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Loans Held for Investment | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Receivables [Abstract] |
Loans Held for Investment | Loans Held for Investment Loans held for investment consist of Private Education Loans, FFELP Loans, and Credit Cards. We use “Personal Loans” to mean those unsecured loans to individuals that may be used for non-educational purposes. We sold our entire Personal Loan portfolio in the third quarter of 2020. Our Private Education Loans are made largely to bridge the gap between the cost of higher education and the amount funded through financial aid, government loans, and customers’ resources. Private Education Loans bear the full credit risk of the customer. We manage this risk through risk-performance underwriting strategies and qualified cosigners. Private Education Loans may be fixed-rate or may carry a variable interest rate indexed to LIBOR, the London interbank offered rate, or SOFR, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, 52.1 percent and 55 percent, respectively, of all of our Private Education Loans were indexed to LIBOR or SOFR. We provide incentives for customers to include a cosigner on the loan, and the vast majority of Private Education Loans in our portfolio are cosigned. We also encourage customers to make payments while in school. FFELP Loans are insured as to their principal and accrued interest in the event of default, subject to a risk-sharing level based on the date of loan disbursement. These insurance obligations are supported by contractual rights against the United States. For loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2006, we receive 97 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. For loans disbursed after October 1, 1993, and before July 1, 2006, we receive 98 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. For loans disbursed prior to October 1, 1993, we receive 100 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. In the third quarter of 2020, we sold our entire Personal Loan portfolio, including $697 million of principal and $7 million in accrued interest, which resulted in a $43 million reduction to our provision for credit losses in that period. In 2020, we recognized $238 million gains from the sale of approximately $3.1 billion of our Private Education Loans, including $2.9 billion of principal and $199 million in capitalized interest, to unaffiliated third-parties. In 2021, we recognized $548 million gains from the sale of approximately $4.24 billion of our Private Education Loans, including $3.98 billion of principal and $264 million in capitalized interest, to unaffiliated third-parties. There were VIEs created in the execution of certain of these loan sales; however, based on our consolidation analysis, we are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. These transactions qualified for sale treatment and removed the balance of the loans from our balance sheet on the respective settlement dates. We remained the servicer of these loans pursuant to applicable servicing agreements executed in connection with the sales. For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 11, “Borrowings - Unconsolidated VIEs.” Loans held for investment are summarized as follows:
As of December 31, (dollars in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Private Education Loans: |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | $ | 9,920,547 |  |  | $ | 8,950,216 |
Variable-rate |  | 10,796,316 |  |  | 10,779,121 |
Total Private Education Loans, gross |  | 20,716,863 |  |  | 19,729,337 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/ (discount) |  | 67,488 |  |  | 63,475 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | (1,158,977) |  |  | (1,355,844) |
Total Private Education Loans, net |  | 19,625,374 |  |  | 18,436,968 |
FFELP Loans |  | 695,216 |  |  | 737,593 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/ (discount) |  | 1,815 |  |  | 1,993 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | (4,077) |  |  | (4,378) |
Total FFELP Loans, net |  | 692,954 |  |  | 735,208 |
Credit Cards (fixed-rate) |  | 25,014 |  |  | 12,238 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/ (discount) |  | 222 |  |  | 230 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | (2,281) |  |  | (1,501) |
Total Credit Cards, net |  | 22,955 |  |  | 10,967 |
Loans held for investment, net |  | $ | 20,341,283 |  |  | $ | 19,183,143 |
The estimated weighted average life of education loans in our portfolio was approximately 4.7 years and 5.4 years at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The average balance and the respective weighted average interest rates of loans in our portfolio are summarized as follows:
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) |  | Average Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 20,968,061 |  |  | 8.25 | % |  | $ | 22,426,216 |  |  | 8.42 | % |  | $ | 22,225,473 |  |  | 9.32 | %
FFELP Loans |  | 718,186 |  |  | 3.43 |  |  | 757,953 |  |  | 3.76 |  |  | 814,198 |  |  | 4.79 |
Personal Loans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 582,552 |  |  | 12.43 |  |  | 1,141,503 |  |  | 12.09 |
Credit Cards |  | 14,982 |  |  | 4.67 |  |  | 9,390 |  |  | (6.04) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total portfolio |  | $ | 21,701,229 |  |  |  |  | $ | 23,776,111 |  |  |  |  | $ | 24,181,174 |  |  |
