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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q
(Mark One)
☑QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019
or
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-13251
SLM Corp oration
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 52-2013874
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
300 Continental Drive | Newark, | Delaware | 19713
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(302) 451-0200
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $.20 per share | SLM | The NASDAQ Global Select Market
Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B, par value $.20 per share | SLMBP | The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☑ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No þ
As of September 30, 2019, there were 422,168,926 shares of common stock outstanding.

SLM CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
INDEX

Part I. Financial Information |  |
Item 1. | Financial Statements |  | 3
Item 1. | Notes to the Financial Statements |  | 12
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 48
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk |  | 82
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures |  | 86
PART II. Other Information |  |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings |  | 87
Item 1A. | Risk Factors |  | 87
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 87
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities |  | 88
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 88
Item 5. | Other Information |  | 88
Item 6. | Exhibits |  | 88

2

SLM CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

|  | September 30, |  | December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
Assets |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3,851,608 |  |  | $ | 2,559,106 |
Investments: |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale investments at fair value (cost of $454,603 and $182,325, respectively) |  | 455,968 |  |  | 176,245 |
Other investments |  | 85,500 |  |  | 55,554 |
Total investments |  | 541,468 |  |  | 231,799 |
Loans held for investment (net of allowance for losses of $414,406 and $341,121, respectively) |  | 24,716,664 |  |  | 22,270,919 |
Restricted cash |  | 142,846 |  |  | 122,789 |
Other interest-earning assets |  | 74,670 |  |  | 27,157 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 1,510,458 |  |  | 1,191,981 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | 135,208 |  |  | 105,504 |
Income taxes receivable, net |  | 108,743 |  |  | 41,570 |
Tax indemnification receivable |  | 38,226 |  |  | 39,207 |
Other assets |  | 40,324 |  |  | 48,141 |
Total assets |  | $ | 31,160,215 |  |  | $ | 26,638,173 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 22,628,677 |  |  | $ | 18,943,158 |
Short-term borrowings |  | 297,800 |  |  | — |
Long-term borrowings |  | 4,601,888 |  |  | 4,284,304 |
Upromise member accounts |  | 192,708 |  |  | 213,104 |
Other liabilities |  | 256,010 |  |  | 224,951 |
Total liabilities |  | 27,977,083 |  |  | 23,665,517 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $0.20 per share, 20 million shares authorized: |  |  |  |
Series B: 4 million and 4 million shares issued, respectively, at stated value of $100 per share |  | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |
Common stock, par value $0.20 per share, 1.125 billion shares authorized: 453.5 million and 449.9 million shares issued, respectively |  | 90,707 |  |  | 89,972 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 1,301,628 |  |  | 1,274,635 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (net of tax expense (benefit) of $(6,525) and $3,436, respectively) |  | (20,183 | ) |  | 10,623 |
Retained earnings |  | 1,725,674 |  |  | 1,340,017 |
Total SLM Corporation stockholders’ equity before treasury stock |  | 3,497,826 |  |  | 3,115,247 |
Less: Common stock held in treasury at cost: 31.3 million and 14.2 million shares, respectively |  | (314,694 | ) |  | (142,591 | )
Total equity |  | 3,183,132 |  |  | 2,972,656 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 31,160,215 |  |  | $ | 26,638,173 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
3

SLM CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 564,698 |  |  | $ | 485,997 |  |  | $ | 1,672,082 |  |  | $ | 1,370,090 |
Investments |  | 2,145 |  |  | 1,340 |  |  | 5,272 |  |  | 4,981 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 23,548 |  |  | 10,260 |  |  | 53,212 |  |  | 22,068 |
Total interest income |  | 590,391 |  |  | 497,597 |  |  | 1,730,566 |  |  | 1,397,139 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 143,393 |  |  | 105,093 |  |  | 405,977 |  |  | 273,154 |
Interest expense on short-term borrowings |  | 1,400 |  |  | 1,156 |  |  | 3,700 |  |  | 4,677 |
Interest expense on long-term borrowings |  | 40,533 |  |  | 34,715 |  |  | 116,675 |  |  | 89,111 |
Total interest expense |  | 185,326 |  |  | 140,964 |  |  | 526,352 |  |  | 366,942 |
Net interest income |  | 405,065 |  |  | 356,633 |  |  | 1,204,214 |  |  | 1,030,197 |
Less: provisions for credit losses |  | 99,526 |  |  | 70,047 |  |  | 256,691 |  |  | 187,245 |
Net interest income after provisions for credit losses |  | 305,539 |  |  | 286,586 |  |  | 947,523 |  |  | 842,952 |
Non-interest income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains on sales of loans, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,060 |
Losses on sales of securities, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,549 | )
Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net |  | 1,961 |  |  | (4,949 | ) |  | 21,460 |  |  | (6,325 | )
Other income (loss) |  | 15,280 |  |  | (80,702 | ) |  | 31,313 |  |  | (58,765 | )
Total non-interest income (loss) |  | 17,241 |  |  | (85,651 | ) |  | 52,773 |  |  | (64,579 | )
Non-interest expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits |  | 64,980 |  |  | 62,260 |  |  | 210,213 |  |  | 190,822 |
FDIC assessment fees |  | 8,814 |  |  | 9,136 |  |  | 23,788 |  |  | 25,933 |
Other operating expenses |  | 79,827 |  |  | 79,328 |  |  | 198,573 |  |  | 194,250 |
Total non-interest expenses |  | 153,621 |  |  | 150,724 |  |  | 432,574 |  |  | 411,005 |
Income before income tax expense (benefit) |  | 169,159 |  |  | 50,211 |  |  | 567,722 |  |  | 367,368 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 40,701 |  |  | (53,667 | ) |  | 130,798 |  |  | 27,404 |
Net income |  | 128,458 |  |  | 103,878 |  |  | 436,924 |  |  | 339,964 |
Preferred stock dividends |  | 4,153 |  |  | 4,124 |  |  | 12,952 |  |  | 11,441 |
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 124,305 |  |  | $ | 99,754 |  |  | $ | 423,972 |  |  | $ | 328,523 |
Basic earnings per common share attributable to SLM Corporation |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.99 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |
Average common shares outstanding |  | 424,149 |  |  | 435,468 |  |  | 429,295 |  |  | 434,875 |
Diluted earnings per common share attributable to SLM Corporation |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.98 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |
Average common and common equivalent shares outstanding |  | 427,336 |  |  | 440,019 |  |  | 432,572 |  |  | 439,484 |
Declared dividends per common share attributable to SLM Corporation |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.09 |  |  | $ | — |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
4

SLM CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income |  | $ | 128,458 |  |  | $ | 103,878 |  |  | $ | 436,924 |  |  | $ | 339,964 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on investments |  | 1,344 |  |  | (1,811 | ) |  | 7,446 |  |  | (5,896 | )
Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges |  | (10,083 | ) |  | 6,556 |  |  | (48,213 | ) |  | 36,860 |
Total unrealized gains (losses) |  | (8,739 | ) |  | 4,745 |  |  | (40,767 | ) |  | 30,964 |
Income tax benefit (expense) |  | 2,135 |  |  | (1,219 | ) |  | 9,961 |  |  | (7,562 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax benefit (expense) |  | (6,604 | ) |  | 3,526 |  |  | (30,806 | ) |  | 23,402 |
Total comprehensive income |  | $ | 121,854 |  |  | $ | 107,404 |  |  | $ | 406,118 |  |  | $ | 363,366 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
5

SLM CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

|  |  |  | Common Stock Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Preferred Stock Shares |  | Issued |  | Treasury |  | Outstanding |  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Equity
Balance at June 30, 2018 |  | 4,000,000 |  |  | 449,408,533 |  |  | (14,027,932 | ) |  | 435,380,601 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 89,882 |  |  | $ | 1,260,201 |  |  | $ | 23,216 |  |  | $ | 1,096,359 |  |  | $ | (140,956 | ) |  | $ | 2,728,702 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103,878 |  |  | — |  |  | 103,878 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,526 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,526 |
Total comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107,404 |
Reclassification resulting from the adoption of ASU No. 2018-02 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 270 |  |  | 782 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,052 |
Cash dividends: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred Stock, Series B ($1.03 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,124 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,124 | )
Issuance of common shares |  | — |  |  | 397,004 |  |  |  |  | 397,004 |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | 2,995 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,075 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,567 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,567 |
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (116,151 | ) |  | (116,151 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,341 | ) |  | (1,341 | )
Balance at September 30, 2018 |  | 4,000,000 |  |  | 449,805,537 |  |  | (14,144,083 | ) |  | 435,661,454 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 89,962 |  |  | $ | 1,268,763 |  |  | $ | 27,012 |  |  | $ | 1,196,895 |  |  | $ | (142,297 | ) |  | $ | 2,840,335 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
6

SLM CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

|  |  |  | Common Stock Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Preferred Stock Shares |  | Issued |  | Treasury |  | Outstanding |  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Equity
Balance at June 30, 2019 |  | 4,000,000 |  |  | 453,507,905 |  |  | (26,912,915 | ) |  | 426,594,990 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 90,702 |  |  | $ | 1,296,409 |  |  | $ | (13,579 | ) |  | $ | 1,600,855 |  |  | $ | (277,071 | ) |  | $ | 3,097,316 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 128,458 |  |  | — |  |  | 128,458 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,604 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,604 | )
Total comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,854 |
Cash dividends: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred Stock, Series B ($1.04 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,153 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,153 | )
Common stock dividend accrual adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 339 |  |  | — |  |  | 339 |
Issuance of common shares |  | — |  |  | 26,137 |  |  |  |  | 26,137 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 87 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 92 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,132 |  |  | — |  |  | 175 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,307 |
Common stock repurchased |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,436,963 | ) |  | (4,436,963 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (37,477 | ) |  | (37,477 | )
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,238 | ) |  | (15,238 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (146 | ) |  | (146 | )
Balance at September 30, 2019 |  | 4,000,000 |  |  | 453,534,042 |  |  | (31,365,116 | ) |  | 422,168,926 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 90,707 |  |  | $ | 1,301,628 |  |  | $ | (20,183 | ) |  | $ | 1,725,674 |  |  | $ | (314,694 | ) |  | $ | 3,183,132 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
7

SLM CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

|  |  |  | Common Stock Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Preferred Stock Shares |  | Issued |  | Treasury |  | Outstanding |  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  | 4,000,000 |  |  | 443,463,587 |  |  | (11,087,337 | ) |  | 432,376,250 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 88,693 |  |  | $ | 1,222,277 |  |  | $ | 2,748 |  |  | $ | 868,182 |  |  | $ | (107,644 | ) |  | $ | 2,474,256 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 339,964 |  |  | — |  |  | 339,964 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,402 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,402 |
Total comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 363,366 |
Reclassification resulting from the adoption of ASU No. 2018-02 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 592 |  |  | (592 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Reclassification resulting from the adoption of the ASU No. 2017-12 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 270 |  |  | 782 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,052 |
Cash dividends: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred Stock, Series B ($2.86 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,441 | ) |  | — |  |  | (11,441 | )
Issuance of common shares |  | — |  |  | 6,341,950 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,341,950 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,269 |  |  | 20,658 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,927 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,828 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,828 |
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,056,746 | ) |  | (3,056,746 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (34,653 | ) |  | (34,653 | )
Balance at September 30, 2018 |  | 4,000,000 |  |  | 449,805,537 |  |  | (14,144,083 | ) |  | 435,661,454 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 89,962 |  |  | $ | 1,268,763 |  |  | $ | 27,012 |  |  | $ | 1,196,895 |  |  | $ | (142,297 | ) |  | $ | 2,840,335 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
8

SLM CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

|  |  |  | Common Stock Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Preferred Stock Shares |  | Issued |  | Treasury |  | Outstanding |  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  | 4,000,000 |  |  | 449,856,221 |  |  | (14,174,733 | ) |  | 435,681,488 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 89,972 |  |  | $ | 1,274,635 |  |  | $ | 10,623 |  |  | $ | 1,340,017 |  |  | $ | (142,591 | ) |  | $ | 2,972,656 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 436,924 |  |  | — |  |  | 436,924 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30,806 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30,806 | )
Total comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 406,118 |
Cash dividends: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Stock ($0.09 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (38,485 | ) |  | — |  |  | (38,485 | )
Preferred Stock, Series B ($3.24 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,952 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12,952 | )
Dividend equivalent units related to employee stock-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of common shares |  | — |  |  | 3,677,821 |  |  |  |  | 3,677,821 |  |  | — |  |  | 735 |  |  | 2,384 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,119 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,604 |  |  | — |  |  | 175 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,779 |
Common stock repurchased |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,861,718 | ) |  | (15,861,718 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (157,597 | ) |  | (157,597 | )
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,328,665 | ) |  | (1,328,665 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,506 | ) |  | (14,506 | )
Balance at September 30, 2019 |  | 4,000,000 |  |  | 453,534,042 |  |  | (31,365,116 | ) |  | 422,168,926 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 90,707 |  |  | $ | 1,301,628 |  |  | $ | (20,183 | ) |  | $ | 1,725,674 |  |  | $ | (314,694 | ) |  | $ | 3,183,132 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
9

SLM CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
Operating activities |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 436,924 |  |  | $ | 339,964 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |
Provisions for credit losses |  | 256,691 |  |  | 187,245 |
Income tax expense |  | 130,798 |  |  | 27,404 |
Amortization of brokered deposit placement fee |  | 12,292 |  |  | 9,378 |
Amortization of Secured Borrowing Facility upfront fee |  | 838 |  |  | 851 |
Amortization of deferred loan origination costs and loan premium/(discounts), net |  | 9,750 |  |  | 8,039 |
Net amortization of discount on investments |  | 1,312 |  |  | 1,344 |
Increase in tax indemnification receivable |  | 981 |  |  | 86,079 |
Depreciation of premises and equipment |  | 10,850 |  |  | 9,977 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 24,841 |  |  | 25,828 |
Unrealized (losses) gains on derivatives and hedging activities, net |  | (24,957 | ) |  | 6,065 |
Gains on sales of loans, net |  | — |  |  | (2,060 | )
Losses on sales of securities, net |  | — |  |  | 1,549 |
Other adjustments to net income, net |  | (2,447 | ) |  | 5,704 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Increase in accrued interest receivable |  | (719,555 | ) |  | (628,959 | )
Increase in non-marketable securities |  | (10,700 | ) |  | (5,000 | )
Increase in other interest-earning assets |  | (47,513 | ) |  | (10,485 | )
Decrease in tax indemnification receivable |  | — |  |  | 26,991 |
Increase in other assets |  | (10,274 | ) |  | (56,659 | )
Decrease in income taxes payable, net |  | (184,991 | ) |  | (156,502 | )
Increase in accrued interest payable |  | 21,831 |  |  | 27,265 |
Increase in other liabilities |  | 15,928 |  |  | 3,582 |
Total adjustments |  | (514,325 | ) |  | (432,364 | )
Total net cash used in operating activities |  | (77,401 | ) |  | (92,400 | )
Investing activities |  |  |  |
Loans acquired and originated |  | (5,335,986 | ) |  | (5,570,195 | )
Net proceeds from sales of loans held for investment |  | — |  |  | 44,832 |
Proceeds from claim payments |  | 31,474 |  |  | 38,492 |
Net decrease in loans held for investment |  | 2,992,844 |  |  | 2,208,681 |
Purchases of available-for-sale securities |  | (305,872 | ) |  | (7,914 | )
Proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities |  | 32,282 |  |  | 70,843 |
Total net cash used in investing activities |  | (2,585,258 | ) |  | (3,215,261 | )
Financing activities |  |  |  |
Brokered deposit placement fee |  | (19,799 | ) |  | (25,104 | )
Net increase in certificates of deposit |  | 2,682,850 |  |  | 1,953,644 |
Net increase in other deposits |  | 911,985 |  |  | 458,472 |
Borrowings collateralized by loans in securitization trusts - issued |  | 1,105,594 |  |  | 1,890,912 |
Borrowings collateralized by loans in securitization trusts - repaid |  | (793,062 | ) |  | (639,190 | )
Borrowings under Secured Borrowing Facility |  | 297,800 |  |  | 300,000 |
Repayment of borrowings under Secured Borrowing Facility |  | — |  |  | (300,000 | )
Fees paid on Secured Borrowing Facility |  | (1,116 | ) |  | (1,095 | )
Common stock dividends paid |  | (38,485 | ) |  | — |
Preferred stock dividends paid |  | (12,952 | ) |  | (11,441 | )

10

Common stock repurchased |  | (157,597 | ) |  | — |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | 3,975,218 |  |  | 3,626,198 |
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | 1,312,559 |  |  | 318,537 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period |  | 2,681,895 |  |  | 1,636,175 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period |  | $ | 3,994,454 |  |  | $ | 1,954,712 |
Cash disbursements made for: |  |  |  |
Interest |  | $ | 489,599 |  |  | $ | 327,798 |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | 185,138 |  |  | $ | 161,248 |
Income taxes refunded |  | $ | (853 | ) |  | $ | (5,174 | )
Reconciliation of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows to the Consolidated Balance Sheets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3,851,608 |  |  | $ | 1,839,054 |
Restricted cash |  | 142,846 |  |  | 115,658 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 3,994,454 |  |  | $ | 1,954,712 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
11

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

1. Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited, consolidated financial statements of SLM Corporation (“Sallie Mae,” “SLM,” the “Company,” “we,” or “us”) have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SLM Corporation and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries after eliminating the effects of intercompany accounts and transactions. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods have been included. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2019 or for any other period. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “2018 Form 10-K”).
Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries after eliminating the effects of intercompany accounts and transactions.
We consolidate any variable interest entity (“VIE”) where we have determined we are the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity which has both: (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (2) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications have been made to the balances for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, to be consistent with classifications adopted in 2019, which had no effect on net income, total assets or total liabilities.
Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases”
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, “Leases,” a comprehensive new lease standard which supersedes previous lease guidance. The standard requires a lessee to recognize in its balance sheet assets and liabilities related to long-term leases that were classified as operating leases under previous guidance. An asset will be recognized related to the right to use the underlying asset and a liability will be recognized related to the obligation to make lease payments over the term of the lease. The standard also requires expanded disclosures surrounding leases. The standard is effective for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and requires modified retrospective adoption, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2019. In doing so, we identified and evaluated the related lease contracts and revised our controls and processes to address the lease standard. The adoption of this guidance resulted in the recognition of less than $34 million of right of use asset and lease liability, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
12

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

1. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) |

Recently Issued but Not Yet Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which will become effective for us on January 1, 2020. This ASU eliminates the current accounting guidance for the recognition of credit impairment. Under the new guidance, for all loans carried at amortized cost, upon loan origination we will be required to measure our allowance for loan losses based on our estimate of all current expected credit losses (“CECL”) over the remaining contractual term of the assets. Updates to that estimate each period will be recorded through provision expense. The estimate of loan losses must be based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ASU does not mandate the use of any specific method for estimating credit loss, permitting companies to use judgment in selecting the approach that is most appropriate in their circumstances. Upon adoption, a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings will be recorded as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective in an amount necessary to adjust the allowance for loan losses to equal the current estimate of expected losses on financial assets held at that date.
We have evaluated the standard and initiated implementation efforts. We have identified the loss forecasting approach and have built the loss models for our Private Education Loans (as hereinafter defined), our Personal Loans (as hereinafter defined) acquired from third-parties and those originated organically, and prepayments. For our Private Education Loan and Personal Loan portfolios, we will be using the discounted cash flow approach to calculate our current expected credit losses. We will estimate the CECL allowance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. We have determined that, for modeling current expected credit losses, we can reasonably estimate expected losses that incorporate the current and forecasted economic conditions over a two-year period, after which the model will immediately revert to our long-term historic loss rates. During the third quarter of 2019, we performed monthly dry runs of our CECL solution to test the end-to-end implementation of the new solution. The loss and other models that will be used in our CECL solution are currently either undergoing validation or we are remediating findings from already completed validations. In addition, the calculation engine that is determining the present value of the discounted cash flows is currently being reviewed and tested. As we approach the implementation date, we will continue to perform dry runs of the CECL solution, finalize and implement the required governance and internal controls, complete our loss models for both Personal Loans we originate and credit card receivables, and complete the testing and validation for all the models to be used to implement CECL.
Adoption of the standard will have a material impact on how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations, and on regulatory capital. The extent of the impact upon adoption at January 1, 2020 will likely depend on the characteristics of our loan portfolio and economic conditions at that date, as well as forecasted conditions thereafter.
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SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
2. Investments
Available-for-Sale Investments
The amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale are as follows:

|  | September 30, 2019
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 219,531 |  |  | $ | 1,807 |  |  | $ | (723 | ) |  | $ | 220,615 |
Utah Housing Corporation bonds |  | 19,474 |  |  | 149 |  |  | (261 | ) |  | 19,362 |
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | 215,598 |  |  | 473 |  |  | (80 | ) |  | 215,991 |
Total |  | $ | 454,603 |  |  | $ | 2,429 |  |  | $ | (1,064 | ) |  | $ | 455,968 |
|  | December 31, 2018
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 159,937 |  |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | (5,517 | ) |  | $ | 154,575 |
Utah Housing Corporation bonds |  | 22,388 |  |  | 23 |  |  | (741 | ) |  | 21,670 |
Total |  | $ | 182,325 |  |  | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | (6,258 | ) |  | $ | 176,245 |

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SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

2. | Investments (Continued) |

The following table summarizes the amount of gross unrealized losses for our available for sale securities and the estimated fair value for securities having gross unrealized loss positions, categorized by length of time the securities have been in an unrealized loss position:

|  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
|  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
As of September 30, 2019: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | (126 | ) |  | $ | 6,920 |  |  | $ | (597 | ) |  | $ | 73,337 |  |  | $ | (723 | ) |  | $ | 80,257 |
Utah Housing Corporation bonds |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (261 | ) |  | 10,919 |  |  | (261 | ) |  | 10,919 |
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises |  | (80 | ) |  | 34,917 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (80 | ) |  | 34,917 |
Total |  | $ | (206 | ) |  | $ | 41,837 |  |  | $ | (858 | ) |  | $ | 84,256 |  |  | $ | (1,064 | ) |  | $ | 126,093 |
As of December 31, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | (228 | ) |  | $ | 16,948 |  |  | $ | (5,289 | ) |  | $ | 125,537 |  |  | $ | (5,517 | ) |  | $ | 142,485 |
Utah Housing Corporation bonds |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (741 | ) |  | 16,647 |  |  | (741 | ) |  | 16,647 |
Total |  | $ | (228 | ) |  | $ | 16,948 |  |  | $ | (6,030 | ) |  | $ | 142,184 |  |  | $ | (6,258 | ) |  | $ | 159,132 |

Our investment portfolio is comprised primarily of mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, with amortized costs of $56 million, $103 million, and $60 million, respectively, at September 30, 2019. We own these securities to meet our requirements under the Community Reinvestment Act. As of September 30, 2019, 35 of the 103 separate mortgage-backed securities in our investment portfolio had unrealized losses, and 16 of the 35 securities in a net loss position were issued under Ginnie Mae programs that carry a full faith and credit guarantee from the U.S. Government. The remaining securities in a net loss position carry a principal and interest guarantee by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, respectively. We have the ability and the intent to hold each of these securities for a period of time sufficient for the market price to recover to at least the adjusted amortized cost of the security. As of December 31, 2018, 74 of the 86 separate mortgage-backed securities in our investment portfolio had unrealized losses, and 34 of the 74 securities in a net loss position were issued under Ginnie Mae programs that carry a full faith and credit guarantee from the U.S. Government. The remainder carried a principal and interest guarantee by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, respectively.
We also invest in Utah Housing Corporation bonds for the purpose of complying with the Community Reinvestment Act. These bonds are rated Aa3 by Moody’s Investors Service. As of September 30, 2019, one of the three separate bonds was in a net loss position. We have the intent and ability to hold each of these bonds for a period of time sufficient for the market price to recover to at least the adjusted amortized cost of the security.
In the second quarter of 2018, we elected to sell nine securities totaling $41 million to better align the portfolio with the Community Reinvestment Act requirements, and we recognized a $2 million loss upon the sale of those securities.
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SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

2. | Investments (Continued) |

Beginning in the second quarter of 2019, we began investing in U.S. government-sponsored enterprise securities issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”), Freddie Mac and the Federal Farm Credit Bank (“FFCB”). These bonds are rated AA+ by Moody’s Investors Services. As of September 30, 2019, 2 of the 11 securities had unrealized losses.
As of September 30, 2019, the amortized cost and fair value of securities, by contractual maturities, are summarized below. Contractual maturities versus actual maturities may differ due to the effect of prepayments.

