The Company’s 2017 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”) authorized up to 10,000,000 common shares, which can be granted as restricted stock, RSU’s, PSU’s, incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, SAR’s and stock grant awards. As of January 31, 2019, there were 9,813,500 common shares available to grant under the 2017 Plan.

The Company’s 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2008 Plan”) authorized up to 10,000,000 common shares, which can be granted as RSU’s, unrestricted shares, incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, PSU’s or SAR’s. As of January 31, 2019, there were 4,238,213 common shares available to grant under the 2008 Plan. Pursuant to the terms of the 2008 Plan, certain awards may not be granted after February 25, 2018. Awards under the 2017 Plan and the 2008 Plan generally expire seven or ten years from the date of grant, thirty days after termination of employment or six months after the date of death or termination due to disability of the grantee.

During fiscal 2019 and 2018, the Company elected to account for forfeitures as they occur rather than estimate expected forfeitures. During fiscal 2017, based on the Company’s historical experience, it assumed an annualized forfeiture rate of 5% for its unvested share-based awards granted during the respective years.

Share-based compensation expense, included in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Income, for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:

	Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
	2019		2018		2017
Stock Options	$	1,854	$	897	$	1,002
Stock Appreciation Rights		4		142		240
Performance Stock Units ⁽¹⁾		2,463		3,562		12,349
Restricted Stock Units		13,783		9,916		4,700
Total	$	18,104	$	14,517	$	18,291

(1)

Includes: (i) the reversal of $4,213 of previously recognized compensation expense in fiscal 2019, related to 313,077 PSU’s that will not vest as the achievement of the related performance target is not probable; (ii) the reversal of $11,515 of previously recognized compensation expense in fiscal 2018, related to 871,779 PSU’s that will not vest as the achievement of the related performance target is not probable; and (iii) the reversal of $7,908 of previously recognized compensation expense in fiscal 2017, related to 505,510 PSU’s that will not vest as the achievement of the related performance target is not probable.

The total tax benefit associated with share-based compensation expense for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $4,465, $5,438 and $7,132, respectively. The tax benefit realized from share-based compensation for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $8,309, $1,753 and $2,272, respectively.

The Company may grant stock options that generally vest over a period of one year. Stock options become exercisable over the vesting period in installments determined by the Company, which can vary depending upon each individual grant. Stock options granted to non-employee directors generally vest over a period of one year.

A Black-Scholes model was used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted in the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted in fiscal years ended January 31, 2018 and 2017. A different model was used to value fiscal 2019 grants due to changes in grant provisions under the 2017 Plan. Both models use assumptions including the risk-free rate of interest, expected volatility of the Company’s stock price and expected life of the awards. The Company uses historical data on exercise timing to determine the expected life assumption. The risk-free rate of interest for periods within the contractual life of the award is based on U.S. Government Securities Treasury Constant Maturities over the expected term of the equity instrument. The expected volatility is based on a weighted-average of the implied volatility and the Company’s most recent historical volatility. The following weighted-average assumptions were used in the models to estimate the fair value of stock options at the date of grant:

	Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Expected life, in years		5.4			3.4			3.4
Risk-free interest rate		2.8	%		1.6	%		0.9	%
Volatility		35.6	%		40.2	%		34.2	%
Dividend rate		—			—			—

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019:

	Shares			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Contractual Terms (years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Awards outstanding at beginning of year		900,000		$	32.01		3.4	$	3,933
Granted		140,000			46.42
Exercised		(430,000	)		31.67
Forfeited or Expired		—			—
Awards outstanding at end of year		610,000			35.55		3.9	$	2,007
Awards outstanding fully vested and expected to vest		610,000			35.55		3.9	$	2,007
Awards exercisable at end of year		470,000		$	32.31		3.2	$	2,007

The following table summarizes other information related to stock options during the years ended January 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:

	Fiscal Year Ended January 31,
	2019		2018		2017
Weighted-average grant date fair value—per share	$	17.12	$	5.37	$	7.31
Intrinsic value of awards exercised	$	4,369	$	—	$	1,566
Net cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options	$	13,618	$	—	$	4,096

Total unrecognized compensation cost of stock options granted but not yet vested, as of January 31, 2019, was $821, which is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average period of 0.3 year.

The Company may grant SAR’s that generally vest over a five year period. Each vested SAR entitles the holder the right to the differential between the value of the Company’s common share price at the date of exercise and the value of the Company’s common share price at the date of grant. There were no SAR’s granted during the fiscal years ended January 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

The following table summarizes the Company’s SAR activity for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019:

	Awards			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Awards outstanding at beginning of year		214,975		$	32.69		1.6	$	493
Granted		—			—
Exercised		(197,600	)		32.45
Forfeited or Expired		(7,375	)		32.80
Awards outstanding at end of year		10,000			37.34		1.7	$	—
Awards outstanding fully vested and expected to vest		10,000			37.34		1.7	$	—
Awards exercisable at end of year		10,000		$	37.34		1.7	$	—

The following table summarizes other information related to SAR’s during the years ended January 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:

There were no unrecognized compensation costs of SAR’s granted, but not yet vested, as of January 31, 2019.

The Company may grant PSU’s that vest based on the achievement of various company performance targets and external market conditions. The fair value of the PSU’s are determined using a Monte Carlo simulation. This model uses assumptions including the risk free interest rate, expected volatility of the Company’s stock price and expected life of the awards. The Company makes certain estimates about the number of awards that will vest. Once the Company determines that it is probable that the performance targets will be met, compensation expense is recorded for these awards. If any of these performance targets are not met, the awards are forfeited. Each PSU is equal to one common share with varying maximum award value limitations. PSU’s typically vest over a two to five-year period.

The following table summarizes the Company’s PSU activity for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019:

	Shares			Weighted- Average Fair Value
Non-vested awards outstanding at beginning of year		2,667,261		$	21.84
Granted		100,000			34.76
Vested		(468,525	)		22.45
Forfeited		(943,109	)		22.08
Non-vested awards outstanding at end of year		1,355,627		$	22.45

The weighted-average grant date fair value of PSU’s awarded during the fiscal years ended January 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $34.76, $23.38 and $27.30, per share, respectively. Unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested PSU’s as of January 31, 2019 was $5,137, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.

The Company may grant RSU’s that vest based on the achievement of specified service conditions. RSU’s typically vest over a two to five-year period.

The following table summarizes the Company’s RSU activity for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019:

	Shares			Weighted- Average Fair Value
Non-vested awards outstanding at beginning of year		1,091,500		$	26.92
Granted		571,500			36.55
Vested		(214,166	)		26.86
Forfeited		(70,000	)		29.14
Non-vested awards outstanding at end of year		1,378,834		$	30.82

The weighted-average grant date fair value of RSU’s awarded during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $36.55, $26.01 and $28.10, per share, respectively. The aggregate grant date fair value of RSU’s vested during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019 was $26.86. No RSU’s vested during the fiscal years ended January 31, 2018 and 2017. Unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested RSU’s as of January 31, 2019, was $19,283, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.1 years.