Certain Collection Tools — Private Education Loans We adjust the terms of loans for certain borrowers when we believe such changes will help our customers manage their student loan obligations and achieve better student outcomes, and increase the collectability of the loan. These changes generally take the form of a temporary forbearance of payments, a temporary interest rate reduction, a temporary interest rate reduction with a permanent extension of the loan term, and/or a short-term extended repayment alternative. Forbearance is granted prospectively for borrowers who are current in their payments and may be granted retroactively for certain delinquent borrowers. Forbearance allows a borrower to not make scheduled payments for a specified period of time. Using forbearance extends the original term of the loan by the term of forbearance taken. Forbearance does not grant any reduction in the total principal or interest repayment obligation. While a loan is in forbearance status, interest continues to accrue and is capitalized (added to principal) at the end of the forbearance. Interest will not capitalize at the end of certain types of forbearance, such as disaster forbearance, however. We grant forbearance through our servicing centers to borrowers who are current in their payments and through our collections centers to certain borrowers who are delinquent. Our forbearance policies and practices vary depending upon whether a borrower is current or delinquent at the time forbearance is requested, generally with stricter payment requirements for delinquent borrowers. We view the population of borrowers that use forbearance positively because the borrowers are either proactively reaching out to us to obtain assistance in managing their obligations or are working with our collections center to bring their loans current. Forbearance may be granted through our servicing centers to customers who are exiting their grace period, and to other customers who are current in their payments, to provide temporary payment relief. In these circumstances, a customer’s loan is placed into a forbearance status in limited monthly increments and is reflected in the forbearance status at month-end during this time. At the end of the forbearance period, the customer will enter repayment status as current and is expected to begin making scheduled monthly payments. Forbearance may also be granted through our collections centers to customers who are delinquent in their payments. If specific payment requirements are met, the forbearance can cure the delinquency and the customer is returned to a current repayment status. Forbearance as a collection tool is used most effectively when applying historical experience and our judgment to a customer’s unique situation. We leverage updated customer information and other decision support tools to best determine who will be granted forbearance based on our expectations as to a customer’s ability and willingness to repay their obligation. This strategy is aimed at assisting customers while mitigating the risks of delinquency and default as well as encouraging resolution of delinquent loans. In most instances, we require one payment, as an indication of a customer’s willingness and ability to repay, before granting forbearance to delinquent borrowers. Historically, we have utilized disaster forbearance to assist borrowers affected by material events, including hurricanes, wildfires, floods, and the COVID-19 pandemic. We typically grant disaster forbearance to affected borrowers in increments of up to three months at a time, but the disaster forbearance granted generally does not apply toward the 12-month forbearance limit described below. During COVID-19, our customers experienced higher levels of financial hardship, which initially led to higher levels of forbearance. We expect for some customers financial hardship may lead to higher levels of delinquencies and defaults in the future, as borrowers who had received disaster forbearance from us re-enter repayment status. Beginning in June 2021, we stopped granting disaster forbearance in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. As borrowers in the various delinquency buckets exit disaster forbearance and begin to enter repayment, we expect elevated levels of losses on this segment of our customers. We expect that, left unabated, this deterioration in delinquency and default rates may persist until economic conditions return to pre-pandemic levels. Management continually monitors our credit administration practices and may periodically modify these practices based upon performance, industry conventions, and/or regulatory feedback. In light of these considerations, we previously announced certain planned changes to our credit administration practices, including the imposition of limits on the number of forbearance months granted consecutively and the number of times certain extended or reduced repayment alternatives may be granted. Prior to implementation of the previously announced changes, borrowers could receive consecutive forbearance grants without intervening payments of principal and interest, if they satisfied all eligibility requirements. We commenced testing in October 2019 for some of the previously announced planned changes on a very small percentage of our total portfolio and in March 2020 we began to expand the number of borrowers who would be subject to the new credit administration practices. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in April 2020 we postponed our efforts so that we could be more flexible in dealing with our customers’ financial hardship. In October 2020, we re-initiated a multi-phased deployment of certain previously announced credit administration practices changes. In October 2021, we announced additional planned changes to our credit administration practices, which we implemented in December 2021. Currently, we generally grant forbearance in increments of one to two months at a time, for up to 12 months over the life of the loan, although disaster forbearance and certain assistance we grant to borrowers who are still in school do not apply toward the 12-month limit. We also currently require 12 months of positive payment performance by a borrower (meaning the borrower must make payment in a cumulative amount equivalent to 12 monthly required payments under the loan) between successive grants of forbearance and between forbearance grants and certain other repayment alternatives. This required period of positive payment performance does not apply, however, to forbearances granted during the first six months following a borrower’s grace period and is not required for a borrower to receive a contractual interest rate reduction. In addition, we currently limit the