Year of Maturity |  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
2020 |  | $ | 77,265 |  |  | $ | 77,377 |
2021 |  | 103,336 |  |  | 103,698 |
2022 |  | 34,997 |  |  | 34,917 |
2038 |  | 260 |  |  | 284 |
2039 |  | 2,880 |  |  | 3,071 |
2042 |  | 7,558 |  |  | 7,388 |
2043 |  | 12,274 |  |  | 12,420 |
2044 |  | 18,838 |  |  | 18,994 |
2045 |  | 20,227 |  |  | 20,259 |
2046 |  | 32,152 |  |  | 32,028 |
2047 |  | 48,145 |  |  | 47,816 |
2048 |  | 13,205 |  |  | 13,548 |
2049 |  | 83,466 |  |  | 84,168 |
Total |  | $ | 454,603 |  |  | $ | 455,968 |

The mortgage-backed securities have been pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank (the “FRB”) as collateral against any advances and accrued interest under the Primary Credit lending program sponsored by the FRB. We had $214 million and $147 million par value of mortgage-backed securities pledged to this borrowing facility at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, as discussed further in Note 6, “Borrowings.”
Other Investments
Investments in Non-Marketable Securities
We hold investments in non-marketable securities and account for these investments at cost, less impairment, plus or minus observable price changes of identical or similar securities of the same issuer. In the third quarter of 2019, we funded an additional investment in an issuer whose equity securities we purchased in the past. We used the valuation associated with the more recent securities investment to adjust the valuation of our previous investments and, as a result, recorded a gain of $8 million on our earlier equity securities investments. As of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, our total investment in the securities of this issuer was $26 million and $8 million, respectively.
Low Income Housing Tax Credit Investments
We invest in affordable housing projects that qualify for the low income housing tax credit (“LIHTC”), which is designed to promote private development of low income housing. These investments generate a return mostly through realization of federal tax credits. Total carrying value of the LIHTC investments was $59 million at September 30, 2019 and $48 million at
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SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

2. | Investments (Continued) |

December 31, 2018. We are periodically required to provide additional financial support during the investment period. Our liability for these unfunded commitments was $33 million at September 30, 2019 and $37 million at December 31, 2018.
Related to these investments, we recognized tax credits and other tax benefits through tax expense of $0.8 million at September 30, 2019 and $0.9 million at December 31, 2018. Tax credits and other tax benefits are recognized as part of our annual effective tax rate used to determine tax expense in a given quarter. Accordingly, the portion of a year’s expected tax benefits recognized in any given quarter may differ from 25 percent.
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SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
3. Loans Held for Investment
Loans held for investment consist of Private Education Loans, FFELP Loans and Personal Loans. We use “Private Education Loans” to mean education loans to students or their families that are not made, insured or guaranteed by any state or federal government. Private Education Loans do not include loans insured or guaranteed under the previously existing Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”). We use “Personal Loans” to mean those unsecured loans to individuals that may be used for non-educational purposes.
Our Private Education Loans are made largely to bridge the gap between the cost of higher education and the amount funded through financial aid, government loans and customers’ resources. Private Education Loans bear the full credit risk of the customer. We manage this risk through risk-performance underwriting strategies and qualified cosigners. Private Education Loans may be fixed-rate or may carry a variable interest rate indexed to LIBOR. As of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, 59 percent and 67 percent, respectively, of all of our Private Education Loans were indexed to LIBOR. We provide incentives for customers to include a cosigner on the loan, and the vast majority of Private Education Loans in our portfolio are cosigned. We also encourage customers to make payments while in school.
FFELP Loans are insured as to their principal and accrued interest in the event of default, subject to a risk-sharing level based on the date of loan disbursement. These insurance obligations are supported by contractual rights against the United States. For loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2006, we receive 97 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. For loans disbursed after October 1, 1993, and before July 1, 2006, we receive 98 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. For loans disbursed prior to October 1, 1993, we receive 100 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims.
Prior to July 2018, we acquired Personal Loans from a marketplace lender. In 2018, we began to originate and service Personal Loans.
18

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

3. | Loans Held for Investment (Continued) |

Loans held for investment are summarized as follows:

|  | September 30, |  | December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
Private Education Loans: |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | $ | 9,551,114 |  |  | $ | 6,759,019 |
Variable-rate |  | 13,569,055 |  |  | 13,745,446 |
Total Private Education Loans, gross |  | 23,120,169 |  |  | 20,504,465 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 78,103 |  |  | 68,321 |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (342,544 | ) |  | (277,943 | )
Total Private Education Loans, net |  | 22,855,728 |  |  | 20,294,843 |
FFELP Loans |  | 798,168 |  |  | 846,487 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 2,203 |  |  | 2,379 |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (1,689 | ) |  | (977 | )
Total FFELP Loans, net |  | 798,682 |  |  | 847,889 |
Personal Loans (fixed-rate) |  | 1,131,833 |  |  | 1,190,091 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 594 |  |  | 297 |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (70,173 | ) |  | (62,201 | )
Total Personal Loans, net |  | 1,062,254 |  |  | 1,128,187 |
Loans held for investment, net |  | $ | 24,716,664 |  |  | $ | 22,270,919 |

The estimated weighted average life of education loans in our portfolio was approximately 5.4 years at both September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
19

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

3. | Loans Held for Investment (Continued) |

The average balance and the respective weighted average interest rates of loans in our portfolio are summarized as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
|  | Average Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 22,202,420 |  |  | 9.30 | % |  | $ | 19,295,318 |  |  | 9.16 | %
FFELP Loans |  | 806,865 |  |  | 4.54 |  |  | 877,279 |  |  | 4.65 |
Personal Loans |  | 1,132,185 |  |  | 12.16 |  |  | 1,082,177 |  |  | 11.03 |
Total portfolio |  | $ | 24,141,470 |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,254,774 |  |  |

|  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
|  | Average Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 21,896,218 |  |  | 9.40 | % |  | $ | 18,908,929 |  |  | 9.01 | %
FFELP Loans |  | 821,870 |  |  | 4.83 |  |  | 898,208 |  |  | 4.47 |
Personal Loans |  | 1,152,471 |  |  | 11.99 |  |  | 810,753 |  |  | 10.82 |
Total portfolio |  | $ | 23,870,559 |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,617,890 |  |  |

Certain Collection Tools - Private Education Loans
We adjust the terms of loans for certain borrowers when we believe such changes will help our customers manage their student loan obligations, achieve better student outcomes, and increase the collectability of the loan. These changes generally take the form of a temporary forbearance of payments, a temporary interest rate reduction, a temporary interest rate reduction with a permanent extension of the loan term, and/or a short-term extended repayment alternative. Forbearance is granted prospectively for borrowers who are current in their payments and may be granted retroactively for certain delinquent borrowers. Of our loans that are considered TDRs (as hereinafter defined) at September 30, 2019, approximately one-half involve a temporary forbearance of payments and do not change the contractual interest rate of the loan, and the other half involve a temporary contractual interest rate reduction and permanent extension of the loan term.
Forbearance also allows a borrower to temporarily not make scheduled payments or to make smaller than scheduled payments, in each case for a specified period of time. Using forbearance extends the original term of the loan. Forbearance does not grant any reduction in the total principal or interest repayment obligation. While a loan is in forbearance status, interest continues to accrue and is capitalized to principal when the loan re-enters repayment status.
We also offer rate and term modifications to customers experiencing more severe hardship. Currently, we temporarily reduce the contractual interest rate on a loan to 4.0 percent (previously, to 2.0 percent) for a two-year period and, in the vast
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SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

3. | Loans Held for Investment (Continued) |

majority of cases, permanently extend the final maturity date of the loan. As part of demonstrating the ability and willingness to pay, the customer must make three consecutive monthly payments at the reduced payment to qualify for the program. The combination of the rate reduction and maturity extension helps reduce the monthly payment due from the borrower and increases the likelihood the borrower will remain current during the interest rate modification period as well as when the loan returns to its original contractual interest rate.
Management continually monitors our credit administration practices and may periodically modify these practices based upon performance, industry conventions, and/or regulatory feedback.
21

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
4. Allowance for Loan Losses
Our provision for credit losses represents the periodic expense of maintaining an allowance sufficient to absorb incurred probable losses in the held-for-investment loan portfolios. The evaluation of the allowance for loan losses is inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant changes. We believe the allowance for loan losses is appropriate to cover probable losses incurred in the loan portfolios. See Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Loan Losses — Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses, — Allowance for Personal Loans, and — Allowance for FFELP Loan Losses” in our 2018 Form 10-K for additional details.
Allowance for Loan Losses Metrics

|  | Allowance for Loan Losses
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
|  | FFELP Loans |  | Private Education Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total
Allowance for Loan Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 1,734 |  |  | $ | 307,968 |  |  | $ | 74,295 |  |  | $ | 383,997 |
Total provision |  | 158 |  |  | 84,110 |  |  | 14,046 |  |  | 98,314 |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (203 | ) |  | (56,398 | ) |  | (19,626 | ) |  | (76,227 | )
Recoveries |  | — |  |  | 6,864 |  |  | 1,458 |  |  | 8,322 |
Net charge-offs |  | (203 | ) |  | (49,534 | ) |  | (18,168 | ) |  | (67,905 | )
Ending Balance |  | $ | 1,689 |  |  | $ | 342,544 |  |  | $ | 70,173 |  |  | $ | 414,406 |
Allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 171,884 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 171,884 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 1,689 |  |  | $ | 170,660 |  |  | $ | 70,173 |  |  | $ | 242,522 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,474,819 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,474,819 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 798,168 |  |  | $ | 21,645,350 |  |  | $ | 1,131,833 |  |  | $ | 23,575,351 |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(1) |  | 0.13 | % |  | 1.27 | % |  | 6.42 | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance |  | 0.21 | % |  | 1.48 | % |  | 6.20 | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment(1) |  | 0.27 | % |  | 2.13 | % |  | 6.20 | % |  |
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 2.08 |  |  | 1.73 |  |  | 0.97 |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 798,168 |  |  | $ | 23,120,169 |  |  | $ | 1,131,833 |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(1) |  | $ | 621,706 |  |  | $ | 15,632,028 |  |  | $ | 1,131,965 |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(1) |  | $ | 631,626 |  |  | $ | 16,072,979 |  |  | $ | 1,131,833 |  |  |

____________
(1) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period.
22

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

4. | Allowance for Loan Losses (Continued) |

|  | Allowance for Loan Losses
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
|  | FFELP Loans |  | Private Education Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total
Allowance for Loan Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 1,073 |  |  | $ | 261,695 |  |  | $ | 32,509 |  |  | $ | 295,277 |
Total provision |  | 259 |  |  | 42,482 |  |  | 26,155 |  |  | 68,896 |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (252 | ) |  | (34,229 | ) |  | (5,740 | ) |  | (40,221 | )
Recoveries |  | — |  |  | 4,736 |  |  | 286 |  |  | 5,022 |
Net charge-offs |  | (252 | ) |  | (29,493 | ) |  | (5,454 | ) |  | (35,199 | )
Ending Balance |  | $ | 1,080 |  |  | $ | 274,684 |  |  | $ | 53,210 |  |  | $ | 328,974 |
Allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 119,643 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 119,643 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 1,080 |  |  | $ | 155,041 |  |  | $ | 53,210 |  |  | $ | 209,331 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,199,493 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,199,493 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 866,786 |  |  | $ | 19,040,498 |  |  | $ | 1,133,005 |  |  | $ | 21,040,289 |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(1) |  | 0.15 | % |  | 0.88 | % |  | 2.03 | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance |  | 0.12 | % |  | 1.36 | % |  | 4.70 | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment(1) |  | 0.16 | % |  | 1.99 | % |  | 4.70 | % |  |
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 1.07 |  |  | 2.33 |  |  | 2.44 |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 866,786 |  |  | $ | 20,239,991 |  |  | $ | 1,133,005 |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(1) |  | $ | 681,131 |  |  | $ | 13,351,517 |  |  | $ | 1,072,624 |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(1) |  | $ | 679,110 |  |  | $ | 13,815,415 |  |  | $ | 1,133,005 |  |  |

____________
(1) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period.
23

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

4. | Allowance for Loan Losses (Continued) |

|  | Allowance for Loan Losses
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
|  | FFELP Loans |  | Private Education Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total
Allowance for Loan Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 977 |  |  | $ | 277,943 |  |  | $ | 62,201 |  |  | $ | 341,121 |
Total provision |  | 1,320 |  |  | 197,289 |  |  | 58,280 |  |  | 256,889 |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (608 | ) |  | (151,357 | ) |  | (53,951 | ) |  | (205,916 | )
Recoveries |  | — |  |  | 18,669 |  |  | 3,643 |  |  | 22,312 |
Net charge-offs |  | (608 | ) |  | (132,688 | ) |  | (50,308 | ) |  | (183,604 | )
Ending Balance |  | $ | 1,689 |  |  | $ | 342,544 |  |  | $ | 70,173 |  |  | $ | 414,406 |
Allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 171,884 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 171,884 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 1,689 |  |  | $ | 170,660 |  |  | $ | 70,173 |  |  | $ | 242,522 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,474,819 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,474,819 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 798,168 |  |  | $ | 21,645,350 |  |  | $ | 1,131,833 |  |  | $ | 23,575,351 |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(1) |  | 0.13 | % |  | 1.15 | % |  | 5.82 | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance |  | 0.21 | % |  | 1.48 | % |  | 6.20 | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment(1) |  | 0.27 | % |  | 2.13 | % |  | 6.20 | % |  |
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 2.08 |  |  | 1.94 |  |  | 1.05 |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 798,168 |  |  | $ | 23,120,169 |  |  | $ | 1,131,833 |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(1) |  | $ | 636,538 |  |  | $ | 15,351,188 |  |  | $ | 1,152,555 |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(1) |  | $ | 631,626 |  |  | $ | 16,072,979 |  |  | $ | 1,131,833 |  |  |

____________
(1) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period.
24

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

4. | Allowance for Loan Losses (Continued) |

|  | Allowance for Loan Losses
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
|  | FFELP Loans |  | Private Education Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total
Allowance for Loan Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 1,132 |  |  | $ | 243,715 |  |  | $ | 6,628 |  |  | $ | 251,475 |
Total provision |  | 742 |  |  | 130,616 |  |  | 55,981 |  |  | 187,339 |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (794 | ) |  | (113,852 | ) |  | (9,812 | ) |  | (124,458 | )
Recoveries |  | — |  |  | 15,421 |  |  | 413 |  |  | 15,834 |
Net charge-offs |  | (794 | ) |  | (98,431 | ) |  | (9,399 | ) |  | (108,624 | )
Loan sales(1) |  | — |  |  | (1,216 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,216 | )
Ending Balance |  | $ | 1,080 |  |  | $ | 274,684 |  |  | $ | 53,210 |  |  | $ | 328,974 |
Allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 119,643 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 119,643 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 1,080 |  |  | $ | 155,041 |  |  | $ | 53,210 |  |  | $ | 209,331 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,199,493 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,199,493 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 866,786 |  |  | $ | 19,040,498 |  |  | $ | 1,133,005 |  |  | $ | 21,040,289 |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(2) |  | 0.15 | % |  | 1.01 | % |  | 1.56 | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance |  | 0.12 | % |  | 1.36 | % |  | 4.70 | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment(2) |  | 0.16 | % |  | 1.99 | % |  | 4.70 | % |  |
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 1.02 |  |  | 2.09 |  |  | 4.25 |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 866,786 |  |  | $ | 20,239,991 |  |  | $ | 1,133,005 |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(2) |  | $ | 700,679 |  |  | $ | 13,009,704 |  |  | $ | 803,928 |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(2) |  | $ | 679,110 |  |  | $ | 13,815,415 |  |  | $ | 1,133,005 |  |  |

____________
(1) Represents fair value adjustments on loans sold.
(2) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period.
25

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

4. | Allowance for Loan Losses (Continued) |

Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDRs”)
All of our loans are collectively assessed for impairment, except for loans classified as TDRs (where we conduct individual assessments of impairment). We adjust the terms of loans for certain borrowers when we believe such changes will help our customers manage their student loan obligations, achieve better student outcomes, and increase the collectability of the loan. These changes generally take the form of a temporary forbearance of payments, a temporary interest rate reduction, a temporary interest rate reduction with a permanent extension of the loan term, and/or a short-term extended repayment alternative. When we give a borrower facing financial difficulty an interest rate reduction, we temporarily reduce the contractual interest rate on a loan to 4.0 percent (previously, to 2.0 percent) for a two-year period and, in the vast majority of cases, permanently extend the final maturity date of the loan. The combination of these two loan term changes helps reduce the monthly payment due from the borrower and increases the likelihood the borrower will remain current during the interest rate modification period as well as when the loan returns to its original contractual interest rate. At September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, 8.0 percent and 7.4 percent, respectively, of our loans then currently in full principal and interest repayment status were subject to interest rate reductions made under our rate modification program. Once a loan qualifies for TDR status, it remains a TDR for allowance purposes for the remainder of its life. As of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, approximately 52 percent and 57 percent, respectively, of TDRs were classified as such due to their forbearance status. For additional information, see Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies —Allowance for Loan Losses,” and Note 6, “Allowance for Loan Losses” in our 2018 Form 10-K.
Within the Private Education Loan portfolio, loans greater than 90 days past due are nonperforming. FFELP Loans are at least 97 percent guaranteed as to their principal and accrued interest by the federal government in the event of default and, therefore, we do not deem FFELP Loans as nonperforming from a credit risk perspective at any point in their life cycle prior to claim payment and continue to accrue interest on those loans through the date of claim.
At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, all of our TDR loans had a related allowance recorded. The following table provides the recorded investment, unpaid principal balance and related allowance for our TDR loans.

|  | Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Allowance
September 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
TDR Loans |  | $ | 1,503,740 |  |  | $ | 1,474,819 |  |  | $ | 171,884 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |
TDR Loans |  | $ | 1,280,713 |  |  | $ | 1,257,856 |  |  | $ | 120,110 |

The following table provides the average recorded investment and interest income recognized for our TDR loans.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
|  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized
TDR Loans |  | $ | 1,467,098 |  |  | $ | 24,639 |  |  | $ | 1,180,206 |  |  | $ | 19,943 |

26

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

4. | Allowance for Loan Losses (Continued) |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
|  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized
TDR Loans |  | $ | 1,391,167 |  |  | $ | 69,159 |  |  | $ | 1,106,946 |  |  | $ | 56,509 |

The following table provides information regarding the loan status and aging of TDR loans.

|  | September 30, |  | December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
|  | Balance |  | % |  | Balance |  | %
TDR loans in in-school/grace/deferment(1) |  | $ | 89,046 |  |  |  |  | $ | 69,212 |  |  |
TDR loans in forbearance(2) |  | 97,175 |  |  |  |  | 69,796 |  |  |
TDR loans in repayment(3) and percentage of each status: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans current |  | 1,137,771 |  |  | 88.3 | % |  | 994,411 |  |  | 88.9 | %
Loans delinquent 31-60 days(4) |  | 74,243 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 63,074 |  |  | 5.6 |
Loans delinquent 61-90 days(4) |  | 47,500 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 36,804 |  |  | 3.3 |
Loans delinquent greater than 90 days(4) |  | 29,084 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 24,559 |  |  | 2.2 |
Total TDR loans in repayment |  | 1,288,598 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 1,118,848 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Total TDR loans, gross |  | $ | 1,474,819 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,257,856 |  |  |

_____

(1) | Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).

(2) | Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.

(3) | Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period.

(4) | The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

4. | Allowance for Loan Losses (Continued) |

The following table provides the amount of modified loans (which include forbearance and reductions in interest rates) that became TDRs in the periods presented. Additionally, for the periods presented, the table summarizes charge-offs occurring in the TDR portfolio, as well as TDRs for which a payment default occurred in the relevant period presented and within 12 months of the loan first being designated as a TDR. We define payment default as 60 days past due for this disclosure.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
|  | Modified Loans(1) |  | Charge-offs |  | Payment- Default |  | Modified Loans(1) |  | Charge-offs |  | Payment- Default
TDR Loans |  | $ | 115,195 |  |  | $ | 21,092 |  |  | $ | 29,258 |  |  | $ | 101,117 |  |  | $ | 11,090 |  |  | $ | 20,595 |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
|  | Modified Loans(1) |  | Charge-offs |  | Payment- Default |  | Modified Loans(1) |  | Charge-offs |  | Payment- Default
TDR Loans |  | $ | 357,676 |  |  | $ | 54,173 |  |  | $ | 84,409 |  |  | $ | 301,769 |  |  | $ | 39,315 |  |  | $ | 68,430 |

_____

(1) | Represents the principal balance of loans that have been modified during the period and resulted in a TDR.

