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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q
(Mark One)
☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-13251
SLM Corporation
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 52-2013874
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
300 Continental Drive | Newark, | Delaware | 19713
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(302) 451-0200
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $.20 per share | SLM | The NASDAQ Global Select Market
Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B, par value $.20 per share | SLMBP | The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☑ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
As of March 31, 2023, there were 242,249,757 shares of common stock outstanding.

SLM CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
INDEX

Part I. Financial Information |  |
Item 1. | Financial Statements |  | 3
Item 1. | Notes to the Financial Statements |  | 10
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 46
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk |  | 71
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures |  | 74
PART II. Other Information |  |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings |  | 75
Item 1A. | Risk Factors |  | 75
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 75
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities |  | 75
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 75
Item 5. | Other Information |  | 75
Item 6. | Exhibits |  | 76

2 SLM CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) |  |  |  |
|  | March 31, |  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Assets |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3,716,379 |  |  | $ | 4,616,117 |
Investments: |  |  |  |
Trading investments at fair value (cost of $41,282 and $47,554, respectively) |  | 51,342 |  |  | 55,903 |
Available-for-sale investments at fair value (cost of $2,487,749 and $2,554,332, respectively) |  | 2,311,062 |  |  | 2,342,089 |
Other investments |  | 98,067 |  |  | 94,716 |
Total investments |  | 2,460,471 |  |  | 2,492,708 |
Loans held for investment (net of allowance for losses of $1,479,306 and $1,357,075, respectively) |  | 21,087,563 |  |  | 19,626,868 |
Loans held for sale |  | 26,202 |  |  | 29,448 |
Restricted cash |  | 181,764 |  |  | 156,719 |
Other interest-earning assets |  | 13,031 |  |  | 11,162 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 1,331,017 |  |  | 1,202,059 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | 137,890 |  |  | 140,728 |
Goodwill and acquired intangible assets, net |  | 116,001 |  |  | 118,273 |
Income taxes receivable, net |  | 337,177 |  |  | 380,058 |
Tax indemnification receivable |  | 2,858 |  |  | 2,816 |
Other assets |  | 43,548 |  |  | 34,073 |
Total assets |  | $ | 29,453,901 |  |  | $ | 28,811,029 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 21,803,666 |  |  | $ | 21,448,071 |
Long-term borrowings |  | 5,513,976 |  |  | 5,235,114 |
Other liabilities |  | 309,164 |  |  | 400,874 |
Total liabilities |  | 27,626,806 |  |  | 27,084,059 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $0.20 per share, 20 million shares authorized: |  |  |  |
Series B: 2.5 million and 2.5 million shares issued, respectively, at stated value of $100 per share |  | 251,070 |  |  | 251,070 |
Common stock, par value $0.20 per share, 1.125 billion shares authorized: 437.6 million and 435.1 million shares issued, respectively |  | 87,530 |  |  | 87,025 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 1,121,082 |  |  | 1,109,072 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (net of tax benefit of ($25,139) and ($30,160), respectively) |  | (78,333) |  |  | (93,870) |
Retained earnings |  | 3,250,478 |  |  | 3,163,640 |
Total SLM Corporation stockholders’ equity before treasury stock |  | 4,631,827 |  |  | 4,516,937 |
Less: Common stock held in treasury at cost: 195.4 million and 194.4 million shares, respectively |  | (2,804,732) |  |  | (2,789,967) |
Total equity |  | 1,827,095 |  |  | 1,726,970 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 29,453,901 |  |  | $ | 28,811,029 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
SLM CORPORATION 3

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 582,784 |  |  | $ | 458,044 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments |  | 11,331 |  |  | 5,479 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 43,483 |  |  | 1,515 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest income |  | 637,598 |  |  | 465,038 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 183,531 |  |  | 49,537 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense on short-term borrowings |  | 3,018 |  |  | 2,875 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense on long-term borrowings |  | 45,981 |  |  | 37,594 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest expense |  | 232,530 |  |  | 90,006 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  | 405,068 |  |  | 375,032 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: provisions for credit losses |  | 114,112 |  |  | 98,050 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income after provisions for credit losses |  | 290,956 |  |  | 276,982 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains (losses) on sales of loans, net |  | (9) |  |  | 9,881 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains (losses) on securities, net |  | 1,711 |  |  | (3,580) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other income |  | 20,009 |  |  | 15,629 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total non-interest income |  | 21,711 |  |  | 21,925 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits |  | 87,649 |  |  | 71,981 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FDIC assessment fees |  | 11,529 |  |  | 5,684 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other operating expenses |  | 55,361 |  |  | 54,341 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses |  | 154,539 |  |  | 132,006 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquired intangible assets amortization expense |  | 2,272 |  |  | 733 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total non-interest expenses |  | 156,811 |  |  | 132,739 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income before income tax expense |  | 155,856 |  |  | 166,168 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense |  | 37,338 |  |  | 37,356 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | 118,518 |  |  | 128,812 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock dividends |  | 4,063 |  |  | 1,275 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 114,455 |  |  | $ | 127,537 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average common shares outstanding |  | 241,497 |  |  | 276,977 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average common and common equivalent shares outstanding |  | 243,549 |  |  | 280,654 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Declared dividends per common share |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
4 SLM CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 118,518 |  |  | $ | 128,812 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on investments |  | 35,556 |  |  | (81,041) |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges |  | (14,999) |  |  | 52,530 |  |  |  |  |
Total unrealized gains (losses) |  | 20,557 |  |  | (28,511) |  |  |  |  |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | (5,020) |  |  | 6,894 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (expense) benefit |  | 15,537 |  |  | (21,617) |  |  |  |  |
Total comprehensive income |  | $ | 134,055 |  |  | $ | 107,195 |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
SLM CORPORATION 5

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | Common Stock Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts) |  | Preferred Stock Shares |  | Issued |  | Treasury |  | Outstanding |  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | 2,510,696 |  |  | 432,013,372 |  |  | (153,056,639) |  |  | 278,956,733 |  |  | $ | 251,070 |  |  | $ | 86,403 |  |  | $ | 1,074,384 |  |  | $ | (17,897) |  |  | $ | 2,817,134 |  |  | $ | (2,061,383) |  |  | $ | 2,149,711 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 128,812 |  |  | — |  |  | 128,812 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21,617) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21,617) |
Total comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107,195 |
Cash dividends declared: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock ($0.11 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30,493) |  |  | — |  |  | (30,493) |
Preferred Stock, Series B ($0.51 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,275) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,275) |
Dividend equivalent units related to employee stock-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 618 |  |  | — |  |  | (634) |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |
Issuance of common shares |  | — |  |  | 2,594,817 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,594,817 |  |  | — |  |  | 519 |  |  | (71) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 448 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,921 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,921 |
Common stock repurchased |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,533,392) |  |  | (9,533,392) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (175,943) |  |  | (175,943) |
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (934,602) |  |  | (934,602) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,341) |  |  | (17,341) |
Balance at March 31, 2022 |  | 2,510,696 |  |  | 434,608,189 |  |  | (163,524,633) |  |  | 271,083,556 |  |  | $ | 251,070 |  |  | $ | 86,922 |  |  | $ | 1,086,852 |  |  | $ | (39,514) |  |  | $ | 2,913,544 |  |  | $ | (2,254,667) |  |  | $ | 2,044,207 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
6 SLM CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | Common Stock Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts) |  | Preferred Stock Shares |  | Issued |  | Treasury |  | Outstanding |  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | 2,510,696 |  |  | 435,121,140 |  |  | (194,445,696) |  |  | 240,675,444 |  |  | $ | 251,070 |  |  | $ | 87,025 |  |  | $ | 1,109,072 |  |  | $ | (93,870) |  |  | $ | 3,163,640 |  |  | $ | (2,789,967) |  |  | $ | 1,726,970 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 118,518 |  |  | — |  |  | 118,518 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,537 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,537 |
Total comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 134,055 |
Cash dividends declared: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock ($0.11 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26,635) |  |  | — |  |  | (26,635) |
Preferred Stock, Series B ($1.62 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,063) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,063) |
Issuance of common shares |  | — |  |  | 2,523,744 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,523,744 |  |  | — |  |  | 505 |  |  | 474 |  |  | — |  |  | (982) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,536 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,536 |
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (949,431) |  |  | (949,431) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,765) |  |  | (14,765) |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | 2,510,696 |  |  | 437,644,884 |  |  | (195,395,127) |  |  | 242,249,757 |  |  | $ | 251,070 |  |  | $ | 87,530 |  |  | $ | 1,121,082 |  |  | $ | (78,333) |  |  | $ | 3,250,478 |  |  | $ | (2,804,732) |  |  | $ | 1,827,095 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
SLM CORPORATION 7

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) |  |  |  |
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating activities |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 118,518 |  |  | $ | 128,812 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |
Provisions for credit losses |  | 114,112 |  |  | 98,050 |
Income tax expense |  | 37,338 |  |  | 37,356 |
Amortization of brokered deposit placement fee |  | 3,121 |  |  | 3,425 |
Amortization of Secured Borrowing Facility upfront fee |  | 723 |  |  | 569 |
Amortization of deferred loan origination costs and loan premium/(discounts), net |  | 3,421 |  |  | 4,455 |
Net amortization of discount on investments |  | (622) |  |  | 965 |
Increase in tax indemnification receivable |  | (42) |  |  | (108) |
Depreciation of premises and equipment |  | 4,524 |  |  | 4,189 |
Acquired intangible assets amortization expense |  | 2,272 |  |  | 733 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 11,536 |  |  | 11,921 |
Unrealized (gains) losses on derivatives and hedging activities, net |  | (56) |  |  | 315 |
(Gains) losses on sales of loans, net |  | 9 |  |  | (9,881) |
(Gains) losses on securities, net |  | (1,711) |  |  | 3,580 |
Acquisition transaction costs, net |  | — |  |  | 2,511 |
Other adjustments to net income, net |  | 3,063 |  |  | 3,655 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Increase in accrued interest receivable |  | (257,888) |  |  | (185,294) |
Increase in non-marketable securities |  | — |  |  | (992) |
(Increase) decrease in other interest-earning assets |  | (1,869) |  |  | 328 |
Increase in other assets |  | (26,632) |  |  | (17,529) |
Increase (decrease) in income taxes payable, net |  | 2,483 |  |  | (4,243) |
Increase in accrued interest payable |  | 20,358 |  |  | 14,779 |
Decrease in other liabilities |  | (23,770) |  |  | (34,808) |
Total adjustments |  | (109,630) |  |  | (66,024) |
Total net cash provided by operating activities |  | 8,888 |  |  | 62,788 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |
Loans acquired and originated |  | (2,463,358) |  |  | (2,215,958) |
Net proceeds from sales of loans held for investment |  | (9) |  |  | 45,729 |
Proceeds from FFELP Loan claim payments |  | 11,274 |  |  | 5,594 |
Net decrease in loans held for investment (other than loans acquired and originated, and loan sales) |  | 912,681 |  |  | 1,153,297 |
Purchases of available-for-sale securities |  | (4,992) |  |  | (536,633) |
Proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities |  | 73,352 |  |  | 686,806 |
Purchase of subsidiary, net of cash acquired |  | — |  |  | (127,702) |
Total net cash used in investing activities |  | (1,471,052) |  |  | (988,867) |
Financing activities |  |  |  |
Brokered deposit placement fee |  | (2,634) |  |  | (2,207) |
Net increase (decrease) in certificates of deposit |  | 515,909 |  |  | (127,815) |
Net increase (decrease) in other deposits |  | (167,836) |  |  | 543,767 |
Borrowings collateralized by loans in securitization trusts - issued |  | 569,871 |  |  | — |
Borrowings collateralized by loans in securitization trusts - repaid |  | (293,120) |  |  | (381,005) |
Issuance costs for unsecured debt offering |  | — |  |  | (360) |
Fees paid on Secured Borrowing Facility |  | (16) |  |  | — |
Common stock dividends paid |  | (26,635) |  |  | (30,493) |
Preferred stock dividends paid |  | (4,063) |  |  | (1,275) |
Common stock repurchased |  | (4,005) |  |  | (169,322) |
Total net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  | 587,471 |  |  | (168,710) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | (874,693) |  |  | (1,094,789) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period |  | 4,772,836 |  |  | 4,545,344 |

8 SLM CORPORATION

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period |  | $ | 3,898,143 |  |  | $ | 3,450,555 |
Cash disbursements made for: |  |  |  |
Interest |  | $ | 198,874 |  |  | $ | 68,458 |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | 4,700 |  |  | $ | 5,066 |
Income taxes refunded |  | $ | (7,273) |  |  | $ | (916) |
Reconciliation of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows to the Consolidated Balance Sheets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3,716,379 |  |  | $ | 3,262,595 |
Restricted cash |  | 181,764 |  |  | 187,960 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 3,898,143 |  |  | $ | 3,450,555 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
SLM CORPORATION 9

1. Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited, consolidated financial statements of SLM Corporation (“Sallie Mae,” “SLM,” the “Company,” “we,” or “us”) have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SLM Corporation and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries after eliminating the effects of intercompany accounts and transactions. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods have been included. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2023 or for any other period. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”).
Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries after eliminating the effects of intercompany accounts and transactions.
We consolidate any variable interest entity (“VIE”) where we have determined we are the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity which has both: (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
10 SLM CORPORATION

2. Investments
Trading Investments
We periodically sell Private Education Loans through securitization transactions where we are required to retain a five percent vertical risk retention interest (i.e., five percent of each class issued in the securitizations). We classify those vertical risk retention interests related to the transactions as available-for-sale investments, except for the interest in the residual classes, which we classify as trading investments recorded at fair value with changes recorded through earnings.
At December 31, 2022 we had a $5 million investment in a convertible debt security classified as a trading investment. In March 2023, this security, and the related accrued interest, was converted into equity securities classified as investments in non-marketable securities.
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $51 million and $56 million, respectively, classified as trading investments.
Available-for-Sale Investments
The amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale are as follows:

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for credit losses(1) |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 387,158 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | (61,886) |  |  | $ | 325,334 |
Utah Housing Corporation bonds |  | 3,460 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (294) |  |  | 3,166 |
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries |  | 1,758,032 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (92,548) |  |  | 1,665,484 |
Other securities |  | 339,099 |  |  | — |  |  | 334 |  |  | (22,355) |  |  | 317,078 |
Total |  | $ | 2,487,749 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 396 |  |  | $ | (177,083) |  |  | $ | 2,311,062 |
As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands |  | Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for credit losses(1) |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 389,067 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (68,705) |  |  | $ | 320,364 |
Utah Housing Corporation bonds |  | 3,584 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (357) |  |  | 3,227 |
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries |  | 1,804,726 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (115,416) |  |  | 1,689,310 |
Other securities |  | 356,955 |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | (27,800) |  |  | 329,188 |
Total |  | $ | 2,554,332 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | (212,278) |  |  | $ | 2,342,089 |

(1) Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors and that was recognized in the consolidated balance sheets (as a credit loss expense on available-for-sale securities). The amount excludes unrealized losses related to non-credit factors.
SLM CORPORATION 11

2. | Investments (Continued) |

The following table summarizes the amount of gross unrealized losses for our available-for-sale securities and the estimated fair value for securities having gross unrealized loss positions, categorized by length of time the securities have been in an unrealized loss position:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
| Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
As of March 31, 2023: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | (1,138) |  |  | $ | 22,201 |  |  | $ | (60,748) |  |  | $ | 297,543 |  |  | $ | (61,886) |  |  | $ | 319,744 |
Utah Housing Corporation bonds |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (294) |  |  | 3,166 |  |  | (294) |  |  | 3,166 |
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries |  | (4,463) |  |  | 193,623 |  |  | (88,085) |  |  | 1,471,861 |  |  | (92,548) |  |  | 1,665,484 |
Other securities |  | (8,451) |  |  | 156,624 |  |  | (13,904) |  |  | 128,538 |  |  | (22,355) |  |  | 285,162 |
Total |  | $ | (14,052) |  |  | $ | 372,448 |  |  | $ | (163,031) |  |  | $ | 1,901,108 |  |  | $ | (177,083) |  |  | $ | 2,273,556 |
As of December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | (13,956) |  |  | $ | 99,598 |  |  | $ | (54,749) |  |  | $ | 220,576 |  |  | $ | (68,705) |  |  | $ | 320,174 |
Utah Housing Corporation bonds |  | (357) |  |  | 3,227 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (357) |  |  | 3,227 |
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries |  | (28,128) |  |  | 689,300 |  |  | (87,288) |  |  | 1,000,010 |  |  | (115,416) |  |  | 1,689,310 |
Other securities |  | (15,852) |  |  | 232,546 |  |  | (11,948) |  |  | 92,883 |  |  | (27,800) |  |  | 325,429 |
Total |  | $ | (58,293) |  |  | $ | 1,024,671 |  |  | $ | (153,985) |  |  | $ | 1,313,469 |  |  | $ | (212,278) |  |  | $ | 2,338,140 |

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 182 of 193 and 191 of 194, respectively, of our available-for-sale securities were in an unrealized loss position.
Impairment
For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net income. For securities in an unrealized loss position that do not meet these criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit loss or other factors. In making this assessment, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, adverse conditions specifically related to the security, as well as any guarantees (e.g., guarantees by the U.S. Government) that may be applicable to the security. If this assessment indicates a credit loss exists, the credit-related portion of the loss is recorded as an allowance for losses on the security.
Our investment portfolio contains mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac, as well as Utah Housing Corporation bonds. We own these securities to meet our requirements under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”). We also invest in other U.S. government-sponsored enterprise securities issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Farm Credit Bank. Our mortgage-backed securities that were issued under Ginnie Mae programs carry a full faith and credit guarantee from the U.S. Government. The remaining mortgage-backed securities in a net loss position carry a principal and interest guarantee by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, respectively. Our Treasury and other U.S. government-sponsored enterprise bonds are rated Aaa by Moody’s Investors Service or AA+ by Standard and Poor’s. The decline in value from December 31, 2022 to March 31, 2023 was driven by the current interest rate environment and is not credit related. We have the intent and ability to hold these bonds for a period of time sufficient for the market price to recover to at least the adjusted amortized cost of the security. Based on this qualitative analysis, we have determined that no credit impairment exists.
We periodically sell Private Education Loans through securitization transactions where we are required to retain a five percent vertical risk retention interest. We classify the non-residual vertical risk retention interests as available-for-sale investments. We have the intent and ability to hold each of these bonds for a period of time sufficient for the market price to recover to at least the adjusted amortized cost of the security. We expect to receive all contractual cash flows related to these investments and do not consider a credit impairment to exist.
12 SLM CORPORATION

2. | Investments (Continued) |

As of March 31, 2023, the amortized cost and fair value of securities, by contractual maturities, are summarized below. Contractual maturities versus actual maturities may differ due to the effect of prepayments.

