our ability to access the liquidity of these and other subsidiaries may be limited by tax, legal and other considerations.
At March 31, 2023, we held cash and cash equivalents of $1.2 billion, $40 million of which is classified as held for sale, and we also had $2.2 billion of borrowing capacity available under our revolving credit facility. We typically use our revolving credit facility as a source of liquidity for operating activities and our other cash requirements. We had approximately $89 million of cash and cash equivalents outside the United States at March 31, 2023. We currently believe that there are no material restrictions on our ability to repatriate cash and cash equivalents into the United States and that we may do so without paying or accruing U.S. taxes. Other than transactions related to our EMEA divestiture, we do not currently intend to repatriate to the United States any of our foreign cash and cash equivalents from operating entities.
Our executive officers and our Board of Directors review our sources and potential uses of cash in connection with our annual budgeting process and whenever circumstances warrant. Generally speaking, our principal funding source is cash from operating activities, and our principal cash requirements include operating expenses, capital expenditures, income taxes, debt repayments, periodic securities repurchases, periodic pension contributions and other benefits payments. The impact of the recent sales of our Latin American and ILEC businesses and our planned divestiture of our EMEA business is further described below.
Based on our current capital allocation objectives, for the full year 2023 we project expending approximately $2.9 billion to $3.1 billion of capital expenditures.
For the 12 month period ending March 31, 2024, we project that our fixed commitments will include (i) $125 million of scheduled term loan amortization payments and (ii) $30 million of finance lease and other fixed payments (which includes $2 million of finance lease obligations that have been classified as held for sale).
We are currently experiencing competitive, macroeconomic and financial pressures, such as operational challenges resulting from inflation, dis-synergies resulting from our 2022 divestitures and, to a lesser extent, shortages of certain components and other supplies that we use in our business. If these pressures continue, we may experience significant deterioration in our projected cash flows or market capitalization, or make significant changes to our assumptions of discount rates and market multiples. Any of these could result in a determination in a future quarter that the goodwill assigned to one or more of our reporting units has been impaired.
We will continue to monitor our future sources and uses of cash, and anticipate that we will make adjustments to our capital allocation strategies when, as and if determined by our Board of Directors. We may also draw on our revolving credit facility as a source of liquidity for operating activities and to give us additional flexibility to finance our capital investments, repayments of debt, pension contributions and other cash requirements.
For additional information, see "Risk Factors—Financial Risks" in Item 1A of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
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Impact of the Divestitures of the Latin American and ILEC Businesses and Planned Divestiture of the EMEA Business
During 2022, we sold our Latin American business and a portion of our ILEC business. We additionally agreed to divest our EMEA business subject to receipt of various approvals and satisfaction of other customer conditions, see Note 2—Planned Divestiture of the EMEA Business to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for more information. As further described in previous reports, these transactions have provided or are expected to provide us with a substantial amount of cash proceeds, but ultimately will reduce our base of income-generating assets that generate our recurring cash from operating activities. As a result of these divestitures, we utilized all of our NOLs available for use in 2022. As of March 31, 2023, we paid $90 million of indemnification payments related to our 2022 divestitures. In addition, as described in Note 17—Subsequent Event, in April 2023, we paid approximately $1.0 billion of estimated federal and state income taxes, the majority of which relates to the 2022 divestitures. See " —Net Operating Loss Carryforwards" below for additional information on our 2023 tax year cash tax estimate.
Capital Expenditures