Private Education Loan Key Credit Quality Indicators
FFELP Loans are at least 97 percent insured and guaranteed as to their principal and accrued interest in the event of default; therefore, there are no key credit quality indicators associated with FFELP Loans.
For Private Education Loans, the key credit quality indicators are FICO scores, the existence of a cosigner, the loan status, and loan seasoning. The FICO scores are assessed at original approval and periodically refreshed/updated through the loan’s term. The following table highlights the gross principal balance of our Private Education Loan portfolio stratified by key credit quality indicators.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

4. | Allowance for Loan Losses (Continued) |

|  | Private Education Loans
|  | Credit Quality Indicators
|  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Credit Quality Indicators: |  | Balance(1) |  | % of Balance |  | Balance(1) |  | % of Balance
Cosigners: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
With cosigner |  | $ | 20,663,133 |  |  | 89 | % |  | $ | 18,378,398 |  |  | 90 | %
Without cosigner |  | 2,457,036 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 2,126,067 |  |  | 10 |
Total |  | $ | 23,120,169 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 20,504,465 |  |  | 100 | %
FICO at Original Approval(2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 1,635,201 |  |  | 7 | % |  | $ | 1,409,789 |  |  | 7 | %
670-699 |  | 3,528,152 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 3,106,983 |  |  | 15 |
700-749 |  | 7,632,035 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 6,759,721 |  |  | 33 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 10,324,781 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 9,227,972 |  |  | 45 |
Total |  | $ | 23,120,169 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 20,504,465 |  |  | 100 | %
FICO-Refreshed(2)(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 2,819,600 |  |  | 12 | % |  | $ | 2,416,979 |  |  | 12 | %
670-699 |  | 2,843,463 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 2,504,467 |  |  | 12 |
700-749 |  | 6,830,464 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 6,144,489 |  |  | 30 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 10,626,642 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 9,438,530 |  |  | 46 |
Total |  | $ | 23,120,169 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 20,504,465 |  |  | 100 | %
Seasoning(4): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-12 payments |  | $ | 5,970,773 |  |  | 26 | % |  | $ | 4,969,334 |  |  | 24 | %
13-24 payments |  | 3,652,078 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 3,481,235 |  |  | 17 |
25-36 payments |  | 2,684,175 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 2,741,954 |  |  | 13 |
37-48 payments |  | 2,031,488 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 1,990,049 |  |  | 10 |
More than 48 payments |  | 2,337,745 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 2,061,448 |  |  | 10 |
Not yet in repayment |  | 6,443,910 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 5,260,445 |  |  | 26 |
Total |  | $ | 23,120,169 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 20,504,465 |  |  | 100 | %

______

(1) | Balance represents gross Private Education Loans.

(2) | Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower.

(3) | Represents the FICO score updated as of the third-quarter 2019.

(4) | Number of months in active repayment (whether interest only payment, fixed payment, or full principal and interest payment status) for which a scheduled payment was due.

29

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

4. | Allowance for Loan Losses (Continued) |

Private Education Loan Delinquencies
The following table provides information regarding the loan status of our Private Education Loans. Loans in repayment include loans making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period.

|  | Private Education Loans
|  | September 30, |  | December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
|  | Balance |  | % |  | Balance |  | %
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1) |  | $ | 6,443,910 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,260,445 |  |  |
Loans in forbearance(2) |  | 603,280 |  |  |  |  | 577,164 |  |  |
Loans in repayment and percentage of each status: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans current |  | 15,627,722 |  |  | 97.2 | % |  | 14,289,705 |  |  | 97.4 | %
Loans delinquent 31-60 days(3) |  | 263,331 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 231,216 |  |  | 1.6 |
Loans delinquent 61-90 days(3) |  | 120,007 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 95,105 |  |  | 0.7 |
Loans delinquent greater than 90 days(3) |  | 61,919 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 50,830 |  |  | 0.3 |
Total Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 16,072,979 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 14,666,856 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Total Private Education Loans, gross |  | 23,120,169 |  |  |  |  | 20,504,465 |  |  |
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 78,103 |  |  |  |  | 68,321 |  |  |
Total Private Education Loans |  | 23,198,272 |  |  |  |  | 20,572,786 |  |  |
Private Education Loans allowance for losses |  | (342,544 | ) |  |  |  | (277,943 | ) |  |
Private Education Loans, net |  | $ | 22,855,728 |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,294,843 |  |  |
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  |  |  | 69.5 | % |  |  |  | 71.5 | %
Delinquencies as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  |  |  | 2.8 | % |  |  |  | 2.6 | %
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance |  |  |  | 3.6 | % |  |  |  | 3.8 | %

_______

(1) | Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).

(2) | Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.

(3) | The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

30

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

4. | Allowance for Loan Losses (Continued) |

Personal Loan Key Credit Quality Indicators
For Personal Loans, the key credit quality indicators are FICO scores, loan seasoning, and loan delinquency status. The FICO scores are assessed at original approval and periodically refreshed/updated through the loan’s term. The following table highlights the gross principal balance of our Personal Loan portfolio stratified by key credit quality indicators.

|  | Personal Loans
|  | Credit Quality Indicators
|  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Credit Quality Indicators: |  | Balance(1) |  | % of Balance |  | Balance(1) |  | % of Balance
FICO at Original Approval: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 55,467 |  |  | 5 | % |  | $ | 77,702 |  |  | 7 | %
670-699 |  | 286,460 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 339,053 |  |  | 28 |
700-749 |  | 557,828 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 554,700 |  |  | 47 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 232,078 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 218,636 |  |  | 18 |
Total |  | $ | 1,131,833 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,190,091 |  |  | 100 | %
Seasoning(2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
0-12 payments |  | $ | 561,102 |  |  | 50 | % |  | $ | 1,008,758 |  |  | 85 | %
13-24 payments |  | 552,313 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 181,333 |  |  | 15 |
25-36 payments |  | 18,418 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
37-48 payments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
More than 48 payments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 1,131,833 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,190,091 |  |  | 100 | %

______

(1) | Balance represents gross Personal Loans.

(2) | Number of months in active repayment for which a scheduled payment was due.

31

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

4. | Allowance for Loan Losses (Continued) |

Personal Loan Delinquencies
The following table provides information regarding the loan status of our Personal Loans.

|  | Personal Loans
|  | September 30, |  | December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
|  | Balance |  | % |  | Balance |  | %
Loans in repayment and percentage of each status: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans current |  | $ | 1,109,512 |  |  | 98.0 | % |  | $ | 1,172,776 |  |  | 98.5 | %
Loans delinquent 31-60 days(1) |  | 6,341 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 6,722 |  |  | 0.6 |
Loans delinquent 61-90 days(1) |  | 8,382 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 5,416 |  |  | 0.5 |
Loans delinquent greater than 90 days(1) |  | 7,598 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 5,177 |  |  | 0.4 |
Total Personal Loans in repayment |  | 1,131,833 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 1,190,091 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Total Personal Loans, gross |  | 1,131,833 |  |  |  |  | 1,190,091 |  |  |
Personal Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 594 |  |  |  |  | 297 |  |  |
Total Personal Loans |  | 1,132,427 |  |  |  |  | 1,190,388 |  |  |
Personal Loans allowance for losses |  | (70,173 | ) |  |  |  | (62,201 | ) |  |
Personal Loans, net |  | $ | 1,062,254 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,128,187 |  |  |
Delinquencies as a percentage of Personal Loans in repayment |  |  |  | 2.0 | % |  |  |  | 1.5 | %

_______

(1) | The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

Accrued Interest Receivable
The following table provides information regarding accrued interest receivable on our Private Education Loans. The table also discloses the amount of accrued interest on loans greater than 90 days past due as compared to our allowance for uncollectible interest. The allowance for uncollectible interest exceeds the amount of accrued interest on our 90 days past due Private Education Loan portfolio for all periods presented.

|  | Private Education Loans
|  | Accrued Interest Receivable
|  | Total Interest Receivable |  | Greater Than 90 Days Past Due |  | Allowance for Uncollectible Interest
September 30, 2019 |  | $ | 1,488,628 |  |  | $ | 2,348 |  |  | $ | 7,505 |
December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 1,168,823 |  |  | $ | 1,920 |  |  | $ | 6,322 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
5. Deposits
The following table summarizes total deposits at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

|  | September 30, |  | December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Deposits - interest bearing |  | $ | 22,628,139 |  |  | $ | 18,942,082 |  |
Deposits - non-interest bearing |  | 538 |  |  | 1,076 |  |
Total deposits |  | $ | 22,628,677 |  |  | $ | 18,943,158 |  |

Our total deposits of $22.6 billion were comprised of $12.5 billion in brokered deposits and $10.1 billion in retail and other deposits at September 30, 2019, compared to total deposits of $18.9 billion, which were comprised of $10.3 billion in brokered deposits and $8.6 billion in retail and other deposits, at December 31, 2018.
Interest bearing deposits as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 consisted of retail and brokered non-maturity savings deposits, retail and brokered non-maturity money market deposits (“MMDAs”) and retail and brokered certificates of deposit (“CDs”). Interest bearing deposits include deposits from Educational 529 and Health Savings plans that diversify our funding sources and additional deposits we consider to be core. These and other large omnibus accounts, aggregating the deposits of many individual depositors, represented $6.8 billion of our deposit total as of September 30, 2019, compared with $5.9 billion at December 31, 2018.
Some of our deposit products are serviced by third-party providers. Placement fees associated with the brokered CDs are amortized into interest expense using the effective interest rate method. We recognized placement fee expense of $4 million and $4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and placement fee expense of $12 million and $9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Fees paid to third-party brokers related to brokered CDs were $5 million and $6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and fees paid to third-party brokers related to brokered CDs were $20 million and $25 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Interest bearing deposits at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are summarized as follows:

|  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |
|  | Amount |  | Qtr.-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1) |  | Amount |  | Year-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1) |
Money market |  | $ | 9,620,876 |  |  | 2.29 | % |  | $ | 8,687,766 |  |  | 2.46 | % |
Savings |  | 707,546 |  |  | 1.87 |  |  | 702,342 |  |  | 2.00 |  |
Certificates of deposit |  | 12,299,717 |  |  | 2.60 |  |  | 9,551,974 |  |  | 2.74 |  |
Deposits - interest bearing |  | $ | 22,628,139 |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,942,082 |  |  |  |  |

____________
(1) Includes the effect of interest rate swaps in effective hedge relationships.
As of September 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018, there were $557 million and $523 million, respectively, of deposits exceeding Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits. Accrued interest on deposits was $72 million and $53 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
6. Borrowings
Outstanding borrowings consist of unsecured debt and secured borrowings issued through our term asset-backed securitization (“ABS”) program and our Private Education Loan multi-lender secured borrowing facility (the “Secured Borrowing Facility,” which was previously called the asset-backed commercial paper facility or ABCP Facility). The following table summarizes our borrowings at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

|  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
|  | Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  | Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total
Unsecured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured debt (fixed-rate) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 197,956 |  |  | $ | 197,956 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 197,348 |  |  | $ | 197,348 |
Total unsecured borrowings |  | — |  |  | 197,956 |  |  | 197,956 |  |  | — |  |  | 197,348 |  |  | 197,348 |
Secured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loan term securitizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | — |  |  | 2,699,378 |  |  | 2,699,378 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,284,347 |  |  | 2,284,347 |
Variable-rate |  | — |  |  | 1,704,554 |  |  | 1,704,554 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,802,609 |  |  | 1,802,609 |
Total Private Education Loan term securitizations |  | — |  |  | 4,403,932 |  |  | 4,403,932 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,086,956 |  |  | 4,086,956 |
Secured Borrowing Facility |  | 297,800 |  |  | — |  |  | 297,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total secured borrowings |  | 297,800 |  |  | 4,403,932 |  |  | 4,701,732 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,086,956 |  |  | 4,086,956 |
Total |  | $ | 297,800 |  |  | $ | 4,601,888 |  |  | $ | 4,899,688 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,284,304 |  |  | $ | 4,284,304 |

Short-term Borrowings
Secured Borrowing Facility
On February 20, 2019, we amended and extended the maturity of our $750 million Secured Borrowing Facility. We hold 100 percent of the residual interest in the Secured Borrowing Facility trust. Under the amended Secured Borrowing Facility, we incur financing costs on unused borrowing capacity and on outstandings. The amended Secured Borrowing Facility extends the revolving period, during which we may borrow, repay and reborrow funds, until February 19, 2020. The scheduled amortization period, during which amounts outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility must be repaid, ends on February 19, 2021 (or earlier, if certain material adverse events occur). At September 30, 2019, there were $298 million borrowings outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility and at December 31, 2018, there were no borrowings outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility.
Long-term Borrowings
Unsecured Debt
On April 5, 2017, we issued an unsecured debt offering of $200 million of 5.125 percent Senior Notes due April 5, 2022 at par. At September 30, 2019, the outstanding balance was $198 million.
34

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

6. | Borrowings (Continued)

Secured Financings
On March 13, 2019, we executed our $453 million SMB Private Education Loan Trust 2019-A term ABS transaction, which was accounted for as a secured financing. We sold $453 million of notes to third parties and retained a 100 percent interest in the residual certificates issued in the securitization, raising approximately $451 million of gross proceeds. The Class A and Class B notes had a weighted average life of 4.26 years and priced at a weighted average LIBOR equivalent cost of 1-month LIBOR plus 0.92 percent. At September 30, 2019, $464 million of our Private Education Loans, including $430 million of principal and $34 million in capitalized interest, were encumbered because of this transaction.
On June 12, 2019, we executed our $657 million SMB Private Education Loan Trust 2019-B term ABS transaction, which was accounted for as a secured financing. We sold $657 million of notes to third parties and retained a 100 percent interest in the residual certificates issued in the securitization, raising approximately $655 million of gross proceeds. The Class A and Class B notes had a weighted average life of 4.41 years and priced at a weighted average LIBOR equivalent cost of 1-month LIBOR plus 1.01 percent. At September 30, 2019, $688 million of our Private Education Loans, including $641 million of principal and $47 million in capitalized interest, were encumbered because of this transaction.
Secured Financings at Issuance

Issue |  | Date Issued |  | Total Issued |  | Weighted Average Cost of Funds(1) |  | Weighted Average Life (in years)
Private Education: |  |  |  |  |  |
2017-A |  | February 2017 |  | $ | 772,000 |  |  | 1-month LIBOR plus 0.93% |  | 4.27
2017-B |  | November 2017 |  | 676,000 |  |  | 1-month LIBOR plus 0.80% |  | 4.07
Total notes issued in 2017 |  | $ | 1,448,000 |  |  |  |  |
Total loan and accrued interest amount securitized at inception in 2017 |  | $ | 1,606,804 |  |  |  |  |
2018-A |  | March 2018 |  | $ | 670,000 |  |  | 1-month LIBOR plus 0.78% |  | 4.43
2018-B |  | June 2018 |  | 686,500 |  |  | 1-month LIBOR plus 0.76% |  | 4.40
2018-C |  | September 2018 |  | 544,000 |  |  | 1-month LIBOR plus 0.77% |  | 4.32
Total notes issued in 2018 |  | $ | 1,900,500 |  |  |  |  |
Total loan and accrued interest amount securitized at inception in 2018 |  | $ | 2,101,644 |  |  |  |  |
2019-A |  | March 2019 |  | 453,000 |  |  | 1-month LIBOR plus 0.92% |  | 4.26
2019-B |  | June 2019 |  | 657,000 |  |  | 1-month LIBOR plus 1.01% |  | 4.41
Total notes issued in 2019 |  | $ | 1,110,000 |  |  |  |  |
Total loan and accrued interest amount securitized at inception in 2019 |  | $ | 1,208,963 |  |  |  |  |

____________
(1) Represents LIBOR equivalent cost of funds for floating and fixed-rate bonds, excluding issuance costs.
35

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

6. | Borrowings (Continued)

Consolidated Funding Vehicles
We consolidate our financing entities that are VIEs as a result of our being the entities’ primary beneficiary. As a result, these financing VIEs are accounted for as secured borrowings. We consolidate the following financing VIEs as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively:

|  | September 30, 2019
|  | Debt Outstanding |  | Carrying Amount of Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
|  | Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  | Loans |  | Restricted Cash |  | Other Assets(1) |  | Total
Secured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loan term securitizations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,403,932 |  |  | $ | 4,403,932 |  |  | $ | 5,446,885 |  |  | $ | 127,043 |  |  | $ | 400,574 |  |  | $ | 5,974,502 |
Secured Borrowing Facility |  | 297,800 |  |  | — |  |  | 297,800 |  |  | 339,290 |  |  | 8,902 |  |  | 27,159 |  |  | 375,351 |
Total |  | $ | 297,800 |  |  | $ | 4,403,932 |  |  | $ | 4,701,732 |  |  | $ | 5,786,175 |  |  | $ | 135,945 |  |  | $ | 427,733 |  |  | $ | 6,349,853 |

|  | December 31, 2018
|  | Debt Outstanding |  | Carrying Amount of Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
|  | Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  | Loans |  | Restricted Cash |  | Other Assets(1) |  | Total
Secured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loan term securitizations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,086,956 |  |  | $ | 4,086,956 |  |  | $ | 5,030,837 |  |  | $ | 113,431 |  |  | $ | 326,570 |  |  | $ | 5,470,838 |
Secured Borrowing Facility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 157 |  |  | 157 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,086,956 |  |  | $ | 4,086,956 |  |  | $ | 5,030,837 |  |  | $ | 113,431 |  |  | $ | 326,727 |  |  | $ | 5,470,995 |

____
(1) Other assets primarily represent accrued interest receivable.
Other Borrowing Sources
We maintain discretionary uncommitted Federal Funds lines of credit with various correspondent banks, which totaled $125 million at September 30, 2019. The interest rate we are charged on these lines of credit is priced at Fed Funds plus a spread at the time of borrowing and is payable daily. We did not utilize these lines of credit in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 or in the year ended December 31, 2018.
We established an account at the FRB to meet eligibility requirements for access to the Primary Credit borrowing facility at the FRB’s Discount Window (the “Window”). The Primary Credit borrowing facility is a lending program available to depository institutions that are in generally sound financial condition. All borrowings at the Window must be fully collateralized. We can pledge asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities, as well as FFELP Loans and Private Education Loans, to the FRB as collateral for borrowings at the Window. Generally, collateral value is assigned based on the estimated fair value of the pledged assets. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the value of our pledged collateral at the FRB totaled $3.2 billion and $3.1 billion, respectively. The interest rate charged to us is the discount rate set by the FRB. We did not utilize this facility in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 or in the year ended December 31, 2018.
36

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
7. Derivative Financial Instruments
Risk Management Strategy
We maintain an overall interest rate risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to reduce the economic effect of interest rate changes. Our goal is to manage interest rate sensitivity by modifying the repricing frequency and underlying index characteristics of certain balance sheet assets or liabilities, so any adverse impacts related to movements in interest rates are managed within low to moderate limits. As a result of interest rate fluctuations, hedged balance sheet positions will appreciate or depreciate in market value or create variability in cash flows. Income or loss on the derivative instruments linked to the hedged item will generally offset the effect of this unrealized appreciation or depreciation or volatility in cash flows for the period the item is being hedged. We view this strategy as a prudent management of interest rate risk. Please refer to Note 10, “Derivative Financial Instruments” in our 2018 Form 10-K for a full discussion of our risk management strategy.
Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) requires all standardized derivatives, including most interest rate swaps, to be submitted for clearing to central counterparties to reduce counterparty risk. Two of the central counterparties we use are the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”) and the London Clearing House (“LCH”). All variation margin payments on derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH are accounted for as legal settlement. As of September 30, 2019, $9.0 billion notional of our derivative contracts were cleared on the CME and $0.5 billion were cleared on the LCH. The derivative contracts cleared through the CME and LCH represent 94.5 percent and 5.5 percent respectively, of our total notional derivative contracts of $9.5 billion at September 30, 2019.
For derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH, the net gain (loss) position includes the variation margin amounts as settlement of the derivative and not collateral against the fair value of the derivative. The amount of variation margin included as settlement as of September 30, 2019 was $(133.6) million and $11.5 million for the CME and LCH, respectively. Changes in fair value for derivatives not designated as hedging instruments will be presented as realized gains (losses).
Our exposure is limited to the value of the derivative contracts in a gain position less any collateral held and plus any collateral posted. When there is a net negative exposure, we consider our exposure to the counterparty to be zero. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had a net positive exposure (derivative gain positions to us, less collateral held by us and plus collateral posted with counterparties) related to derivatives of $73 million and $27 million, respectively.
Summary of Derivative Financial Statement Impact
The following tables summarize the fair values and notional amounts of all derivative instruments at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, and their impact on earnings and other comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. Please refer to Note 10, “Derivative Financial Instruments” in our 2018 Form 10-K for a full discussion of cash flow hedges, fair value hedges, and trading activities.
37

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

7. | Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued) |

Impact of Derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets

|  |  | Cash Flow Hedges |  | Fair Value Hedges |  | Trading |  | Total
|  |  | September 30, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |  | December 31,
|  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Fair Values(1) | Hedged Risk Exposure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative Assets:(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | Interest rate |  | $ | 275 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 275 |  |  | $ | 2,090 |
Derivative Liabilities:(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | Interest rate |  | — |  |  | (2,032 | ) |  | (815 | ) |  | — |  |  | (423 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,238 | ) |  | (2,032 | )
Total net derivatives |  |  | $ | 275 |  |  | $ | (2,032 | ) |  | $ | (815 | ) |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | (423 | ) |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | (963 | ) |  | $ | 58 |

___________

(1) | Fair values reported include variation margin as legal settlement of the derivative contract. Assets and liabilities are presented without consideration of master netting agreements. Derivatives are carried on the balance sheet based on net position by counterparty under master netting agreements and classified in other assets or other liabilities depending on whether in a net positive or negative position.

(2) | The following table reconciles gross positions with the impact of master netting agreements to the balance sheet classification:

|  | Other Assets |  | Other Liabilities
|  | September 30, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |  | December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Gross position(1) |  | $ | 275 |  |  | $ | 2,090 |  |  | $ | (1,238 | ) |  | $ | (2,032 | )
Impact of master netting agreement |  | (142 | ) |  | (1,389 | ) |  | 142 |  |  | 1,389 |
Derivative values with impact of master netting agreements (as carried on balance sheet) |  | 133 |  |  | 701 |  |  | (1,096 | ) |  | (643 | )
Cash collateral pledged(2) |  | 73,527 |  |  | 27,151 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net position |  | $ | 73,660 |  |  | $ | 27,852 |  |  | $ | (1,096 | ) |  | $ | (643 | )

__________

(1) | Gross position amounts include accrued interest and variation margin as legal settlement of the derivative contract.