As of March 31, 2023 Year of Maturity (dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
2023 |  | $ | 114,993 |  |  | $ | 113,061 |
2024 |  | 698,346 |  |  | 670,601 |
2025 |  | 298,066 |  |  | 286,613 |
2026 |  | 548,319 |  |  | 499,306 |
2027 |  | 98,309 |  |  | 95,902 |
2038 |  | 71 |  |  | 73 |
2039 |  | 718 |  |  | 719 |
2042 |  | 2,528 |  |  | 2,227 |
2043 |  | 4,434 |  |  | 4,055 |
2044 |  | 5,412 |  |  | 5,057 |
2045 |  | 5,443 |  |  | 4,940 |
2046 |  | 7,963 |  |  | 7,165 |
2047 |  | 8,386 |  |  | 7,586 |
2048 |  | 2,056 |  |  | 2,001 |
2049 |  | 16,374 |  |  | 14,836 |
2050 |  | 114,601 |  |  | 93,786 |
2051 |  | 161,035 |  |  | 130,855 |
2052 |  | 56,605 |  |  | 50,153 |
2053 |  | 109,892 |  |  | 100,141 |
2054 |  | 83,670 |  |  | 75,428 |
2055 |  | 98,051 |  |  | 94,030 |
2058 |  | 52,477 |  |  | 52,527 |
Total |  | $ | 2,487,749 |  |  | $ | 2,311,062 |

Some of the mortgage-backed securities and a portion of the government securities have been pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank (the “FRB”) as collateral against any advances and accrued interest under the Primary Credit lending program sponsored by the FRB. We had $530 million and $547 million par value of securities pledged to this borrowing facility at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, as discussed further in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 9, “Borrowings” in this Form 10-Q.
Other Investments
Investments in Non-Marketable Securities
We hold investments in non-marketable securities and account for these investments at cost, less impairment, plus or minus observable price changes of identical or similar securities of the same issuer. Changes in market value are recorded through earnings. Because these are non-marketable securities, we use observable price changes of identical or similar securities of the same issuer, or when observable prices are not available, use market data of similar entities, in determining any changes in the value of the securities. In March 2023 our $5 million investment in a convertible debt security, classified as a trading investment, and the related accrued interest were converted into a equity securities and were reclassified to investments in non-marketable securities. As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, our total investment in these securities was $14 million and $8 million, respectively.
Low Income Housing Tax Credit Investments
We invest in affordable housing projects that qualify for the low-income housing tax credit (“LIHTC”), which is designed to promote private development of low-income housing. These investments generate a return mostly through
SLM CORPORATION 13

2. | Investments (Continued) |

realization of federal tax credits and tax benefits from net operating losses on the underlying properties. Total carrying value of the LIHTC investments was $78 million at March 31, 2023 and $80 million at December 31, 2022. We are periodically required to provide additional financial support during the investment period. Our liability for these unfunded commitments was $40 million at March 31, 2023 and $46 million at December 31, 2022.
Related to these investments, we recognized tax credits and other tax benefits through tax expense of less than $1 million at March 31, 2023 and $9 million at December 31, 2022. Tax credits and other tax benefits are recognized as part of our annual effective tax rate used to determine tax expense in a given quarter. Accordingly, the portion of a year’s expected tax benefits recognized in any given quarter may differ from 25 percent.
3. Loans Held for Investment
Loans held for investment consist of Private Education Loans, FFELP Loans, and Credit Cards. We use “Private Education Loans” to mean education loans to students or their families that are not made, insured, or guaranteed by any state or federal government. Private Education Loans do not include loans insured or guaranteed under the previously existing Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”). We use “Credit Cards” to refer to our suite of Credit Cards with bonus rewards. At September 30, 2022, we transferred our Credit Card portfolio to loans held for sale because we plan to sell our Credit Card portfolio. For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 4, “Loans Held for Sale” in this Form 10-Q.
Our Private Education Loans are made largely to bridge the gap between the cost of higher education and the amount funded through financial aid, government loans, and customers’ resources. Private Education Loans bear the full credit risk of the customer. We manage this risk through risk-performance underwriting strategies and qualified cosigners. Private Education Loans may be fixed-rate or may carry a variable interest rate indexed to LIBOR, the London interbank offered rate, or SOFR, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 42 percent and 45 percent, respectively, of all of our Private Education Loans were indexed to LIBOR or SOFR. We provide incentives for customers to include a cosigner on the loan, and the vast majority of Private Education Loans in our portfolio are cosigned. We also encourage customers to make payments while in school.
FFELP Loans are insured as to their principal and accrued interest in the event of default, subject to a risk-sharing level based on the date of loan disbursement. These insurance obligations are supported by contractual rights against the United States. For loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2006, we receive 97 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. For loans disbursed after October 1, 1993, and before July 1, 2006, we receive 98 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. For loans disbursed prior to October 1, 1993, we receive 100 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims.
In the first quarter of 2022, we recognized $10 million in gains from the sale of approximately $95 million of our Private Education Loans, including $89 million of principal and $6 million in capitalized interest, to an unaffiliated third party. There were VIEs created in the execution of certain of these loan sales; however, based on our consolidation analysis, we are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. These transactions qualified for sale treatment and removed the balance of the loans from our balance sheet on the respective settlement dates. We remained the servicer of these loans pursuant to applicable servicing agreements executed in connection with the sales. For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 9, “Borrowings - Unconsolidated VIEs” in this Form 10-Q. There were no loan sales in the first quarter of 2023.
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3. | Loans Held for Investment (Continued) |

Loans held for investment are summarized as follows:

|  | March 31, |  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Private Education Loans: |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | $ | 12,726,875 |  |  | $ | 11,108,079 |
Variable-rate |  | 9,171,128 |  |  | 9,195,609 |
Total Private Education Loans, gross |  | 21,898,003 |  |  | 20,303,688 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 75,051 |  |  | 69,656 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | (1,475,379) |  |  | (1,353,631) |
Total Private Education Loans, net |  | 20,497,675 |  |  | 19,019,713 |
FFELP Loans |  | 592,318 |  |  | 609,050 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 1,497 |  |  | 1,549 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | (3,927) |  |  | (3,444) |
Total FFELP Loans, net |  | 589,888 |  |  | 607,155 |
Loans held for investment, net |  | $ | 21,087,563 |  |  | $ | 19,626,868 |

The estimated weighted average life of education loans in our portfolio was approximately 5.0 years and 5.0 years at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
The average balance (net of unamortized premium/(discount)) and the respective weighted average interest rates of loans held for investment in our portfolio are summarized as follows:

|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in thousands) |  | Average Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 21,755,202 |  |  | 10.66 | % |  | $ | 21,858,270 |  |  | 8.38 | %
FFELP Loans |  | 602,072 |  |  | 6.87 |  |  | 690,540 |  |  | 3.51 |
Credit Cards(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,622 |  |  | 3.95 |
Total portfolio |  | $ | 22,357,274 |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,575,432 |  |  |

(1) Credit Card loans were transferred to loans held for sale at September 30, 2022.
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4. Loans Held for Sale
We had $26 million in loans held for sale at March 31, 2023 and $29 million in loans held for sale at December 31, 2022. The balance at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was comprised of our Credit Card loan portfolio. At September 30, 2022, we reversed $2.4 million through the provisions for credit losses for the allowance related to these loans, when the loans were transferred to held for sale. At September 30, 2022, we wrote down this loan portfolio to its estimated fair value through a charge-off to the allowance for credit losses of $1.5 million.
5. Allowance for Credit Losses
Our provision for credit losses represents the periodic expense of maintaining an allowance sufficient to absorb lifetime expected credit losses in the held for investment loan portfolios. The evaluation of the allowance for credit losses is inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant changes. We believe the allowance for credit losses is appropriate to cover lifetime losses expected to be incurred in the loan portfolios. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses — Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses, — Allowance for FFELP Loan Losses” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion.
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5. | Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued) |

Allowance for Credit Losses Metrics

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | FFELP Loans |  | Private Education Loans |  | Credit Cards |  | Total
Allowance for Credit Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 3,444 |  |  | $ | 1,353,631 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,357,075 |
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1) |  | — |  |  | 148,513 |  |  | — |  |  | 148,513 |
Provisions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for current period |  | 739 |  |  | 56,334 |  |  | 730 |  |  | 57,803 |
Total provisions(2) |  | 739 |  |  | 56,334 |  |  | 730 |  |  | 57,803 |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (256) |  |  | (95,085) |  |  | (741) |  |  | (96,082) |
Recoveries |  | — |  |  | 11,986 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 11,997 |
Net charge-offs |  | (256) |  |  | (83,099) |  |  | (730) |  |  | (84,085) |
Ending Balance |  | $ | 3,927 |  |  | $ | 1,475,379 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,479,306 |
Allowance(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 3,927 |  |  | $ | 1,475,379 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,479,306 |
Loans(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 592,318 |  |  | $ | 21,898,003 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,490,321 |
Accrued interest to be capitalized(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,150,802 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,150,802 |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4) |  | 0.23 | % |  | 2.11 | % |  | — | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5) |  | 0.66 | % |  | 6.40 | % |  | — | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(4)(5) |  | 0.88 | % |  | 9.00 | % |  | — | % |  |
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 3.83 |  |  | 4.44 |  |  | — |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 592,318 |  |  | $ | 21,898,003 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 451,451 |  |  | $ | 15,764,143 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 446,214 |  |  | $ | 15,990,459 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(6) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 408,263 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |

(1) See Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.
(2) Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses: |  |
Provisions for loan losses |  | $ | 56,334 |
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments |  | 56,309 |
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses |  | 112,643 |
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses: |  |
FFELP Loans |  | 739 |
Credit Cards |  | 730 |
Total |  | 1,469 |
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income |  | $ | 114,112 |

(3) For the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no allowance for credit losses, loans, or accrued interest to be capitalized balances that were individually evaluated for impairment.
(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).
(5) Accrued interest to be capitalized on Private Education Loans only.
(6) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).
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5. | Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued) |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | FFELP Loans |  | Private Education Loans |  | Credit Cards |  | Total
Allowance for Credit Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 4,077 |  |  | $ | 1,158,977 |  |  | $ | 2,281 |  |  | $ | 1,165,335 |
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1) |  | — |  |  | 94,686 |  |  | — |  |  | 94,686 |
Provisions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for current period |  | 21 |  |  | 48,460 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 48,618 |
Loan sale reduction to provision |  | — |  |  | (5,247) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,247) |
Total provisions(2) |  | 21 |  |  | 43,213 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 43,371 |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (99) |  |  | (83,856) |  |  | (111) |  |  | (84,066) |
Recoveries |  | — |  |  | 8,033 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 8,036 |
Net charge-offs |  | (99) |  |  | (75,823) |  |  | (108) |  |  | (76,030) |
Ending Balance |  | $ | 3,999 |  |  | $ | 1,221,053 |  |  | $ | 2,310 |  |  | $ | 1,227,362 |
Allowance(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 3,999 |  |  | $ | 1,221,053 |  |  | $ | 2,310 |  |  | $ | 1,227,362 |
Loans(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 682,273 |  |  | $ | 21,735,369 |  |  | $ | 27,547 |  |  | $ | 22,445,189 |
Accrued interest to be capitalized(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 993,698 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 993,698 |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4) |  | 0.07 | % |  | 1.89 | % |  | 1.63 | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5) |  | 0.59 | % |  | 5.37 | % |  | 8.39 | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(4)(5) |  | 0.75 | % |  | 7.43 | % |  | 8.39 | % |  |
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 10.10 |  |  | 4.03 |  |  | 5.35 |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 682,273 |  |  | $ | 21,735,369 |  |  | $ | 27,547 |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 543,303 |  |  | $ | 16,013,289 |  |  | $ | 26,551 |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 535,080 |  |  | $ | 16,095,157 |  |  | $ | 27,547 |  |  |
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(6) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 331,405 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |

(1) See Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.
(2) Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses: |  |
Provisions for loan losses |  | $ | 43,213 |
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments |  | 54,679 |
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses |  | 97,892 |
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses: |  |
FFELP Loans |  | 21 |
Credit Cards |  | 137 |
Total |  | 158 |
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income |  | $ | 98,050 |

(3) For the three months ended March 31, 2022, there were no allowance for credit losses, loans, or accrued interest to be capitalized balances that were individually evaluated for impairment.
(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).
(5) Accrued interest to be capitalized on Private Education Loans only.
(6) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).
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5. | Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued) |

Allowance for Credit Losses - Forecast Assumptions
In the fourth quarter of 2022, we changed our loss model to include forecasts of college graduate unemployment, home price index, and median family income in determining the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. Prior to this change, we used forecasts of college graduate unemployment and the Consumer Price Index in our loss forecasting models. We obtain forecasts for these inputs from Moody’s Analytics. Moody’s Analytics provides a range of forecasts for each of these inputs with various likelihoods of occurring. We determine which forecasts we will include in our estimation of the allowance for credit losses and the associated weightings for each of these inputs. At March 31, 2022, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2023, we used the Base (50th percentile likelihood of occurring)/S1 (stronger near-term growth scenario with 10 percent likelihood of occurring)/S3 (downside scenario with 10 percent likelihood of occurring) scenarios and weighted them 40 percent, 30 percent, and 30 percent, respectively. Management reviews both the scenarios and their respective weightings each quarter in determining the allowance for credit losses.
Provisions for credit losses in the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $16 million compared with the year-ago period. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the increase in the provision for credit losses was primarily the result of new loan commitments, net of expired commitments, slower prepayment rates, and changes in economic outlook and recovery rates.
As part of concluding on the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, we review key allowance and loan metrics. The most significant of these metrics considered are the allowance coverage of net charge-offs ratio; the allowance as a percentage of ending total loans and accrued interest to be capitalized and of ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment; and delinquency and forbearance percentages.
Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
The allowance for credit losses incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon asset origination or acquisition. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses is historical information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty. We use a discounted cash flow model to determine the allowance for credit losses. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification.
The effect of most modifications of loans made to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance. The forecast of expected future cash flows is updated as the loan modifications occur.
We adjust the terms of loans for certain borrowers when we believe such changes will help our customers manage their student loan obligations and achieve better student outcomes and increase the collectability of the loans. These changes generally take the form of a temporary forbearance of payments, a temporary interest rate reduction, a temporary interest rate reduction with a permanent extension of the loan term, and/or a short-term extended repayment alternative.
When we give a borrower facing financial difficulty an interest rate reduction, we temporarily reduce the contractual interest rate on a loan to 4.0 percent for a two-year period and, in the vast majority of cases, permanently extend the final maturity date of the loan. The combination of these two loan term changes helps reduce the monthly payment due from the borrower and increases the likelihood the borrower will remain current during the interest rate modification period as well as when the loan returns to its original contractual interest rate.
Within the Private Education Loan portfolio, we deem loans greater than 90 days past due as nonperforming. FFELP Loans are at least 97 percent guaranteed as to their principal and accrued interest by the federal government in the event of default and, therefore, we do not deem FFELP Loans as nonperforming from a credit risk perspective at any point in their life cycle prior to claim payment and continue to accrue interest on those loans through the date of claim.
For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies —Allowance for Credit Losses,” and Note 7, “Allowance for Credit Losses” in our 2022 Form 10-K.
Under our current forbearance practices, temporary forbearance of payments is generally granted in one-to-two month increments, for up to 12 months over the life of the loan, with 12 months of positive payment performance by a borrower required between grants (meaning the borrower must make payment in a cumulative amount equivalent to 12 monthly required payments under the loan). See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 5, “Loans Held for Investment — Certain Collection Tools - Private Education Loans” in our 2022 Form 10-K. If the loan has been previously restructured, we consider the cumulative effect of past restructurings made within the 12-month period before the current restructuring when determining whether a delay in payment resulting from the current restructuring is insignificant. Due to
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5. | Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued) |

our current forbearance practices, including the limitations on forbearances offered to borrowers, we do not believe the granting of forbearances will exceed the significance threshold and, therefore, we do not consider the forbearances as loan modifications.
The limitations on granting of forbearances described above apply to hardship forbearances. We offer other administrative forbearances (e.g., death and disability, bankruptcy, military service, disaster forbearance, and in school assistance) that are either required by law (such as by the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act) or are considered separate from our active loss mitigation programs and therefore are not considered to be loan modifications requiring disclosure. In addition, we may offer on a limited basis term extensions or rate reductions or a combination of both to borrowers to reduce consolidation activities. For purposes of this disclosure, we do not consider them modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and they therefore are not included in the tables below.
The following tables show the amortized cost basis at the end of the respective reporting periods of the loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the period, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and type of modification. When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We consider borrowers to be in financial difficulty after they have exited school and have difficulty making their scheduled principal and interest payments.

|  | Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type: |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 12,902 |  |  | 0.06 | % |  | $ | 81,780 |  |  | 0.35 | %
Total |  | $ | 12,902 |  |  | 0.06 | % |  | $ | 81,780 |  |  | 0.35 | %

|  | Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type: |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 7,679 |  |  | 0.04 | % |  | $ | 79,597 |  |  | 0.37 | %
Total |  | $ | 7,679 |  |  | 0.04 | % |  | $ | 79,597 |  |  | 0.37 | %

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5. | Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued) |

The following tables describe the financial effect of the modifications made to loans whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type |  | Financial Effect |  | Loan Type |  | Financial Effect
Private Education Loans |  | Reduced average contractual rate from 12.47% to 4.00% |  | Private Education Loans |  | Added a weighted average 10.19 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 12.74% to 4.00%

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type |  | Financial Effect |  | Loan Type |  | Financial Effect
Private Education Loans |  | Reduced average contractual rate from 10.09% to 4.00% |  | Private Education Loans |  | Added a weighted average 10.51 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 9.43% to 4.00%

Private Education Loans are charged off at the end of the month in which they reach 120 days delinquent or otherwise when the loans are classified as a loss by us or our regulator. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amount. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses — Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses, and — Allowance for FFELP Loan Losses” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion.
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5. | Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued) |

For the current period presented, the following table provides loan modifications for which a payment default occurred in the relevant period presented and within 12 months of the loan receiving a loan modification. Additionally, for the current period presented, the table summarizes charge-offs occurring in the relevant period presented and within 12 months of the loan receiving a loan modification. The charge-offs and payment defaults for the year-ago period are presented for loans receiving a loan modification during the reporting period rather than within 12 months of the loan receiving a loan modification, as the effective date of adoption for the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2022-02, Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, was January 1, 2022. We define payment default as 60 days past due for purposes of this disclosure.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Modified Loans(1)(2) |  | Payment Default(3) |  | Charge-Offs(4) |  | Modified Loans(1)(2) |  | Payment Default(3) |  | Charge-Offs(4)
Loan Type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 11,624 |  |  | $ | 11,404 |  |  | $ | 4,628 |  |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 287 |  |  | $ | — |
Total |  | $ | 11,624 |  |  | $ | 11,404 |  |  | $ | 4,628 |  |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 287 |  |  | $ | — |

(1) Represents period-end amortized cost basis of loans that have been modified and for which a payment default occurred in the relevant period presented and within 12 months of receiving a modification (or within the reporting period, for the loans shown in in the year-ago period, as the case may be).
(2) For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the modified loans include $10.4 million of interest rate reduction and term extension loan modifications and $1.2 million of interest rate reduction only loan modifications. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the modified loans include $0.3 million of interest rate reduction and term extension loan modifications and no interest rate reduction only loan modifications.
(3) Represents the unpaid principal balance at the time of payment default.
(4) Represents the unpaid principal balance at the time of charge off.
We closely monitor performance of the loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that are modified to understand the effectiveness of the modification efforts. The following tables depict the performance of loans that have been modified during the respective reporting periods (first-quarter 2023 and full year 2022, respectively).

|  | Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis) |  |
At March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | Deferment(1) |  | Current(2)(3) |  | 30-59 Days Past Due(2)(3) |  | 60-89 Days Past Due(2)(3) |  | 90 Days or Greater Past Due(2)(3) |  | Total
Loan Type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 412 |  |  | $ | 92,213 |  |  | $ | 1,353 |  |  | $ | 358 |  |  | $ | 346 |  |  | $ | 94,682 |
Total |  | $ | 412 |  |  | $ | 92,213 |  |  | $ | 1,353 |  |  | $ | 358 |  |  | $ | 346 |  |  | $ | 94,682 |

|  | Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis) |  |
At December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | Deferment(1) |  | Current(2)(3) |  | 30-59 Days Past Due(2)(3) |  | 60-89 Days Past Due(2)(3) |  | 90 Days or Greater Past Due(2)(3) |  | Total
Loan Type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 7,698 |  |  | $ | 289,134 |  |  | $ | 13,859 |  |  | $ | 8,809 |  |  | $ | 6,616 |  |  | $ | 326,116 |
Total |  | $ | 7,698 |  |  | $ | 289,134 |  |  | $ | 13,859 |  |  | $ | 8,809 |  |  | $ | 6,616 |  |  | $ | 326,116 |

(1) Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make full principal and interest payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation). Deferment also includes loans that have entered a forbearance after the loan modification was granted.
(2) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making full principal and interest payments after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).
(3) The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.
22 SLM CORPORATION

5. | Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued) |

Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Key Credit Quality Indicators
FFELP Loans are at least 97 percent guaranteed as to their principal and accrued interest in the event of default; therefore, there are no key credit quality indicators associated with FFELP Loans.
For Private Education Loans, the key credit quality indicators are FICO scores, the existence of a cosigner, the loan status, and loan seasoning. The FICO scores are assessed at original approval and periodically refreshed/updated through the loan’s term. The following tables highlight the gross principal balance of our Private Education Loan portfolio (held for investment), by year of origination, stratified by key credit quality indicators.

