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Allowance for Credit Losses - Allowance and Recorded Investments in Loans (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Mar. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Dec. 31, 2018
Allowance for Credit Losses          
Beginning Balance   $ 441,912 $ 441,912 $ 341,121 $ 251,475
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability     320,808    
Provision for current period     190,898    
Loan sale reduction to provision     (204,709)    
Loan transfer to held-for-sale     (205,669)    
Total provision     (219,480) 353,934 244,584
Net charge-offs:          
Charge-offs     (245,043) (284,114) (175,526)
Recoveries     29,007 30,971 21,804
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Writeoff, after Recovery     (216,036) (253,143) (153,722)
Loan sales     (108,534)   (1,216)
Ending Balance     1,361,723 441,912 341,121
Allowance:          
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment     104,265 186,697 120,110
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment     1,257,458 255,215 221,011
Loans:          
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment     1,274,590 1,581,966 1,257,856
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment     19,204,578 23,443,822 21,283,187
Provision for loan losses     (218,789)    
Provision for unfunded commitments     312,613    
Total Private Education Loan provision for credit losses     93,824    
Additional provisions related to other impacts     (691)    
Less: provisions for credit losses   121,000 93,133    
Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment          
Allowance for Credit Losses          
Beginning Balance   1,584,965 1,584,965    
Day 1 adjustment for the adoption of CECL       1,143,053  
Net charge-offs:          
Ending Balance       1,584,965  
FFELP Loans          
Allowance for Credit Losses          
Beginning Balance   1,633 1,633 977 1,132
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability     0    
Provision for current period     412    
Loan sale reduction to provision     0    
Loan transfer to held-for-sale     0    
Total provision     412 1,478 980
Net charge-offs:          
Charge-offs     (519) (822) (1,135)
Recoveries     0 0 0
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Writeoff, after Recovery     (519) (822) (1,135)
Loan sales     0   0
Ending Balance     4,378 1,633 977
Allowance:          
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment     0 0 0
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment     4,378 1,633 977
Loans:          
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment     0 0 0
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment     $ 737,593 $ 783,306 $ 846,487
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)     0.09% 0.13% 0.16%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance     0.59% 0.21% 0.12%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment     0.76% 0.26% 0.15%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)     8.44 1.99 0.86
Ending total loans, gross     $ 737,593 $ 783,306 $ 846,487
Average loans in repayment     549,584 631,029 691,406
Ending loans in repayment     573,361 617,646 665,807
Additional provisions related to other impacts     412    
FFELP Loans | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment          
Allowance for Credit Losses          
Beginning Balance   4,485 4,485    
Day 1 adjustment for the adoption of CECL       2,852  
Net charge-offs:          
Ending Balance       4,485  
Private Education Loans          
Allowance for Credit Losses          
Beginning Balance   374,300 374,300 277,943 243,715
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability     320,808    
Provision for current period     148,673    
Loan sale reduction to provision     (161,793)    
Loan transfer to held-for-sale     (205,669)    
Total provision     (218,789) 279,570 169,287
Net charge-offs:          
Charge-offs     (205,326) (208,978) (154,701)
Recoveries     24,021 25,765 20,858
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Writeoff, after Recovery     (181,305) (183,213) (133,843)
Loan sales     0   (1,216)
Ending Balance     1,355,844 374,300 277,943
Allowance:          
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment     104,265 186,697 120,110
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment     1,251,579 187,603 157,833
Loans:          
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment     1,274,590 1,581,966 1,257,856
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment     $ 18,454,747 $ 21,607,625 $ 19,246,609
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)     1.17% 1.17% 1.01%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance     6.87% 1.61% 1.36%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment     9.48% 2.23% 1.90%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)     7.48 2.04 2.08
Ending total loans, gross     $ 19,729,337 $ 23,189,591 $ 20,504,465
Average loans in repayment     15,518,851 15,605,927 13,303,801
Ending loans in repayment     14,304,821 16,787,670 14,666,856
Private Education Loans | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment          
Allowance for Credit Losses          
Beginning Balance   1,435,130 1,435,130    
Day 1 adjustment for the adoption of CECL       1,060,830  
Net charge-offs:          
Ending Balance       1,435,130  
Personal Loans          
Allowance for Credit Losses          
Beginning Balance   65,877 65,877 62,201 6,628
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability     0    
Provision for current period     40,485    
Loan sale reduction to provision $ 43,000   (42,916)    
Loan transfer to held-for-sale     0    
Total provision     (2,431) 72,783 74,317
Net charge-offs:          
Charge-offs     (39,079) (74,313) (19,690)
Recoveries     4,984 5,206 946
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Writeoff, after Recovery     (34,095) (69,107) (18,744)
Loan sales     (108,534)   0
Ending Balance     0 65,877 62,201
Allowance:          
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment     0 0 0
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment     0 65,877 62,201
Loans:          
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment     0 0 0
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment     $ 0 $ 1,049,007 $ 1,190,091
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)     0.00% 6.07% 2.11%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance     0.00% 6.28% 5.23%
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment     0.00% 6.28% 5.23%
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)     0 0.95 3.32
Ending total loans, gross     $ 0 $ 1,049,007 $ 1,190,091
Average loans in repayment     0 1,138,887 889,348
Ending loans in repayment     0 1,049,007 1,190,091
Additional provisions related to other impacts     (2,431)    
Personal Loans | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment          
Allowance for Credit Losses          
Beginning Balance   145,060 145,060    
Day 1 adjustment for the adoption of CECL       79,183  
Net charge-offs:          
Ending Balance       145,060  
Credit Cards          
Allowance for Credit Losses          
Beginning Balance   102 102 0  
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability     0    
Provision for current period     1,328    
Loan sale reduction to provision     0    
Loan transfer to held-for-sale     0    
Total provision     1,328 103  
Net charge-offs:          
Charge-offs     (119) (1)  
Recoveries     2 0  
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss, Writeoff, after Recovery     (117) (1)  
Loan sales     0    
Ending Balance     1,501 102 $ 0
Allowance:          
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment     0 0  
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment     1,501 102  
Loans:          
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment     0 0  
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment     $ 12,238 $ 3,884  
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)     1.26% 0.13%  
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance     12.27% 2.63%  
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment     12.27% 2.63%  
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized)     12.83 102.00  
Ending total loans, gross     $ 12,238 $ 3,884  
Average loans in repayment     9,286 786  
Ending loans in repayment     12,238 3,884  
Additional provisions related to other impacts     1,328    
Credit Cards | Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment          
Allowance for Credit Losses          
Beginning Balance   $ 290 $ 290    
Day 1 adjustment for the adoption of CECL       188  
Net charge-offs:          
Ending Balance       $ 290