(2) | Cash collateral pledged excludes amounts that represent legal settlement of the derivative contracts.

|  | Cash Flow |  | Fair Value |  | Trading |  | Total
|  | September 30, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |  | December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Notional Values |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | 1,183,176 |  |  | $ | 1,280,367 |  |  | $ | 4,831,038 |  |  | $ | 3,137,965 |  |  | $ | 3,471,271 |  |  | $ | 1,577,978 |  |  | $ | 9,485,485 |  |  | $ | 5,996,310 |

38

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

7. | Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued) |

As of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the following amounts were recorded on the consolidated balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

Line Item in the Balance Sheet in Which the Hedged Item is Included: |  | Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
|  | September 30, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |  | December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Deposits |  | $ | (4,903,568 | ) |  | $ | (3,114,304 | ) |  | $ | (83,892 | ) |  | $ | 14,202 |

Impact of Derivatives on the Consolidated Statements of Income

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Fair Value Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest recognized on derivatives |  | $ | (2,924 | ) |  | $ | (3,977 | ) |  | $ | (10,812 | ) |  | $ | (7,303 | )
Hedged items recorded in interest expense |  | (16,391 | ) |  | 4,809 |  |  | (98,094 | ) |  | 27,526 |
Derivatives recorded in interest expense |  | 16,610 |  |  | (4,896 | ) |  | 97,947 |  |  | (27,774 | )
Total |  | $ | (2,705 | ) |  | $ | (4,064 | ) |  | $ | (10,959 | ) |  | $ | (7,551 | )
Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into interest expense |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | (21 | ) |  | $ | 3,002 |  |  | $ | (2,142 | )
Total |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | (21 | ) |  | $ | 3,002 |  |  | $ | (2,142 | )
Trading |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of future interest payments recorded in earnings |  | $ | 2,844 |  |  | $ | (1,557 | ) |  | $ | 25,288 |  |  | $ | (8,492 | )
Total |  | 2,844 |  |  | (1,557 | ) |  | 25,288 |  |  | (8,492 | )
Total |  | $ | 656 |  |  | $ | (5,642 | ) |  | $ | 17,331 |  |  | $ | (18,185 | )

39

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

7. | Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued) |

Impact of Derivatives on the Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Amount of gain recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (9,566 | ) |  | $ | 6,453 |  |  | $ | (45,211 | ) |  | $ | 34,718 |
Less: amount of loss reclassified in interest expense |  | 517 |  |  | (21 | ) |  | 3,002 |  |  | (2,142 | )
Total change in other comprehensive income (loss) for unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, before income tax (expense) benefit |  | $ | (10,083 | ) |  | $ | 6,474 |  |  | $ | (48,213 | ) |  | $ | 36,860 |

Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on our variable-rate deposits. During the next 12 months, we estimate that $4.7 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest expense.
Cash Collateral
As of September 30, 2019, cash collateral held and pledged excludes amounts that represent legal settlement of the derivative contracts held with the CME and LCH. There was no cash collateral held related to derivative exposure between us and our derivatives counterparties at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Cash collateral pledged related to derivative exposure between us and our derivatives counterparties was $74 million and $27 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Collateral pledged is recorded in “Other interest-earning assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.
40

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
8. Stockholders’ Equity
The following table summarizes our common share repurchases and issuances.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Shares and per share amounts in actuals) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Common stock repurchased under repurchase program(1) |  | 4,436,963 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,861,718 |  |  | — |
Average purchase price per share(2) |  | $ | 8.45 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9.94 |  |  | $ | — |
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans(3) |  | 15,238 |  |  | 116,151 |  |  | 1,328,665 |  |  | 3,056,746 |
Average purchase price per share |  | $ | 9.54 |  |  | $ | 11.54 |  |  | $ | 10.92 |  |  | $ | 11.34 |
Common shares issued(4) |  | 26,137 |  |  | 397,004 |  |  | 3,677,821 |  |  | 6,341,950 |

__________________

(1) | Common shares purchased under our share repurchase program. $43 million of capacity under the program remained available as of September 30, 2019.

(2) | Average purchase price per share includes purchase commission costs.

(3) | Comprised of shares withheld from stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock for employees’ tax withholding obligations and shares tendered by employees to satisfy option exercise costs.

(4) | Common shares issued under our various compensation and benefit plans.

The closing price of our common stock on September 30, 2019 was $8.83.
Dividend and Share Repurchases
In September 2019, we paid a common stock dividend of $0.03 per common share. In the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we paid a total common stock dividend of $0.09 per common share.
Under our share repurchase program, we repurchased 4 million shares of common stock for $37 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 16 million shares of common stock for $157 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Our share repurchase program permits us to repurchase from time to time shares of our common stock up to an aggregate repurchase price not to exceed $200 million and expires on January 22, 2021. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we only repurchased common stock acquired in connection with taxes withheld resulting from award exercises and vesting under our employee stock-based compensation plans.
41

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
9. Earnings per Common Share
Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) are calculated using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted EPS calculations follows.

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | September 30, |  | September 30,
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 128,458 |  |  | $ | 103,878 |  |  | $ | 436,924 |  |  | $ | 339,964 |
Preferred stock dividends |  | 4,153 |  |  | 4,124 |  |  | 12,952 |  |  | 11,441 |
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 124,305 |  |  | $ | 99,754 |  |  | $ | 423,972 |  |  | $ | 328,523 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares used to compute basic EPS |  | 424,149 |  |  | 435,468 |  |  | 429,295 |  |  | 434,875 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units and Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) (1)(2) |  | 3,187 |  |  | 4,551 |  |  | 3,277 |  |  | 4,609 |
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted EPS |  | 427,336 |  |  | 440,019 |  |  | 432,572 |  |  | 439,484 |
Basic earnings per common share attributable to SLM Corporation |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.99 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |
Diluted earnings per common share attributable to SLM Corporation |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.98 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |

________________

(1) | Includes the potential dilutive effect of additional common shares that are issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units and the outstanding commitment to issue shares under the ESPP, determined by the treasury stock method.

(2) | For the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, securities covering no shares and approximately 0 shares, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, securities covering no shares and approximately 0 shares, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because they were anti-dilutive.

42

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
10. Fair Value Measurements
We use estimates of fair value in applying various accounting standards for our consolidated financial statements.
We categorize our fair value estimates based on a hierarchical framework associated with three levels of price transparency utilized in measuring financial instruments at fair value. For additional information regarding our policies for determining fair value and the hierarchical framework, see Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Fair Value Measurement” in our 2018 Form 10-K.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, there were no significant transfers of financial instruments between levels or changes in our methodology or assumptions used to value our financial instruments.
The following table summarizes the valuation of our financial instruments that are marked to fair value on a recurring basis.

|  | Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
|  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale investments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 455,968 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 455,968 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 176,245 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 176,245 |
Derivative instruments |  | — |  |  | 275 |  |  | — |  |  | 275 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,090 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,090 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 456,243 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 456,243 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 178,335 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 178,335 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,238 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,238 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,032 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,032 | )
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,238 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,238 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,032 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,032 | )

43

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

10. | Fair Value Measurements (Continued) |

The following table summarizes the fair values of our financial assets and liabilities, including derivative financial instruments.

|  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
|  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Difference |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Difference
Earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for investment, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 25,402,823 |  |  | $ | 22,855,728 |  |  | $ | 2,547,095 |  |  | $ | 22,313,419 |  |  | $ | 20,294,843 |  |  | $ | 2,018,576 |
FFELP Loans |  | 810,141 |  |  | 798,682 |  |  | 11,459 |  |  | 859,185 |  |  | 847,889 |  |  | 11,296 |
Personal Loans |  | 1,126,514 |  |  | 1,062,254 |  |  | 64,260 |  |  | 1,156,531 |  |  | 1,128,187 |  |  | 28,344 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 3,851,608 |  |  | 3,851,608 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,559,106 |  |  | 2,559,106 |  |  | — |
Available-for-sale investments |  | 455,968 |  |  | 455,968 |  |  | — |  |  | 176,245 |  |  | 176,245 |  |  | — |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 1,638,821 |  |  | 1,510,458 |  |  | 128,363 |  |  | 1,285,842 |  |  | 1,191,981 |  |  | 93,861 |
Tax indemnification receivable |  | 38,226 |  |  | 38,226 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,207 |  |  | 39,207 |  |  | — |
Derivative instruments |  | 275 |  |  | 275 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,090 |  |  | 2,090 |  |  | — |
Total earning assets |  | $ | 33,324,376 |  |  | $ | 30,573,199 |  |  | $ | 2,751,177 |  |  | $ | 28,391,625 |  |  | $ | 26,239,548 |  |  | $ | 2,152,077 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money-market and savings accounts |  | $ | 10,356,228 |  |  | $ | 10,328,422 |  |  | $ | (27,806 | ) |  | $ | 9,370,957 |  |  | $ | 9,390,108 |  |  | $ | 19,151 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 12,397,103 |  |  | 12,299,717 |  |  | (97,386 | ) |  | 9,513,194 |  |  | 9,551,974 |  |  | 38,780 |
Short-term borrowings |  | 297,800 |  |  | 297,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Long-term borrowings |  | 4,725,251 |  |  | 4,601,888 |  |  | (123,363 | ) |  | 4,278,931 |  |  | 4,284,304 |  |  | 5,373 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 83,172 |  |  | 83,172 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,341 |  |  | 61,341 |  |  | — |
Derivative instruments |  | 1,238 |  |  | 1,238 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,032 |  |  | 2,032 |  |  | — |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | $ | 27,860,792 |  |  | $ | 27,612,237 |  |  | $ | (248,555 | ) |  | $ | 23,226,455 |  |  | $ | 23,289,759 |  |  | $ | 63,304 |
Excess of net asset fair value over carrying value |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,502,622 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,215,381 |

Please refer to Note 14, “Fair Value Measurements” in our 2018 Form 10-K for a full discussion of the methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments.
44

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
11. Regulatory Capital
Sallie Mae Bank (the “Bank”) is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the FDIC and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions (the “UDFI”). Failure to meet minimum capital requirements and any applicable buffers can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on our business, results of operation and financial condition. Under the FDIC’s regulations implementing the Basel III capital framework (“U.S. Basel III”) and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital standards that involve quantitative measures of its assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s regulatory capital amounts and its classification under the prompt corrective action framework are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components of capital, risk weightings and other factors.
Under U.S. Basel III, the Bank is required to maintain the following minimum regulatory capital ratios: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0 percent. In addition, as of January 1, 2019, the Bank is subject to a fully phased-in Common Equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of greater than 2.5 percent. (As of December 31, 2018, the Bank was subject to a Common Equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of greater than 1.875 percent.) Failure to maintain the buffer will result in restrictions on the Bank’s ability to make capital distributions, including the payment of dividends, and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers. The Bank’s required and actual regulatory capital amounts and ratios under U.S. Basel III are shown in the following table.

|  | Actual |  | U.S. Basel III Regulatory Requirements(1)
|  | Amount | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
As of September 30, 2019: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,123,262 |  | 11.5 | % |  | $ | 1,893,808 |  | > | 7.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,123,262 |  | 11.5 | % |  | $ | 2,299,624 |  | > | 8.5 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,462,407 |  | 12.8 | % |  | $ | 2,840,712 |  | > | 10.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets) |  | $ | 3,123,262 |  | 10.3 | % | (2) | $ | 1,209,790 |  | > | 4.0 | %
As of December 31, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 2,896,091 |  | 12.1 | % |  | $ | 1,528,209 |  | > | 6.375 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 2,896,091 |  | 12.1 | % |  | $ | 1,887,787 |  | > | 7.875 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,196,279 |  | 13.3 | % |  | $ | 2,367,226 |  | > | 9.875 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets) |  | $ | 2,896,091 |  | 11.1 | % |  | $ | 1,039,226 |  | > | 4.0 | %

________________

(1) | Required risk-based capital ratios include the capital conservation buffer.

(2) | The Bank’s Tier 1 leverage ratio exceeds the 5 percent well-capitalized standard for the Tier 1 leverage ratio under the prompt corrective action framework.

45

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)

11. | Regulatory Capital (Continued) |

Bank Dividends
The Bank is chartered under the laws of the State of Utah and its deposits are insured by the FDIC. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to the laws of Utah and the regulations of the FDIC. Generally, under Utah’s industrial bank laws and regulations as well as FDIC regulations, the Bank may pay dividends from its net profits without regulatory approval if, following the payment of the dividend, the Bank’s capital and surplus would not be impaired. The Bank declared $20 million and $241 million in dividends to the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and no dividends for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. In the future, we expect that the Bank will pay dividends to the Company as may be necessary to enable the Company to pay any declared dividends on its Series B Preferred Stock and common stock and to consummate any common share repurchases by the Company under its share repurchase program.
46

SLM CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, unless otherwise noted)
12. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees
Commitments
When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, that approval may cover the borrowing for the entire academic year. As such, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of such approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). At September 30, 2019, we had $2.2 billion of outstanding contractual loan commitments which we expect to fund during the remainder of the 2019/2020 academic year. At September 30, 2019, we had a $2 million reserve recorded in “Other Liabilities” to cover expected losses that may occur during the one-year loss emergence period on these unfunded commitments.
Legal Proceedings
On July 17, 2018, the Mississippi Attorney General filed a lawsuit in Mississippi state court against Navient, Navient Solutions, LLC, and the Bank arising out of the Multi-State Investigation. The complaint alleges unfair and deceptive trade practices against all three defendants as to private loan origination practices from 2000 to 2009, and against the two Navient defendants as to servicing practices between 2010 and the present. The complaint further alleges that Navient assumed responsibility for these matters under the Separation and Distribution Agreement for alleged conduct that pre-dated the Spin-Off. On September 27, 2018, the Mississippi Attorney General filed an amended complaint. On October 8, 2018, the Bank moved to dismiss the Mississippi Attorney General’s action as to the Bank, arguing, among other things, that the complaint failed to allege with sufficient particularity or specificity how the Bank was responsible for any of the alleged conduct, most of which predated the Bank’s existence. On November 20, 2018, the Mississippi Attorney General filed an opposition brief and the Bank filed a reply on December 21, 2018. The court heard oral argument on the Bank’s motion to dismiss on April 11, 2019. On August 15, 2019, the court entered an order denying the Bank’s motion to dismiss. On September 5, 2019, the Bank filed with the Supreme Court of Mississippi a petition for interlocutory appeal. The Mississippi Attorney General filed an opposition to the petition for interlocutory appeal on September 19, 2019. On October 16, 2019, the Supreme Court of Mississippi granted the Bank’s petition for interlocutory appeal and stayed the trial court proceedings.
Contingencies
In the ordinary course of business, we and our subsidiaries are routinely defendants in or parties to pending and threatened legal actions and proceedings, including actions brought on behalf of various classes of claimants. These actions and proceedings may be based on alleged violations of consumer protection, securities, employment and other laws. In certain of these actions and proceedings, claims for substantial monetary damages may be asserted against us and our subsidiaries.
It is common for the Company, our subsidiaries and affiliates to receive information and document requests and investigative demands from state attorneys general, legislative committees, and administrative agencies. These requests may be for informational or regulatory purposes and may relate to our business practices, the industries in which we operate, or other companies with whom we conduct business. Our practice has been and continues to be to cooperate with these bodies and be responsive to any such requests.
We are required to establish reserves for litigation and regulatory matters where those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and estimable. When loss contingencies are not both probable and estimable, we do not establish reserves.
Based on current knowledge, management does not believe there are loss contingencies, if any, arising from pending investigations, litigation or regulatory matters for which reserves should be established.
47

Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following information is current as of October 23, 2019 (unless otherwise noted) and should be read in connection with SLM Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 28, 2019) (the “2018 Form 10-K”), and subsequent reports filed with the SEC. Definitions for capitalized terms used in this report not defined herein can be found in the 2018 Form 10-K.
References in this Form 10-Q to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Sallie Mae,” “SLM” and the “Company” refer to SLM Corporation and its subsidiaries, except as otherwise indicated or unless the context otherwise requires.
This report contains “forward-looking” statements and information based on management’s current expectations as of the date of this report. Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about our beliefs, opinions or expectations and statements that assume or are dependent upon future events, are forward-looking statements. This includes, but is not limited to, our expectation and ability to pay a quarterly cash dividend on our common stock in the future, subject to the determination by our Board of Directors, and based on an evaluation of our earnings, financial condition and requirements, business conditions, capital allocation determinations, and other factors, risks and uncertainties, and also includes any estimates related to pending accounting standard changes. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that may cause actual results to be materially different from those reflected in such forward-looking statements. These factors include, among others, the risks and uncertainties set forth in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in our 2018 Form 10-K and subsequent filings with the SEC; increases in financing costs; limits on liquidity; increases in costs associated with compliance with laws and regulations; failure to comply with consumer protection, banking and other laws; changes in accounting standards and the impact of related changes in significant accounting estimates, including any regarding the measurement of our allowance for loan losses and the related provision expense; any adverse outcomes in any significant litigation to which we are a party; credit risk associated with our exposure to third-parties, including counterparties to our derivative transactions; and changes in the terms of education loans and the educational credit marketplace (including changes resulting from new laws and the implementation of existing laws). We could also be affected by, among other things: changes in our funding costs and availability; reductions to our credit ratings; cybersecurity incidents, cyberattacks, and other failures or breaches of our operating systems or infrastructure, including those of third-party vendors; damage to our reputation; risks associated with restructuring initiatives, including failures to successfully implement cost-cutting programs and the adverse effects of such initiatives on our business; changes in the demand for educational financing or in financing preferences of lenders, educational institutions, students and their families; changes in law and regulations with respect to the student lending business and financial institutions generally; changes in banking rules and regulations, including increased capital requirements; increased competition from banks and other consumer lenders; the creditworthiness of our customers; changes in the general interest rate environment, including the rate relationships among relevant money-market instruments and those of our earning assets versus our funding arrangements; rates of prepayment on the loans that we own; changes in general economic conditions and our ability to successfully effectuate any acquisitions; and other strategic initiatives. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements also requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions, including estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates or assumptions may prove to be incorrect. All forward-looking statements contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q are qualified by these cautionary statements and are made only as of the date of this report. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements to conform such statements to actual results or changes in our expectations.
We report financial results on a GAAP basis and also provide certain non-GAAP core earnings performance measures. The difference between our “Core Earnings” and GAAP results for the periods presented were the unrealized, mark-to-fair value gains/losses on derivative contracts (excluding current period accruals on the derivative instruments), net of tax. These are recognized in GAAP, but not in “Core Earnings” results. We provide “Core Earnings” measures because this is what management uses when making management decisions regarding our performance and the allocation of corporate resources. Our “Core Earnings” are not defined terms within GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. For additional information, see “—Key Financial Measures” and “—‘Core Earnings’ ” in this Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019 for a further discussion and a complete reconciliation between GAAP net income and “Core Earnings.” In addition, upon the adoption of the current expected credit loss methodology for recognition of credit losses on January 1, 2020, we plan to use a new, adjusted non-GAAP measure to help investors better understand how we will internally view and measure our performance by, among other things, recognizing all loan losses upon actual charge-off of
48

those loans, rather than using current expected losses. See “— ‘Adjusted Core Earnings’ upon the Adoption of ASU No. 2016-13, ‘Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.’ ”
Through this discussion and analysis, we intend to provide the reader with some narrative context for how our management views our consolidated financial statements, additional context within which to assess our operating results, and information on the quality and variability of our earnings, liquidity and cash flows.
49

Selected Financial Information and Ratios

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands, except per share data and percentages) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 124,305 |  |  | $ | 99,754 |  |  | $ | 423,972 |  |  | $ | 328,523 |
Diluted earnings per common share attributable to SLM Corporation |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.98 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted earnings per share |  | 427,336 |  |  | 440,019 |  |  | 432,572 |  |  | 439,484 |
Return on assets(1) |  | 1.7 | % |  | 1.7 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  | 1.9 | %
Non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio(2) |  | 36.6 | % |  | 54.7 | % |  | 35.1 | % |  | 42.3 | %
Other Operating Statistics |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Private Education Loans, net |  | $ | 22,855,728 |  |  | $ | 20,030,806 |  |  | $ | 22,855,728 |  |  | $ | 20,030,806 |
Ending FFELP Loans, net |  | 798,682 |  |  | 868,138 |  |  | 798,682 |  |  | 868,138 |
Ending total education loans, net |  | $ | 23,654,410 |  |  | $ | 20,898,944 |  |  | $ | 23,654,410 |  |  | $ | 20,898,944 |
Ending Personal Loans, net |  | $ | 1,062,254 |  |  | $ | 1,079,959 |  |  | $ | 1,062,254 |  |  | $ | 1,079,959 |
Average education loans |  | $ | 23,009,285 |  |  | $ | 20,172,597 |  |  | $ | 22,718,088 |  |  | $ | 19,807,137 |
Average Personal Loans |  | $ | 1,132,185 |  |  | $ | 1,082,177 |  |  | $ | 1,152,471 |  |  | $ | 810,753 |
__________ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) We calculate and report our Return on Assets as the ratio of (a) GAAP net income numerator (annualized) to (b) the GAAP total average assets denominator.
(2) We calculate and report our non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio as the ratio of (a) the total non-interest expense numerator to (b) the net revenue denominator (which consists of the sum of net interest income, before provision for credit losses, and non-interest income, excluding any gains and losses on sales of loans and securities, net and the net impact of derivative accounting as defined in the “Core Earnings” adjustments to GAAP table set forth in this Form 10-Q). We believe doing so provides useful information to investors because it is a measure used by our management team to monitor our effectiveness in managing operating expenses. Other companies may use similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures that are calculated differently from the way we calculate our ratio. Accordingly, our non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies.