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Credit Quality Indicators |  |
Year of Origination |  | 2023(1) |  | 2022(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2018 and Prior(1) |  | Total(1) |  | % of Balance
Cosigners: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
With cosigner |  | $ | 728,950 |  |  | $ | 4,951,808 |  |  | $ | 3,858,219 |  |  | $ | 2,130,947 |  |  | $ | 1,782,069 |  |  | $ | 5,681,899 |  |  | $ | 19,133,892 |  |  | 87 | %
Without cosigner |  | 123,455 |  |  | 736,310 |  |  | 586,435 |  |  | 360,304 |  |  | 305,385 |  |  | 652,222 |  |  | 2,764,111 |  |  | 13 |
Total |  | $ | 852,405 |  |  | $ | 5,688,118 |  |  | $ | 4,444,654 |  |  | $ | 2,491,251 |  |  | $ | 2,087,454 |  |  | $ | 6,334,121 |  |  | $ | 21,898,003 |  |  | 100 | %
FICO at Origination(2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 72,432 |  |  | $ | 438,029 |  |  | $ | 304,216 |  |  | $ | 154,665 |  |  | $ | 171,983 |  |  | $ | 554,184 |  |  | $ | 1,695,509 |  |  | 8 | %
670-699 |  | 125,846 |  |  | 785,900 |  |  | 602,706 |  |  | 346,297 |  |  | 327,433 |  |  | 1,077,557 |  |  | 3,265,739 |  |  | 15 |
700-749 |  | 270,689 |  |  | 1,771,760 |  |  | 1,410,157 |  |  | 806,546 |  |  | 692,615 |  |  | 2,132,757 |  |  | 7,084,524 |  |  | 32 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 383,438 |  |  | 2,692,429 |  |  | 2,127,575 |  |  | 1,183,743 |  |  | 895,423 |  |  | 2,569,623 |  |  | 9,852,231 |  |  | 45 |
Total |  | $ | 852,405 |  |  | $ | 5,688,118 |  |  | $ | 4,444,654 |  |  | $ | 2,491,251 |  |  | $ | 2,087,454 |  |  | $ | 6,334,121 |  |  | $ | 21,898,003 |  |  | 100 | %
FICO Refreshed(2)(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 88,378 |  |  | $ | 659,414 |  |  | $ | 498,641 |  |  | $ | 256,177 |  |  | $ | 249,547 |  |  | $ | 969,883 |  |  | $ | 2,722,040 |  |  | 12 | %
670-699 |  | 128,620 |  |  | 792,523 |  |  | 571,683 |  |  | 277,061 |  |  | 235,805 |  |  | 706,213 |  |  | 2,711,905 |  |  | 12 |
700-749 |  | 267,500 |  |  | 1,715,364 |  |  | 1,324,781 |  |  | 710,463 |  |  | 591,355 |  |  | 1,717,774 |  |  | 6,327,237 |  |  | 30 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 367,907 |  |  | 2,520,817 |  |  | 2,049,549 |  |  | 1,247,550 |  |  | 1,010,747 |  |  | 2,940,251 |  |  | 10,136,821 |  |  | 46 |
Total |  | $ | 852,405 |  |  | $ | 5,688,118 |  |  | $ | 4,444,654 |  |  | $ | 2,491,251 |  |  | $ | 2,087,454 |  |  | $ | 6,334,121 |  |  | $ | 21,898,003 |  |  | 100 | %
Seasoning(4): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-12 payments |  | $ | 443,563 |  |  | $ | 2,988,688 |  |  | $ | 522,305 |  |  | $ | 327,647 |  |  | $ | 271,788 |  |  | $ | 507,620 |  |  | $ | 5,061,611 |  |  | 23 | %
13-24 payments |  | — |  |  | 324,873 |  |  | 2,414,470 |  |  | 201,750 |  |  | 211,025 |  |  | 586,952 |  |  | 3,739,070 |  |  | 17 |
25-36 payments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 159,673 |  |  | 1,299,993 |  |  | 158,750 |  |  | 570,770 |  |  | 2,189,186 |  |  | 10 |
37-48 payments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 118,240 |  |  | 1,023,883 |  |  | 568,996 |  |  | 1,711,119 |  |  | 8 |
More than 48 payments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62,249 |  |  | 3,448,382 |  |  | 3,510,631 |  |  | 16 |
Not yet in repayment |  | 408,842 |  |  | 2,374,557 |  |  | 1,348,206 |  |  | 543,621 |  |  | 359,759 |  |  | 651,401 |  |  | 5,686,386 |  |  | 26 |
Total |  | $ | 852,405 |  |  | $ | 5,688,118 |  |  | $ | 4,444,654 |  |  | $ | 2,491,251 |  |  | $ | 2,087,454 |  |  | $ | 6,334,121 |  |  | $ | 21,898,003 |  |  | 100 | %
2023 Current period(5) gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,262) |  |  | $ | (12,072) |  |  | $ | (10,615) |  |  | $ | (11,773) |  |  | $ | (58,363) |  |  | $ | (95,085) |  |  |
2023 Current period(5) recoveries |  | — |  |  | 207 |  |  | 1,428 |  |  | 1,167 |  |  | 1,460 |  |  | 7,723 |  |  | 11,985 |  |  |
2023 Current period(5) net charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,055) |  |  | $ | (10,644) |  |  | $ | (9,448) |  |  | $ | (10,313) |  |  | $ | (50,640) |  |  | $ | (83,100) |  |  |
Total accrued interest by origination vintage |  | $ | 13,564 |  |  | $ | 241,786 |  |  | $ | 351,527 |  |  | $ | 209,889 |  |  | $ | 177,587 |  |  | $ | 310,373 |  |  | $ | 1,304,726 |  |  |
(1)Balance represents gross Private Education Loans held for investment. (2)Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower. (3)Represents the FICO score updated as of the first-quarter 2023. (4)Number of months in active repayment (whether interest only payment, fixed payment, or full principal and interest payment status) for which a scheduled payment was due. (5)Current period refers to period from January 1, 2023 through March 31, 2023.

SLM CORPORATION 23

5. | Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued) |

As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Credit Quality Indicators |  |
Year of Origination |  | 2022(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2017 and Prior(1) |  | Total(1) |  | % of Balance
Cosigners: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
With cosigner |  | $ | 3,656,111 |  |  | $ | 3,941,921 |  |  | $ | 2,208,033 |  |  | $ | 1,853,619 |  |  | $ | 1,402,828 |  |  | $ | 4,626,491 |  |  | $ | 17,689,003 |  |  | 87 | %
Without cosigner |  | 620,422 |  |  | 605,238 |  |  | 376,589 |  |  | 319,041 |  |  | 213,014 |  |  | 480,381 |  |  | 2,614,685 |  |  | 13 |
Total |  | $ | 4,276,533 |  |  | $ | 4,547,159 |  |  | $ | 2,584,622 |  |  | $ | 2,172,660 |  |  | $ | 1,615,842 |  |  | $ | 5,106,872 |  |  | $ | 20,303,688 |  |  | 100 | %
FICO at Origination(2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 326,991 |  |  | $ | 307,646 |  |  | $ | 158,606 |  |  | $ | 177,098 |  |  | $ | 143,674 |  |  | $ | 439,587 |  |  | $ | 1,553,602 |  |  | 8 | %
670-699 |  | 593,216 |  |  | 611,649 |  |  | 356,541 |  |  | 339,685 |  |  | 259,142 |  |  | 878,426 |  |  | 3,038,659 |  |  | 15 |
700-749 |  | 1,336,765 |  |  | 1,440,510 |  |  | 834,819 |  |  | 719,777 |  |  | 537,680 |  |  | 1,722,068 |  |  | 6,591,619 |  |  | 32 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 2,019,561 |  |  | 2,187,354 |  |  | 1,234,656 |  |  | 936,100 |  |  | 675,346 |  |  | 2,066,791 |  |  | 9,119,808 |  |  | 45 |
Total |  | $ | 4,276,533 |  |  | $ | 4,547,159 |  |  | $ | 2,584,622 |  |  | $ | 2,172,660 |  |  | $ | 1,615,842 |  |  | $ | 5,106,872 |  |  | $ | 20,303,688 |  |  | 100 | %
FICO Refreshed(2)(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 443,868 |  |  | $ | 461,589 |  |  | $ | 242,310 |  |  | $ | 237,105 |  |  | $ | 204,894 |  |  | $ | 773,324 |  |  | $ | 2,363,090 |  |  | 12 | %
670-699 |  | 594,118 |  |  | 579,784 |  |  | 284,244 |  |  | 240,999 |  |  | 173,754 |  |  | 564,344 |  |  | 2,437,243 |  |  | 12 |
700-749 |  | 1,322,558 |  |  | 1,378,910 |  |  | 748,368 |  |  | 628,060 |  |  | 449,701 |  |  | 1,388,090 |  |  | 5,915,687 |  |  | 29 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 1,915,989 |  |  | 2,126,876 |  |  | 1,309,700 |  |  | 1,066,496 |  |  | 787,493 |  |  | 2,381,114 |  |  | 9,587,668 |  |  | 47 |
Total |  | $ | 4,276,533 |  |  | $ | 4,547,159 |  |  | $ | 2,584,622 |  |  | $ | 2,172,660 |  |  | $ | 1,615,842 |  |  | $ | 5,106,872 |  |  | $ | 20,303,688 |  |  | 100 | %
Seasoning(4): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-12 payments |  | $ | 2,448,884 |  |  | $ | 636,073 |  |  | $ | 384,334 |  |  | $ | 330,316 |  |  | $ | 235,878 |  |  | $ | 424,636 |  |  | $ | 4,460,121 |  |  | 22 | %
13-24 payments |  | — |  | 2,477,764 |  | 255,510 |  | 195,753 |  | 166,045 |  | 455,782 |  | 3,550,854 |  | 18 |
25-36 payments |  | — |  | — |  | 1,366,398 |  | 257,534 |  | 126,223 |  | 489,157 |  | 2,239,312 |  | 11 |
37-48 payments |  | — |  | — |  | 127 |  | 1,008,418 |  | 224,805 |  | 451,102 |  | 1,684,452 |  | 8 |
More than 48 payments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 643,611 |  | 2,830,285 |  | 3,473,896 |  | 17 |
Not yet in repayment |  | 1,827,649 |  | 1,433,322 |  | 578,253 |  | 380,639 |  | 219,280 |  | 455,910 |  | 4,895,053 |  | 24 |
Total |  | $ | 4,276,533 |  |  | $ | 4,547,159 |  |  | $ | 2,584,622 |  |  | $ | 2,172,660 |  |  | $ | 1,615,842 |  |  | $ | 5,106,872 |  |  | $ | 20,303,688 |  |  | 100 | %
2022 Current period(5) gross charge-offs |  | $ | (2,224) |  |  | $ | (25,698) |  |  | $ | (48,271) |  |  | $ | (62,071) |  |  | $ | (57,505) |  |  | $ | (231,647) |  |  | $ | (427,416) |  |  |
2022 Current period(5) recoveries |  | 124 |  |  | 1,841 |  |  | 4,170 |  |  | 5,556 |  |  | 5,407 |  |  | 24,639 |  |  | 41,737 |  |  |
2022 Current period(5) net charge-offs |  | $ | (2,100) |  |  | $ | (23,857) |  |  | $ | (44,101) |  |  | $ | (56,515) |  |  | $ | (52,098) |  |  | $ | (207,008) |  |  | $ | (385,679) |  |  |
Total accrued interest by origination vintage |  | $ | 142,915 |  |  | $ | 315,308 |  |  | $ | 207,858 |  |  | $ | 184,832 |  |  | $ | 116,211 |  |  | $ | 210,438 |  |  | $ | 1,177,562 |  |  |

(1)Balance represents gross Private Education Loans held for investment.
(2)Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower.
(3)Represents the FICO score updated as of the fourth-quarter 2022.
(4)Number of months in active repayment (whether interest only payment, fixed payment, or full principal and interest payment status) for which a scheduled payment was due.
(5)Current period refers to January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022.
24 SLM CORPORATION

5. | Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued) |

Delinquencies - Private Education Loans Held for Investment
The following tables provide information regarding the loan status of our Private Education Loans held for investment, by year of origination. Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the following tables, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

|  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Delinquencies by Origination Vintage
As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 and Prior |  | Total
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1) |  | $ | 408,842 |  |  | $ | 2,374,557 |  |  | $ | 1,348,206 |  |  | $ | 543,621 |  |  | $ | 359,759 |  |  | $ | 651,401 |  |  | $ | 5,686,386 |
Loans in forbearance(2) |  | 1,256 |  |  | 20,755 |  |  | 42,385 |  |  | 27,115 |  |  | 28,094 |  |  | 101,553 |  |  | 221,158 |
Loans in repayment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans current |  | 441,192 |  |  | 3,263,917 |  |  | 2,972,969 |  |  | 1,859,452 |  |  | 1,632,668 |  |  | 5,275,984 |  |  | 15,446,182 |
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3) |  | 1,115 |  |  | 17,902 |  |  | 38,446 |  |  | 28,762 |  |  | 31,442 |  |  | 149,333 |  |  | 267,000 |
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3) |  | — |  |  | 6,395 |  |  | 22,104 |  |  | 17,136 |  |  | 18,428 |  |  | 76,723 |  |  | 140,786 |
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3) |  | — |  |  | 4,592 |  |  | 20,544 |  |  | 15,165 |  |  | 17,063 |  |  | 79,127 |  |  | 136,491 |
Total Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 442,307 |  |  | 3,292,806 |  |  | 3,054,063 |  |  | 1,920,515 |  |  | 1,699,601 |  |  | 5,581,167 |  |  | 15,990,459 |
Total Private Education Loans, gross |  | 852,405 |  |  | 5,688,118 |  |  | 4,444,654 |  |  | 2,491,251 |  |  | 2,087,454 |  |  | 6,334,121 |  |  | 21,898,003 |
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 5,089 |  |  | 29,718 |  |  | 15,151 |  |  | 8,476 |  |  | 5,109 |  |  | 11,508 |  |  | 75,051 |
Total Private Education Loans |  | 857,494 |  |  | 5,717,836 |  |  | 4,459,805 |  |  | 2,499,727 |  |  | 2,092,563 |  |  | 6,345,629 |  |  | 21,973,054 |
Private Education Loans allowance for losses |  | (61,767) |  |  | (372,947) |  |  | (296,851) |  |  | (170,497) |  |  | (138,625) |  |  | (434,692) |  |  | (1,475,379) |
Private Education Loans, net |  | $ | 795,727 |  |  | $ | 5,344,889 |  |  | $ | 4,162,954 |  |  | $ | 2,329,230 |  |  | $ | 1,953,938 |  |  | $ | 5,910,937 |  |  | $ | 20,497,675 |
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 51.9 | % |  | 57.9 | % |  | 68.7 | % |  | 77.1 | % |  | 81.4 | % |  | 88.1 | % |  | 73.0 | %
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 0.3 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  | 2.7 | % |  | 3.2 | % |  | 3.9 | % |  | 5.5 | % |  | 3.4 | %
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance |  | 0.3 | % |  | 0.6 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  | 1.6 | % |  | 1.8 | % |  | 1.4 | %

(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).
(2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.
(3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.
SLM CORPORATION 25

5. | Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued) |

|  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Delinquencies by Origination Vintage
As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 and Prior |  | Total
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1) |  | $ | 1,827,649 |  |  | $ | 1,433,322 |  |  | $ | 578,253 |  |  | $ | 380,639 |  |  | $ | 219,280 |  |  | $ | 455,910 |  |  | $ | 4,895,053 |
Loans in forbearance(2) |  | 16,046 |  |  | 64,360 |  |  | 38,613 |  |  | 37,802 |  |  | 30,583 |  |  | 91,681 |  |  | 279,085 |
Loans in repayment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans current |  | 2,411,441 |  |  | 2,991,839 |  |  | 1,907,574 |  |  | 1,683,986 |  |  | 1,301,809 |  |  | 4,262,698 |  |  | 14,559,347 |
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3) |  | 14,164 |  |  | 30,740 |  |  | 30,877 |  |  | 35,213 |  |  | 31,366 |  |  | 144,948 |  |  | 287,308 |
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3) |  | 5,523 |  |  | 15,056 |  |  | 14,433 |  |  | 18,201 |  |  | 16,697 |  |  | 77,595 |  |  | 147,505 |
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3) |  | 1,710 |  |  | 11,842 |  |  | 14,872 |  |  | 16,819 |  |  | 16,107 |  |  | 74,040 |  |  | 135,390 |
Total Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 2,432,838 |  |  | 3,049,477 |  |  | 1,967,756 |  |  | 1,754,219 |  |  | 1,365,979 |  |  | 4,559,281 |  |  | 15,129,550 |
Total Private Education Loans, gross |  | 4,276,533 |  |  | 4,547,159 |  |  | 2,584,622 |  |  | 2,172,660 |  |  | 1,615,842 |  |  | 5,106,872 |  |  | 20,303,688 |
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 26,714 |  |  | 15,933 |  |  | 9,062 |  |  | 5,496 |  |  | 3,575 |  |  | 8,876 |  |  | 69,656 |
Total Private Education Loans |  | 4,303,247 |  |  | 4,563,092 |  |  | 2,593,684 |  |  | 2,178,156 |  |  | 1,619,417 |  |  | 5,115,748 |  |  | 20,373,344 |
Private Education Loans allowance for losses |  | (304,943) |  |  | (323,506) |  |  | (181,915) |  |  | (141,424) |  |  | (101,023) |  |  | (300,820) |  |  | (1,353,631) |
Private Education Loans, net |  | $ | 3,998,304 |  |  | $ | 4,239,586 |  |  | $ | 2,411,769 |  |  | $ | 2,036,732 |  |  | $ | 1,518,394 |  |  | $ | 4,814,928 |  |  | $ | 19,019,713 |
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 56.9 | % |  | 67.1 | % |  | 76.1 | % |  | 80.7 | % |  | 84.5 | % |  | 89.3 | % |  | 74.5 | %
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 0.9 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 3.1 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | 4.7 | % |  | 6.5 | % |  | 3.8 | %
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance |  | 0.7 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | 2.2 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  | 1.8 | %