participation of delinquent borrowers in certain short-term extended or interest-only repayment alternatives to once in 12 months and twice in five years. We also now count the number of months a borrower receives a short-term extended repayment alternative toward the 12-month forbearance limit described above. We also offer rate and term modifications to customers experiencing more severe hardship. Currently, we temporarily reduce the contractual interest rate on a loan to 4 percent for a two-year period and, in the vast majority of cases, permanently extend the final maturity date of the loan. As part of demonstrating the ability and willingness to pay, the customer must make three consecutive monthly payments at the reduced payment to qualify for the program. The combination of the rate reduction and maturity extension helps reduce the monthly payment due from the borrower and increases the likelihood the borrower will remain current during the interest rate modification period as well as when the loan returns to its original contractual interest rate. We currently limit the granting of a permanent extension of the final maturity date of the loan under our loan modification program to one time over the life of the loan. We also currently permit two consecutive rate reductions to 4.0 percent so long as the borrower qualifies and makes three consecutive monthly payments at the reduced payment in connection with each rate reduction. We currently require 12 months of positive payment performance after the interest rate adjusts upward to its previous rate (at the end of the rate reduction periods) before the borrower may be eligible for a forbearance or certain other repayment alternatives, however. We also now limit the number of interest rate reductions to twice over the life of the loan. At December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, 7.2 percent and 7.8 percent, respectively, of our loans then currently in full principal and interest repayment status were subject to interest rate reductions made under our rate modification program. While there are limitations to our estimate of the future impact of the various credit administration practices changes we have implemented, absent the effect of any mitigating measures, we expect that the credit administration practices described above, including the changes we implemented in December 2021, will accelerate periodic defaults and could increase periodic defaults in our Private Education Loan held for investment portfolio by approximately 10.1 percent to 16.6 percent. Among the measures that we have implemented and may modify further and expect may partly offset or moderate any acceleration of or increase in defaults will be greater focus on the risk assessment process to ensure borrowers are mapped to the appropriate program, better utilization of existing loss mitigation programs (e.g., Graduated Repayment Period program (“GRP”) and rate modifications), and the use of a program offering short-term payment reductions (permitting interest-only payments for up to six months) for certain early-stage delinquencies. The full impact of these changes to our collections practices described above will only be realized over the long term. When we calculated the allowance for credit losses under CECL at December 31, 2021, our loan loss reserves were significantly impacted because we expect the life of loan defaults on our overall Private Education Loan portfolio to increase, in part as a result of the changes to our credit administration practices described above. We expect to learn more about how our borrowers are reacting to these changes to our credit administration practices and, as we analyze such reactions, we will continue to refine our estimates of the impact of those changes on our allowance for credit losses. As discussed above, we will continue to monitor our credit administration practices and may modify them further from time to time based upon performance, industry conventions, and/or regulatory feedback. The period of delinquency for loans is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had $80 million and $81 million, respectively, of Private Education Loans held for investment and $34 million and $36 million, respectively, of FFELP Loans held for investment which were more than 90 days delinquent that continue to accrue interest. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had no loans in nonaccrual status. Borrower-in-Custody Arrangements We maintain Borrower-in-Custody arrangements with the FRB. Under these arrangements, we can pledge FFELP Loans or Private Education Loans to the FRB to secure any advances and accrued interest generated under the Primary Credit program at the FRB. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had $2.9 billion and $3.3 billion, respectively, of Private Education Loans pledged to this borrowing facility, as discussed further in Note 11, “Borrowings.” We did not have any FFELP consolidation loans pledged at December 31, 2021 or 2020. Loans Held for Investment by Region At December 31, 2021 and 2020, 38.4 percent and 38.8 percent, respectively, of total education loans were concentrated in the following states:
As of December 31, |  | 2021 |  | 2020
New York |  | 9.4 | % |  | 9.7 | %
California |  | 9.6 |  |  | 9.6 |
Pennsylvania |  | 7.8 |  |  | 8.0 |
New Jersey |  | 6.0 |  |  | 6.2 |
Texas |  | 5.6 |  |  | 5.3 |
|  | 38.4 | % |  | 38.8 | %
No other state had a concentration of total education loans in excess of 5 percent of the aggregate outstanding education loans held for investment. Loans Held for SaleWe had no loans held for sale at December 31, 2021 and $2.9 billion loans held for sale at December 31, 2020. At December 31, 2020, we reversed $206 million through the provisions for credit losses for the allowance related to these loans, when the loans were transferred from held for investment to held-for-sale. For additional information on loan sales, see Note 5, “Loans Held for Investment,” and Note 11, “Borrowings — Unconsolidated VIEs.”

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