Overview
The following discussion and analysis presents a review of our business and operations as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Key Financial Measures
Our operating results are primarily driven by net interest income from our Private Education Loan portfolio, provision expense for credit losses, and operating expenses. The growth of our business and the strength of our financial condition are primarily driven by our ability to achieve our annual Private Education Loan origination goals while sustaining credit quality and maintaining cost-efficient funding sources to support our originations. A brief summary of our key financial measures (net interest income; allowance for loan losses; charge-offs and delinquencies; operating expenses; “Core Earnings;” Private Education Loan originations; and funding sources) can be found in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our 2018 Form 10-K.
50

GAAP Results of Operations
We present the results of operations below first on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP.
GAAP Statements of Income (Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(In millions, except per share data) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | $ |  | % |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | $ |  | %
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 565 |  |  | $ | 486 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | 16 | % |  | $ | 1,672 |  |  | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  | 22 | %
Investments |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 23 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 141 |
Total interest income |  | 590 |  |  | 498 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 1,730 |  |  | 1,397 |  |  | 333 |  |  | 24 |
Total interest expense |  | 185 |  |  | 141 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 526 |  |  | 367 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 43 |
Net interest income |  | 405 |  |  | 357 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 1,204 |  |  | 1,030 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 17 |
Less: provisions for credit losses |  | 99 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 187 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 37 |
Net interest income after provisions for credit losses |  | 306 |  |  | 287 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 947 |  |  | 843 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 12 |
Non-interest income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains on sales of loans, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (100 | )
Losses on sales of securities, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | 100 |
Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net |  | 2 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 7 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 21 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 28 |  |  | 467 |
Other income (loss) |  | 15 |  |  | (81 | ) |  | 96 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 32 |  |  | (59 | ) |  | 90 |  |  | 153 |
Total non-interest income (loss) |  | 17 |  |  | (86 | ) |  | 103 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 53 |  |  | (65 | ) |  | 117 |  |  | 180 |
Non-interest expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total non-interest expenses |  | 154 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 433 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 5 |
Income before income tax expense (benefit) |  | 169 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 568 |  |  | 367 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 55 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 41 |  |  | (54 | ) |  | 94 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 381 |
Net income |  | 128 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 437 |  |  | 340 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 29 |
Preferred stock dividends |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 18 |
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | 26 | % |  | $ | 424 |  |  | $ | 329 |  |  | $ | 95 |  |  | 29 | %
Basic earnings per common share attributable to SLM Corporation |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | 26 | % |  | $ | 0.99 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | 30 | %
Diluted earnings per common share attributable to SLM Corporation |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | 26 | % |  | $ | 0.98 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | 31 | %
Declared dividends per common share attributable to SLM Corporation |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 0.09 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.09 |  |  | 100 | %

51

GAAP Consolidated Earnings Summary
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared with Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
For the three months ended September 30, 2019, net income was $128 million, or $0.29 diluted earnings per common share, compared with net income of $104 million, or $0.23 diluted earnings per common share, for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The year-over-year increase in net income was due to a $48 million increase in net interest income and a $103 million increase in non-interest income, which were offset by a $29 million increase in provisions for credit losses, a $3 million increase in total non-interest expenses, and a $94 million increase in income tax expense.
The primary contributors to each of the identified drivers of changes in net income for the current quarter compared with the year-ago quarter are as follows:
•Net interest income increased by $48 million in the current quarter compared with the year-ago quarter due to a $2.9 billion increase in average loans outstanding. Net interest margin decreased primarily as a result of a $2.3 billion increase in average cash and other short-term investment balances associated with our efforts to increase overall liquidity levels for risk management purposes. In 2019, we began increasing the amount of cash and cash equivalents held to increase overall liquidity levels for risk management purposes. Yields on cash and other short-term investments are much lower than yields on consumer loans, which reduces the weighted average yield on our interest-earning assets and our net interest margin. The overall impact of the increased liquidity was immaterial to net income in third quarter 2019.
•Provisions for credit losses in the current quarter increased $29 million compared with the year-ago quarter. This increase was primarily due to a higher provision for our TDR portfolio as a result of the impact of declining interest rates, higher delinquencies, and a 16 percent growth in Private Education Loans in repayment. The allowance for a TDR loan equals the difference between the carrying amount of the loan and the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate of the loan just prior to the loan’s classification as a TDR. For our variable-rate TDR loans, we lock in the discount rate at the time of TDR classification and do not adjust that rate as interest rates change. Therefore, when interest rates increase, we record a lower allowance on our variable-rate TDR portfolio because of the higher future expected cash flows. Conversely, when interest rates decline, as they have during 2019, the present value of future expected cash flows of the variable-rate TDR portfolio decline and the related allowance increases.
•Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net, resulted in a net gain of $2 million in the third quarter of 2019 compared with a net loss of $5 million in the year-ago quarter. The increase was driven by several factors, including an additional $0.4 billion of notional derivative contracts entered into during the third quarter of 2019 that were economic hedges but did not receive hedge accounting treatment. These derivatives, as well as other derivative contracts that did not receive hedge accounting treatment, were favorably affected by interest rates during the third quarter of 2019.
•Other income was $15 million in the third quarter of 2019 compared with other loss of $81 million in the year-ago quarter. In the third quarter of 2018, we reduced other income by $90 million to reflect the reduction in the tax indemnification receivable from Navient Corporation (“Navient”) because of the expiration of the federal statute of limitations related to a portion of our indemnified uncertain tax positions. Income taxes payable and income tax expense were reduced by a corresponding amount. Absent this 2018 tax-related item, other income in the third quarter of 2019 was $6 million greater than in the third quarter of 2018, primarily due to an $8 million gain recorded related to changes in the valuation of certain non-marketable securities, which was offset by lower revenue in our Upromise business.
•Third-quarter 2019 non-interest expenses were $154 million, compared with $151 million in the year-ago quarter. The increase in non-interest expenses was primarily driven by growth in our portfolio and increased marketing costs, slightly offset by the reduction in initial costs related to our migration to the cloud. Our non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio improved to 36.6 percent for the quarter ended September 30, 2019 from 54.7 percent for the quarter ended September 30, 2018. The decline was primarily the result of a reduction in other income of $90 million recorded in the third quarter of 2018 to reflect the reduction in the tax indemnification receivable from Navient because of the expiration of the federal statute of limitations related to a portion of our indemnified uncertain tax positions, and was also due to net interest income increasing 14 percent during the third quarter of 2019 while non-interest expenses only increased 2 percent compared to the year-ago quarter.
•Third-quarter 2019 income tax expense was $41 million, compared with a $54 million income tax benefit in the year-ago quarter. In the third quarter of 2018, the federal statute of limitations expired related to certain indemnified uncertain tax positions, causing us to reduce income tax expense by $90 million, which was offset by a $90 million reduction in other income related to the tax indemnification receivable from Navient. As a result, the effective tax rate in the third quarter of 2018 was a
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negative 106.9 percent. Absent that item, our effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2018 would have been 25.8 percent compared to 24.1 percent in the third quarter of 2019. The decrease in the effective tax rate in the third quarter of 2019 was primarily driven by $2 million of tax credits recorded in the quarter, the majority of which related to prior year tax filings.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 Compared with Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, net income was $437 million, or $0.98 diluted earnings per common share, compared with net income of $340 million, or $0.75 diluted earnings per common share, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The year-over-year increase in net income was due to a $174 million increase in net interest income and a $117 million increase in non-interest income, which were offset by a $69 million increase in provisions for credit losses, a $22 million increase in total non-interest expenses, and a $103 million increase in income tax expense.
The primary contributors to each of the identified drivers of changes in net income for the first nine months of 2019 compared with the year-ago period are as follows:
•Net interest income increased by $174 million in the first nine months of 2019 compared with the year-ago period primarily due to a $3.3 billion increase in average loans outstanding. Net interest margin decreased primarily as a result of an additional $1.5 billion in average cash and other short-term investments held in the first nine months of 2019 compared with the year-ago period. In 2019, we began increasing the amount of cash and cash equivalents held to increase overall liquidity levels for risk management purposes. Yields on cash and other short-term investments are much lower than yields on consumer loans, which reduces the weighted average yield on our interest-earning assets and our net interest margin. The increase in yield on our education loan portfolios in the first nine months of 2019 compared with the year-ago period was primarily due to the carryover benefit in early 2019 from the increase in LIBOR rates during 2018, which increased the yield on our variable-rate Private Education Loan and FFELP portfolios. The increase in our cost of funds in the first nine months of 2019 compared to the year-ago period was also due to the increasing rates that occurred in the latter half of 2018.
•Provisions for credit losses increased $69 million in the first nine months of 2019 compared with the year-ago period. This increase was primarily due to a higher provision for our TDR portfolio as a result of the impact of declining interest rates, higher delinquencies, and a 16 percent growth in Private Education Loans in repayment.
•Gains on sales of loans, net, decreased in the first nine months of 2019 compared with the year-ago period as there were no loans sales in 2019. In the second quarter of 2018, we sold the $43 million Split Loan portfolio, which resulted in a net gain of $2 million.
•Losses on sales of securities, net, were $2 million in the first nine months of 2018 due to the sale of $41 million of mortgage-backed securities. There were no sales of securities in the first nine months of 2019.
•Gains on derivatives and hedging activities, net, increased $28 million in the nine months of 2019 compared with the year-ago period. The increase was driven by several factors, including an additional $2.2 billion of notional derivative contracts entered into during the first nine months of 2019 that were economic hedges but did not receive hedge accounting treatment. These derivatives, as well as other derivative contracts that did not receive hedge accounting treatment, were favorably affected by interest rates during the first nine months of 2019.
•In the first nine months of 2019, other income increased $90 million from the year-ago period. In the third quarter of 2018, we reduced other income by $90 million to reflect the reduction in the tax indemnification receivable from Navient because of the expiration of the federal statute of limitations related to a portion of our indemnified uncertain tax positions. Income taxes payable and income tax expense were reduced by a corresponding amount. Absent this 2018 tax-related item, other income in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased $1 million compared to the year-ago period primarily due to an $8 million gain recorded related to changes in the valuation of certain non-marketable securities, which was offset by lower revenue in our Upromise business.
•For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, non-interest expenses were $433 million, compared with $411 million in the year-ago period. The increase in non-interest expenses was primarily driven by growth in our portfolio, increased marketing costs, and product diversification. Our non-GAAP operating efficiency ratio improved to 35.1 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from 42.3 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decline was primarily the result of a reduction in other income of $90 million recorded in the third quarter of 2018 to reflect the reduction in the tax indemnification receivable from Navient because of the expiration of the federal statute of limitations related to a portion of our indemnified uncertain tax positions, and was also due to net interest income increasing 17 percent in the first nine months of 2019 while non-interest expenses only increased 5 percent compared to the year-ago period.
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•Income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $131 million, compared with $27 million in the year-ago period. The effective tax rate increased in the first nine months of 2019 to 23.0 percent from 7.5 percent in the year-ago period. This was primarily due to a $90 million decrease in income tax expense in the third quarter of 2018 resulting from the previously mentioned expiration of the federal statute of limitations regarding a portion of indemnified uncertain tax positions. Absent that item, our effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 would have been 25.6 percent. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared with the year-ago period (absent that item) was primarily driven by $13 million of tax credits recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the majority of which related to prior year tax filings.
“Core Earnings”
We prepare financial statements in accordance with GAAP. However, we also produce and report our after-tax earnings on a separate basis that we refer to as “Core Earnings.” The difference between our “Core Earnings” and GAAP results for periods presented generally is driven by the unrealized, mark-to-fair value gains (losses) on derivatives contracts recognized in GAAP, but not in “Core Earnings.”
“Core Earnings” recognizes the difference in accounting treatment based upon whether a derivative qualifies for hedge accounting treatment. We enter into derivative instruments to economically hedge interest rate and cash flow risk associated with our portfolio. We believe that our derivatives are effective economic hedges, and as such, are a critical element of our interest rate risk management strategy. Those derivative instruments that qualify for hedge accounting treatment have their related cash flows recorded in interest income or interest expense along with the hedged item. Some of our derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and the stand-alone derivative must be marked-to-fair value in the income statement with no consideration for the corresponding change in fair value of the hedged item. These gains and losses, recorded in “Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net,” are primarily caused by interest rate volatility and changing credit spreads during the period as well as the volume and term of derivatives not receiving hedge accounting treatment. Cash flows on derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are not recorded in interest income and interest expense; they are recorded in non-interest income: “Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net.”
For periods prior to July 1, 2018, the amount recorded in “Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net” includes (a) the accrual of the current payment on those interest rate swaps that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, (b) the change in fair values related to future expected cash flows for derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, and (c) ineffectiveness on derivatives that receive hedge accounting treatment. For purposes of “Core Earnings” in those periods prior to July 1, 2018, we include in GAAP earnings the current period accrual amounts (interest reclassification) on the swaps and exclude the remaining ineffectiveness (and change in fair values for those derivatives not qualifying for hedge accounting treatment). “Core Earnings” in those periods is meant to represent what earnings would have been had these derivatives qualified for hedge accounting and there was no ineffectiveness.
In the third quarter of 2018, we changed our definition of “Core Earnings” to no longer exclude ineffectiveness related to derivative instruments that are receiving hedge accounting treatment. Accordingly, the only adjustments required to reconcile from our “Core Earnings” results to our GAAP results of operations, net of tax, relate to differing treatments for our derivative instruments used to hedge our economic risks that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. For periods beginning July 1, 2018, the amount recorded in “Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net” includes (a) the accrual of the current payment on the interest rate swaps that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and (b) the change in fair values related to future expected cash flows for derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. For purposes of “Core Earnings,” we include in GAAP earnings the current period accrual amounts (interest reclassification) on the swaps and exclude the change in fair values for those derivatives not qualifying for hedge accounting treatment. “Core Earnings” is meant to represent what earnings would have been had these derivatives qualified for hedge accounting and there was no ineffectiveness.
“Core Earnings” are not a substitute for reported results under GAAP. We provide a “Core Earnings” basis of presentation because (i) earnings per share computed on a “Core Earnings” basis is one of several measures we utilize in establishing management incentive compensation, and (ii) we believe it better reflects the financial results for derivatives that are economic hedges of interest rate risk, but which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.
GAAP provides a uniform, comprehensive basis of accounting. Our “Core Earnings” basis of presentation differs from GAAP in the way it treats derivatives as described above.
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The following table shows the amount in “Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net” that relates to the interest reclassification on the derivative contracts.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Hedge ineffectiveness gains (losses) prior to adoption of ASU No. 2017-12(1) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,684 |
Adjustment to reverse life-to-date ineffectiveness on fair value and cash flow hedges(2) |  | — |  |  | (3,004 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Unrealized gains (losses) on instruments not in a hedging relationship |  | 2,843 |  |  | (1,557 | ) |  | 25,287 |  |  | (8,492 | )
Interest reclassification |  | (882 | ) |  | (388 | ) |  | (3,827 | ) |  | (517 | )
Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net |  | $ | 1,961 |  |  | $ | (4,949 | ) |  | $ | 21,460 |  |  | $ | (6,325 | )

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(1) The hedge ineffectiveness gains of $2.7 million, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, relate to hedging relationships that were discontinued in 2018 prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2017-12.
(2) Adjustment is a result of the adoption of ASU No. 2017-12.
The following table reflects adjustments associated with our derivative activities.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
“Core Earnings” adjustments to GAAP: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GAAP net income |  | $ | 128,458 |  |  | $ | 103,878 |  |  | $ | 436,924 |  |  | $ | 339,964 |
Preferred stock dividends |  | 4,153 |  |  | 4,124 |  |  | 12,952 |  |  | 11,441 |
GAAP net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 124,305 |  |  | $ | 99,754 |  |  | $ | 423,972 |  |  | $ | 328,523 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net impact of derivative accounting(1) |  | (2,843 | ) |  | 4,561 |  |  | (25,287 | ) |  | 5,808 |
Net tax expense (benefit)(2) |  | (695 | ) |  | 1,107 |  |  | (6,180 | ) |  | 1,410 |
Total “Core Earnings” adjustments to GAAP |  | (2,148 | ) |  | 3,454 |  |  | (19,107 | ) |  | 4,398 |
“Core Earnings” attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 122,157 |  |  | $ | 103,208 |  |  | $ | 404,865 |  |  | $ | 332,921 |
GAAP diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.98 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |
Derivative adjustments, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.04 | ) |  | 0.01 |
“Core Earnings” diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.94 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |

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(1) Derivative Accounting: “Core Earnings” exclude periodic unrealized gains and losses caused by the mark-to-fair value valuations on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment under GAAP, but include current period accruals on the derivative instruments. For periods prior to July 1, 2018, “Core Earnings” also exclude the periodic unrealized gains and losses that are a result of ineffectiveness recognized related to effective hedges under GAAP, net of tax. Under GAAP, for our derivatives held to maturity, the cumulative net unrealized gain or loss over the life of the contract will equal $0.
(2) “Core Earnings” tax rate is based on the effective tax rate at the Bank where the derivative instruments are held.
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“Adjusted Core Earnings” upon the Adoption of ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, which will become effective for us on January 1, 2020, and will eliminate the current accounting guidance for the recognition of credit impairment. Under the new guidance, for all loans carried at amortized cost, upon loan origination we will be required to measure our allowance for losses based on our estimate of all current expected credit losses (“CECL”) over the remaining contractual term of the assets. Updates to that estimate each period will be recorded through provision expense. For additional information regarding our adoption efforts related to the new standard, see the “Recently Issued but Not Yet Adopted Accounting Pronouncements” section of Item 2. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Form 10-Q.
Under the new CECL standard, when a loan is originated, we will record, through the provision for loan losses, an allowance for loan losses that represents an estimate of the life of loan losses expected for that loan. Each period thereafter, we will update our estimate of expected losses and adjust the allowance for loan losses through an increase or decrease in the provision for loan losses. Because the new CECL standard will require us to record all expected losses on a loan at the loan’s origination, we do not believe the standard will reflect the underlying economic performance of our business. For example, under CECL, in a period when we have growth in loan originations greater than the comparable prior period, which is a positive sign of our underlying economic performance, we likely would record lower GAAP net income than in the prior period (even if the credit characteristics of the loans originated in the two periods are similar and all other factors in the periods are equal and constant). Conversely, if we had lower loan growth in the current period than in the comparable prior period, which would be a negative sign of our underlying economic performance, we likely would record higher GAAP net income than in the prior period (even if the credit characteristics of the loans originated in the two periods are similar and all other factors in the periods are equal and constant). Moreover, the significant mismatch in timing under CECL between when all expected losses will be recorded (at loan origination), actual losses will occur (at varying times over the life of the loan - at September 30, 2019 our current portfolio of education loans had a weighted average life of 5.4 years), and loan income will be recorded (as earned over the life of the loan) does not reflect how our management views and measures our economic performance. We believe a metric that reflects losses and income as they occur or are earned, respectively, is more indicative of our economic performance and will be one of the measures used by management in assessing overall performance of the Company and establishing management’s executive compensation. Therefore, upon the adoption of the CECL standard on January 1, 2020, we plan to use a new non-GAAP measure (“Adjusted Core Earnings”) to help investors better understand how we will internally view and measure our performance.
Effective January 1, 2020, the definition of “Adjusted Core Earnings” for a period will be GAAP net income, net of the impact of the unrealized, mark-to-fair value gains (losses) on our derivatives, increased by the provision for credit losses recorded under the CECL framework, decreased by the net charge-offs recorded, and adjusted by the net tax impact of these adjustments. This non-GAAP metric will recognize all loan losses upon actual charge-off of those loans (when a loan reaches 120 days delinquent it is charged against the allowance for loan losses), rather than using current expected losses (as under CECL) or deemed probable losses (as under the current standard).
The following tables reconcile and show how GAAP net income for periods in 2017, 2018, and year-to-date 2019 would compare to the non-GAAP “Adjusted Core Earnings” measure for those periods if we had been using that measure during those periods. In addition, the tables also show how the non-GAAP “Adjusted Core Earnings” measure for those periods would compare to the historical non-GAAP “Core Earnings” we reported for those periods. Because, among other factors, our loan portfolio has been growing over the periods covered in the following tables and the loan loss provision under the current standard accounts for losses expected over the succeeding twelve months, “Adjusted Core Earnings” generally are higher than GAAP net income in every quarter shown. Upon the adoption of CECL, it is likely that “Adjusted Core Earnings” will be significantly higher than GAAP net income during the third quarter (our key origination quarter) of a year because of the requirement to record life of loan losses at the time of loan origination.
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|  | Three Months Ended |  | Year Ended |  | Three Months Ended |  | Year Ended
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | Mar. 31, 2017 |  | June 30, 2017 |  | Sept. 30, 2017 |  | Dec. 31, 2017 |  | Dec. 31, 2017 |  | Mar. 31, 2018 |  | June 30, 2018 |  | Sept. 30, 2018 |  | Dec. 31, 2018 |  | Dec. 31, 2018
GAAP net income |  | $ | 94,943 |  |  | $ | 70,617 |  |  | $ | 76,371 |  |  | $ | 47,003 |  |  | $ | 288,934 |  |  | $ | 126,254 |  |  | $ | 109,832 |  |  | $ | 103,878 |  |  | $ | 147,512 |  |  | $ | 487,476 |
Preferred stock dividends |  | 5,575 |  |  | 3,974 |  |  | 3,028 |  |  | 3,137 |  |  | 15,714 |  |  | 3,397 |  |  | 3,920 |  |  | 4,124 |  |  | 4,199 |  |  | 15,640 |
GAAP net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 89,368 |  |  | $ | 66,643 |  |  | $ | 73,343 |  |  | $ | 43,866 |  |  | $ | 273,220 |  |  | $ | 122,857 |  |  | $ | 105,912 |  |  | $ | 99,754 |  |  | $ | 143,313 |  |  | $ | 471,836 |
“Adjusted Core Earnings” adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net impact of derivative accounting(1) |  | 5,458 |  |  | 3,508 |  |  | (1,475 | ) |  | 706 |  |  | 8,197 |  |  | (3,782 | ) |  | 5,029 |  |  | 4,561 |  |  | (7,092 | ) |  | (1,284 | )
Add: provisions for credit losses |  | 25,296 |  |  | 50,215 |  |  | 54,930 |  |  | 55,324 |  |  | 185,765 |  |  | 53,931 |  |  | 63,267 |  |  | 70,047 |  |  | 57,619 |  |  | 244,864 |
Less: net charge-offs |  | (23,186 | ) |  | (28,611 | ) |  | (30,119 | ) |  | (32,035 | ) |  | (113,950 | ) |  | (33,685 | ) |  | (39,740 | ) |  | (35,199 | ) |  | (45,098 | ) |  | (153,722 | )
Net tax expense (benefit)(2) |  | 2,891 |  |  | 9,580 |  |  | 8,892 |  |  | 9,199 |  |  | 30,562 |  |  | 3,998 |  |  | 6,935 |  |  | 9,571 |  |  | 1,330 |  |  | 21,834 |
Total adjustments to GAAP |  | 4,677 |  |  | 15,532 |  |  | 14,444 |  |  | 14,796 |  |  | 49,450 |  |  | 12,466 |  |  | 21,621 |  |  | 29,838 |  |  | 4,099 |  |  | 68,024 |
“Adjusted Core Earnings” attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 94,045 |  |  | $ | 82,175 |  |  | $ | 87,787 |  |  | $ | 58,662 |  |  | $ | 322,670 |  |  | $ | 135,323 |  |  | $ | 127,533 |  |  | $ | 129,592 |  |  | $ | 147,412 |  |  | $ | 539,860 |
GAAP diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.62 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.24 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | 1.07 |
Total adjustments, net of tax |  | 0.01 |  |  | 0.04 |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 0.11 |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 0.05 |  |  | 0.06 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.16 |
“Adjusted Core Earnings” diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | 0.19 |  |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.13 |  |  | $ | 0.73 |  |  | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | 1.23 |
Historical “Core Earnings” diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 0.63 |  |  | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 1.07 |
Growth rate in “Adjusted Core Earnings” diluted earnings per common share (period vs. year-ago period) |  | 31.3 | % |  | 26.7 | % |  | 33.3 | % |  | (27.8 | )% |  | 12.3 | % |  | 47.6 | % |  | 52.6 | % |  | 45.0 | % |  | 153.8 | % |  | 68.5 | %
Growth rate in historical “Core Earnings” diluted earnings per common share (period vs. year-ago period) |  | 50.0 | % |  | 33.3 | % |  | 41.7 | % |  | (33.3 | )% |  | 18.9 | % |  | 28.6 | % |  | 56.3 | % |  | 35.3 | % |  | 210.0 | % |  | 69.8 | %

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|  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | Mar. 31, 2019 |  | June 30, 2019 |  | Sept. 30, 2019 |  | Sept. 30, 2019
GAAP net income |  | $ | 158,189 |  |  | $ | 150,277 |  |  | $ | 128,458 |  |  | $ | 436,924 |
Preferred stock dividends |  | 4,468 |  |  | 4,331 |  |  | 4,153 |  |  | 12,952 |
GAAP net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 153,721 |  |  | $ | 145,946 |  |  | $ | 124,305 |  |  | $ | 423,972 |
“Adjusted Core Earnings” adjustments to GAAP: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net impact of derivative accounting(1) |  | (4,202 | ) |  | (18,242 | ) |  | (2,843 | ) |  | (25,287 | )
Add: provisions for credit losses |  | 63,790 |  |  | 93,375 |  |  | 99,526 |  |  | 256,691 |
Less: net charge-offs |  | (48,456 | ) |  | (67,243 | ) |  | (67,905 | ) |  | (183,604 | )
Net tax expense(2) |  | 2,721 |  |  | 1,927 |  |  | 7,034 |  |  | 11,682 |
Total adjustments to GAAP |  | 8,411 |  |  | 5,963 |  |  | 21,744 |  |  | 36,118 |
“Adjusted Core Earnings" attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 162,132 |  |  | $ | 151,909 |  |  | $ | 146,049 |  |  | $ | 460,090 |
GAAP diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |  |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.98 |
Total adjustments, net of tax |  | 0.02 |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | 0.05 |  |  | 0.08 |
“Adjusted Core Earnings” diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.37 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |  |  | $ | 1.06 |
Historical “Core Earnings” diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.34 |  |  | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.94 |
Growth rate in “Adjusted Core Earnings” diluted earnings per common share (period vs. year-ago period) |  | 19.4 | % |  | 20.7 | % |  | 17.2 | % |  | 19.1 | %
Growth rate in historical “Core Earnings” diluted earnings per common share (period vs. year-ago period) |  | 25.9 | % |  | 24.0 | % |  | 26.1 | % |  | 23.7 | %