(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).
(2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.
(3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.
26 SLM CORPORATION

5. | Allowance for Credit Losses (Continued) |

Accrued Interest Receivable
The following table provides information regarding accrued interest receivable on our Private Education Loans. The table also discloses the amount of accrued interest on loans 90 days or greater past due as compared to our allowance for uncollectible interest on loans making full interest payments. The majority of the total accrued interest receivable represents accrued interest on deferred loans where no payments are due while the borrower is in school and fixed-pay loans where the borrower makes a $25 monthly payment that is smaller than the interest accruing on the loan in that month. The accrued interest on these loans will be capitalized to the balance of the loans when the borrower exits the grace period after separation from school, and the current expected credit losses on accrued interest that will be capitalized is included in our allowance for credit losses.

|  | Private Education Loans
|  | Accrued Interest Receivable
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Total Interest Receivable |  | 90 Days or Greater Past Due |  | Allowance for Uncollectible Interest(1)
March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 1,304,726 |  |  | $ | 6,638 |  |  | $ | 6,523 |
December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 1,177,562 |  |  | $ | 6,609 |  |  | $ | 8,121 |

(1)The allowance for uncollectible interest at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 represents the expected losses related to the portion of accrued interest receivable on those loans that are in repayment (at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 relates to $154 million and $240 million, respectively, of accrued interest receivable) that is not expected to be capitalized. The accrued interest receivable that is expected to be capitalized ($1.2 billion and $937 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) is reserved in the allowance for credit losses.
SLM CORPORATION 27

6. Unfunded Loan Commitments
When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, that approval may cover the borrowing for the entire academic year. As such, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of such approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We estimate expected credit losses over the contractual period in which we are exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Credit Losses, — Off-Balance Sheet Exposure for Contractual Loan Commitments” in our 2022 Form 10-K for additional information.
At March 31, 2023, we had $684 million of outstanding contractual loan commitments that we expect to fund during the remainder of the 2022/2023 academic year. The tables below summarize the activity in the allowance recorded to cover lifetime expected credit losses on the unfunded commitments, which is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets, as well as the activity in the unfunded commitments balance.

| 2023 |  | 2022
Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in thousands) | Allowance |  | Unfunded Commitments |  | Allowance |  | Unfunded Commitments
Beginning Balance | $ | 124,924 |  |  | $ | 1,995,808 |  |  | $ | 72,713 |  |  | $ | 1,776,976 |
Provision/New commitments - net(1) | 52,252 |  |  | 1,124,816 |  |  | 47,454 |  |  | 968,830 |
Other provision items | 4,057 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,226 |  |  | — |
Transfer - funded loans(2) | (148,513) |  |  | (2,436,271) |  |  | (94,686) |  |  | (2,184,058) |
Ending Balance | $ | 32,720 |  |  | $ | 684,353 |  |  | $ | 32,707 |  |  | $ | 561,748 |

(1) Net of expirations of commitments unused.
(2) When a loan commitment is funded, its related liability for credit losses (which originally was recorded as a provision for unfunded commitments) is transferred to the allowance for credit losses.
The unfunded commitments disclosed above represent the total amount of outstanding unfunded commitments at each period end. However, historically not all of these commitments are funded prior to the expiration of the commitments. We estimate the amount of commitments expected to be funded in calculating the reserve for unfunded commitments. The amount we expect to fund and use in our calculation of the reserve for unfunded commitments will change period to period based upon the loan characteristics of the underlying commitments.
28 SLM CORPORATION

7. Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets
Goodwill
We recorded as goodwill the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities acquired as part of the acquisition of the assets primarily used or held for use of Epic Research Education Services, LLC, which does business as Nitro College (“Nitro”), in the first quarter of 2022. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested periodically for impairment. We test goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of the year, or more frequently if we believe that indicators of impairment exist. At March 31, 2023 we had $51 million in total goodwill. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Business Combination” in our 2022 Form 10-K for additional details on our acquisition of Nitro.
Acquired Intangible Assets
Our intangible assets include acquired tradename and trademarks, customer relationships, and developed technology. We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable.
Acquired intangible assets include the following:

|  |  |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Useful Life (in years)(1) |  | Cost Basis |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Cost Basis |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Tradename and trademarks |  | 10 |  | $ | 68,470 |  |  | $ | (7,418) |  |  | $ | 61,052 |  |  | $ | 68,470 |  |  | $ | (5,706) |  |  | $ | 62,764 |
Customer relationships |  | 5 |  | 5,670 |  |  | (2,178) |  |  | 3,492 |  |  | 5,670 |  |  | (1,723) |  |  | 3,947 |
Developed technology |  | 3 |  | 1,260 |  |  | (455) |  |  | 805 |  |  | 1,260 |  |  | (350) |  |  | 910 |
Total acquired intangible assets |  |  |  | $ | 75,400 |  |  | $ | (10,051) |  |  | $ | 65,349 |  |  | $ | 75,400 |  |  | $ | (7,779) |  |  | $ | 67,621 |

(1) The weighted average useful life of acquired intangible assets related to the Nitro acquisition is 9.51 years.
We recorded amortization of acquired intangible assets totaling approximately $2 million and $1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We will continue to amortize our intangible assets with definite useful lives over their remaining estimated useful lives. We estimate amortization expense associated with these intangible assets will be approximately $9 million, $8 million, $8 million, $7 million, and $7 million in 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, and 2027, respectively.
SLM CORPORATION 29

8. Deposits
The following table summarizes total deposits at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

|  | March 31, |  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Deposits - interest-bearing |  | $ | 21,801,666 |  |  | $ | 21,446,647 |
Deposits - non-interest-bearing |  | 2,000 |  |  | 1,424 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 21,803,666 |  |  | $ | 21,448,071 |

Our total deposits of $21.8 billion were comprised of $10.3 billion in brokered deposits and $11.5 billion in retail and other deposits at March 31, 2023, compared to total deposits of $21.4 billion, which were comprised of $9.9 billion in brokered deposits and $11.5 billion in retail and other deposits, at December 31, 2022.
Interest-bearing deposits as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of retail and brokered non-maturity savings deposits, retail and brokered non-maturity money market deposits (“MMDAs”), and retail and brokered certificates of deposit (“CDs”). Interest-bearing deposits include deposits from Educational 529 and Health Savings plans that diversify our funding sources and additional deposits we consider to be core. These and other large omnibus accounts, aggregating the deposits of many individual depositors, represented $8.0 billion and $8.0 billion of our deposit total as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Some of our deposit products are serviced by third-party providers. Placement fees associated with the brokered CDs are amortized into interest expense using the effective interest rate method. We recognized placement fee expense of $3 million and $3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Fees paid to third-party brokers related to brokered CDs were $3 million and $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Interest bearing deposits at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  | Qtr.-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1) |  | Amount |  | Year-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1)
Money market |  | $ | 10,788,126 |  |  | 4.26 | % |  | $ | 10,977,242 |  |  | 3.75 | %
Savings |  | 1,007,994 |  |  | 3.75 |  |  | 982,586 |  |  | 3.15 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 10,005,546 |  |  | 2.97 |  |  | 9,486,819 |  |  | 2.57 |
Deposits - interest bearing |  | $ | 21,801,666 |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,446,647 |  |  |

(1) Includes the effect of interest rate swaps in effective hedge relationships.
30 SLM CORPORATION

8. | Deposits (Continued) |

Certificates of deposit remaining maturities are summarized as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
One year or less |  | $ | 3,257,529 |  |  | $ | 3,224,573 |
After one year to two years |  | 3,123,281 |  |  | 2,954,257 |
After two years to three years |  | 2,199,697 |  |  | 1,904,919 |
After three years to four years |  | 1,176,953 |  |  | 1,031,881 |
After four years to five years |  | 207,676 |  |  | 324,375 |
After five years |  | 40,410 |  |  | 46,814 |
Total |  | $ | 10,005,546 |  |  | $ | 9,486,819 |

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were $471 million and $615 million, respectively, of deposits exceeding Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits. These omnibus accounts are structured in such a way that entitles the individual depositor pass-through deposit insurance (subject to FDIC rules and limitations), and the majority of these deposits have contractual minimum balances and maturity terms. Accrued interest on deposits was $69 million and $59 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
SLM CORPORATION 31

9. Borrowings
Outstanding borrowings consist of unsecured debt and secured borrowings issued through our term asset-backed securitization (“ABS”) program and our Private Education Loan multi-lender secured borrowing facility (the “Secured Borrowing Facility”). For additional information regarding our borrowings, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 12, “Borrowings” in our 2022 Form 10-K. The following table summarizes our borrowings at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  | Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total
Unsecured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured debt (fixed-rate) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 989,788 |  |  | $ | 989,788 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 988,986 |  |  | $ | 988,986 |
Total unsecured borrowings |  | — |  |  | 989,788 |  |  | 989,788 |  |  | — |  |  | 988,986 |  |  | 988,986 |
Secured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loan term securitizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | — |  |  | 3,759,190 |  |  | 3,759,190 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,462,363 |  |  | 3,462,363 |
Variable-rate |  | — |  |  | 764,998 |  |  | 764,998 |  |  | — |  |  | 783,765 |  |  | 783,765 |
Total Private Education Loan term securitizations |  | — |  |  | 4,524,188 |  |  | 4,524,188 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,246,128 |  |  | 4,246,128 |
Secured Borrowing Facility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total secured borrowings |  | — |  |  | 4,524,188 |  |  | 4,524,188 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,246,128 |  |  | 4,246,128 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,513,976 |  |  | $ | 5,513,976 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,235,114 |  |  | $ | 5,235,114 |

Short-term Borrowings
On May 17, 2022, we amended our Secured Borrowing Facility to extend the maturity of the facility. The amount that can be borrowed under the facility is $2 billion. We hold 100 percent of the residual interest in the Secured Borrowing Facility trust. Under the Secured Borrowing Facility, we incur financing costs on unused borrowing capacity and on outstanding advances. The amended Secured Borrowing Facility extended the revolving period, during which we may borrow, repay, and reborrow funds, until May 16, 2023. The scheduled amortization period, during which amounts outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility must be repaid, ends on May 16, 2024 (or earlier, if certain material adverse events occur). At both March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, there were no secured borrowings outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility.
32 SLM CORPORATION

9. | Borrowings (Continued)

Long-term Borrowings
Secured Financings
2023 Transaction
On March 15, 2023, we executed our $579 million SMB Private Education Loan Trust 2023-A term ABS transaction, which was accounted for as a secured financing. We sold $579 million of notes to third parties and retained a 100 percent interest in the residual certificates issued in the securitization, raising approximately $572 million of gross proceeds. The Class A and Class B notes had a weighted average life of 5.06 years and priced at a weighted average SOFR equivalent cost of SOFR plus 1.53 percent. On March 31, 2023, $639 million of our Private Education Loans, including $598 million of principal and $41 million in capitalized interest, were encumbered because of this transaction.
Secured Financings at Issuance
The following table summarizes our secured financings issued in the year ended December 31, 2022 and in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Issue |  | Date Issued |  | Total Issued |  | Weighted Average Cost of Funds(1) |  | Weighted Average Life (in years)
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |
2022-C |  | August 2022 |  | $ | 575,000 |  |  | SOFR plus 1.76% |  | 4.69
Total notes issued in 2022 |  | $ | 575,000 |  |  |  |  |
Total loan and accrued interest amount securitized at inception in 2022(2) |  | $ | 674,387 |  |  |  |  |
2023-A |  | March 2023 |  | $ | 579,000 |  |  | SOFR plus 1.53% |  | 5.06
Total notes issued in 2023 |  | $ | 579,000 |  |  |  |  |
Total loan and accrued interest amount securitized at inception in 2023(3) |  | $ | 644,573 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Represents SOFR equivalent cost of funds for floating and fixed-rate bonds, excluding issuance costs.
(2) At March 31, 2023, $610 million of our Private Education Loans, including $572 million of principal and $38 million in capitalized interest, were encumbered related to these transactions.
(3) At March 31, 2023, $639 million of our Private Education Loans, including $598 million of principal and $41 million in capitalized interest, were encumbered related to these transactions.
SLM CORPORATION 33

9. | Borrowings (Continued)

Consolidated Funding Vehicles
We consolidate our financing entities that are VIEs as a result of our being the entities’ primary beneficiary. As a result, these financing VIEs are accounted for as secured borrowings.

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | Debt Outstanding |  | Carrying Amount of Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
| Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  | Loans |  | Restricted Cash |  | Other Assets(1) |  | Total
Secured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loan term securitizations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,524,188 |  |  | $ | 4,524,188 |  |  | $ | 5,728,010 |  |  | $ | 181,764 |  |  | $ | 322,715 |  |  | $ | 6,232,489 |
Secured Borrowing Facility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 360 |  |  | 360 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,524,188 |  |  | $ | 4,524,188 |  |  | $ | 5,728,010 |  |  | $ | 181,764 |  |  | $ | 323,075 |  |  | $ | 6,232,849 |

As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | Debt Outstanding |  | Carrying Amount of Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
| Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  | Loans |  | Restricted Cash |  | Other Assets(1) |  | Total
Secured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loan term securitizations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,246,128 |  |  | $ | 4,246,128 |  |  | $ | 5,433,602 |  |  | $ | 156,719 |  |  | $ | 286,093 |  |  | $ | 5,876,414 |
Secured Borrowing Facility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,066 |  |  | 1,066 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,246,128 |  |  | $ | 4,246,128 |  |  | $ | 5,433,602 |  |  | $ | 156,719 |  |  | $ | 287,159 |  |  | $ | 5,877,480 |

(1) Other assets primarily represent accrued interest receivable.
Unconsolidated VIEs
Private Education Loan Securitizations
Unconsolidated VIEs include variable interests that we hold in certain securitization trusts created by the sale of our Private Education Loans to unaffiliated third parties. We remained the servicer of these loans pursuant to applicable servicing agreements executed in connection with the sales, and we are also the administrator of these trusts. Additionally, we own five percent of the securities issued by the trusts to meet risk retention requirements. We were not required to consolidate these entities because the fees we receive as the servicer/administrator are commensurate with our responsibility, so the fees are not considered a variable interest. Additionally, the five percent vertical interest we maintain does not absorb more than an insignificant amount of the VIE’s expected losses, nor do we receive more than an insignificant amount of the VIE’s expected residual returns.
The table below provides a summary of our exposure related to our unconsolidated VIEs.

|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Debt Interests(1) |  | Equity Interests(2) |  | Total Exposure |  | Debt Interests(1) |  | Equity Interests(2) |  | Total Exposure
Private Education Loan term securitizations |  | $ | 317,077 |  |  | $ | 51,342 |  |  | $ | 368,419 |  |  | $ | 329,188 |  |  | $ | 50,786 |  |  | $ | 379,974 |

(1) Vertical risk retention interest classified as available-for-sale investment.
(2) Vertical risk retention interest classified as trading investment.
34 SLM CORPORATION

9. | Borrowings (Continued)

Other Borrowing Sources
We maintain discretionary uncommitted Federal Funds lines of credit with various correspondent banks, which totaled $125 million at March 31, 2023. The interest rate we are charged on these lines of credit is priced at Fed Funds plus a spread at the time of borrowing and is payable daily. We did not utilize these lines of credit in the three months ended March 31, 2023 or in the year ended December 31, 2022.
We established an account at the FRB to meet eligibility requirements for access to the Primary Credit borrowing facility at the FRB’s Discount Window (the “Window”). The Primary Credit borrowing facility is a lending program available to depository institutions that are in generally sound financial condition. All borrowings at the Window must be fully collateralized. We can pledge asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities, as well as FFELP Loans and Private Education Loans, to the FRB as collateral for borrowings at the Window. Generally, collateral value is assigned based on the estimated fair value of the pledged assets. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the value of our pledged collateral at the FRB totaled $2.1 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively. The interest rate charged to us is the discount rate set by the FRB. We did not utilize this facility in the three months ended March 31, 2023 or in the year ended December 31, 2022.
10. Derivative Financial Instruments
Risk Management Strategy
We maintain an overall interest rate risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to reduce the economic effect of interest rate changes. Our goal is to manage interest rate sensitivity by modifying the repricing frequency and underlying index characteristics of certain balance sheet assets or liabilities so any adverse impacts related to movements in interest rates are managed within low to moderate limits. As a result of interest rate fluctuations, hedged balance sheet positions will appreciate or depreciate in market value or create variability in cash flows. Income or loss on the derivative instruments linked to the hedged item will generally offset the effect of this unrealized appreciation or depreciation or volatility in cash flows for the period the item is being hedged. We view this strategy as a prudent management of interest rate risk. Please refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, “Derivative Financial Instruments” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a full discussion of our risk management strategy.
Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) requires all standardized derivatives, including most interest rate swaps, to be submitted for clearing to central counterparties to reduce counterparty risk. Two of the central counterparties we use are the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”) and the London Clearing House (“LCH”). All variation margin payments on derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH are accounted for as legal settlement. As of March 31, 2023, $1.8 billion notional of our derivative contracts were cleared on the CME and $0.2 billion were cleared on the LCH. The derivative contracts cleared through the CME and LCH represent 90.0 percent and 10.0 percent, respectively, of our total notional derivative contracts of $2.0 billion at March 31, 2023.
For derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH, the net gain (loss) position includes the variation margin amounts as settlement of the derivative and not collateral against the fair value of the derivative. The amount of variation margin included as settlement as of March 31, 2023 was $(47) million and $(6) million for the CME and LCH, respectively. Changes in fair value for derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are presented as realized gains (losses).
Our exposure is limited to the value of the derivative contracts in a gain position less any collateral held and plus any collateral posted. When there is a net negative exposure, we consider our exposure to the counterparty to be zero. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had a net positive exposure (derivative gain/loss positions to us, less collateral held by us and plus collateral posted with counterparties) related to derivatives of $11 million and $12 million, respectively.
SLM CORPORATION 35

10. | Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued) |

Summary of Derivative Financial Statement Impact
The following tables summarize the fair values and notional amounts of all derivative instruments at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and their impact on earnings and other comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022. Please refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 13, “Derivative Financial Instruments” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a full discussion of cash flow hedges, fair value hedges, and trading activities.