We incur capital expenditures on an ongoing basis to expand and improve our service offerings, enhance and modernize our networks and compete effectively in our markets. We evaluate capital expenditure projects based on a variety of factors, including expected strategic impacts (such as forecasted impact on revenue growth, productivity, expenses, service levels and customer retention) and our expected return on investment. The amount of capital investment is influenced by, among other things, current and projected demand for our services and products, cash flow generated by operating activities, cash required for other purposes and regulatory considerations (such as governmentally-mandated infrastructure buildout requirements) and the availability of requisite supplies, labor and permits.
Our capital expenditures continue to be focused on enhancing network operating efficiencies, supporting new service developments, and expanding our fiber network, including our Quantum Fiber buildout plan. A portion of our 2023 capital expenditures will also be focused on restoring network assets destroyed or damaged by Hurricane Ian in Florida during 2022. For more information on our capital spending, see (i) "—Overview of Sources and Uses of Cash " above, (ii) "Cash Flow Activities—Investing Activities" below and (iii) Item 1 of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Debt Instruments and Financing Arrangements
Debt Instruments
Pursuant to exchange offers commenced on March 16, 2023 (the "Exchange Offers"), on March 31, 2023, Level 3 Financing, Inc. issued $915 million of its 10.500% Senior Secured Notes due 2030 (the “Initial Notes”) in exchange for $1.535 billion of Lumen’s outstanding senior unsecured notes, which were concurrently cancelled. These transactions resulted in a net reduction in the aggregate principal amount of Lumen’s consolidated indebtedness of approximately $620 million and a gain of $609 million. On April 17, 2023, in connection with the final settlement under the Exchange Offers, Level 3 Financing, Inc. issued an additional $9 million of its 10.500% Senior Secured Notes due 2030 in exchange for $19 million aggregate principal amount of Lumen’s senior unsecured notes.
At March 31, 2023, we had $11.3 billion of outstanding consolidated secured indebtedness, $8.5 billion of outstanding consolidated unsecured indebtedness (excluding (i) finance lease obligations, (ii) unamortized premiums, net and (iii) unamortized debt issuance costs) and $2.2 billion of unused borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility, as discussed further below.
Under our amended and restated credit agreement dated as of January 31, 2020 (the "Amended Credit Agreement"), we maintained at March 31, 2023 (i) a $2.2 billion senior secured revolving credit facility, under which we owed nothing as of such date, and (ii) $5.2 billion of senior secured term loan facilities. For additional information, see (i) "—Overview of Sources and Uses of Cash," (ii) Note 6—Long-Term Debt and Credit Facilities to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report and (iii) Note 7—Long-Term Debt and Credit Facilities in Item 8 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
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At March 31, 2023, we had $41 million of letters of credit outstanding under our $225 million uncommitted letter of credit facility. Additionally, under separate facilities, we had outstanding letters of credit, or other similar obligations, of approximately $61 million as of March 31, 2023, of which $3 million is collateralized by cash that is reflected on our consolidated balance sheets as restricted cash within other assets.
In addition to its indebtedness under our Amended Credit Agreement, Lumen Technologies is indebted under its outstanding senior notes, and several of its subsidiaries are indebted under separate credit facilities or senior notes. For information on the terms and conditions of other debt instruments of ours and our subsidiaries, including financial and operating covenants, see (i) Note 6—Long-Term Debt and Credit Facilities to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report and (ii) "—Other Matters" below.
Future Financings and Debt Reduction Transactions
Subject to market conditions, we expect to continue to issue debt securities from time to time in the future to refinance a substantial portion of our maturing debt, including issuing debt securities of certain of our subsidiaries to refinance their maturing debt to the extent permitted under our debt covenants and consistent with our capital allocation strategies. The availability, interest rate and other terms of any new borrowings will depend on the ratings assigned by credit rating agencies, among other factors.
As of the filing date of this report, the credit ratings for the senior secured and unsecured debt of Lumen Technologies, Inc., Level 3 Financing, Inc. and Qwest Corporation were as follows:

Borrower |  | Moody's Investors Service, Inc. |  | Standard & Poor's |  | Fitch Ratings
Lumen Technologies, Inc.: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured |  | Caa1 |  | CCC+ |  | B-
Secured |  | B3 |  | BB- |  | BB
Level 3 Financing, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured |  | B1 |  | B |  | B+
Secured |  | Ba2 |  | BB- |  | BB
Qwest Corporation: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured |  | B1 |  | BB- |  | BB

Our credit ratings are reviewed and adjusted from time to time by the rating agencies. Any future changes in the senior unsecured or secured debt ratings of us or our subsidiaries could impact our access to capital or borrowing costs. With the recent downgrades of our credit ratings we may find it more difficult to borrow on favorable terms, or at all. See "Risk Factors—Financial Risks" in Item 1A of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
From time to time over the past couple of years, we have engaged in various refinancings, redemptions, tender offers, open market purchases and other transactions designed to reduce our consolidated indebtedness, lower our aggregate interest costs, improve our financial flexibility or otherwise enhance our debt profile. We plan to continue to pursue similar transactions in the future to the extent feasible. Whether and when we implement any additional such transactions depends on a wide variety of factors, including without limitation market conditions, our upcoming debt maturities, our cash requirements and limitations under our debt covenants. There is no guarantee that we will be successful in implementing any such transactions or attaining our stated objectives. We may not disclose these transactions in advance, unless required by applicable law or material in nature or amount. See Note 6—Long-Term Debt and Credit Facilities for additional information.
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Net Operating Loss Carryforwards
As of December 31, 2022, Lumen Technologies had approximately $1.0 billion of federal net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs"), which for U.S. federal income tax purposes can be used to offset future taxable income. These NOLs are primarily related to federal NOLs we acquired through the Level 3 acquisition on November 1, 2017 and are subject to limitations under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code and related U.S. Treasury Department regulations. We maintain a Section 382 rights agreement designed to safeguard through late 2023 our ability to use those NOLs. We utilized a substantial portion of our available NOLs to offset taxable gains generated by the completion of our 2022 divestitures. As a result we anticipate that our cash income tax liability will increase substantially in the current and future periods. In April 2023, we paid approximately $1.0 billion of estimated federal and state taxes, the majority of which relates to our 2022 divestitures. The amounts of our near-term future tax payments will depend upon many factors, including our future earnings and tax circumstances and the impact of any corporate tax reform or taxable transactions. Based on current laws and our current assumptions and projections, we estimate our cash federal income tax liability related to the 2023 tax year will range from $300 million to $400 million, excluding the impact of the above-referenced payment made in April 2023.
Although we expect to use substantially all of our remaining NOLs in future periods in accordance with Section 382's annual limitations, we cannot assure this. See "Risk Factors—Financial Risks—We may not be able to fully utilize our NOLs" in Item 1A of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Stock Repurchases
During the fourth quarter of 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a two-year program to repurchase up to an aggregate of $1.5 billion of our outstanding common stock. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we did not repurchase any shares of our outstanding common stock under this program. As of March 31, 2023, we were authorized to purchase up to an aggregate of $1.3 billion of our outstanding common stock under this program. We currently do not plan to purchase any shares our outstanding common stock under this program in the near term.
Pension and Post-retirement Benefit Obligations
We are subject to material obligations under our existing defined benefit pension plans and post-retirement benefit plans. At December 31, 2022, the accounting unfunded status of our qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans and our qualified post-retirement benefit plans was $615 million and $2.0 billion, respectively. For additional information about our pension and post-retirement benefit arrangements, see "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Pension and Post-retirement Benefits" in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and see Note 11—Employee Benefits to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of the same report.
Benefits paid by our Combined Pension Plan are paid through the trust that holds the Combined Pension Plan's assets. Based on current laws and circumstances, we do not expect any contributions to be required for our Combined Pension Plan during 2023. The amount of required contributions to our Combined Pension Plan in 2024 and beyond will depend on a variety of factors, most of which are beyond our control, including earnings on plan investments, prevailing interest rates, demographic experience, changes in plan benefits and changes in funding laws and regulations. We occasionally make voluntary contributions to our plans in addition to required contributions and reserve the right to do so in the future. We last made a voluntary contribution to the trust for our Combined Pension Plan during 2018. We currently do not expect to make a voluntary contribution in 2023.
Substantially all of our post-retirement health care and life insurance benefits plans are unfunded and are paid by us with available cash. Based on our most recent estimates, we expect to pay $210 million of post-retirement benefits, net of participant contributions and direct subsidies, for the full year 2023. For additional information on our expected future benefits payments for our post-retirement benefit plans, please see Note 11—Employee Benefits to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of our Annual Report Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
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Our pension plan contains provisions that allow us, from time to time, to offer lump sum payment options to certain former employees in settlement of their future retirement benefits. We record an accounting settlement charge, consisting of the recognition of certain deferred costs of the pension plan, associated with these lump sum payments only if, in the aggregate, they exceed the sum of the annual service and interest costs for the plan’s net periodic pension benefit cost, which represents the settlement accounting threshold. Please see Note 11—Employee Benefits to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of our Annual Report Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for additional information.
For 2023, our expected annual long-term rate of return on the pension plan assets is 6.5%. However, actual returns could be substantially different.
See Note 8—Employee Benefits to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for more information.
Future Contractual Obligations
For information regarding our estimated future contractual obligations, see the MD&A discussion included in Item 7 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Federal Broadband Support Programs
In early 2020, the FCC created the Rural Digital Opportunity Fund (the “RDOF”), which is a federal support program designed to replace the CAF Phase II program, which lapsed on December 31, 2021. On December 7, 2020, the FCC allocated in its RDOF Phase I auction $9.2 billion in support payments over 10 years to deploy high speed broadband to over 5.2 million unserved locations. We are currently entitled to receive support payments under the RDOF Phase I program, which commenced during the second quarter of 2022. We expect to receive approximately $17 million of such payments during 2023.
For additional information on these programs, see (i) Note 4 - Revenue Recognition to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (ii) "Business—Regulation of Our Business" in Item 1 of Part I of the same Annual Report and (iii) "Risk Factors—Legal and Regulatory Risks" in Item 1A of Part I of the same Annual Report.
Federal officials have proposed changes to current programs and laws that could impact us, including proposals designed to increase broadband access, increase competition among broadband providers, lower broadband costs and re-adopt "net neutrality" rules similar to those adopted under the Obama Administration. In November 2021, the U.S. Congress enacted legislation that appropriated $65 billion to improve broadband affordability and access, primarily through federally funded state grants. As of the date of this report, various state and federal agencies are continuing to take steps to make this funding available to eligible applicants, including us. It remains premature to speculate on the ultimate impact of this legislation on us.
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Cash Flow Activities
The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flow activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  | $ Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 595 |  |  | 1,375 |  |  | (780) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (616) |  |  | (569) |  |  | 47 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (86) |  |  | (776) |  |  | (690) |

Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities decreased by $780 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022 primarily due to lower net income adjusted for non-cash expenses and gains, partially driven by the sale of the Latin American and ILEC businesses in the second half of 2022. Cash provided by operating activities is subject to variability period over period as a result of timing differences, including with respect to the collection of receivables and payments of interest expense, accounts payable and bonuses.
For additional information about our operating results, see "Results of Operations" above.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities increased by $47 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022 primarily due to an increase in capital expenditures.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities decreased by $690 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022 primarily due higher debt repayments and dividend payments in the prior year period.
See Note 6—Long-Term Debt and Credit Facilities to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for additional information on our outstanding debt securities.
Other Matters
We have cash management and loan arrangements with a majority of our income-generating subsidiaries, in which a substantial portion of the aggregate cash of those subsidiaries' is periodically advanced or loaned to us or our service company affiliate. Although we periodically repay these advances to fund the subsidiaries' cash requirements throughout the year, at any given point in time we may owe a substantial sum to our subsidiaries under these arrangements. In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, these arrangements are reflected in the balance sheets of our subsidiaries but are eliminated in consolidation and therefore not recognized on our consolidated balance sheets.
We are also involved in various legal proceedings that could substantially impact our financial position. See Note 12—Commitments, Contingencies and Other Items to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for additional information.
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Market Risk
As of March 31, 2023, we are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates on our variable rate long-term debt obligations and fluctuations in certain foreign currencies.
Management periodically reviews our exposure to interest rate fluctuations and periodically implements strategies to manage the exposure. From time to time, we have used derivative instruments to swap our exposure to variable interest rates for fixed interest rates. We have established policies and procedures for risk assessment and the approval, reporting and monitoring of derivative instrument activities. As of March 31, 2023, we did not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
As of March 31, 2023, we had approximately $7.8 billion of floating rate debt, none of which is currently hedged. A hypothetical increase of 100 basis points in LIBOR relating to our $7.8 billion of unhedged floating rate debt would, among other things, decrease our annual pre-tax earnings by approximately $78 million. Additionally, we executed amendments in March 2023 to change the reference rate in our credit agreements to SOFR from LIBOR.
We conduct a portion of our business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, the currency in which our consolidated financial statements are reported. Our European subsidiaries use the local currency as their functional currency, as the majority of their sales and purchases are or were transacted in their local currencies. Although we continue to evaluate strategies to mitigate risks related to the effect of fluctuations in currency exchange rates, we will likely recognize gains or losses from international transactions. Accordingly, changes in foreign currency rates relative to the U.S. dollar could positively or negatively impact our operating results.
Certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the computation of exposures to market risks. Actual values may differ materially from those disclosed by us from time to time if market conditions vary from the assumptions used in the analyses performed. These analyses only incorporate the risk exposures that existed at March 31, 2023.
Other Information
Our website is www.lumen.com. We routinely post important investor information in the "Investor Relations" section of our website at ir.lumen.com. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is not part of this quarterly report. You may obtain free electronic copies of annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K filed by us or our affiliates Level 3 Parent, LLC and Qwest Corporation, and all amendments to those reports, in the "Investor Relations" section of our website (ir.lumen.com) under the headings "FINANCIALS" and "SEC Filings." These reports are available on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with the SEC. From time to time, we also use our website to webcast our earnings calls and certain of our meetings with investors or other members of the investment community.
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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
See "Liquidity and Capital Resources—Market Risk" in Item 2 of Part I above.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or furnish under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. These include controls and procedures designed to ensure this information is accumulated and communicated to our senior management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management, with the participation of our President and Chief Executive Officer, Kate Johnson, and our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Chris Stansbury, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2023. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, as of March 31, 2023, in providing reasonable assurance the information required to be disclosed by us in this report was accumulated and communicated in the manner provided above.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the first quarter of 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations of Internal Controls
The effectiveness of our or any system of disclosure controls and procedures is subject to certain limitations, including the exercise of judgment in designing, implementing and evaluating the controls and procedures, the assumptions used in identifying the likelihood of future events and the inability to eliminate misconduct completely. As a result, there can be no assurance that our disclosure controls and procedures will detect all errors or fraud. By their nature, our or any system of disclosure controls and procedures can provide only reasonable assurance regarding management's control objectives.
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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The information contained in Note 12—Commitments, Contingencies and Other Items included in Item 1 of Part I of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q is incorporated herein by reference. The ultimate outcome of the matters described in Note 12 may differ materially from the outcomes anticipated, estimated, projected or implied by us in certain of our statements appearing in such Note, and proceedings currently viewed as immaterial by us may ultimately materially impact us. For more information, see “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Legal and Regulatory Matters—Our pending legal proceedings could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and operating results, on the trading price of our securities and on our ability to access the capital markets” in Item 1A of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or future results. We recommend that you carefully consider (i) the other information set forth in this report and (ii) the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which are supplemented by the disclosure immediately below:
Like many businesses, we continue to face a growing threat from cyber-attacks, and, notwithstanding our extensive cybersecurity measures, we cannot provide any assurances that these attacks will not ultimately have a material adverse effect on our business, operations or financial results.
As we noted in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, we faced a growing number of cyber-attacks in 2022. On March 27, 2023, we announced two cybersecurity incidents, including one that involved a sophisticated intruder that had accessed our internal information technology systems. Since March 27, 2023, we have continued taking the measures described in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 27, 2023 to assess, contain and remediate both incidents, including working with outside forensic firms.
Based on our ongoing investigations and information known at this time, we continue to believe that these incidents have neither had nor are likely to have a material adverse impact on our ability to serve our customers or our business, operations or financial results. Based on these ongoing investigations and information known at this time, we have determined that the sophisticated intruder that accessed our internal information technology systems is an advanced persistent threat actor that conducted activity best characterized as surveillance.
More generally, we believe the importance of our network to global internet data flows makes it a target to a wide range of intruders, including advanced persistent threat actors. And while we currently do not believe the recently reported events are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, cybersecurity events inherently involve a range of risks and uncertainties, and we cannot assure you that future events or developments will not ultimately have a material adverse impact on our ability to serve our customers or our business, operations or financial results.
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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Effective November 2, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a two-year program to repurchase up to an aggregate of $1.5 billion of our outstanding common stock. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we did not repurchase any shares of our outstanding common stock under this program. For additional information, see Note 14—Repurchases of Lumen Common Stock to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of Part I of this report.
The following table contains information about shares of our previously-issued common stock that we withheld from employees upon vesting of their stock-based awards during the first quarter of 2023 to satisfy the related tax withholding obligations:

| Total Number of Shares Withheld for Taxes |  | Average Price Paid Per Share
Period |  |  |
Jan-23 | 56,233 |  |  | $ | 5.48 |
Feb-23 | 10,534 |  |  | $ | 5.22 |
Mar-23 | 1,710,033 |  |  | $ | 3.23 |
Total | 1,776,800 |  |  |

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
Exhibits identified in parentheses below are on file with the SEC and are incorporated herein by reference. All other exhibits are provided as part of this electronic submission.

Exhibit Number | Description
4.1 | Indenture dated March 31, 2023, among Level 3 Financing, Inc., as Issuer, Level 3 Parent, LLC, as Guarantor, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, as Trustee and Note Collateral Agent, designating and outlining the terms and conditions of Level 3 Financing, Inc.’s 10.500% Senior Secured Notes due 2030 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Level 3 Parent, LLC’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-35134) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2023).
10.1* | LIBOR Transition Amendment, dated as of March 17, 2023, by and among Lumen Technologies, Inc., the Guarantors party thereto, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, amending the parties’ Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of January 31, 2020.
10.2* | First Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of March 27, 2023, by and between Qwest Corporation and CoBank, ACB, as administrative agent, amending the parties’ Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of October 23, 2020.
10.3* | LIBOR Transition Amendment, dated as of March 17, 2023, by and among Level 3 Parent, LLC, Level 3 Financing, Inc., the Subsidiary Loan Parties party thereto, and Merrill Lynch Capital Corporation, as administrative agent, amending the parties’ Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of November 29, 2019.
31.1* | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of Lumen Technologies, Inc. pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of Lumen Technologies, Inc. pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1* | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of Lumen Technologies, Inc. pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2* | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of Lumen Technologies, Inc. pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101* | Financial statements from the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Lumen Technologies, Inc. for the period ended March 31, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104* | Cover page formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.

_______________________________________________________________________________
* Exhibit filed herewith.
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on May 2, 2023.

| LUMEN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
| By: | /s/ Andrea Genschaw
| Andrea Genschaw Senior Vice President, Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)

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