______
(1) Derivative Accounting: “Core Earnings” and “Adjusted Core Earnings” in these tables exclude periodic unrealized gains and losses caused by the mark-to-fair value valuations on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment under GAAP, but include current period accruals on the derivative instruments. For periods prior to July 1, 2018, “Core Earnings” and “Adjusted Core Earnings” in these tables also exclude the periodic unrealized gains and losses that are a result of ineffectiveness recognized related to effective hedges under GAAP, net of tax. Under GAAP, for our derivatives held to maturity, the cumulative net unrealized gain or loss over the life of the contract will equal $0.
(2) “Core Earnings” and “Adjusted Core Earnings” tax rate in these tables is based on the effective tax rate at the Bank where the derivative instruments and loans are held.
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We believe that, upon the adoption of CECL, “Adjusted Core Earnings” will better represent how management views its performance in the reporting period. In addition, while “Adjusted Core Earnings” will reflect a change from GAAP in the timing of when loan losses are recorded, over the life of a pool of loans, the amount of provision recorded in GAAP net income will equal the amount of net charge-offs reported in “Adjusted Core Earnings” because the allowance for loan losses under GAAP upon CECL implementation represents total expected future net charge-offs.
“Adjusted Core Earnings” are not a substitute for reported results under GAAP. We will provide an “Adjusted Core Earnings” basis of presentation because (i) earnings per share computed on an “Adjusted Core Earnings” basis will be one of several measures we will utilize in establishing management incentive compensation and (ii) we believe it will better reflect the financial results for derivatives that are economic hedges of interest rate risk, but which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, as well as the timing and treatment of loan losses.
GAAP provides a uniform, comprehensive basis of accounting. Our new “Adjusted Core Earnings” basis of presentation will differ from GAAP in the way it treats derivatives and loan losses as described above.
59

Financial Condition
Average Balance Sheets - GAAP
The following table reflects the rates earned on interest-earning assets and paid on interest-bearing liabilities and reflects our net interest margin on a consolidated basis.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  | Rate |  | Balance |  | Rate |  | Balance |  | Rate |  | Balance |  | Rate
Average Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 22,202,420 |  |  | 9.30 | % |  | $ | 19,295,318 |  |  | 9.16 | % |  | $ | 21,896,218 |  |  | 9.40 | % |  | $ | 18,908,929 |  |  | 9.01 | %
FFELP Loans |  | 806,865 |  |  | 4.54 |  |  | 877,279 |  |  | 4.65 |  |  | 821,870 |  |  | 4.83 |  |  | 898,208 |  |  | 4.47 |
Personal Loans |  | 1,132,185 |  |  | 12.16 |  |  | 1,082,177 |  |  | 11.03 |  |  | 1,152,471 |  |  | 11.99 |  |  | 810,753 |  |  | 10.82 |
Taxable securities |  | 413,804 |  |  | 2.05 |  |  | 204,166 |  |  | 2.60 |  |  | 280,616 |  |  | 2.52 |  |  | 253,577 |  |  | 2.62 |
Cash and other short-term investments |  | 4,382,918 |  |  | 2.14 |  |  | 2,132,275 |  |  | 1.91 |  |  | 3,188,287 |  |  | 2.24 |  |  | 1,706,114 |  |  | 1.74 |
Total interest-earning assets |  | 28,938,192 |  |  | 8.09 | % |  | 23,591,215 |  |  | 8.37 | % |  | 27,339,462 |  |  | 8.46 | % |  | 22,577,581 |  |  | 8.27 | %
Non-interest-earning assets |  | 1,357,045 |  |  |  |  | 1,194,601 |  |  |  |  | 1,300,480 |  |  |  |  | 1,153,753 |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 30,295,237 |  |  |  |  | $ | 24,785,816 |  |  |  |  | $ | 28,639,942 |  |  |  |  | $ | 23,731,334 |  |  |
Average Liabilities and Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brokered deposits |  | $ | 11,968,552 |  |  | 2.71 | % |  | $ | 9,089,602 |  |  | 2.61 | % |  | $ | 11,231,178 |  |  | 2.74 | % |  | $ | 8,776,255 |  |  | 2.35 | %
Retail and other deposits |  | 9,861,374 |  |  | 2.47 |  |  | 8,287,692 |  |  | 2.16 |  |  | 9,343,983 |  |  | 2.52 |  |  | 8,010,852 |  |  | 1.98 |
Other interest-bearing liabilities(1) |  | 4,952,024 |  |  | 3.36 |  |  | 4,177,869 |  |  | 3.41 |  |  | 4,584,006 |  |  | 3.51 |  |  | 3,789,264 |  |  | 3.31 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 26,781,950 |  |  | 2.75 | % |  | 21,555,163 |  |  | 2.59 | % |  | 25,159,167 |  |  | 2.80 | % |  | 20,576,371 |  |  | 2.38 | %
Non-interest-bearing liabilities |  | 378,935 |  |  |  |  | 450,957 |  |  |  |  | 404,582 |  |  |  |  | 488,948 |  |  |
Equity |  | 3,134,352 |  |  |  |  | 2,779,696 |  |  |  |  | 3,076,193 |  |  |  |  | 2,666,015 |  |  |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 30,295,237 |  |  |  |  | $ | 24,785,816 |  |  |  |  | $ | 28,639,942 |  |  |  |  | $ | 23,731,334 |  |  |
Net interest margin |  |  |  | 5.55 | % |  |  |  | 6.00 | % |  |  |  | 5.89 | % |  |  |  | 6.10 | %

_________________

(1) | Includes the average balance of our unsecured borrowing, as well as secured borrowings and amortization expense of transaction costs related to our term asset-backed securitizations and our Secured Borrowing Facility.

60

Rate/Volume Analysis - GAAP
The following rate/volume analysis shows the relative contribution of changes in interest rates and asset volumes.

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Increase |  | Change Due To(1)
| Rate |  | Volume
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 vs. 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 92,794 |  |  | $ | (16,760 | ) |  | $ | 109,554 |
Interest expense |  | 44,362 |  |  | 8,577 |  |  | 35,785 |
Net interest income |  | $ | 48,432 |  |  | $ | (27,886 | ) |  | $ | 76,318 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 vs. 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 333,427 |  |  | $ | 32,666 |  |  | $ | 300,761 |
Interest expense |  | 159,410 |  |  | 69,722 |  |  | 89,688 |
Net interest income |  | $ | 174,017 |  |  | $ | (36,791 | ) |  | $ | 210,808 |

_________________

(1) | Changes in income and expense due to both rate and volume have been allocated in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each. The changes in income and expense are calculated independently for each line in the table. The totals for the rate and volume columns are not the sum of the individual lines.

Summary of Our Loan Portfolio
Ending Loan Balances, net

|  | September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total Portfolio
Total loan portfolio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In-school(1) |  | $ | 4,233,844 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,233,946 |
Grace, repayment and other(2) |  | 18,886,325 |  |  | 798,066 |  |  | 1,131,833 |  |  | 20,816,224 |
Total, gross |  | 23,120,169 |  |  | 798,168 |  |  | 1,131,833 |  |  | 25,050,170 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 78,103 |  |  | 2,203 |  |  | 594 |  |  | 80,900 |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (342,544 | ) |  | (1,689 | ) |  | (70,173 | ) |  | (414,406 | )
Total loan portfolio, net |  | $ | 22,855,728 |  |  | $ | 798,682 |  |  | $ | 1,062,254 |  |  | $ | 24,716,664 |
% of total |  | 92 | % |  | 4 | % |  | 4 | % |  | 100 | %

____________

(1) | Loans for customers still attending school and who are not yet required to make payments on the loans.

(2) | Includes loans in deferment or forbearance. Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period.

61

|  | December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total Portfolio
Total loan portfolio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In-school(1) |  | $ | 4,037,125 |  |  | $ | 163 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,037,288 |
Grace, repayment and other(2) |  | 16,467,340 |  |  | 846,324 |  |  | 1,190,091 |  |  | 18,503,755 |
Total, gross |  | 20,504,465 |  |  | 846,487 |  |  | 1,190,091 |  |  | 22,541,043 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 68,321 |  |  | 2,379 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 70,997 |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (277,943 | ) |  | (977 | ) |  | (62,201 | ) |  | (341,121 | )
Total loan portfolio, net |  | $ | 20,294,843 |  |  | $ | 847,889 |  |  | $ | 1,128,187 |  |  | $ | 22,270,919 |
% of total |  | 91 | % |  | 4 | % |  | 5 | % |  | 100 | %

____________

(1) | Loans for customers still attending school and who are not yet required to make payments on the loans.

(2) | Includes loans in deferment or forbearance. Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period.

Average Loan Balances (net of unamortized premium/discount)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 22,202,420 |  |  | 92 | % |  | $ | 19,295,318 |  |  | 91 | % |  | $ | 21,896,218 |  |  | 92 | % |  | $ | 18,908,929 |  |  | 92 | %
FFELP Loans |  | 806,865 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 877,279 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 821,870 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 898,208 |  |  | 4 |
Personal Loans |  | 1,132,185 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,082,177 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,152,471 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 810,753 |  |  | 4 |
Total portfolio |  | $ | 24,141,470 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 21,254,774 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 23,870,559 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 20,617,890 |  |  | 100 | %

62

Loan Activity

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total Portfolio
Beginning balance |  | $ | 21,394,781 |  |  | $ | 813,028 |  |  | $ | 1,060,837 |  |  | $ | 23,268,646 |
Acquisitions and originations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | 1,542,946 |  |  | — |  |  | 159,247 |  |  | 1,702,193 |
Variable-rate |  | 714,404 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 714,404 |
Total acquisitions and originations |  | 2,257,350 |  |  | — |  |  | 159,247 |  |  | 2,416,597 |
Capitalized interest and deferred origination cost premium amortization |  | 121,520 |  |  | 7,075 |  |  | (89 | ) |  | 128,506 |
Sales |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loan consolidations to third-parties |  | (346,371 | ) |  | (6,773 | ) |  | — |  |  | (353,144 | )
Allowance |  | (34,576 | ) |  | 45 |  |  | 4,122 |  |  | (30,409 | )
Repayments and other |  | (536,976 | ) |  | (14,693 | ) |  | (161,863 | ) |  | (713,532 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 22,855,728 |  |  | $ | 798,682 |  |  | $ | 1,062,254 |  |  | $ | 24,716,664 |

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total Portfolio
Beginning balance |  | $ | 18,488,240 |  |  | $ | 886,780 |  |  | $ | 933,561 |  |  | $ | 20,308,581 |
Acquisitions and originations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | 1,388,521 |  |  | — |  |  | 275,766 |  |  | 1,664,287 |
Variable-rate |  | 743,144 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 743,144 |
Total acquisitions and originations |  | 2,131,665 |  |  | — |  |  | 275,766 |  |  | 2,407,431 |
Capitalized interest and deferred origination cost premium amortization |  | 101,266 |  |  | 8,106 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | 109,356 |
Sales |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loan consolidations to third-parties |  | (228,458 | ) |  | (8,414 | ) |  | — |  |  | (236,872 | )
Allowance |  | (12,989 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (20,701 | ) |  | (33,697 | )
Repayments and other |  | (448,918 | ) |  | (18,327 | ) |  | (108,651 | ) |  | (575,896 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 20,030,806 |  |  | $ | 868,138 |  |  | $ | 1,079,959 |  |  | $ | 21,978,903 |

63

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total Portfolio
Beginning balance |  | $ | 20,294,843 |  |  | $ | 847,889 |  |  | $ | 1,128,187 |  |  | $ | 22,270,919 |
Acquisitions and originations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | 3,335,589 |  |  | — |  |  | 406,797 |  |  | 3,742,386 |
Variable-rate |  | 1,593,600 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,593,600 |
Total acquisitions and originations |  | 4,929,189 |  |  | — |  |  | 406,797 |  |  | 5,335,986 |
Capitalized interest and deferred origination cost premium amortization |  | 370,119 |  |  | 21,427 |  |  | (221 | ) |  | 391,325 |
Sales |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loan consolidations to third-parties |  | (1,046,127 | ) |  | (21,942 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,068,069 | )
Allowance |  | (64,601 | ) |  | (712 | ) |  | (7,972 | ) |  | (73,285 | )
Repayments and other |  | (1,627,695 | ) |  | (47,980 | ) |  | (464,537 | ) |  | (2,140,212 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 22,855,728 |  |  | $ | 798,682 |  |  | $ | 1,062,254 |  |  | $ | 24,716,664 |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total Portfolio
Beginning balance |  | $ | 17,244,830 |  |  | $ | 929,159 |  |  | $ | 393,652 |  |  | $ | 18,567,641 |
Acquisitions and originations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | 2,603,075 |  |  | — |  |  | 973,123 |  |  | 3,576,198 |
Variable-rate |  | 1,993,997 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,993,997 |
Total acquisitions and originations |  | 4,597,072 |  |  | — |  |  | 973,123 |  |  | 5,570,195 |
Capitalized interest and deferred origination cost premium amortization |  | 295,028 |  |  | 23,326 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | 318,338 |
Sales |  | (43,988 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (43,988 | )
Loan consolidations to third-parties |  | (673,529 | ) |  | (23,812 | ) |  | — |  |  | (697,341 | )
Allowance |  | (30,969 | ) |  | 52 |  |  | (46,582 | ) |  | (77,499 | )
Repayments and other |  | (1,357,638 | ) |  | (60,587 | ) |  | (240,218 | ) |  | (1,658,443 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 20,030,806 |  |  | $ | 868,138 |  |  | $ | 1,079,959 |  |  | $ | 21,978,903 |

“Loan consolidations to third-parties” and “Repayments and other” are both significantly affected by the volume of loans in our portfolio in full principal and interest repayment status. Loans in full principal and interest repayment status in our Private Education Loan portfolio at September 30, 2019 increased by 22 percent compared with September 30, 2018, and now total 39 percent of our Private Education Loan portfolio at September 30, 2019.
“Loan consolidations to third-parties” for the three months ended September 30, 2019 total 3.9 percent of our Private Education Loan portfolio in full principal and interest repayment status at September 30, 2019, or 1.5 percent of our total Private Education Loan portfolio at September 30, 2019, compared with the year-ago period of 3.2 percent of our Private Education Loan portfolio in full principal and interest repayment status, or 1.1 percent of our total Private Education Loan portfolio, respectively. Historical experience has shown that loan consolidation activity is heightened in the period when the loan initially enters full principal and interest repayment status and then subsides over time.
The “Repayments and other” category includes all scheduled repayments, as well as voluntary prepayments, made on loans in repayment (including loans in full principal and interest repayment status) and also includes charge-offs. Consequently, this category can be significantly affected by the volume of loans in repayment. The increase in the volume of loans in repayment accounts for the majority of the aggregate increase in loan consolidations, scheduled repayments, unscheduled prepayments and capitalized interest set forth above.
64

Private Education Loan Originations
The following table summarizes our Private Education Loan originations. Originations represent loans that were funded or acquired during the period presented.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | % |  | 2018 |  | %
Smart Option - interest only(1) |  | $ | 492,658 |  |  | 22 | % |  | $ | 465,598 |  |  | 22 | %
Smart Option - fixed pay(1) |  | 638,378 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 585,686 |  |  | 28 |
Smart Option - deferred(1) |  | 846,745 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 803,569 |  |  | 38 |
Smart Option - principal and interest |  | 3,142 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,173 |  |  | — |
Graduate Loan |  | 217,651 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 217,025 |  |  | 10 |
Parent Loan |  | 46,440 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 47,333 |  |  | 2 |
Total Private Education Loan originations |  | $ | 2,245,014 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,122,384 |  |  | 100 | %
Percentage of loans with a cosigner |  | 88.1 | % |  |  |  | 88.6 | % |  |
Average FICO at approval(2) |  | 747 |  |  |  |  | 747 |  |  |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | % |  | 2018 |  | %
Smart Option - interest only(1) |  | $ | 1,075,635 |  |  | 22 | % |  | $ | 1,008,758 |  |  | 22 | %
Smart Option - fixed pay(1) |  | 1,366,829 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 1,214,687 |  |  | 27 |
Smart Option - deferred(1) |  | 1,837,592 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 1,759,839 |  |  | 38 |
Smart Option - principal and interest |  | 8,481 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,832 |  |  | — |
Graduate Loan |  | 515,948 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 501,839 |  |  | 11 |
Parent Loan |  | 103,730 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 89,811 |  |  | 2 |
Total Private Education Loan originations |  | $ | 4,908,215 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 4,581,766 |  |  | 100 | %
Percentage of loans with a cosigner |  | 87.1 | % |  |  |  | 87.5 | % |  |
Average FICO at approval(2) |  | 747 |  |  |  |  | 747 |  |  |

_____________
(1) Interest only, fixed pay and deferred describe the payment option while in school or in grace period.
(2) Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower.
65

Allowance for Loan Losses
Allowance for Loan Losses Activity

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total Portfolio |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total Portfolio
Beginning balance |  | $ | 307,968 |  |  | $ | 1,734 |  |  | $ | 74,295 |  |  | $ | 383,997 |  |  | $ | 261,695 |  |  | $ | 1,073 |  |  | $ | 32,509 |  |  | $ | 295,277 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (56,398 | ) |  | (203 | ) |  | (19,626 | ) |  | (76,227 | ) |  | (34,229 | ) |  | (252 | ) |  | (5,740 | ) |  | (40,221 | )
Loan sales(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Plus: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries |  | 6,864 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,458 |  |  | 8,322 |  |  | 4,736 |  |  | — |  |  | 286 |  |  | 5,022 |
Provision for loan losses |  | 84,110 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 14,046 |  |  | 98,314 |  |  | 42,482 |  |  | 259 |  |  | 26,155 |  |  | 68,896 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 342,544 |  |  | $ | 1,689 |  |  | $ | 70,173 |  |  | $ | 414,406 |  |  | $ | 274,684 |  |  | $ | 1,080 |  |  | $ | 53,210 |  |  | $ | 328,974 |
Troubled debt restructurings(2) |  | $ | 1,474,819 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,474,819 |  |  | $ | 1,199,493 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,199,493 |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total Portfolio |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  | Personal Loans |  | Total Portfolio
Beginning balance |  | $ | 277,943 |  |  | $ | 977 |  |  | $ | 62,201 |  |  | $ | 341,121 |  |  | $ | 243,715 |  |  | $ | 1,132 |  |  | $ | 6,628 |  |  | $ | 251,475 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (151,357 | ) |  | (608 | ) |  | (53,951 | ) |  | (205,916 | ) |  | (113,852 | ) |  | (794 | ) |  | (9,812 | ) |  | (124,458 | )
Loan sales(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,216 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,216 | )
Plus: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries |  | 18,669 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,643 |  |  | 22,312 |  |  | 15,421 |  |  | — |  |  | 413 |  |  | 15,834 |
Provision for loan losses |  | 197,289 |  |  | 1,320 |  |  | 58,280 |  |  | 256,889 |  |  | 130,616 |  |  | 742 |  |  | 55,981 |  |  | 187,339 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 342,544 |  |  | $ | 1,689 |  |  | $ | 70,173 |  |  | $ | 414,406 |  |  | $ | 274,684 |  |  | $ | 1,080 |  |  | $ | 53,210 |  |  | $ | 328,974 |
Troubled debt restructurings(2) |  | $ | 1,474,819 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,474,819 |  |  | $ | 1,199,493 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,199,493 |

_________

(1) | Represents fair value adjustments on loans sold.

(2) | Represents the unpaid principal balance of loans classified as troubled debt restructurings.

66

Private Education Loan Allowance for Loan Losses
In establishing the allowance for Private Education Loan losses as of September 30, 2019, we considered several factors with respect to our Private Education Loan portfolio, in particular, credit quality and delinquency, forbearance and charge-off trends.
Private Education Loans in full principal and interest repayment status were 39 percent of our total Private Education Loan portfolio at September 30, 2019, compared with 36 percent at September 30, 2018.
For a more detailed discussion of our policy for determining the collectability of Private Education Loans and maintaining our allowance for Private Education Loan losses, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Allowance for Loan Losses” in the 2018 Form 10-K.
The table below presents our Private Education Loan delinquency trends. Loans in repayment include loans making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period.

|  | Private Education Loans
|  | September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  | % |  | Balance |  | %
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1) |  | $ | 6,443,910 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,936,033 |  |  |
Loans in forbearance(2) |  | 603,280 |  |  |  |  | 488,543 |  |  |
Loans in repayment and percentage of each status: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans current |  | 15,627,722 |  |  | 97.2 | % |  | 13,492,029 |  |  | 97.7 | %
Loans delinquent 31-60 days(3) |  | 263,331 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 198,987 |  |  | 1.4 |
Loans delinquent 61-90 days(3) |  | 120,007 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 82,358 |  |  | 0.6 |
Loans delinquent greater than 90 days(3) |  | 61,919 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 42,041 |  |  | 0.3 |
Total Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 16,072,979 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 13,815,415 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Total Private Education Loans, gross |  | 23,120,169 |  |  |  |  | 20,239,991 |  |  |
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 78,103 |  |  |  |  | 65,499 |  |  |
Total Private Education Loans |  | 23,198,272 |  |  |  |  | 20,305,490 |  |  |
Private Education Loans allowance for losses |  | (342,544 | ) |  |  |  | (274,684 | ) |  |
Private Education Loans, net |  | $ | 22,855,728 |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,030,806 |  |  |
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  |  |  | 69.5 | % |  |  |  | 68.3 | %
Delinquencies as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  |  |  | 2.8 | % |  |  |  | 2.3 | %
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance |  |  |  | 3.6 | % |  |  |  | 3.4 | %

________

(1) | Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).

(2) | Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.