Impact of Derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
|  |  | Cash Flow Hedges |  | Fair Value Hedges |  | Trading |  | Total
|  |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | March 31, |  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Fair Values(1) | Hedged Risk Exposure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative Assets:(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | Interest rate |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 972 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 972 |
Derivative Liabilities:(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | Interest rate |  | (1,714) |  |  | — |  |  | (101) |  |  | (567) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,815) |  |  | (567) |
Total net derivatives |  | $ | (1,714) |  |  | $ | 972 |  |  | $ | (101) |  |  | $ | (567) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,815) |  |  | $ | 405 |

(1) Fair values reported include variation margin as legal settlement of the derivative contract. Assets and liabilities are presented without consideration of master netting agreements. Derivatives are carried on the balance sheet based on net position by counterparty under master netting agreements and classified in other assets or other liabilities depending on whether in a net positive or negative position.
(2) The following table reconciles gross positions with the impact of master netting agreements to the balance sheet classification:

|  | Other Assets |  | Other Liabilities
|  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | March 31, |  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Gross position(1) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 972 |  |  | $ | (1,815) |  |  | $ | (567) |
Impact of master netting agreement |  | — |  |  | (567) |  |  | — |  |  | 567 |
Derivative values with impact of master netting agreements (as carried on balance sheet) |  | — |  |  | 405 |  |  | (1,815) |  |  | — |
Cash collateral pledged(2) |  | 13,031 |  |  | 11,162 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net position |  | $ | 13,031 |  |  | $ | 11,567 |  |  | $ | (1,815) |  |  | $ | — |

(1)Gross position amounts include accrued interest and variation margin as legal settlement of the derivative contract.
(2)Cash collateral pledged excludes amounts that represent legal settlement of the derivative contracts.

Notional Values |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Cash Flow |  | Fair Value |  | Trading |  | Total
(Dollars in thousands) |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | March 31, |  | December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | 1,285,120 |  |  | $ | 1,314,660 |  |  | $ | 702,309 |  |  | $ | 1,528,186 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,987,429 |  |  | $ | 2,842,846 |
Net total notional |  | $ | 1,285,120 |  |  | $ | 1,314,660 |  |  | $ | 702,309 |  |  | $ | 1,528,186 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,987,429 |  |  | $ | 2,842,846 |

36 SLM CORPORATION

10. | Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued) |

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the following amounts were recorded on the consolidated balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
Line Item in the Balance Sheet in Which the Hedged Item is Included: |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | March 31, |  | December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Deposits |  | $ | (677,893) |  |  | $ | (1,494,087) |  |  | $ | 24,224 |  |  | $ | 31,259 |

Impact of Derivatives on the Consolidated Statements of Income |  |  |  |
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Fair Value Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest recognized on derivatives |  | $ | (6,405) |  |  | $ | 17,287 |  |  |  |  |
Hedged items recorded in interest expense |  | (7,035) |  |  | 51,268 |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives recorded in interest expense |  | 7,096 |  |  | (51,319) |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | (6,344) |  |  | $ | 17,236 |  |  |  |  |
Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into interest expense |  | $ | 10,278 |  |  | $ | (4,541) |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 10,278 |  |  | $ | (4,541) |  |  |  |  |
Trading |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of future interest payments recorded in earnings |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (248) |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | — |  |  | (248) |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 3,934 |  |  | $ | 12,447 |  |  |  |  |

SLM CORPORATION 37

10. | Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued) |

Impact of Derivatives on the Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
|  | Three Months Ended |  |
|  | March 31, |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (4,721) |  |  | $ | 47,989 |  |  |  |  |
Less: amount of gain (loss) reclassified in interest expense |  | 10,278 |  |  | (4,541) |  |  |  |  |
Total change in other comprehensive income (loss) for unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, before income tax (expense) benefit |  | $ | (14,999) |  |  | $ | 52,530 |  |  |  |  |

Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on our variable-rate deposits. During the next 12 months, we estimate that $41 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest expense.
Cash Collateral
As of March 31, 2023, cash collateral held and pledged excludes amounts that represent legal settlement of the derivative contracts held with the CME and LCH. There was no cash collateral held by us related to derivative exposure between us and our derivatives counterparties at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Collateral held is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets. Cash collateral pledged by us related to derivative exposure between us and our derivatives counterparties was $13 million and $11 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Collateral pledged is recorded in “Other interest-earning assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.
38 SLM CORPORATION

11. Stockholders’ Equity
The following table summarizes our common share repurchases and issuances.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(Shares and per share amounts in actuals) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Common stock repurchased under repurchase programs(1) |  | — |  |  | 9,533,392 |  |  |  |  |
Average purchase price per share(2) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18.46 |  |  |  |  |
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans(3) |  | 949,431 |  |  | 934,602 |  |  |  |  |
Average purchase price per share |  | $ | 15.55 |  |  | $ | 18.55 |  |  |  |  |
Common shares issued(4) |  | 2,523,744 |  |  | 2,594,817 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Common shares purchased under our share repurchase programs. We have utilized all capacity under our 2021 Share Repurchase Program. There was $581 million of capacity remaining under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program at March 31, 2023.
(2) Average purchase price per share includes purchase commission costs.
(3) Comprised of shares withheld from stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock for employees’ tax withholding obligations and shares tendered by employees to satisfy option exercise costs.
(4) Common shares issued under our various compensation and benefit plans.
The closing price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on March 31, 2023 was $12.39.
Common Stock Dividends
In both March 2023 and March 2022, we paid a common stock dividend of $0.11 per common share.
Share Repurchases
On January 27, 2021, we announced a share repurchase program (the “2021 Share Repurchase Program”), which was effective upon announcement and expired on January 26, 2023, and originally permitted us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time up to an aggregate repurchase price not to exceed $1.25 billion.
In October 2021, our Board of Directors approved a $250 million increase in the amount of common stock that may be repurchased under our 2021 Share Repurchase Program. This was in addition to the original $1.25 billion of authorization announced on January 27, 2021, for a total 2021 Share Repurchase Program authorization of $1.5 billion. Under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program, we repurchased 2.0 million shares of common stock for $38 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022. We have utilized all capacity under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program.
On January 26, 2022, we announced a new share repurchase program (the “2022 Share Repurchase Program”), which was effective upon announcement and expires on January 25, 2024, and permits us to repurchase shares of our common stock from time to time up to an aggregate repurchase price not to exceed $1.25 billion. Under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program, we repurchased 7.5 million shares of common stock for $138 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022. We did not repurchase shares of common stock in the three months ended March 31, 2023. We had $581 million of capacity remaining under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program at March 31, 2023.
So long as there is unexpired capacity under a given repurchase program, repurchases under the programs may occur from time to time and through a variety of methods, including tender offers, open market repurchases, repurchases effected through Rule 10b5-1 trading plans, negotiated block purchases, accelerated share repurchase programs, or other similar transactions. The timing and volume of any repurchases under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program will be subject to market conditions, and there can be no guarantee that the Company will repurchase up to the limit of the program or at all.
Share Repurchases under Rule 10b5-1 trading plans
During the three months ended March 31, 2023 we did not repurchase shares of our common stock; during the three months ended March 31, 2022 we repurchased 9.5 million shares of our common stock at a total cost of $176 million under Rule 10b5-1 trading plans authorized under our share repurchase programs.
SLM CORPORATION 39

12. Earnings per Common Share
Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) are calculated using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted EPS calculations follows.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 118,518 |  |  | $ | 128,812 |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock dividends |  | 4,063 |  |  | 1,275 |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 114,455 |  |  | $ | 127,537 |  |  |  |  |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares used to compute basic EPS |  | 241,497 |  |  | 276,977 |  |  |  |  |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) (1)(2) |  | 2,052 |  |  | 3,677 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted EPS |  | 243,549 |  |  | 280,654 |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Includes the potential dilutive effect of additional common shares that are issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and the outstanding commitment to issue shares under the ESPP, determined by the treasury stock method.
(2) For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, securities covering approximately 4 million shares and 3 million shares, respectively, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because they were anti-dilutive.
40 SLM CORPORATION

13. Fair Value Measurements
We use estimates of fair value in applying various accounting standards for our consolidated financial statements.
We categorize our fair value estimates based on a hierarchical framework associated with three levels of price transparency utilized in measuring financial instruments at fair value. For additional information regarding our policies for determining fair value and the hierarchical framework, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Fair Value Measurement” in our 2022 Form 10-K.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no significant transfers of financial instruments between levels or changes in our methodology or assumptions used to value our financial instruments.
The following table summarizes the valuation of our financial instruments that are marked-to-fair value on a recurring basis.

|  | Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading investments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51,342 |  |  | $ | 51,342 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 55,903 |  |  | $ | 55,903 |
Available-for-sale investments |  | — |  |  | 2,311,062 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,311,062 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,342,089 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,342,089 |
Derivative instruments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 972 |  |  | — |  |  | 972 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,311,062 |  |  | $ | 51,342 |  |  | $ | 2,362,404 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,343,061 |  |  | $ | 55,903 |  |  | $ | 2,398,964 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,815) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,815) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (567) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (567) |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,815) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,815) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (567) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (567) |

SLM CORPORATION 41

13. | Fair Value Measurements (Continued) |

The following table summarizes the fair values of our financial assets and liabilities, including derivative financial instruments.

|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Difference |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Difference
Earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for investment, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 23,088,030 |  |  | $ | 20,497,675 |  |  | $ | 2,590,355 |  |  | $ | 21,062,548 |  |  | $ | 19,019,713 |  |  | $ | 2,042,835 |
FFELP Loans |  | 601,203 |  |  | 589,888 |  |  | 11,315 |  |  | 618,186 |  |  | 607,155 |  |  | 11,031 |
Loans held for sale |  | 26,202 |  |  | 26,202 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,448 |  |  | 29,448 |  |  | — |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 3,716,379 |  |  | 3,716,379 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,616,117 |  |  | 4,616,117 |  |  | — |
Trading investments |  | 51,342 |  |  | 51,342 |  |  | — |  |  | 55,903 |  |  | 55,903 |  |  | — |
Available-for-sale investments |  | 2,311,062 |  |  | 2,311,062 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,342,089 |  |  | 2,342,089 |  |  | — |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 1,393,556 |  |  | 1,331,017 |  |  | 62,539 |  |  | 1,237,074 |  |  | 1,202,059 |  |  | 35,015 |
Tax indemnification receivable |  | 2,858 |  |  | 2,858 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,816 |  |  | 2,816 |  |  | — |
Derivative instruments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 972 |  |  | 972 |  |  | — |
Total earning assets |  | $ | 31,190,632 |  |  | $ | 28,526,423 |  |  | $ | 2,664,209 |  |  | $ | 29,965,153 |  |  | $ | 27,876,272 |  |  | $ | 2,088,881 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money-market and savings accounts |  | $ | 11,671,878 |  |  | $ | 11,796,120 |  |  | $ | 124,242 |  |  | $ | 11,854,849 |  |  | $ | 11,959,828 |  |  | $ | 104,979 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 9,637,370 |  |  | 10,005,546 |  |  | 368,176 |  |  | 9,175,339 |  |  | 9,486,819 |  |  | 311,480 |
Long-term borrowings |  | 5,106,299 |  |  | 5,513,976 |  |  | 407,677 |  |  | 4,813,233 |  |  | 5,235,114 |  |  | 421,881 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 91,943 |  |  | 91,943 |  |  | — |  |  | 71,586 |  |  | 71,586 |  |  | — |
Derivative instruments |  | 1,815 |  |  | 1,815 |  |  | — |  |  | 567 |  |  | 567 |  |  | — |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | $ | 26,509,305 |  |  | $ | 27,409,400 |  |  | $ | 900,095 |  |  | $ | 25,915,574 |  |  | $ | 26,753,914 |  |  | $ | 838,340 |
Excess of net asset fair value over carrying value |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,564,304 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,927,221 |

Please refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 17, “Fair Value Measurements” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a full discussion of the methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments.
42 SLM CORPORATION

14. Regulatory Capital
Sallie Mae Bank (the “Bank”) is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the FDIC and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial position. Under the FDIC’s regulations implementing the Basel III capital framework (“U.S. Basel III”) and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital standards that involve quantitative measures of its assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and its classification under the prompt corrective action framework are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components of capital, risk weightings, and other factors.
The Bank is subject to the following minimum capital ratios under U.S. Basel III: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0 percent. In addition, the Bank is subject to a Common Equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of greater than 2.5 percent. Failure to maintain the buffer will result in restrictions on the Bank’s ability to make capital distributions, including the payment of dividends, and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers. Including the buffer, the Bank is required to maintain the following capital ratios under U.S. Basel III in order to avoid such restrictions: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of greater than 7.0 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of greater than 8.5 percent, and a Total risk-based capital ratio of greater than 10.5 percent.
To qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework for insured depository institutions, the Bank must maintain a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5.0 percent.
Under regulations issued by the FDIC and other federal banking agencies, banking organizations that adopted CECL during the 2020 calendar year, including the Bank, could elect to delay for two years, and then phase in over the following three years, the effects on regulatory capital of CECL relative to the incurred loss methodology. The Bank elected to use this option. Therefore, the regulatory capital impact of the Bank’s transition adjustments recorded on January 1, 2020 from the adoption of CECL, and 25 percent of the ongoing impact of CECL on the Bank’s allowance for credit losses, retained earnings, and average total consolidated assets, each as reported for regulatory capital purposes (collectively, the “adjusted transition amounts”), were deferred for the two-year period ending January 1, 2022. On January 1, 2022, 25 percent of the adjusted transition amounts was phased in for regulatory capital purposes. On January 1, 2023, an additional 25 percent of the adjusted transition amounts was phased in for regulatory capital purposes. On January 1 of 2024 and 2025, the adjusted transition amounts will continue to be phased in for regulatory capital purposes at a rate of 25 percent per year, with the phased-in amounts included in regulatory capital at the beginning of each year. The Bank’s January 1, 2020 CECL transition amounts increased our allowance for credit losses by $1.1 billion, increased the liability representing our off-balance sheet exposure for unfunded commitments by $116 million, and increased our deferred tax asset by $306 million, resulting in a cumulative effect adjustment that reduced retained earnings by $953 million. This transition adjustment was inclusive of qualitative adjustments incorporated into our CECL allowance as necessary, to address any limitations in the models used.
SLM CORPORATION 43

14. | Regulatory Capital (Continued) |

At March 31, 2023, the adjusted transition amounts that were deferred and are being phased in for regulatory capital purposes are as follows:

|  | Adjusted Transition Amounts |  | Phase-In Amounts for the Year Ended |  | Phase-In Amounts for the Three Months Ended |  | Remaining Adjusted Transition Amounts to be Phased-In
(Dollars in thousands) |  | December 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Retained earnings |  | $ | 836,351 |  |  | $ | (209,088) |  |  | $ | (209,088) |  |  | $ | 418,175 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | 1,038,145 |  |  | (259,536) |  |  | (259,536) |  |  | 519,073 |
Liability for unfunded commitments |  | 104,377 |  |  | (26,094) |  |  | (26,094) |  |  | 52,189 |
Deferred tax asset |  | 306,171 |  |  | (76,542) |  |  | (76,542) |  |  | 153,087 |

The Bank’s required and actual regulatory capital amounts and ratios under U.S. Basel III are shown in the following table. The following capital amounts and ratios are based upon the Bank’s average assets and risk-weighted assets, as indicated. The Bank has elected to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income related to both available-for-sale investments and swap valuations from Common Equity Tier 1 Capital. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments included in other comprehensive income totaled $133 million and $160 million, respectively. The capital ratios would remain above the well capitalized thresholds if the unrealized loss became fully recognized into capital.

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Actual |  | U.S. Basel III Minimum Requirements Plus Buffer(1)(2)
| Amount | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
As of March 31, 2023(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 2,979,433 |  | 12.0 | % |  | $ | 1,738,576 |  | > | 7.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 2,979,433 |  | 12.0 | % |  | $ | 2,111,128 |  | > | 8.5 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,297,674 |  | 13.3 | % |  | $ | 2,607,863 |  | > | 10.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets) |  | $ | 2,979,433 |  | 10.0 | % |  | $ | 1,188,369 |  | > | 4.0 | %
As of December 31, 2022(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,040,662 |  | 12.9 | % |  | $ | 1,645,807 |  | > | 7.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,040,662 |  | 12.9 | % |  | $ | 1,998,480 |  | > | 8.5 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,338,645 |  | 14.2 | % |  | $ | 2,468,711 |  | > | 10.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets) |  | $ | 3,040,662 |  | 10.3 | % |  | $ | 1,185,280 |  | > | 4.0 | %

(1) Reflects the U.S. Basel III minimum required ratio plus the applicable capital conservation buffer.
(2) The Bank’s regulatory capital ratios also exceeded all applicable standards for the Bank to qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework.
(3) For both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the actual amounts and the actual ratios include the adjusted transition amounts discussed above that were phased in at the beginning of 2022 and 2023.
Bank Dividends
The Bank is chartered under the laws of the State of Utah and its deposits are insured by the FDIC. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to the laws of Utah and the regulations of the FDIC. Generally, under Utah’s industrial bank laws and regulations as well as FDIC regulations, the Bank may pay dividends from its net profits without regulatory approval if, following the payment of the dividend, the Bank’s capital and surplus would not be impaired. The Bank declared no dividends to the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and $108 million in dividends to the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2022, with the proceeds primarily used to fund the 2022 and 2021 Share
44 SLM CORPORATION

14. | Regulatory Capital (Continued) |

Repurchase Programs and stock dividends. In the future, we expect that the Bank will pay dividends to the Company as may be necessary to enable the Company to pay any declared dividends on its Series B Preferred Stock and common stock and to consummate any common share repurchases by the Company under its share repurchase programs.
15. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees
Commitments
When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, that approval may cover the borrowing for the entire academic year. As such, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of such approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We estimate expected credit losses over the contractual period that we are exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. At March 31, 2023, we had $684 million of outstanding contractual loan commitments which we expect to fund during the 2022/2023 academic year. At March 31, 2023, we had a $33 million reserve recorded in “Other Liabilities” to cover expected losses that may occur during the one-year loss emergence period on these unfunded commitments. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Credit Losses — Off-Balance Sheet Exposure for Contractual Loan Commitments” in our 2022 Form 10-K and Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments” in this Form 10-Q for additional information.
Regulatory Matters
For additional information regarding our regulatory matters, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 21, “Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees” in our 2022 Form 10-K.
Contingencies
In the ordinary course of business, we and our subsidiaries are routinely defendants in or parties to pending and threatened legal actions and proceedings, including actions brought on behalf of various classes of claimants. These actions and proceedings may be based on alleged violations of consumer protection, securities, employment, and other laws. In certain of these actions and proceedings, claims for substantial monetary damage may be asserted against us and our subsidiaries.
It is common for the Company, our subsidiaries, and affiliates to receive information and document requests and investigative demands from state attorneys general, legislative committees, and administrative agencies. These requests may be for informational or regulatory purposes and may relate to our business practices, the industries in which we operate, or other companies with whom we conduct business. Our practice has been and continues to be to cooperate with these bodies and be responsive to any such requests.
We are required to establish reserves for litigation and regulatory matters where those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and estimable. When loss contingencies are not both probable and estimable, we do not establish reserves.
Based on current knowledge, management does not believe there are loss contingencies, if any, arising from pending investigations, litigation, or regulatory matters for which reserves should be established.
16. Subsequent Event
2023 Loan Sale
In April 2023, we identified a pool of $2 billion of Private Education Loans that we intend to sell in a transaction that is expected to close in May 2023. The transaction will be recognized in the second-quarter 2023 consolidated financial statements.
SLM CORPORATION 45

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following information should be read in connection with SLM Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 23, 2023) (the “2022 Form 10-K”), and subsequent reports filed with the SEC. Definitions for capitalized terms used in this report not defined herein can be found in the 2022 Form 10-K.
References in this Form 10-Q to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Sallie Mae,” “SLM,” and the “Company” refer to SLM Corporation and its subsidiaries, except as otherwise indicated or unless the context otherwise requires.
This report contains “forward-looking” statements and information based on management’s current expectations as of the date of this report. Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about our beliefs, opinions, or expectations and statements that assume or are dependent upon future events, are forward-looking statements. This includes, but is not limited to: statements regarding future developments surrounding COVID-19 or any other pandemic, including, without limitation, statements regarding the potential impact of COVID-19 or any other pandemic on the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition, and/or cash flows; our expectation and ability to pay a quarterly cash dividend on our common stock in the future, subject to the determination by our Board of Directors, and based on an evaluation of our earnings, financial condition and requirements, business conditions, capital allocation determinations, and other factors, risks, and uncertainties; the Company’s 2023 guidance; the Company’s three-year horizon outlook; the Company’s expectation and ability to execute loan sales and share repurchases; the Company’s projections regarding originations, net charge-offs, non-interest expenses, earnings, balance sheet position, and other metrics; any estimates related to accounting standard changes; and any estimates related to the impact of credit administration practices changes, including the results of simulations or other behavioral observations. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors that may cause actual results to be materially different from those reflected in such forward-looking statements. These factors include, among others, the risks and uncertainties set forth in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in our 2022 Form 10-K and subsequent filings with the SEC; the societal, business, and legislative/regulatory impact of pandemics and other public heath crises; increases in financing costs; limits on liquidity; increases in costs associated with compliance with laws and regulations; failure to comply with consumer protection, banking, and other laws; changes in accounting standards and the impact of related changes in significant accounting estimates, including any regarding the measurement of our allowance for credit losses and the related provision expense; any adverse outcomes in any significant litigation to which we are a party; credit risk associated with our exposure to third-parties, including counterparties to our derivative transactions; and changes in the terms of education loans and the educational credit marketplace (including changes resulting from new laws and the implementation of existing laws). We could also be affected by, among other things: changes in our funding costs and availability; reductions to our credit ratings; cybersecurity incidents, cyberattacks, and other failures or breaches of our operating systems or infrastructure, including those of third-party vendors; damage to our reputation; risks associated with restructuring initiatives, including failures to successfully implement cost-cutting programs and the adverse effects of such initiatives on our business; changes in the demand for educational financing or in financing preferences of lenders, educational institutions, students, and their families; changes in law and regulations with respect to the student lending business and financial institutions generally; changes in banking rules and regulations, including increased capital requirements; increased competition from banks and other consumer lenders; the creditworthiness of our customers; changes in the general interest rate environment, including the rate relationships among relevant money-market instruments and those of our earning assets versus our funding arrangements; rates of prepayment on the loans that we own; changes in general economic conditions and our ability to successfully effectuate any acquisitions; and other strategic initiatives. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements also requires us to make certain estimates and assumptions, including estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates or assumptions may prove to be incorrect. All forward-looking statements contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q are qualified by these cautionary statements and are made only as of the date of this report. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements to conform such statements to actual results or changes in our expectations.
We report financial results on a GAAP basis and also provide certain non-GAAP core earnings performance measures. The difference between our non-GAAP “Core Earnings” and GAAP results for the periods presented were the unrealized, mark-to-fair value gains/losses on derivative contracts (excluding current period accruals on the derivative instruments), net of tax. These are recognized in GAAP, but not in non-GAAP “Core Earnings” results. We provide non-GAAP “Core Earnings” measures because this is one of several measures management uses when making management decisions regarding our performance and the allocation of corporate resources. Our non-GAAP “Core Earnings” are not defined terms within GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. For additional information, see “—Key Financial Measures” and “—Non-GAAP ‘Core Earnings’ ” in this Form 10-Q for the
46 SLM CORPORATION

quarter ended March 31, 2023 for a further discussion and a complete reconciliation between GAAP net income and non-GAAP “Core Earnings.”
Through this discussion and analysis, we intend to provide the reader with some narrative context for how our management views our consolidated financial statements, additional context within which to assess our operating results, and information on the quality and variability of our earnings, liquidity, and cash flows.
Impact of COVID-19 on Sallie Mae
For further discussion of the impact of the coronavirus 2019 or COVID-19 (“COVID-19”) pandemic on the Company, see Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Impact of COVID-19 on Sallie Mae” in the 2022 Form 10-K.
The COVID-19 crisis was unprecedented and has had a significant impact on the economic environment globally and in the U.S. On April 10, 2023, President Biden signed into law a joint resolution that immediately terminates the COVID-19 national emergency. There still remains some uncertainty as to the length and breadth of the COVID-19 impact to the U.S. economy and, consequently, on us. Economists expect the impact of COVID-19 on the U.S. economy to continue to be significant into 2023 and beyond. See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors — Pandemic Risk” in the 2022 Form 10-K for additional discussion regarding the risks associated with COVID-19.
Selected Financial Information and Ratios

(In thousands, except per share data and percentages) |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 114,455 |  |  | $ | 127,537 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted earnings per common share |  | 243,549 |  |  | 280,654 |  |  |  |  |
Return on assets(1) |  | 1.7 | % |  | 1.8 | % |  |  |  |
Other Operating Statistics (Held for Investment) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Private Education Loans, net |  | $ | 20,497,675 |  |  | $ | 20,586,223 |  |  |  |  |
Ending FFELP Loans, net |  | 589,888 |  |  | 680,044 |  |  |  |  |
Ending total education loans, net |  | $ | 21,087,563 |  |  | $ | 21,266,267 |  |  |  |  |
Ending Credit Cards, net(2) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,408 |  |  |  |  |
Average education loans |  | $ | 22,357,274 |  |  | $ | 22,548,810 |  |  |  |  |
Average Credit Cards(2) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26,622 |  |  |  |  |
(1) We calculate and report our Return on Assets as the ratio of (a) GAAP net income numerator (annualized) to (b) the GAAP total average assets denominator.
(2) Credit Card loans were transferred to loans held-for-sale at September 30, 2022.

SLM CORPORATION 47

Overview
The following discussion and analysis presents a review of our business and operations as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Key Financial Measures
Our operating results are primarily driven by net interest income from our Private Education Loan portfolio, gains and losses on loan sales, provision expense for credit losses, and operating expenses. The growth of our business and the strength of our financial condition are primarily driven by our ability to achieve our annual Private Education Loan origination goals while sustaining credit quality and maintaining cost-efficient funding sources to support our originations. A brief summary of our key financial measures (net interest income; loan sales and secured financings; allowance for credit losses; charge-offs and delinquencies; operating expenses; Private Education Loan originations; funding sources; and non-GAAP “Core Earnings;”) can be found in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our 2022 Form 10-K.
LIBOR Transition
Following announcements by the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority (“UKFCA”), which regulates LIBOR, and ICE Benchmark Administration Limited, the administrator of LIBOR, publication of 1-week and 2-month USD LIBOR and all tenors for other currencies ceased after December 31, 2021. While publication of the remaining USD settings is expected to cease after June 30, 2023, U.S. banking and other global financial services regulators directed regulated institutions to cease entering into new LIBOR-based contracts as soon as practicable and in any event by the end of 2021.
In 2020, we launched a formal cross-functional replacement project with the goal of ensuring a smooth transition to a replacement index for our LIBOR-based assets and obligations with minimal negative impact on our customers, investors, and the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The Chief Financial Officer and the project team monitor developments, assess impacts, propose plans and, with the approval of an executive committee, implement changes. The Chief Financial Officer and/or project team reports status regularly to our Board of Directors. In 2020, we began accepting certain deposits based on SOFR. In the second quarter of 2021, we began issuing variable-rate Private Education Loans that are indexed to SOFR. In May 2022, we renewed the Secured Borrowing Facility with an index based on SOFR and, in the third quarter of 2022, we began issuing ABS that are indexed to SOFR.
Substantially all our assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet items referencing LIBOR are comprised of Private Education Loans originated before April 2021, deposits, variable-rate ABS, and derivatives. In addition, our Series B Preferred Stock is indexed to LIBOR. We plan to transition these exposures to LIBOR by changing them to an alternative reference rate, either through modification or replacement, by June 30, 2023. Approximately $157 million of our variable-rate ABS (those issued before November 2017) do not have fallback provisions for an alternative reference rate and we intend to rely upon the safe harbors provided by recently passed federal legislation to transition these ABS to an alternative reference rate. Generally, the safe harbors will shield parties from liability and damages for transitioning certain USD LIBOR-indexed contracts (generally, those that do not have provisions for an alternative reference rate) to a benchmark replacement rate based on SOFR and selected by the Federal Reserve Board. We have evaluated the potential basis risk associated with a mismatch in variable-rate assets and liabilities, including any mismatches related to (i) legacy assets and liabilities that remain indexed to LIBOR up to June 2023 and newly issued assets and liabilities that are, or will be, indexed to SOFR and (ii) term SOFR-indexed assets and liabilities and average SOFR assets and liabilities. In all such cases, we have determined the basis risk is immaterial on an aggregate basis.
48 SLM CORPORATION

The chart below depicts our current LIBOR exposure at March 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | LIBOR Exposure
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 6,103,128 |
FFELP Loans |  | 499,647 |
Available-for-sale investments |  | 45,818 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 6,648,593 |
Deposits |  | $ | 1,872,573 |
Private Education Loan term securitizations - no contractual fallback |  | 156,920 |
Private Education Loan term securitizations - alternative reference rate fallback |  | 485,069 |
Total Liabilities |  | 2,514,562 |
Total Equity (preferred stock) |  | 251,070 |
Total Liabilities and Equity |  | $ | 2,765,632 |
Off-Balance Sheet: |  |
Pay LIBOR derivative notional |  | $ | 702,309 |
Receive LIBOR derivative notional |  | 1,285,120 |
Total derivative notional |  | 1,987,429 |
Total Off-Balance Sheet |  | $ | 1,987,429 |

See Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in the 2022 Form 10-K for additional discussion regarding the risks associated with the transition from LIBOR.
Strategic Imperatives
To further focus our business and increase shareholder value, we continue to advance our strategic imperatives. Our focus remains on maximizing the profitability and growth of our core private student loan business, while harnessing and optimizing the power of our brand and attractive client base. In addition, we continue to seek to better inform the external narrative about student lending and Sallie Mae. We also strive to maintain a rigorous and predictable capital allocation and return program to create shareholder value. We are focused on driving a mission-led culture that continues to make Sallie Mae a great place to work. We also continue to strengthen our risk and compliance function, enhance and build upon our risk management framework, and assess and monitor enterprise-wide risk.
During the first three months of 2023, we made the following progress on the above corporate strategic imperatives.
2023-A Securitization
On March 15, 2023, we executed our $579 million SMB Private Education Loan Trust 2023-A term ABS transaction, which was accounted for as a secured financing. We sold $579 million of notes to third parties and retained a 100 percent interest in the residual certificates issued in the securitization, raising approximately $572 million of gross proceeds. The Class A and Class B notes had a weighted average life of 5.06 years and priced at a weighted average SOFR equivalent cost of SOFR plus 1.53 percent.
SLM CORPORATION 49

Results of Operations
We present the results of operations below on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP.
GAAP Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts) |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 583 |  |  | $ | 458 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | 27 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments |  | 11 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 120 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 44 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 2,100 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest income |  | 638 |  |  | 465 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 37 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest expense |  | 233 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 159 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  | 405 |  |  | 375 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: provisions for credit losses |  | 114 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income after provisions for credit losses |  | 291 |  |  | 277 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains on sales of loans, net |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | (10) |  |  | (100) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains (losses) on securities, net |  | 2 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 6 |  |  | 150 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other income |  | 20 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 25 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total non-interest income |  | 22 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses |  | 155 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 17 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquired intangible assets amortization expense |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 100 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total non-interest expenses |  | 157 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income before income tax expense |  | 156 |  |  | 166 |  |  | (10) |  |  | (6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense |  | 37 |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | 119 |  |  | 129 |  |  | (10) |  |  | (8) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock dividends |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 300 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 114 |  |  | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | (14) |  |  | (11) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |  |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | 2 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | 4 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Declared dividends per common share |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

50 SLM CORPORATION

GAAP Consolidated Earnings Summary
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Compared with Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
For the three months ended March 31, 2023, net income attributable to common stock was $114 million, or $0.47 diluted earnings per common share, compared with net income attributable to common stock of $128 million, or $0.45 diluted earnings per common share, for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
The primary drivers of changes in net income for the current quarter compared with the year-ago quarter are as follows:
•Net interest income increased by $30 million in the current quarter compared with the year-ago quarter primarily due to a 41-basis point increase in our net interest margin, which more than offset a $192 million reduction in our average Private Education Loans and FFELP Loans outstanding. Our net interest margin increased in the current quarter from the year-ago quarter primarily because our interest-earning assets repriced faster than our cost of funds as interest rates increased dramatically over the past year. Historically, during a period of rising interest rates, our net interest margin will typically increase because the yields on interest-earnings assets reprice more quickly than our cost of funds, and during a period of declining interest rates, we typically see our net interest margin decline.
•Provision for credit losses in the current quarter was $114 million, compared with $98 million in the year-ago quarter. During the first quarter of 2023, the increase in the provision for credit losses was primarily the result of new loan commitments, net of expired commitments, slower prepayment rates, and changes in economic outlook and recovery rates.
•Gains on sales of loans, net, in the current quarter decreased $10 million from the year-ago quarter, as there were no loan sales in the first quarter of 2023, versus $95 million in loan sales that occurred in the year-ago quarter.
•Gains (losses) on securities, net, were $2 million of gains in the current quarter compared with $4 million of losses in the year-ago quarter. The increase was due to the change in mark-to-fair value of our trading investments.
•Other income was $20 million in the first quarter of 2023, compared with $16 million in the year-ago quarter. In the first quarter of 2023, there was a $4 million increase in third-party servicing fees from the year-ago quarter and a $1 million increase in Private Education Loan late fees from the year-ago quarter. The increase in third-party servicing fees was due to an additional $2.4 billion of loans that we sold during the past year where we continue to service on behalf of the owners of the loans.
•First-quarter 2023 total operating expenses were $155 million, compared with $132 million in the year-ago quarter. The increase in total operating expenses was primarily driven by higher personnel costs, initiative spending, and higher FDIC assessment fees.
•During the first quarter of 2023, we recorded $2 million in amortization of acquired intangible assets versus $1 million in the year-ago quarter related to our acquisition of Nitro in the first quarter of 2022.
•First-quarter 2023 income tax expense was $37 million, unchanged from $37 million in the year-ago quarter. Our effective income tax rate increased to 24.0 percent in the first quarter of 2023 from 22.5 percent in the year-ago quarter. The increase in the effective rate for the first quarter of 2023 was primarily due to an increase in non-deductible expenses.
SLM CORPORATION 51

Non-GAAP “Core Earnings”
We prepare financial statements in accordance with GAAP. However, we also produce and report our after-tax earnings on a separate basis that we refer to as “Core Earnings.” The difference between our non-GAAP “Core Earnings” and GAAP results for periods presented generally is driven by the unrealized, mark-to-fair value gains (losses) on derivative contracts recognized in GAAP, but not in non-GAAP “Core Earnings.”
Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” recognizes the difference in accounting treatment based upon whether a derivative qualifies for hedge accounting treatment. We enter into derivative instruments to economically hedge interest rate and cash flow risk associated with our portfolio. We believe that our derivatives are effective economic hedges and, as such, are a critical element of our interest rate risk management strategy. Those derivative instruments that qualify for hedge accounting treatment have their related cash flows recorded in interest income or interest expense along with the hedged item. Some of our derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and the stand-alone derivative must be marked-to-fair value in the income statement with no consideration for the corresponding change in fair value of the hedged item. These gains and losses, recorded in “Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net,” are primarily caused by interest rate volatility and changing credit spreads during the period as well as the volume and term of derivatives not receiving hedge accounting treatment. Cash flows on derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are not recorded in interest income and interest expense; they are recorded in non-interest income: “Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net.”
The adjustments required to reconcile from our non-GAAP “Core Earnings” results to our GAAP results of operations, net of tax, relate to differing treatments for those derivative instruments used to hedge our economic risks that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. The amount recorded in “Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net” includes (i) the accrual of the current payment on the interest rate swaps that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, and (ii) the change in fair values related to future expected cash flows for derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. For purposes of non-GAAP “Core Earnings,” we include in GAAP earnings the current period accrual amounts (interest reclassification) on the swaps and exclude the change in fair values for those derivatives not qualifying for hedge accounting treatment. Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” is meant to represent what earnings would have been had these derivatives qualified for hedge accounting and there was no ineffectiveness.
Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” are not a substitute for reported results under GAAP. We provide a non-GAAP “Core Earnings” basis of presentation because we believe it better reflects the financial results for derivatives that are economic hedges of interest rate risk, but which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.
GAAP provides a uniform, comprehensive basis of accounting. Our non-GAAP “Core Earnings” basis of presentation differs from GAAP in the way it treats derivatives as described above.
The following table shows the amount in “Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net” that relates to the interest reclassification on the derivative contracts for the three months ended March 31, 2022. There were no gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on instruments not in a hedging relationship |  |  |  | $ | (248) |  |  |  |  |
Interest reclassification |  |  |  | 243 |  |  |  |  |
Gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net |  |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  |  |  |

52 SLM CORPORATION

The following table reflects adjustments associated with our derivative activities.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” adjustments to GAAP: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GAAP net income |  | $ | 118,518 |  |  | $ | 128,812 |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock dividends |  | 4,063 |  |  | 1,275 |  |  |  |  |
GAAP net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 114,455 |  |  | $ | 127,537 |  |  |  |  |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net impact of derivative accounting(1) |  | — |  |  | 248 |  |  |  |  |
Net tax expense(2) |  | — |  |  | 60 |  |  |  |  |
Total non-GAAP “Core Earnings” adjustments to GAAP |  | — |  |  | 188 |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 114,455 |  |  | $ | 127,725 |  |  |  |  |
GAAP diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  |  |  |
Derivative adjustments, net of tax |  | — |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Derivative Accounting: Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” exclude periodic unrealized gains and losses caused by the mark-to-fair value valuations on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment under GAAP, but include current period accruals on the derivative instruments. Under GAAP, for our derivatives held to maturity, the cumulative net unrealized gain or loss over the life of the contract will equal $0.
(2) Non-GAAP “Core Earnings” tax rate is based on the effective tax rate at the Bank where the derivative instruments are held.
SLM CORPORATION 53

Financial Condition
Average Balance Sheets
The following table reflects the rates earned on interest-earning assets and paid on interest-bearing liabilities and reflects our net interest margin on a consolidated basis.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  | Rate |  | Balance |  | Rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 21,755,202 |  |  | 10.66 | % |  | $ | 21,858,270 |  |  | 8.38 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FFELP Loans |  | 602,072 |  |  | 6.87 |  |  | 690,540 |  |  | 3.51 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit Cards |  | 27,722 |  |  | 12.28 |  |  | 26,622 |  |  | 3.95 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable securities |  | 2,529,536 |  |  | 1.82 |  |  | 2,646,397 |  |  | 0.84 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and other short-term investments |  | 3,919,113 |  |  | 4.52 |  |  | 3,535,198 |  |  | 0.20 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest-earning assets |  | 28,833,645 |  |  | 8.97 | % |  | 28,757,027 |  |  | 6.56 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest-earning assets |  | 165,444 |  |  |  |  | 472,002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 28,999,089 |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,229,029 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average Liabilities and Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brokered deposits |  | $ | 10,278,132 |  |  | 3.08 | % |  | $ | 10,131,989 |  |  | 1.25 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail and other deposits |  | 11,681,489 |  |  | 3.86 |  |  | 11,058,963 |  |  | 0.66 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other interest-bearing liabilities(1) |  | 5,243,091 |  |  | 3.36 |  |  | 5,779,749 |  |  | 2.87 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 27,202,712 |  |  | 3.47 | % |  | 26,970,701 |  |  | 1.35 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest-bearing liabilities |  | 21,461 |  |  |  |  | 97,582 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity |  | 1,774,916 |  |  |  |  | 2,160,746 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 28,999,089 |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,229,029 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin |  |  |  | 5.70 | % |  |  |  | 5.29 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Includes the average balance of our unsecured borrowings, as well as secured borrowings and amortization expense of transaction costs related to our term asset-backed securitizations and our Secured Borrowing Facility.
54 SLM CORPORATION

Rate/Volume Analysis
The following rate/volume analysis shows the relative contribution of changes in interest rates and asset volumes to changes in interest income, interest expense, and net interest income.