(3) | The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

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Changes in Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses
The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for Private Education Loan losses.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Beginning balance |  | $ | 307,968 |  |  | $ | 261,695 |  |  | $ | 277,943 |  |  | $ | 243,715 |
Total provision |  | 84,110 |  |  | 42,482 |  |  | 197,289 |  |  | 130,616 |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (56,398 | ) |  | (34,229 | ) |  | (151,357 | ) |  | (113,852 | )
Recoveries |  | 6,864 |  |  | 4,736 |  |  | 18,669 |  |  | 15,421 |
Net charge-offs |  | (49,534 | ) |  | (29,493 | ) |  | (132,688 | ) |  | (98,431 | )
Loan sales(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,216 | )
Allowance at end of period |  | $ | 342,544 |  |  | $ | 274,684 |  |  | $ | 342,544 |  |  | $ | 274,684 |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance |  | 1.48 | % |  | 1.36 | % |  | 1.48 | % |  | 1.36 | %
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment(2) |  | 2.13 | % |  | 1.99 | % |  | 2.13 | % |  | 1.99 | %
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 1.73 |  |  | 2.33 |  |  | 1.94 |  |  | 2.09 |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(2) |  | 1.27 | % |  | 0.88 | % |  | 1.15 | % |  | 1.01 | %
Delinquencies as a percentage of ending loans in repayment(2) |  | 2.77 | % |  | 2.34 | % |  | 2.77 | % |  | 2.34 | %
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of ending loans in repayment and forbearance(2) |  | 3.62 | % |  | 3.42 | % |  | 3.62 | % |  | 3.42 | %
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 23,120,169 |  |  | $ | 20,239,991 |  |  | $ | 23,120,169 |  |  | $ | 20,239,991 |
Average loans in repayment(2) |  | $ | 15,632,028 |  |  | $ | 13,351,517 |  |  | $ | 15,351,188 |  |  | $ | 13,009,704 |
Ending loans in repayment(2) |  | $ | 16,072,979 |  |  | $ | 13,815,415 |  |  | $ | 16,072,979 |  |  | $ | 13,815,415 |

_______

(1) | Represents fair value adjustments on loans sold.

(2) | Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period.

As part of concluding on the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses, we review key allowance and loan metrics. The most significant of these metrics considered are the allowance coverage of net charge-offs ratio; the allowance as a percentage of ending total loans and of ending loans in repayment; and delinquency and forbearance percentages.
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Use of Forbearance and Rate Modifications as a Private Education Loan Collection Tool
We adjust the terms of loans for certain borrowers when we believe such changes will help our customers manage their student loan obligations, achieve better student outcomes, and increase the collectability of the loan. These changes generally take the form of a temporary forbearance of payments, a temporary interest rate reduction, a temporary interest rate reduction with a permanent extension of the loan term, and/or a short-term extended repayment alternative. Forbearance is granted prospectively for borrowers who are current in their payments and may be granted retroactively for certain delinquent borrowers. Of our loans that are considered TDRs at September 30, 2019, approximately one-half involve a temporary forbearance of payments and do not change the contractual interest rate of the loan, and the other half involve a temporary contractual interest rate reduction and permanent extension of the loan term.
Forbearance allows a borrower to temporarily not make scheduled payments or to make smaller than scheduled payments, in each case for a specified period of time. Using forbearance extends the original term of the loan. Forbearance does not grant any reduction in the total principal or interest repayment obligation. While a loan is in forbearance status, interest continues to accrue and is capitalized to principal when the loan re-enters repayment status.
We grant forbearance through our servicing centers to borrowers who are current in their payments and through our collections centers to certain borrowers who are delinquent. Our forbearance policies and practices vary depending upon whether a borrower is current or delinquent at the time forbearance is requested, generally with stricter payment requirements for delinquent borrowers. We view the population of borrowers that use forbearance positively because the borrowers are either proactively reaching out to the Company to obtain assistance in managing their obligations or are working with our collections center to bring their loans current.
Forbearance may be granted through our servicing centers to customers who are exiting their grace period, which generally is the six-month period after the borrower separates from school and during which the borrower is not required to make full principal and interest payments, and to other customers who are current in their payments, to provide temporary payment relief. In these circumstances, a customer’s loan is placed into a forbearance status in limited monthly increments and is reflected in the forbearance status at month-end during this time. At the end of the forbearance period, the customer will enter repayment status as current and is expected to begin making scheduled monthly payments. Currently, we generally grant forbearance in our servicing centers if a borrower who is current requests it for increments of up to three months at a time, for up to 12 months.
Forbearance may also be granted through our collections centers to customers who are delinquent in their payments. If specific payment requirements are met, the forbearance can cure the delinquency and the customer is returned to a current repayment status. Forbearance as a collection tool is used most effectively when applying historical experience and our judgment to a customer’s unique situation. We leverage updated customer information and other decision support tools to best determine who will be granted forbearance based on our expectations as to a customer’s ability and willingness to repay their obligation. This strategy is aimed at assisting customers while mitigating the risks of delinquency and default as well as encouraging resolution of delinquent loans. In all instances, we require one or more payments before granting forbearance to delinquent borrowers.
Management continually monitors our credit administration practices and may periodically modify these practices based upon performance, industry conventions, and/or regulatory feedback. In light of these considerations, we plan to implement certain changes to our credit administration practices.
Specifically, we plan to revise our credit administration practices to limit the number of forbearance months granted consecutively and the number of times certain extended or reduced repayment alternatives may be granted. For example, we currently grant forbearance to borrowers without requiring any period of prior principal and interest payments, meaning that, if a borrower satisfies all eligibility requirements, forbearance increments may be granted consecutively. Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, we plan to phase in a required six-month period between successive grants of forbearance and between forbearance grants and certain other repayment alternatives. This required period will not apply, however, to forbearances granted during the first six months following a borrower’s grace period and will not be required for a borrower to receive a contractual interest rate reduction. In addition, we plan to limit the participation of delinquent borrowers in certain short-term extended or interest-only repayment alternatives to once in 12 months and twice in five years.
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We also offer rate and term modifications to customers experiencing more severe hardship. Currently, we temporarily reduce the contractual interest rate on a loan to 4.0 percent (previously, to 2.0 percent) for a two-year period and, in the vast majority of cases, permanently extend the final maturity date of the loan. As part of demonstrating the ability and willingness to pay, the customer must make three consecutive monthly payments at the reduced payment to qualify for the program. The combination of the rate reduction and maturity extension helps reduce the monthly payment due from the borrower and increases the likelihood the borrower will remain current during the interest rate modification period as well as when the loan returns to its original contractual interest rate. At September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, 8.0 percent and 7.4 percent, respectively, of our loans then currently in full principal and interest repayment status were subject to interest rate reductions made under our rate modification program. We currently have no plans to change the basic elements of the rate and term modifications we offer to our customers experiencing more severe hardship.
Prior to full implementation of the credit administration practice changes described above, management will conduct a controlled testing program on randomly selected borrowers to measure the impact of the changes on our customers, our credit operations, and key credit metrics. The testing will commence in October 2019 for some of the planned changes and will expand over subsequent quarters as the impacts are better understood. Management expects to have completed implementation of the new policies and practices by year-end 2020. However, we may modify or delay the contemplated practice changes, the proposed timeline, or the method of implementation as we learn more about the impacts during the progression of the testing program.
While there are limitations to our estimate of the future impact of the credit administration practice changes described above, absent the effect of any mitigating measures, and based on an analysis of borrower behavior under our current credit administration practices, which may not be indicative of how borrowers will behave under revised credit administration practices, we expect that the credit administration practice changes described above will accelerate defaults and could increase life of loan defaults in our Private Education Loan portfolio by approximately 4 percent to 14 percent. Among the measures that we are planning to implement and expect may partly offset or moderate any acceleration of or increase in defaults will be greater focus on the risk assessment process to ensure borrowers are mapped to the appropriate program, better utilization of existing programs (e.g., Graduated Repayment Program and rate modifications), and the introduction of a new program offering short-term payment reductions (permitting interest-only payments for up to six months) for certain early stage delinquencies.
While the planned changes to our credit administration practices did not have an impact on our third quarter 2019 financial results, we do expect them to increase the estimated impact of adopting CECL, which becomes effective on January 1, 2020. As we progress with the controlled testing program of the planned changes to our credit administration practices, we expect to learn more about how our borrowers are reacting to these changes and, as we analyze such reactions, will continue to refine our estimates of the impact of those changes on our allowance for loan losses.
The tables below show the composition and status of the Private Education Loan portfolio aged by number of months in active repayment status (months for which a scheduled monthly payment was due). Active repayment status includes loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period. Our experience shows that the percentage of loans in forbearance status generally decreases the longer the loans have been in active repayment status. At September 30, 2019, loans in forbearance status as a percentage of total loans in repayment and forbearance were 2.6 percent for Private Education Loans that have been in active repayment status for fewer than 25 months. Approximately 71 percent of our Private Education Loans in forbearance status have been in active repayment status fewer than 25 months.
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(Dollars in millions) September 30, 2019 |  | Private Education Loans Monthly Scheduled Payments Due |  | Not Yet in Repayment |  | Total
| 0 to 12 |  | 13 to 24 |  | 25 to 36 |  | 37 to 48 |  | More than 48 |
Loans in-school/grace/deferment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,444 |  |  | $ | 6,444 |
Loans in forbearance |  | 341 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 57 |  |  | — |  |  | 603 |
Loans in repayment - current |  | 5,442 |  |  | 3,482 |  |  | 2,551 |  |  | 1,934 |  |  | 2,219 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,628 |
Loans in repayment - delinquent 31-60 days |  | 110 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 263 |
Loans in repayment - delinquent 61-90 days |  | 52 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 120 |
Loans in repayment - delinquent greater than 90 days |  | 26 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |
Total |  | $ | 5,971 |  |  | $ | 3,652 |  |  | $ | 2,684 |  |  | $ | 2,031 |  |  | $ | 2,338 |  |  | $ | 6,444 |  |  | 23,120 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 78 |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (342 | )
Total Private Education Loans, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,856 |
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of total Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance |  | 2.04 | % |  | 0.52 | % |  | 0.41 | % |  | 0.30 | % |  | 0.34 | % |  | — | % |  | 3.62 | %

(Dollars in millions) September 30, 2018 |  | Private Education Loans Monthly Scheduled Payments Due |  | Not Yet in Repayment |  | Total
| 0 to 12 |  | 13 to 24 |  | 25 to 36 |  | 37 to 48 |  | More than 48 |
Loans in-school/grace/deferment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,936 |  |  | $ | 5,936 |
Loans in forbearance |  | 292 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | 489 |
Loans in repayment - current |  | 4,983 |  |  | 3,108 |  |  | 2,428 |  |  | 1,568 |  |  | 1,405 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,492 |
Loans in repayment - delinquent 31-60 days |  | 88 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 199 |
Loans in repayment - delinquent 61-90 days |  | 39 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 82 |
Loans in repayment - delinquent greater than 90 days |  | 18 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |
Total |  | $ | 5,420 |  |  | $ | 3,239 |  |  | $ | 2,533 |  |  | $ | 1,638 |  |  | $ | 1,474 |  |  | $ | 5,936 |  |  | 20,240 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 66 |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (275 | )
Total Private Education Loans, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,031 |
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of total Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance |  | 2.04 | % |  | 0.49 | % |  | 0.39 | % |  | 0.26 | % |  | 0.24 | % |  | — | % |  | 3.42 | %

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Private Education Loan Types
The following table provides information regarding the loans in repayment balance and total loan balance by Private Education Loan product type at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

|  | September 30, 2019
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Signature and Other |  | Parent Loan |  | Smart Option |  | Career Training |  | Graduate Loan |  | Total
$ in repayment(1) |  | $ | 210,875 |  |  | $ | 248,468 |  |  | $ | 15,263,938 |  |  | $ | 13,176 |  |  | $ | 336,522 |  |  | $ | 16,072,979 |
$ in total |  | $ | 346,262 |  |  | $ | 250,941 |  |  | $ | 21,954,347 |  |  | $ | 13,648 |  |  | $ | 554,971 |  |  | $ | 23,120,169 |

|  | December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Signature and Other |  | Parent Loan |  | Smart Option |  | Career Training |  | Graduate Loan |  | Total
$ in repayment(1) |  | $ | 185,795 |  |  | $ | 175,885 |  |  | $ | 14,180,350 |  |  | $ | 12,777 |  |  | $ | 112,049 |  |  | $ | 14,666,856 |
$ in total |  | $ | 333,222 |  |  | $ | 177,750 |  |  | $ | 19,801,184 |  |  | $ | 13,272 |  |  | $ | 179,037 |  |  | $ | 20,504,465 |

_______

(1) | Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period.

Accrued Interest Receivable
The following table provides information regarding accrued interest receivable on our Private Education Loans. The table also discloses the amount of accrued interest on loans greater than 90 days past due as compared to our allowance for uncollectible interest. The allowance for uncollectible interest exceeds the amount of accrued interest on our 90 days past due portfolio for all periods presented.

|  | Private Education Loans
|  | Accrued Interest Receivable
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Total Interest Receivable |  | Greater Than 90 Days Past Due |  | Allowance for Uncollectible Interest
September 30, 2019 |  | $ | 1,488,628 |  |  | $ | 2,348 |  |  | $ | 7,505 |
December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 1,168,823 |  |  | $ | 1,920 |  |  | $ | 6,322 |
September 30, 2018 |  | $ | 1,250,288 |  |  | $ | 1,594 |  |  | $ | 6,462 |

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Personal Loan Delinquencies
The following table provides information regarding the loan status of our Personal Loans.

|  | Personal Loans
|  | September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  | % |  | Balance |  | %
Loans in repayment and percentage of each status: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans current |  | $ | 1,109,512 |  |  | 98.0 | % |  | $ | 1,123,597 |  |  | 99.2 | %
Loans delinquent 31-60 days(1) |  | 6,341 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 4,321 |  |  | 0.4 |
Loans delinquent 61-90 days(1) |  | 8,382 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 2,804 |  |  | 0.2 |
Loans delinquent greater than 90 days(1) |  | 7,598 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 2,283 |  |  | 0.2 |
Total Personal Loans in repayment |  | 1,131,833 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 1,133,005 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Total Personal Loans, gross |  | 1,131,833 |  |  |  |  | 1,133,005 |  |  |
Personal Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 594 |  |  |  |  | 164 |  |  |
Total Personal Loans |  | 1,132,427 |  |  |  |  | 1,133,169 |  |  |
Personal Loans allowance for losses |  | (70,173 | ) |  |  |  | (53,210 | ) |  |
Personal Loans, net |  | $ | 1,062,254 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,079,959 |  |  |
Delinquencies as a percentage of Personal Loans in repayment |  |  |  | 2.0 | % |  |  |  | 0.8 | %

_______

(1) | The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Funding and Liquidity Risk Management
Our primary liquidity needs include our ongoing ability to fund our businesses throughout market cycles, including during periods of financial stress, our ongoing ability to fund originations of Private Education Loans and Personal Loans, and servicing our Bank deposits. To achieve these objectives, we analyze and monitor our liquidity needs, maintain excess liquidity, and access diverse funding sources, such as deposits at the Bank, issuance of secured debt primarily through asset-backed securitizations and other financing facilities. It is our policy to manage operations so liquidity needs are fully satisfied through normal operations to avoid unplanned asset sales under emergency conditions. Our liquidity management is governed by policies approved by our Board of Directors. Oversight of these policies is performed in the Asset and Liability Committee, a management-level committee.
These policies take into account the volatility of cash flow forecasts, expected maturities, anticipated loan demand, and a variety of other factors to establish minimum liquidity guidelines.
Key risks associated with our liquidity relate to our ability to access the capital markets and the markets for bank deposits at reasonable rates. This ability may be affected by our performance, competitive pressures, the macroeconomic environment, and the impact they have on the availability of funding sources in the marketplace. We target maintaining sufficient on-balance sheet and contingent sources of liquidity to enable us to meet all contractual and contingent obligations under various stress scenarios, including severe macroeconomic stresses as well as specific stresses that test the resiliency of our balance sheet. As the Bank has grown, we have improved our liquidity stress testing practices to align more closely with the industry, which has resulted in our adopting increased liquidity requirements. Beginning in the second quarter of 2019, we began to increase our liquidity levels by increasing cash and cash equivalents and investments held as part of our ongoing efforts to enhance our ability to maintain a strong risk management position. We expect to increase liquidity levels into 2020, and as such, we expect the increased proportion of cash in our assets will cause our net interest margin to be lower in 2020 when compared with 2019. Due to the seasonal nature of our business, our liquidity levels will likely vary from quarter to quarter.
Sources of Liquidity and Available Capacity
Ending Balances

(Dollars in thousands) |  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Sources of primary liquidity: |  |  |  |
Unrestricted cash and liquid investments: |  |  |  |
Holding Company and other non-bank subsidiaries |  | $ | 59,129 |  |  | $ | 25,990 |
Sallie Mae Bank(1) |  | 3,792,479 |  |  | 2,533,116 |
Available-for-sale investments |  | 455,968 |  |  | 176,245 |
Total unrestricted cash and liquid investments |  | $ | 4,307,576 |  |  | $ | 2,735,351 |

____
(1) This amount will be used primarily to originate Private Education Loans and Personal Loans at the Bank.
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Average Balances

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Sources of primary liquidity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrestricted cash and liquid investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Holding Company and other non-bank subsidiaries |  | $ | 51,051 |  |  | $ | 26,495 |  |  | $ | 40,403 |  |  | $ | 22,924 |
Sallie Mae Bank(1) |  | 4,118,247 |  |  | 1,956,710 |  |  | 2,957,180 |  |  | 1,543,064 |
Available-for-sale investments |  | 412,984 |  |  | 177,247 |  |  | 279,045 |  |  | 212,406 |
Total unrestricted cash and liquid investments |  | $ | 4,582,282 |  |  | $ | 2,160,452 |  |  | $ | 3,276,628 |  |  | $ | 1,778,394 |

| ____

(1) This amount will be used primarily to originate Private Education Loans and Personal Loans at the Bank.
Deposits
The following table summarizes total deposits.

|  | September 30, |  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Deposits - interest bearing |  | $ | 22,628,139 |  |  | $ | 18,942,082 |
Deposits - non-interest bearing |  | 538 |  |  | 1,076 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 22,628,677 |  |  | $ | 18,943,158 |

Our total deposits of $22.6 billion were comprised of $12.5 billion in brokered deposits and $10.1 billion in retail and other deposits at September 30, 2019, compared to total deposits of $18.9 billion, which were comprised of $10.3 billion in brokered deposits and $8.6 billion in retail and other deposits, at December 31, 2018.
Interest bearing deposits as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 consisted of retail and brokered non-maturity savings deposits, retail and brokered non-maturity MMDAs and retail and brokered CDs. Interest bearing deposits include deposits from Educational 529 and Health Savings plans that diversify our funding sources and additional deposits we consider to be core. These and other large omnibus accounts, aggregating the deposits of many individual depositors, represented $6.8 billion of our deposit total as of September 30, 2019, compared with $5.9 billion at December 31, 2018.
Some of our deposit products are serviced by third-party providers. Placement fees associated with the brokered CDs are amortized into interest expense using the effective interest rate method. We recognized placement fee expense of $4 million and $4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and placement fee expense of $12 million and $9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Fees paid to third-party brokers related to brokered CDs were $5 million and $6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and fees paid to third party brokers related to brokered CDs were $20 million and $25 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
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Interest bearing deposits at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are summarized as follows:

|  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  | Qtr.-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1) |  | Amount |  | Year-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1) |
Money market |  | $ | 9,620,876 |  |  | 2.29 | % |  | $ | 8,687,766 |  |  | 2.46 | % |
Savings |  | 707,546 |  |  | 1.87 |  |  | 702,342 |  |  | 2.00 |  |
Certificates of deposit |  | 12,299,717 |  |  | 2.60 |  |  | 9,551,974 |  |  | 2.74 |  |
Deposits - interest bearing |  | $ | 22,628,139 |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,942,082 |  |  |  |  |

____________
(1) Includes the effect of interest rate swaps in effective hedge relationships.
As of September 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018, there were $557 million and $523 million, respectively, of deposits exceeding FDIC insurance limits. Accrued interest on deposits was $72 million and $53 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
Counterparty Exposure
Counterparty exposure related to financial instruments arises from the risk that a lending, investment or derivative counterparty will not be able to meet its obligations to us.
Excess cash is generally invested with the FRB on an overnight basis or in the FRB’s Term Deposit Facility, minimizing counterparty exposure on cash balances.
Our investment portfolio is primarily composed of a small portfolio of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises that are purchased to meet Community Reinvestment Act targets. Additionally, our investing activity is governed by Board-approved limits on the amount that is allowed to be invested with any one issuer based on the credit rating of the issuer, further minimizing our counterparty exposure. Counterparty credit risk is considered when valuing investments and considering impairment.
Related to derivative transactions, protection against counterparty risk is generally provided by International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. Credit Support Annexes (“CSAs”), or clearinghouses for over-the-counter derivatives. CSAs require a counterparty to post collateral if a potential default would expose the other party to a loss. All derivative contracts entered into by the Bank are covered under CSAs or clearinghouse agreements and require collateral to be exchanged based on the net fair value of derivatives with each counterparty. Our exposure is limited to the value of the derivative contracts in a gain position, less any collateral held by us and plus collateral posted with the counterparty.
Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act requires all standardized derivatives, including most interest rate swaps, to be submitted for clearing to central counterparties to reduce counterparty risk. Two of the central counterparties we use are the CME and the LCH. All variation margin payments on derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH are accounted for as legal settlement. As of September 30, 2019, $9.0 billion notional of our derivative contracts were cleared on the CME and $0.5 billion were cleared on the LCH. The derivative contracts cleared through the CME and LCH represent 94.5 percent and 5.5 percent, respectively, of our total notional derivative contracts of $9.5 billion at September 30, 2019.
For derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH, the net gain (loss) position includes the variation margin amounts as settlement of the derivative and not collateral against the fair value of the derivative. The amount of variation margin included as settlement as of September 30, 2019 was $(133.6) million and $11.5 million for the CME and LCH, respectively. Changes in fair value for derivatives not designated as hedging instruments will be presented as realized gains (losses).
Our exposure is limited to the value of the derivative contracts in a gain position less any collateral held and plus any collateral posted. When there is a net negative exposure, we consider our exposure to the counterparty to be zero.
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At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had a net positive exposure (derivative gain positions to us, less collateral held by us and plus collateral posted with counterparties) related to derivatives of $73 million and $27 million, respectively.
We have liquidity exposure related to collateral movements between us and our derivative counterparties. Movements in the value of the derivatives, which are primarily affected by changes in interest rates, may require us to return cash collateral held or may require us to access primary liquidity to post collateral to counterparties.
The table below highlights exposure related to our derivative counterparties as of September 30, 2019.