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Increase |  | Change Due To(1)
| Rate |  | Volume
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 vs. 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 172,560 |  |  | $ | 171,321 |  |  | $ | 1,239 |
Interest expense |  | 142,524 |  |  | 141,743 |  |  | 781 |
Net interest income |  | $ | 30,036 |  |  | $ | 29,036 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |

(1) Changes in income and expense due to both rate and volume have been allocated in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each. The changes in income and expense are calculated independently for each line in the table. The totals for the rate and volume columns are not the sum of the individual lines.
Summary of Our Loans Held for Investment Portfolio
Ending Loans Held for Investment Balances, net

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  |  |  |  |  | Total Loans Held for Investment
Total loan portfolio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In-school(1) |  | $ | 4,306,839 |  | $ | 57 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,306,896
Grace, repayment and other(2) |  | 17,591,164 |  | 592,261 |  |  |  |  |  | 18,183,425
Total, gross |  | 21,898,003 |  | 592,318 |  |  |  |  |  | 22,490,321
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 75,051 |  | 1,497 |  |  |  |  |  | 76,548
Allowance for credit losses |  | (1,475,379) |  | (3,927) |  |  |  |  |  | (1,479,306)
Total loans held for investment portfolio, net |  | $ | 20,497,675 |  | $ | 589,888 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,087,563
% of total |  | 97 | % |  | 3 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 100 | %

As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  | Total Loans Held for Investment
Total loan portfolio: |  |  |  |  |  |
In-school(1) |  | $ | 3,659,323 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 3,659,380 |
Grace, repayment and other(2) |  | 16,644,365 |  |  | 608,993 |  |  | 17,253,358 |
Total, gross |  | 20,303,688 |  |  | 609,050 |  |  | 20,912,738 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 69,656 |  |  | 1,549 |  |  | 71,205 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | (1,353,631) |  |  | (3,444) |  |  | (1,357,075) |
Total loans held for investment portfolio, net |  | $ | 19,019,713 |  |  | $ | 607,155 |  |  | $ | 19,626,868 |
% of total |  | 97 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 100 | %

(1) Loans for customers still attending school and who are not yet required to make payments on the loans.
(2) Includes loans in deferment or forbearance. Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).
SLM CORPORATION 55

Average Loans Held for Investment Balances (net of unamortized premium/(discount))

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 21,755,202 |  |  | 97 | % |  | $ | 21,858,270 |  |  | 97 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FFELP Loans |  | 602,072 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 690,540 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit Cards(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,622 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total portfolio |  | $ | 22,357,274 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 22,575,432 |  |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Credit Card loans were transferred to loans held-for-sale at September 30, 2022.
Loans Held for Investment, Net — Activity

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  |  |  | Total Loans Held for Investment, net
Beginning balance |  | $ | 19,019,713 |  |  | $ | 607,155 |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,626,868 |
Acquisitions and originations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | 1,977,845 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,977,845 |
Variable-rate |  | 470,132 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 470,132 |
Total acquisitions and originations |  | 2,447,977 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,447,977 |
Capitalized interest and deferred origination cost premium amortization |  | 119,184 |  |  | 5,904 |  |  |  |  | 125,088 |
Loan consolidations to third-parties |  | (285,483) |  |  | (8,586) |  |  |  |  | (294,069) |
Allowance |  | (121,748) |  |  | (483) |  |  |  |  | (122,231) |
Repayments and other |  | (681,968) |  |  | (14,102) |  |  |  |  | (696,070) |
Ending balance |  | $ | 20,497,675 |  |  | $ | 589,888 |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,087,563 |

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  | Credit Cards |  | Total Loans Held for Investment, net
Beginning balance |  | $ | 19,625,374 |  |  | $ | 692,954 |  |  | $ | 22,955 |  |  | $ | 20,341,283 |
Acquisitions and originations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | 1,357,719 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,357,719 |
Variable-rate |  | 836,916 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,323 |  |  | 858,239 |
Total acquisitions and originations |  | 2,194,635 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,323 |  |  | 2,215,958 |
Capitalized interest and deferred origination cost premium amortization |  | 114,691 |  |  | 6,567 |  |  | (80) |  |  | 121,178 |
Sales |  | (89,058) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (89,058) |
Loan consolidations to third-parties |  | (499,431) |  |  | (8,683) |  |  | — |  |  | (508,114) |
Allowance |  | (62,076) |  |  | 78 |  |  | (29) |  |  | (62,027) |
Repayments and other |  | (697,912) |  |  | (10,872) |  |  | (18,761) |  |  | (727,545) |
Ending balance |  | $ | 20,586,223 |  |  | $ | 680,044 |  |  | $ | 25,408 |  |  | $ | 21,291,675 |

“Loan consolidations to third-parties” and “Repayments and other” are both significantly affected by the volume of loans in our held for investment portfolio in full principal and interest repayment status. The amount of loans in full principal and interest repayment status in our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio at March 31, 2023
56 SLM CORPORATION

decreased by 3 percent compared with March 31, 2022, and now totals 41 percent of our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio at March 31, 2023.
“Loan consolidations to third-parties” for the three months ended March 31, 2023 total 3.4 percent of our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio in full principal and interest repayment status at March 31, 2023, or 1.4 percent of our total Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio at March 31, 2023, compared with the year-ago period of 5.7 percent of our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio in full principal and interest repayment status, or 2.4 percent of our total Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio, respectively. Historical experience has shown that loan consolidation activity is heightened in the period when the loan initially enters full principal and interest repayment status and then subsides over time. In addition, in higher interest rate environments, such as occurred in the first quarter of 2023, we typically experience reduced loan consolidated activity.
The “Repayments and other” category includes all scheduled repayments, as well as voluntary prepayments, made on loans in repayment (including loans in full principal and interest repayment status) and also includes charge-offs. Consequently, this category can be significantly affected by the volume of loans in repayment.
Private Education Loan Originations
The following table summarizes our Private Education Loan originations. Originations represent loans that were funded or acquired during the period presented.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | % |  | 2022 |  | %
Smart Option - interest only(1) |  | $ | 478,162 |  |  | 20 | % |  | $ | 430,329 |  |  | 20 | %
Smart Option - fixed pay(1) |  | 808,246 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 711,395 |  |  | 32 |
Smart Option - deferred(1) |  | 1,002,888 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 867,108 |  |  | 40 |
Graduate Loan(2) |  | 151,912 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 150,460 |  |  | 7 |
Parent Loan(3) |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,365 |  |  | 1 |
Total Private Education Loan originations |  | $ | 2,441,246 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,188,657 |  |  | 100 | %
Percentage of loans with a cosigner |  | 89.1 | % |  |  |  | 88.0 | % |  |
Average FICO at approval(4) |  | 746 |  |  |  |  | 748 |  |  |

(1) Interest only, fixed pay and deferred describe the payment option while in school or in grace period. See Item 1. “Business - Our Business - Private Education Loans” in the 2022 Form 10-K for a further discussion.
(2) For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Graduate Loan originations include $10.4 million of Smart Option Loans where the student was in a graduate status. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Graduate Loan originations include $1.4 million of Parent Loans and $9.7 million of Smart Option Loans where the student was in a graduate status.
(3) In December 2021, we discontinued offering our Parent Loan product. Applications for those loans received before the offering termination date were processed, and final disbursements under those loans occurred in December 2022.
(4) Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower.
SLM CORPORATION 57

Allowance for Credit Losses
Allowance for Credit Losses Activity

Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  | Credit Cards |  | Total Portfolio |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  | Credit Cards |  | Total Portfolio
Beginning balance |  | $ | 1,353,631 |  |  | $ | 3,444 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,357,075 |  |  | $ | 1,158,977 |  |  | $ | 4,077 |  |  | $ | 2,281 |  |  | $ | 1,165,335 |
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1) |  | 148,513 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 148,513 |  |  | 94,686 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94,686 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (95,085) |  |  | (256) |  |  | (741) |  |  | (96,082) |  |  | (83,856) |  |  | (99) |  |  | (111) |  |  | (84,066) |
Plus: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries |  | 11,986 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 11,997 |  |  | 8,033 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 8,036 |
Provisions for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision, current period |  | 56,334 |  |  | 739 |  |  | 730 |  |  | 57,803 |  |  | 48,460 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 48,618 |
Loan sale reduction to provision |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,247) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,247) |
Total provisions for credit losses(2) |  | 56,334 |  |  | 739 |  |  | 730 |  |  | 57,803 |  |  | 43,213 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 43,371 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 1,475,379 |  |  | $ | 3,927 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,479,306 |  |  | $ | 1,221,053 |  |  | $ | 3,999 |  |  | $ | 2,310 |  |  | $ | 1,227,362 |

(1) See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” in this Form 10-Q for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.
(2) Below is a reconciliation of the provision for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Three Months Ended March 31, (dollars in thousands) |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses: |  |  |  |
Provisions for loan losses |  | $ | 56,334 |  |  | $ | 43,213 |
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments |  | 56,309 |  |  | 54,679 |
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses |  | 112,643 |  |  | 97,892 |
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses: |  |  |  |
FFELP Loans |  | 739 |  |  | 21 |
Credit Cards |  | 730 |  |  | 137 |
Total |  | 1,469 |  |  | 158 |
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income |  | $ | 114,112 |  |  | $ | 98,050 |

58 SLM CORPORATION

Private Education Loan Allowance for Credit Losses
In establishing the allowance for Private Education Loan losses as of March 31, 2023, we considered several factors with respect to our Private Education Loan portfolio, in particular, credit quality and delinquency, forbearance, and charge-off trends.
Private Education Loans held for investment in full principal and interest repayment status were 41 percent of our total Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio at March 31, 2023, compared with 42 percent at March 31, 2022.
For a more detailed discussion of our policy for determining the collectability of Private Education Loans and maintaining our allowance for Private Education Loans, see Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Allowance for Credit Losses” and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 5, “Loans Held for Investment — Certain Collection Tools - Private Education Loans” in the 2022 Form 10-K.
The table below presents our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio delinquency trends. Loans in repayment include loans making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the following table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).

Private Education Loans Held for Investment |  | 2023 |  | 2022
March 31, (dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  | % |  | Balance |  | %
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1) |  | $ | 5,686,386 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,405,952 |  |  |
Loans in forbearance(2) |  | 221,158 |  |  |  |  | 234,260 |  |  |
Loans in repayment and percentage of each status: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans current |  | 15,446,182 |  |  | 96.6 | % |  | 15,530,080 |  |  | 96.5 | %
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3) |  | 267,000 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 260,535 |  |  | 1.6 |
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3) |  | 140,786 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 169,060 |  |  | 1.1 |
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3) |  | 136,491 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 135,482 |  |  | 0.8 |
Total Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 15,990,459 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 16,095,157 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Total Private Education Loans, gross |  | 21,898,003 |  |  |  |  | 21,735,369 |  |  |
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 75,051 |  |  |  |  | 71,907 |  |  |
Total Private Education Loans |  | 21,973,054 |  |  |  |  | 21,807,276 |  |  |
Private Education Loans allowance for losses |  | (1,475,379) |  |  |  |  | (1,221,053) |  |  |
Private Education Loans, net |  | $ | 20,497,675 |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,586,223 |  |  |
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  |  |  | 73.0 | % |  |  |  | 74.1 | %
Delinquencies as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  |  |  | 3.4 | % |  |  |  | 3.5 | %
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance |  |  |  | 1.4 | % |  |  |  | 1.4 | %

(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).
(2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.
(3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.
Delinquencies as a percentage of Private Education Loans (held for investment) in repayment decreased to 3.4 percent at March 31, 2023 from 3.5 percent at March 31, 2022, and the forbearance rate remained unchanged at 1.4 percent at March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022. The delinquency rate at March 31, 2023 was slightly lower than the year-ago quarter due to several factors, including the improving collection practices and staffing we implemented in late
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2022 to address the prior trend of increasing credit losses. In addition, the year-ago quarter’s delinquencies were affected by certain loans whose borrowers took a “gap year” during the pandemic entering full principal and interest repayment status starting in late 2021 and early 2022. See additional discussion related to collections activity and the COVID-19 pandemic in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Impact of COVID-19 on Sallie Mae — Customers and Credit Performance” and “—Financial Condition — Allowance for Credit Losses — Use of Forbearance and Rate Modifications as a Private Education Loan Collection Tool” in the 2022 Form 10-K.
Changes in Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses
The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for Private Education Loan (held for investment) losses.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 1,353,631 |  |  | $ | 1,158,977 |  |  |  |  |
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1) |  | 148,513 |  |  | 94,686 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision, current period |  | 56,334 |  |  | 48,460 |  |  |  |  |
Loan sale reduction to provision |  | — |  |  | (5,247) |  |  |  |  |
Total provision |  | 56,334 |  |  | 43,213 |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (95,085) |  |  | (83,856) |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries |  | 11,986 |  |  | 8,033 |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs |  | (83,099) |  |  | (75,823) |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  | $ | 1,475,379 |  |  | $ | 1,221,053 |  |  |  |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized |  | 6.40 | % |  | 5.37 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(2) |  | 9.00 | % |  | 7.43 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 4.44 |  |  | 4.03 |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(2) |  | 2.11 | % |  | 1.89 | % |  |  |  |
Delinquencies as a percentage of ending loans in repayment(2) |  | 3.40 | % |  | 3.51 | % |  |  |  |
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of ending loans in repayment and forbearance(2) |  | 1.36 | % |  | 1.43 | % |  |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 21,898,003 |  |  | $ | 21,735,369 |  |  |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(2) |  | $ | 15,764,143 |  |  | $ | 16,013,289 |  |  |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(2) |  | $ | 15,990,459 |  |  | $ | 16,095,157 |  |  |  |  |
Accrued interest to be capitalized |  | $ | 1,150,802 |  |  | $ | 993,698 |  |  |  |  |
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(3) |  | $ | 408,263 |  |  | $ | 331,405 |  |  |  |  |

(1) See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” in this Form 10-Q for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.
(2) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).
(3) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest payment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).
As part of concluding on the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, we review key allowance and loan metrics. The most significant of these metrics considered are the allowance coverage of net charge-offs ratio; the allowance as a percentage of ending total loans and accrued interest to be capitalized and of ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment; and delinquency and forbearance percentages.
60 SLM CORPORATION

Delinquency Trends by Active Repayment Status
The tables below show the composition and status of the Private Education Loan portfolio held for investment aged by number of months in active repayment status (months for which a scheduled monthly payment was due). Active repayment status includes loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but for purposes of the tables below, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance). Our experience shows that the percentage of loans in forbearance status generally decreases the longer the loans have been in active repayment status. At March 31, 2023, for Private Education Loans (held for investment) that have been in active repayment status for fewer than 25 months, loans in forbearance status as a percentage of all loans in repayment and forbearance were 1.0 percent. Approximately 73 percent of our Private Education Loans (held for investment) in forbearance status have been in active repayment status fewer than 25 months. The March 31, 2022 Form 10-Q incorrectly reported the breakout of the “aged by number of months in active repayment status” categories; the March 31, 2022 table below reflects reclassifications in “aged by number of months in active repayment status” categories to be consistent with the current period presentation. There was no effect to the total loan portfolio balances.

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in millions) |  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment Aged by Number of Months in Active Repayment Status |  | Not Yet in Repayment |  | Total
| 0 to 12 |  | 13 to 24 |  | 25 to 36 |  | 37 to 48 |  | More than 48 |
Loans in-school/grace/deferment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,686 |  |  | $ | 5,686 |
Loans in forbearance |  | 126 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 221 |
Loans in repayment - current |  | 4,761 |  |  | 3,594 |  |  | 2,092 |  |  | 1,638 |  |  | 3,362 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,447 |
Loans in repayment - delinquent 30-59 days |  | 82 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 65 |  |  | — |  |  | 267 |
Loans in repayment - delinquent 60-89 days |  | 47 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 141 |
Loans in repayment - 90 days or greater past due |  | 46 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | 136 |
Total |  | $ | 5,062 |  |  | $ | 3,739 |  |  | $ | 2,189 |  |  | $ | 1,711 |  |  | $ | 3,511 |  |  | $ | 5,686 |  |  | 21,898 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 75 |
Allowance for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,475) |
Total Private Education Loans, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,498 |
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of total Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance |  | 0.78 | % |  | 0.22 | % |  | 0.14 | % |  | 0.09 | % |  | 0.13 | % |  | — | % |  | 1.36 | %

SLM CORPORATION 61

As of March 31, 2022 (dollars in millions) |  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment Aged by Number of Months in Active Repayment Status |  | Not Yet in Repayment |  | Total
| 0 to 12 |  | 13 to 24 |  | 25 to 36 |  | 37 to 48 |  | More than 48 |
Loans in-school/grace/deferment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,406 |  |  | $ | 5,406 |
Loans in forbearance |  | 141 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 234 |
Loans in repayment - current |  | 4,772 |  |  | 3,353 |  |  | 2,456 |  |  | 1,655 |  |  | 3,294 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,530 |
Loans in repayment - delinquent 30-59 days |  | 92 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 261 |
Loans in repayment - delinquent 60-89 days |  | 71 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 169 |
Loans in repayment - 90 days or greater past due |  | 56 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 135 |
Total |  | $ | 5,132 |  |  | $ | 3,488 |  |  | $ | 2,557 |  |  | $ | 1,726 |  |  | $ | 3,426 |  |  | $ | 5,406 |  |  | 21,735 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 72 |
Allowance for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,221) |
Total Private Education Loans, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,586 |
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of total Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance |  | 0.86 | % |  | 0.21 | % |  | 0.15 | % |  | 0.09 | % |  | 0.12 | % |  | — | % |  | 1.43 | %

Private Education Loans Held for Investment Types
The following table provides information regarding the loans in repayment balance and total loan balance by Private Education Loan held for investment product type at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | Signature and Other |  | Parent Loan(1) |  | Smart Option |  | Career Training(2) |  | Graduate Loan |  | Total
$ in repayment(3) |  | $ | 218,517 |  |  | $ | 246,043 |  |  | $ | 14,404,070 |  |  | $ | 3,745 |  |  | $ | 1,118,084 |  |  | $ | 15,990,459 |
$ in total |  | $ | 304,344 |  |  | $ | 246,828 |  |  | $ | 19,749,090 |  |  | $ | 3,804 |  |  | $ | 1,593,937 |  |  | $ | 21,898,003 |