(Dollars in thousands) |  | SLM Corporation and Sallie Mae Bank Contracts
Total exposure, net of collateral |  | $ | 72,565 |
Exposure to counterparties with credit ratings, net of collateral |  | $ | 72,565 |
Percent of exposure to counterparties with credit ratings below S&P AA- or Moody’s Aa3 |  | — | %
Percent of exposure to counterparties with credit ratings below S&P A- or Moody’s A3 |  | — | %

Regulatory Capital
The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the FDIC and the UDFI. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements and any applicable buffers can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Under U.S. Basel III and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital standards that involve quantitative measures of its assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s regulatory capital amounts and its classification under the prompt corrective action framework are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components of capital, risk weightings and other factors.
Capital Management
The Bank intends to maintain at all times regulatory capital levels that meet both the minimum levels required under U.S. Basel III (including applicable buffers) and the levels necessary to be considered “well capitalized” under the FDIC’s prompt corrective action framework, in order to support asset growth and operating needs, address unexpected credit risks and protect the interests of depositors and the Deposit Insurance Fund administered by the FDIC. The Bank’s Capital Policy requires management to monitor these capital standards and the Bank’s compliance with them. The Board of Directors and management periodically evaluate the quality of assets, the stability of earnings, and the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses for the Bank. The Company is a source of strength for the Bank and will provide additional capital if necessary.
We believe that current and projected capital levels are appropriate for the remainder of 2019. As of September 30, 2019, the Bank’s risk-based and leverage capital ratios exceed the required minimum ratios and the applicable buffers under the fully phased-in U.S. Basel III standards as well as the “well capitalized” standards under the prompt corrective action framework. As our balance sheet continues to grow in 2019, these ratios will be stable as we now expect to generate earnings and capital sufficient to cover growth in our risk-weighted assets and remain significantly in excess of these regulatory capital standards for 2019.
Under U.S. Basel III, the Bank is required to maintain the following minimum regulatory capital ratios: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0 percent. In addition, as of January 1, 2019, the Bank is subject to a fully phased-in Common Equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of greater than 2.5 percent. (As of December 31, 2018, the Bank was subject to a Common Equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of greater than 1.875 percent.) Failure to maintain the buffer will result in restrictions on the Bank’s ability to make capital distributions, including the payment of dividends, and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers.
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The Bank’s required and actual regulatory capital amounts and ratios under U.S. Basel III are shown in the following table.

|  | Actual |  | U.S. Basel III Regulatory Requirements(1)
|  | Amount | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
As of September 30, 2019: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,123,262 |  | 11.5 | % |  | $ | 1,893,808 |  | > | 7.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,123,262 |  | 11.5 | % |  | $ | 2,299,624 |  | > | 8.5 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,462,407 |  | 12.8 | % |  | $ | 2,840,712 |  | > | 10.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets) |  | $ | 3,123,262 |  | 10.3 | % | (2) | $ | 1,209,790 |  | > | 4.0 | %
As of December 31, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 2,896,091 |  | 12.1 | % |  | $ | 1,528,209 |  | > | 6.375 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 2,896,091 |  | 12.1 | % |  | $ | 1,887,787 |  | > | 7.875 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,196,279 |  | 13.3 | % |  | $ | 2,367,226 |  | > | 9.875 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets) |  | $ | 2,896,091 |  | 11.1 | % |  | $ | 1,039,226 |  | > | 4.0 | %

________________

(1) | Required risk-based capital ratios include the capital conservation buffer.

(2) | The Bank’s Tier 1 leverage ratio exceeds the 5 percent well-capitalized standard for the Tier 1 leverage ratio under the prompt corrective action framework.

Dividends
The Bank is chartered under the laws of the State of Utah and its deposits are insured by the FDIC. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to the laws of Utah and the regulations of the FDIC. Generally, under Utah’s industrial bank laws and regulations as well as FDIC regulations, the Bank may pay dividends to the Company from its net profits without regulatory approval if, following the payment of the dividend, the Bank’s capital and surplus would not be impaired. The Bank declared $20 million and $241 million in dividends to the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and no dividends for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. In the future, we expect that the Bank will pay dividends to the Company as may be necessary to enable the Company to pay any declared dividends on its Series B Preferred Stock and common stock and to consummate any common share repurchases by the Company under its share repurchase program.
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Borrowings
Outstanding borrowings consist of unsecured debt and secured borrowings issued through our term ABS program and our Secured Borrowing Facility. The issuing entities for those secured borrowings are VIEs and are consolidated for accounting purposes. The following table summarizes our borrowings at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 6, “Borrowings.”

|  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
|  | Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  | Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total
Unsecured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured debt (fixed-rate) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 197,956 |  |  | $ | 197,956 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 197,348 |  |  | $ | 197,348 |
Total unsecured borrowings |  | — |  |  | 197,956 |  |  | 197,956 |  |  | — |  |  | 197,348 |  |  | 197,348 |
Secured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loan term securitizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | — |  |  | 2,699,378 |  |  | 2,699,378 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,284,347 |  |  | 2,284,347 |
Variable-rate |  | — |  |  | 1,704,554 |  |  | 1,704,554 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,802,609 |  |  | 1,802,609 |
Total Private Education Loan term securitizations |  | — |  |  | 4,403,932 |  |  | 4,403,932 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,086,956 |  |  | 4,086,956 |
Secured Borrowing Facility |  | 297,800 |  |  | — |  |  | 297,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total secured borrowings |  | 297,800 |  |  | 4,403,932 |  |  | 4,701,732 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,086,956 |  |  | 4,086,956 |
Total |  | $ | 297,800 |  |  | $ | 4,601,888 |  |  | $ | 4,899,688 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,284,304 |  |  | $ | 4,284,304 |

Other Borrowing Sources
We maintain discretionary uncommitted Federal Funds lines of credit with various correspondent banks, which totaled $125 million at September 30, 2019. The interest rate we are charged on these lines of credit is priced at Fed Funds plus a spread at the time of borrowing and is payable daily. We did not utilize these lines of credit in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 or in the year ended December 31, 2018.
We established an account at the FRB to meet eligibility requirements for access to the Primary Credit borrowing facility at the FRB’s Window. The Primary Credit borrowing facility is a lending program available to depository institutions that are in generally sound financial condition. All borrowings at the Window must be fully collateralized. We can pledge asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities, as well as FFELP Loans and Private Education Loans, to the FRB as collateral for borrowings at the Window. Generally, collateral value is assigned based on the estimated fair value of the pledged assets. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the value of our pledged collateral at the FRB totaled $3.2 billion and $3.1 billion, respectively. The interest rate charged to us is the discount rate set by the FRB. We did not utilize this facility in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 or in the year ended December 31, 2018.
Contractual Loan Commitments
When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, that approval may cover the borrowing for the entire academic year. As such, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of such approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). At September 30, 2019, we had $2.2 billion of outstanding contractual loan commitments which we expect to fund during the remainder of the 2019/2020 academic year. At September 30, 2019, we had a $2.0 million reserve recorded in “Other Liabilities” to cover expected losses that may occur during the one-year loss emergence period on these unfunded commitments.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations addresses our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. A discussion of our critical accounting policies, which include allowance for loan losses, derivative accounting, and transfers of financial assets and the VIE consolidation model, can be found in our 2018 Form 10-K. There were no significant changes to these critical accounting policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Recently Issued but Not Yet Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which will become effective for us on January 1, 2020. This ASU eliminates the current accounting guidance for the recognition of credit impairment. Under the new guidance, for all loans carried at amortized cost, upon loan origination we will be required to measure our allowance for loan losses based on our estimate of all current expected credit losses over the remaining contractual term of the assets. Updates to that estimate each period will be recorded through provision expense. The estimate of loan losses must be based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ASU does not mandate the use of any specific method for estimating credit loss, permitting companies to use judgment in selecting the approach that is most appropriate in their circumstances. Upon adoption, a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings will be recorded as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective in an amount necessary to adjust the allowance for loan losses to equal the current estimate of expected losses on financial assets held at that date.
We have evaluated the standard and initiated implementation efforts. We have identified the loss forecasting approach and have built the loss models for our Private Education Loans, our Personal Loans acquired from third-parties and those originated organically, and prepayments. For our Private Education Loan and Personal Loan portfolios, we will be using the discounted cash flow approach to calculate our current expected credit losses. We will estimate the CECL allowance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. We have determined that, for modeling current expected credit losses, we can reasonably estimate expected losses that incorporate the current and forecasted economic conditions over a two-year period, after which the model will immediately revert to our long-term historic loss rates. During the third quarter of 2019, we performed monthly dry runs of our CECL solution to test the end-to-end implementation of the new solution. The loss and other models that will be used in our CECL solution are currently either undergoing validation or we are remediating findings from already completed validations. In addition, the calculation engine that is determining the present value of the discounted cash flows is currently being reviewed and tested. As we approach the implementation date, we will continue to perform dry runs of the CECL solution, finalize and implement the required governance and internal controls, complete our loss models for both Personal Loans we originate and credit card receivables, and complete the testing and validation for all the models to be used to implement CECL.
As we have not yet completed all of the work necessary to adopt CECL, the estimated CECL impacts described below are our best estimates at September 30, 2019, but could be materially different as we complete our testing, validation and other efforts to adopt the new standard.
Adoption of the standard will have a material impact on how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations, and on regulatory capital. If we had adopted the standard at September 30, 2019, we estimate the reported allowance for loan losses would have increased by between $1.05 billion and $1.29 billion, and $0.07 billion and $0.08 billion on that date for Private Education Loans and Personal Loans, respectively. In addition, we estimate that our reported total equity would have been reduced by between $0.84 billion and $1.03 billion on that date. At June 30, 2019, we estimated that our reported total equity would have been reduced by between $0.7 billion and $0.9 billion on that date. The growth in the expected impact on equity from the adoption of CECL was due to the expected change in life of loan losses arising from the planned changes to our credit administration practices described in “— Financial Condition - Allowance for Loan Losses - Use of Forbearance and Rate Modifications as a Private Education Loan Collection Tool,” an increase in our prepayment assumptions that was reflected in our September 30, 2019 estimates, and growth in our overall loan portfolio. CECL will also result in significant GAAP income statement volatility, due to, among other things, changes in originations and commitment volumes, economic forecasts, prepayment rates, model changes, and changes in credit administration practices. During periods of higher originations and
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commitments, we would expect an increased impact to our provision and allowance because of the requirement to record a life of loan allowance.
The September 30, 2019 estimates above are based upon the models and processes in place at September 30, 2019 and could change materially as we complete our testing, validation and other efforts to adopt the new standard.
Banking regulators have provided an optional three-year phase-in for the initial impact of adopting the new standard for regulatory capital adequacy purposes. We intend to avail ourselves of the phase-in option and, upon adoption of the new standard, we expect to meet or exceed all applicable regulatory capital levels. The extent of the impact upon adoption at January 1, 2020 will likely depend on the characteristics of our loan portfolio and economic conditions at that date, as well as forecasted conditions thereafter.
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Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis
Our interest rate risk management program seeks to manage and control interest rate risk, thereby reducing our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates and achieving consistent and acceptable levels of profit in any rate environment and sustainable growth in net interest income over the long term. We evaluate and monitor interest rate risk through two primary methods:

• | Earnings at Risk (“EAR”), which measures the impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates on net interest income; and

• | Economic Value of Equity (“EVE”), which measures the sensitivity or change in the economic value of equity to changes in interest rates.

A number of potential interest rate scenarios are simulated using our asset liability management system. The Bank is the primary source of interest rate risk within the Company. At present, a significant portion of the Bank’s earning assets are priced off of 1-month LIBOR. Therefore, 1-month LIBOR is considered a core rate in our interest rate risk analysis. Other interest rate changes are correlated to changes in 1-month LIBOR for analytic purposes, to achieve a parallel yield curve shock for most rates. Some rates are shocked at higher or lower correlations based on historical relationships. In addition, key rates are modeled with a floor, which indicates how low each specific rate is likely to move in practice. Rates are adjusted up or down via a set of scenarios that includes both rate shocks and ramps. Rate shocks represent an immediate and sustained change in 1-month LIBOR, with the resulting changes in other indices correlated accordingly. Interest rate ramps represent a linear increase in 1-month LIBOR over the course of 12 months, with the resulting changes in other indices correlated accordingly.
The following tables summarize the potential effect on earnings over the next 24 months and the potential effect on market values of balance sheet assets and liabilities at September 30, 2019 and 2018, based upon a sensitivity analysis performed by management assuming a hypothetical increase or decrease in market interest rates of 100 basis points and a hypothetical increase in market interest rates of 300 basis points while funding spreads remain constant. The EVE sensitivity is applied only to financial assets and liabilities, including hedging instruments, that existed at the balance sheet date, and does not take into account new assets, liabilities, commitments or hedging instruments that may arise in the future.
With increases in the level of interest rates, it became possible in the first quarter of 2017 to measure meaningfully the impact of a downward rate shock of 100 basis points. At today’s levels of interest rates, a 300 basis point downward rate shock does not provide a meaningful indication of interest rate sensitivity. These results indicate that our market risk profile has been managed, as intended, to be less rate sensitive over the next two years. EAR results show lower sensitivity than at September 30, 2018. The EVE analysis indicates a change in the direction of rate sensitivity, due primarily to a balance sheet mix change toward more fixed-rate Private Education Loans, and deliberate funding strategies designed to allow funding costs to drop should interest rates fall. This leads the overall change in value in response to an upward rate shock to reflect a negative impact on EVE. It is important to note that the EVE measure is very sensitive to relatively small changes in the underlying risk position. Both EAR and EVE analyses continue to indicate a relatively low level of interest rate sensitivity.

| September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| +300 Basis Points |  | +100 Basis Points |  | -100 Basis Points |  | +300 Basis Points |  | +100 Basis Points |  | -100 Basis Points
EAR - Shock | +3.5% |  | +1.2% |  | -1.1% |  | +8.0% |  | +2.6% |  | -2.5%
EAR - Ramp | +3.2% |  | +0.9% |  | -0.7% |  | +8.0% |  | +2.9% |  | -2.0%
EVE | -5.4% |  | -2.0% |  | +2.2% |  | +5.8% |  | +1.8% |  | -2.0%

A primary objective in our funding is to manage our sensitivity to changing interest rates by generally funding our assets with liabilities of similar interest rate repricing characteristics. This funding objective is frequently obtained through the use of derivatives. Uncertainty in loan repayment cash flows and the pricing behavior of our non-maturity retail deposits pose
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challenges in achieving our interest rate risk objectives. In addition to these considerations, we can have a mismatch in the index (including the frequency of reset) of floating-rate debt versus floating-rate assets.
As part of its suite of financial products, the Bank offers fixed-rate Private Education Loans. As with other Private Education Loans, the term to maturity is lengthy, and the customer has the option to repay the loan faster than the promissory note requires. Asset securitization and fixed-rate CDs provide intermediate to long-term fixed-rate funding for some of these assets. Additionally, a portion of the fixed-rate loans have been hedged with derivatives, which have been used to convert a portion of variable-rate funding to fixed-rate to match the anticipated cash flows of these loans. Any unhedged position arising from the fixed-rate loan portfolio is monitored and modeled to ensure that the interest rate risk does not cause the Company to exceed its policy limits for earnings at risk or for the value of equity at risk.
In the preceding tables, the interest rate sensitivity analysis reflects the balance sheet mix of fully variable LIBOR-based loans and cash invested at variable rates, which slightly exceeds the mix of fully variable funding, including brokered CDs that have been converted to LIBOR through derivative transactions. The analysis does not anticipate that retail MMDAs or retail savings balances, while relatively sensitive to interest rate changes, will reprice to the full extent of interest rate shocks or ramps. Also considered is (i) the impact of FFELP loans, which receive floor income in low interest rate environments, and will therefore not reprice fully with interest rate shocks and (ii) the impact of fixed-rate loans that have not been fully match-funded through derivative transactions and fixed-rate funding from CDs and asset securitization. An additional consideration is the implementation of a loan cap of 25 percent on variable-rate loans originated on and after September 25, 2016. As of September 30, 2019, there were $12.8 billion of loans with 25 percent interest rate caps on the balance sheet. The less asset-sensitive position at the end of the third quarter of 2019 results in a more balanced interest rate risk profile, leaving the Bank positioned more defensively against potential rate decreases in the near term. This sensitivity position will fluctuate somewhat during the year, depending on the funding mix in place at the time of the analysis.
Although we believe that these measurements provide an estimate of our interest rate sensitivity, they do not account for potential changes in credit quality, balance sheet mix and size of our balance sheet. They also do not account for other business developments that could affect net income, or for management actions that could affect net income or could be taken to change our risk profile. Accordingly, we can give no assurance that actual results would not differ materially from the estimated outcomes of our simulations. Further, such simulations do not represent our current view of expected future interest rate movements.
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Asset and Liability Funding Gap
The table below presents our assets and liabilities (funding) arranged by underlying indices as of September 30, 2019. In the following GAAP presentation, the funding gap only includes derivatives that qualify as effective hedges (those derivatives which are reflected in net interest income, as opposed to those reflected in the “gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net” line on the consolidated statements of income). The difference between the asset and the funding is the funding gap for the specified index. This represents at a high level our exposure to interest rate risk in the form of basis risk and repricing risk, which is the risk that the different indices may reset at different frequencies or may not move in the same direction or at the same magnitude. (Note that all fixed-rate assets and liabilities are aggregated into one line item, which does not capture the differences in time due to maturity.)

(Dollars in millions) Index |  | Frequency of Variable Resets |  | Assets |  | Funding (1) |  | Funding Gap
Fed Funds Effective Rate |  | daily/weekly/monthly |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 435.1 |  |  | $ | (435.1 | )
3-month Treasury bill |  | weekly |  | 97.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 97.2 |
Prime |  | monthly |  | 3.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.0 |
3-month LIBOR |  | quarterly |  | — |  |  | 400.0 |  |  | (400.0 | )
1-month LIBOR |  | monthly |  | 13,567.2 |  |  | 10,305.9 |  |  | 3,261.3 |
1-month LIBOR |  | daily |  | 700.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 700.9 |
Non-Discrete reset(2) |  | daily/weekly |  | 3,994.5 |  |  | 3,903.1 |  |  | 91.4 |
Fixed-Rate(3) |  |  |  | 12,797.4 |  |  | 16,116.1 |  |  | (3,318.7 | )
Total |  |  |  | $ | 31,160.2 |  |  | $ | 31,160.2 |  |  | $ | — |

______________________

(1) | Funding (by index) includes the impact of all derivatives that qualify as effective hedges.

(2) | Assets include restricted and unrestricted cash equivalents and other overnight type instruments. Funding includes liquid retail deposits and the obligation to return cash collateral held related to derivatives exposures.

(3) | Assets include receivables and other assets (including premiums and reserves). Funding includes unswapped time deposits, liquid MMDAs swapped to fixed-rates and stockholders' equity.

The “Funding Gap” in the above table shows primarily mismatches in the 1-month LIBOR, fixed rate and Non-Discrete reset categories. Changes in the Fed Funds Effective Rate, 3-month LIBOR and 1-Month LIBOR daily categories are generally quite highly correlated, and should offset each other relatively effectively. The funding in the fixed-rate bucket includes $2.8 billion of equity and $0.5 billion of non-interest bearing liabilities. We consider the overall market risk to be moderate and current strategies are designed to further reduce the fixed-rate exposure.
We use interest rate swaps and other derivatives to achieve our risk management objectives. Our asset liability management strategy is to match assets with debt (in combination with derivatives) that have the same underlying index and reset frequency or have interest rate characteristics that we believe are highly correlated. The use of funding with index types and reset frequencies that are different from our assets exposes us to interest rate risk in the form of basis and repricing risk. This could result in our cost of funds not moving in the same direction or with the same magnitude as the yield on our assets. While we believe this risk is low, as all of these indices are short-term with rate movements that are highly correlated over a long period of time, market disruptions (which have occurred in recent years) can lead to a temporary divergence between indices, resulting in a negative impact to our earnings.
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Weighted Average Life
The following table reflects the weighted average lives of our earning assets and liabilities at September 30, 2019.

| Weighted
| Average
(Averages in Years) | Life
Earning assets |
Education loans | 5.37 |
Personal loans | 1.37 |
Cash and investments | 0.33 |
Total earning assets | 4.45 |
Deposits |
Short-term deposits | 0.57 |
Long-term deposits | 2.49 |
Total deposits | 1.19 |
Borrowings |
Short-term borrowings (1) | 1.27 |
Long-term borrowings | 4.05 |
Total borrowings | 3.89 |

____

(1) | Weighted average life of short-term borrowings assumes full contractual term for repayment through February 19, 2021.

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Item 4. | Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of September 30, 2019. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2019, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (a) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (b) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings

We and our subsidiaries and affiliates are subject to various claims, lawsuits and other actions that arise in the normal course of business. It is common for the Company, our subsidiaries and affiliates to receive information and document requests and investigative demands from state attorneys general, legislative committees and administrative agencies. These requests may be for informational or regulatory purposes and may relate to our business practices, the industries in which we operate, or other companies with whom we conduct business. Our practice has been and continues to be to cooperate with these bodies and be responsive to any such requests.
On July 17, 2018, the Mississippi Attorney General filed a lawsuit in Mississippi state court against Navient, Navient Solutions, LLC, and the Bank arising out of the Multi-State Investigation. The complaint alleges unfair and deceptive trade practices against all three defendants as to private loan origination practices from 2000 to 2009, and against the two Navient defendants as to servicing practices between 2010 and the present. The complaint further alleges that Navient assumed responsibility for these matters under the Separation and Distribution Agreement for alleged conduct that pre-dated the Spin-Off. On September 27, 2018, the Mississippi Attorney General filed an amended complaint. On October 8, 2018, the Bank moved to dismiss the Mississippi Attorney General’s action as to the Bank, arguing, among other things, that the complaint failed to allege with sufficient particularity or specificity how the Bank was responsible for any of the alleged conduct, most of which predated the Bank’s existence. On November 20, 2018, the Mississippi Attorney General filed an opposition brief and the Bank filed a reply on December 21, 2018. The court heard oral argument on the Bank’s motion to dismiss on April 11, 2019. On August 15, 2019, the court entered an order denying the Bank’s motion to dismiss. On September 5, 2019, the Bank filed with the Supreme Court of Mississippi a petition for interlocutory appeal. The Mississippi Attorney General filed an opposition to the petition for interlocutory appeal on September 19, 2019. On October 16, 2019, the Supreme Court of Mississippi granted the Bank’s petition for interlocutory appeal and stayed the trial court proceedings.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our business activities involve a variety of risks. Readers should carefully consider the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our 2018 Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Share Repurchases
The following table provides information relating to our purchase of shares of our common stock in the three months ended September 30, 2019.

(In thousands, except per share data) | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(2) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(2)
Period: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
July 1 - July 31, 2019 | 517 |  |  | $ | 9.23 |  |  | 508 |  |  | $ | 75,000 |
August 1 - August 31, 2019 | 3,929 |  |  | $ | 8.35 |  |  | 3,929 |  |  | $ | 43,000 |
September 1 - September 30, 2019 | 6 |  |  | $ | 9.50 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 43,000 |
Total third-quarter 2019 | 4,452 |  |  | $ | 8.45 |  |  | 4,437 |  |  |

_________

(1) | The total number of shares purchased includes: (i) shares purchased under the stock repurchase program discussed herein, and (ii) shares of our common stock tendered to us to satisfy the exercise price in connection with cashless exercises of stock options, and tax withholding obligations in connection with exercises of stock options and vesting of restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units.

(2) | In January 2019, our Board of Directors authorized us to repurchase shares of our common stock up to an aggregate repurchase price not to exceed $200 million. The share repurchase program expires on January 22, 2021.

The closing price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on September 30, 2019 was $8.83.
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Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Nothing to report.

Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. | Other Information

Nothing to report.

Item 6. | Exhibits

The following exhibits are furnished or filed, as applicable:

31.1 | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

SLM CORPORATION (Registrant)
By: | /S/ STEVEN J. MCGARRY
| Steven J. McGarry Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |

Date: October 23, 2019
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