As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | Signature and Other |  | Parent Loan(1) |  | Smart Option |  | Career Training(2) |  | Graduate Loan |  | Total
$ in repayment(3) |  | $ | 216,513 |  |  | $ | 261,316 |  |  | $ | 13,599,750 |  |  | $ | 4,565 |  |  | $ | 1,047,406 |  |  | $ | 15,129,550 |
$ in total |  | $ | 308,884 |  |  | $ | 262,602 |  |  | $ | 18,218,925 |  |  | $ | 4,602 |  |  | $ | 1,508,675 |  |  | $ | 20,303,688 |

(1) In December 2021, we discontinued offering our Parent Loan product. Applications for those loans received before the offering termination date continued to be processed, and final disbursements under those loans occurred in December 2022.
(2) In May 2022, we discontinued offering our Career Training loan product. Applications for those loans received before the offering termination date will continue to be processed, with final disbursements under those loans to occur until May 2023.
(3) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).
62 SLM CORPORATION

Accrued Interest Receivable
The following table provides information regarding accrued interest receivable on our Private Education Loans held for investment. The table also discloses the amount of accrued interest on loans 90 days or greater past due as compared to our allowance for uncollectible interest. The majority of the total accrued interest receivable represents accrued interest on deferred loans where no payments are due while the borrower is in school and fixed-pay loans where the borrower makes a $25 monthly payment that is smaller than the interest accruing on that loan in that month. The accrued interest on these loans will be capitalized to the balance of the loans when the borrower exits the grace period after separation from school, and the current expected credit losses on accrued interest that will be capitalized is included in our allowance for credit losses.

|  | Private Education Loans
|  | Accrued Interest Receivable
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Total Interest Receivable |  | 90 Days or Greater Past Due |  | Allowance for Uncollectible Interest(1)
March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 1,304,726 |  |  | $ | 6,638 |  |  | $ | 6,523 |
December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 1,177,562 |  |  | $ | 6,609 |  |  | $ | 8,121 |
March 31, 2022 |  | $ | 1,241,574 |  |  | $ | 6,292 |  |  | $ | 5,505 |

(1)The allowance for uncollectible interest at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2022 represents the expected losses related to the portion of accrued interest receivable on those loans that are in repayment (at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2022, relates to $154 million, $240 million, and $248 million, respectively, of accrued interest receivable) that is not expected to be capitalized. The accrued interest receivable that is expected to be capitalized ($1.2 billion, $937 million, and $994 million, at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and March 31, 2022, respectively) is reserved in the allowance for credit losses.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Funding and Liquidity Risk Management
Our primary liquidity needs include our ongoing ability to fund our businesses throughout market cycles, including during periods of financial stress, our ongoing ability to fund originations of Private Education Loans, and our ability to meet any outflows of our Bank deposits. To achieve these objectives, we analyze and monitor our liquidity needs, and maintain excess liquidity and access to diverse funding sources, such as deposits at the Bank, issuance of secured debt primarily through asset-backed securitizations, other financing facilities, and loan sales.
Interest-bearing deposits as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of retail and brokered non-maturity savings deposits, retail and brokered non-maturity MMDAs, and retail and brokered CDs. Interest-bearing deposits include deposits from Educational 529 and Health Savings plans that diversify our funding sources and additional deposits we consider to be core. These and other large omnibus accounts, aggregating the deposits of many individual depositors, represented $8.0 billion and $8.0 billion of our deposit total as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. These omnibus accounts are structured in such a way that entitles the individual depositor pass-through deposit insurance (subject to FDIC rules and limitations), and the majority of these deposits have contractual minimum balances and maturity terms.
It is our policy to manage operations so liquidity needs are fully satisfied through normal operations to avoid unplanned loan sales under all but the most dire emergency conditions. Our liquidity management is governed by policies approved by our Board of Directors. Oversight of these policies is performed in the Asset and Liability Committee, a management-level committee.
These policies take into account the volatility of cash flow forecasts, expected asset and liability maturities, anticipated loan demand, and a variety of other factors to establish minimum liquidity guidelines.
Key risks associated with our liquidity relate to our ability to access the capital markets and the markets for bank deposits at reasonable rates. This ability may be affected by our performance, competitive pressures, the macroeconomic environment, and the impact they have on the availability of funding sources in the marketplace. We target maintaining sufficient on-balance sheet and contingent sources of liquidity to enable us to meet all contractual and contingent obligations under various stress scenarios, including severe macroeconomic stresses as well as specific stresses that test the resiliency of our balance sheet. As the Bank has grown, we have improved our liquidity stress testing practices to align more closely with the industry, which resulted in our adopting increased liquidity requirements. Beginning in the second quarter of 2019, we began to increase our liquidity levels by increasing cash and marketable investments held as part of our ongoing efforts to enhance our ability to maintain a strong risk management position. By early 2020 and continuing through 2022, we held a significant liquidity buffer of cash and securities, which we expect to maintain through 2023. Due to the seasonal nature of our business, our liquidity levels will likely vary from quarter to quarter.
Sources of Liquidity and Available Capacity
Ending Balances

(Dollars in thousands) |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Sources of primary liquidity: |  |  |  |
Unrestricted cash and liquid investments: |  |  |  |
Holding Company and other non-bank subsidiaries |  | $ | 3,506 |  |  | $ | — |
Sallie Mae Bank(1) |  | 3,712,873 |  |  | 4,617,533 |
Available-for-sale investments |  | 1,993,984 |  |  | 2,012,901 |
Total unrestricted cash and liquid investments |  | $ | 5,710,363 |  |  | $ | 6,630,434 |

(1) This amount will be used primarily to originate Private Education Loans at the Bank.
64 SLM CORPORATION

Average Balances

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Sources of primary liquidity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrestricted cash and liquid investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Holding Company and other non-bank subsidiaries |  | $ | 5,389 |  |  | $ | 9,674 |  |  |  |  |
Sallie Mae Bank(1) |  | 3,721,807 |  |  | 3,308,624 |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale investments |  | 2,002,111 |  |  | 2,452,193 |  |  |  |  |
Total unrestricted cash and liquid investments |  | $ | 5,729,307 |  |  | $ | 5,770,491 |  |  |  |  |

(1) This amount will be used primarily to originate Private Education Loans at the Bank.
Deposits
The following table summarizes total deposits.

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022
Deposits - interest-bearing |  | $ | 21,801,666 |  |  |  | $ | 21,446,647 |
Deposits - non-interest-bearing |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | 1,424 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 21,803,666 |  |  |  | $ | 21,448,071 |

Our total deposits of $21.8 billion were comprised of $10.3 billion in brokered deposits and $11.5 billion in retail and other deposits at March 31, 2023, compared to total deposits of $21.4 billion, which were comprised of $9.9 billion in brokered deposits and $11.5 billion in retail and other deposits, at December 31, 2022.
Interest-bearing deposits as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of retail and brokered non-maturity savings deposits, retail and brokered non-maturity MMDAs, and retail and brokered CDs. Interest-bearing deposits include deposits from Educational 529 and Health Savings plans that diversify our funding sources and additional deposits we consider to be core. These and other large omnibus accounts, aggregating the deposits of many individual depositors, represented $8.0 billion and $8.0 billion of our deposit total as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Some of our deposit products are serviced by third-party providers. Placement fees associated with the brokered CDs are amortized into interest expense using the effective interest rate method. We recognized placement fee expense of $3 million and $3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Fees paid to third-party brokers related to brokered CDs were $3 million and $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Interest bearing deposits at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  | Qtr.-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1) |  | Amount |  | Year-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1) |
Money market |  | $ | 10,788,126 |  |  | 4.26 | % |  | $ | 10,977,242 |  |  | 3.75 | % |
Savings |  | 1,007,994 |  |  | 3.75 |  |  | 982,586 |  |  | 3.15 |  |
Certificates of deposit |  | 10,005,546 |  |  | 2.97 |  |  | 9,486,819 |  |  | 2.57 |  |
Deposits - interest bearing |  | $ | 21,801,666 |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,446,647 |  |  |  |

(1) Includes the effect of interest rate swaps in effective hedge relationships.
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As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were $471 million and $615 million, respectively, of deposits exceeding FDIC insurance limits. These omnibus accounts are structured in such a way that entitles the individual depositor pass-through deposit insurance (subject to FDIC rules and limitations), and the majority of these deposits have contractual minimum balances and maturity terms. Accrued interest on deposits was $69 million and $59 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Counterparty Exposure
Counterparty exposure related to financial instruments arises from the risk that a lending, investment, or derivative counterparty will not be able to meet its obligations to us.
Excess cash is generally invested with the FRB on an overnight basis or in the FRB’s Term Deposit Facility, minimizing counterparty exposure on cash balances.
Our investment portfolio is primarily comprised of a small portfolio of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises that are purchased to meet CRA targets. Additionally, our investing activity is governed by Board-approved limits on the amount that is allowed to be invested with any one issuer based on the credit rating of the issuer, further minimizing our counterparty exposure. Counterparty credit risk is considered when valuing investments and considering impairment.
Related to derivative transactions, protection against counterparty risk is generally provided by International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. Credit Support Annexes (“CSAs”), or clearinghouses for over-the-counter derivatives. CSAs require a counterparty to post collateral if a potential default would expose the other party to a loss. All derivative contracts entered into by the Bank are covered under CSAs or clearinghouse agreements and require collateral to be exchanged based on the net fair value of derivatives with each counterparty. Our exposure to the counterparty is limited to the value of the derivative contracts in a gain position, less any collateral held by us and plus collateral posted with the counterparty.
Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act requires all standardized derivatives, including most interest rate swaps, to be submitted for clearing to central counterparties to reduce counterparty risk. Two of the central counterparties we use are the CME and the LCH. All variation margin payments on derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH are accounted for as legal settlement. As of March 31, 2023, $1.8 billion notional of our derivative contracts were cleared on the CME and $0.2 billion were cleared on the LCH. The derivative contracts cleared through the CME and LCH represent 90.0 percent and 10.0 percent, respectively, of our total notional derivative contracts of $2.0 billion at March 31, 2023.
For derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH, the net gain (loss) position includes the variation margin amounts as settlement of the derivative and not collateral against the fair value of the derivative. The amount of variation margin included as settlement as of March 31, 2023 was $(47) million and $(6) million for the CME and LCH, respectively. Changes in fair value for derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are presented as realized gains (losses).
Our exposure to the counterparty is limited to the value of the derivative contracts in a gain position less any collateral held and plus any collateral posted. When there is a net negative exposure, we consider our exposure to the counterparty to be zero. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had a net positive exposure (derivative gain/loss positions to us, less collateral held by us and plus collateral posted with counterparties) related to derivatives of $11 million and $12 million, respectively.
We have liquidity exposure related to collateral movements between us and our derivative counterparties. Movements in the value of the derivatives, which are primarily affected by changes in interest rates, may require us to return cash collateral held or may require us to access primary liquidity to post collateral to counterparties.
The table below highlights exposure related to our derivative counterparties as of March 31, 2023.
66 SLM CORPORATION

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | SLM Corporation and Sallie Mae Bank Contracts
Total exposure, net of collateral |  | $ | 11,216 |
Exposure to counterparties with credit ratings, net of collateral |  | $ | 11,216 |
Percent of exposure to counterparties with credit ratings below S&P AA- or Moody’s Aa3 |  | — | %
Percent of exposure to counterparties with credit ratings below S&P A- or Moody’s A3 |  | — | %

Regulatory Capital
The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal and state banking authorities. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Under U.S. Basel III and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital standards that involve quantitative measures of its assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and its classification under the prompt corrective action framework are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components of capital, risk weightings, and other factors.
Capital Management
The Bank intends to maintain at all times regulatory capital levels that meet both the minimum levels required under U.S. Basel III (including applicable buffers) and the levels necessary to be considered “well capitalized” under the FDIC’s prompt corrective action framework, in order to support asset growth and operating needs, address unexpected credit risks, and protect the interests of depositors and the Deposit Insurance Fund administered by the FDIC. The Bank’s Capital Policy requires management to monitor these capital standards and the Bank’s compliance with them. The Board of Directors and management periodically evaluate the quality of assets, the stability of earnings, and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses for the Bank. The Company is a source of strength for the Bank and will provide additional capital if necessary.
We believe that current and projected capital levels are appropriate for 2023. As of March 31, 2023, the Bank’s risk-based and leverage capital ratios exceed the required minimum ratios and the applicable buffers under the fully phased-in U.S. Basel III standards as well as the “well capitalized” standards under the prompt corrective action framework.
Under U.S. Basel III, the Bank is required to maintain the following minimum regulatory capital ratios: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0 percent. In addition, the Bank is subject to a Common Equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of greater than 2.5 percent. Failure to maintain the buffer will result in restrictions on the Bank’s ability to make capital distributions, including the payment of dividends, and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers. Including the buffer, the Bank is required to maintain the following capital ratios under U.S. Basel III in order to avoid such restrictions: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of greater than 7.0 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of greater than 8.5 percent, and a Total risk-based capital ratio of greater than 10.5 percent.
To qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework for insured depository institutions, the Bank must maintain a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5.0 percent.
Under regulations issued by the FDIC and other federal banking agencies, banking organizations that adopted CECL during the 2020 calendar year, including the Bank, could elect to delay for two years, and then phase in over the following three years, the effects on regulatory capital of CECL relative to the incurred loss methodology. The Bank elected to use this option. Therefore, the regulatory capital impact of the Bank’s transition adjustments recorded on January 1, 2020 from the adoption of CECL, and 25 percent of the ongoing impact of CECL on the Bank’s allowance for credit losses, retained earnings, and average total consolidated assets, each as reported for regulatory capital purposes (collectively, the “adjusted transition amounts”), were deferred for the two-year period ending January 1, 2022. On January 1, 2022, 25 percent of the adjusted transition amounts was phased in for regulatory capital purposes. On January 1, 2023, an additional 25 percent of the adjusted transition amounts was phased in for regulatory capital purposes. On January 1 of 2024 and 2025, the adjusted transition amounts will continue to be phased in for regulatory capital purposes at a rate of
SLM CORPORATION 67

25 percent per year, with the phased-in amounts included in regulatory capital at the beginning of each year. The Bank’s January 1, 2020 CECL transition amounts increased our allowance for credit losses by $1.1 billion, increased the liability representing our off-balance sheet exposure for unfunded commitments by $116 million, and increased our deferred tax asset by $306 million, resulting in a cumulative effect adjustment that reduced retained earnings by $953 million. This transition adjustment was inclusive of qualitative adjustments incorporated into our CECL allowance as necessary, to address any limitations in the models used.
At March 31, 2023, the adjusted transition amounts that were deferred and are being phased in for regulatory capital purposes are as follows:

|  | Adjusted Transition Amounts |  | Phase-In Amounts for the Year Ended |  | Phase-In Amounts for the Three Months Ended |  | Remaining Adjusted Transition Amounts to be Phased-In
(Dollars in thousands) |  | December 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Retained earnings |  | $ | 836,351 |  |  | $ | (209,088) |  |  | $ | (209,088) |  |  | $ | 418,175 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | 1,038,145 |  |  | (259,536) |  |  | (259,536) |  |  | 519,073 |
Liability for unfunded commitments |  | 104,377 |  |  | (26,094) |  |  | (26,094) |  |  | 52,189 |
Deferred tax asset |  | 306,171 |  |  | (76,542) |  |  | (76,542) |  |  | 153,087 |

The Bank’s required and actual regulatory capital amounts and ratios under U.S. Basel III are shown in the following table. The following capital amounts and ratios are based upon the Bank’s average assets and risk-weighted assets, as indicated. The Bank has elected to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income related to both available-for-sale investments and swap valuations from Common Equity Tier 1 Capital. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments included in other comprehensive income totaled $133 million and $160 million, respectively. The capital ratios would remain above the well capitalized thresholds if the unrealized loss became fully recognized into capital.

|  | Actual |  | U.S. Basel III Minimum Requirements Plus Buffer(1)(2)
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
As of March 31, 2023(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 2,979,433 |  | 12.0 | % |  | $ | 1,738,576 |  | > | 7.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 2,979,433 |  | 12.0 | % |  | $ | 2,111,128 |  | > | 8.5 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,297,674 |  | 13.3 | % |  | $ | 2,607,863 |  | > | 10.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets) |  | $ | 2,979,433 |  | 10.0 | % |  | $ | 1,188,369 |  | > | 4.0 | %
As of December 31, 2022(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,040,662 |  | 12.9 | % |  | $ | 1,645,807 |  | > | 7.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,040,662 |  | 12.9 | % |  | $ | 1,998,480 |  | > | 8.5 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,338,645 |  | 14.2 | % |  | $ | 2,468,711 |  | > | 10.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets) |  | $ | 3,040,662 |  | 10.3 | % |  | $ | 1,185,280 |  | > | 4.0 | %

(1) Reflects the U.S. Basel III minimum required ratio plus the applicable capital conservation buffer.
(2) The Bank’s regulatory capital ratios also exceeded all applicable standards for the Bank to qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework.
(3) For March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the actual amounts and the actual ratios include the adjusted transition amounts discussed above that were phased in at the beginning of 2022 and 2023.
68 SLM CORPORATION

Dividends
The Bank is chartered under the laws of the State of Utah and its deposits are insured by the FDIC. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to the laws of Utah and the regulations of the FDIC. Generally, under Utah’s industrial bank laws and regulations as well as FDIC regulations, the Bank may pay dividends from its net profits without regulatory approval if, following the payment of the dividend, the Bank’s capital and surplus would not be impaired. The Bank declared no dividends and $108 million in dividends to the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with the proceeds primarily used to fund the 2022 and 2021 Share Repurchase Programs and stock dividends. In the future, we expect that the Bank will pay dividends to the Company as may be necessary to enable the Company to pay any declared dividends on its Series B Preferred Stock and common stock and to consummate any common share repurchases by the Company under its share repurchase programs.
Borrowings
Outstanding borrowings consist of unsecured debt and secured borrowings issued through our term ABS program and our Secured Borrowing Facility. The issuing entities for those secured borrowings are VIEs and are consolidated for accounting purposes. The following table summarizes our borrowings at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 9, “Borrowings” in this Form 10-Q.

|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  | Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total
Unsecured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured debt (fixed-rate) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 989,788 |  |  | $ | 989,788 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 988,986 |  |  | $ | 988,986 |
Total unsecured borrowings |  | — |  |  | 989,788 |  |  | 989,788 |  |  | — |  |  | 988,986 |  |  | 988,986 |
Secured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loan term securitizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | — |  |  | 3,759,190 |  |  | 3,759,190 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,462,363 |  |  | 3,462,363 |
Variable-rate |  | — |  |  | 764,998 |  |  | 764,998 |  |  | — |  |  | 783,765 |  |  | 783,765 |
Total Private Education Loan term securitizations |  | — |  |  | 4,524,188 |  |  | 4,524,188 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,246,128 |  |  | 4,246,128 |
Secured Borrowing Facility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total secured borrowings |  | — |  |  | 4,524,188 |  |  | 4,524,188 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,246,128 |  |  | 4,246,128 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,513,976 |  |  | $ | 5,513,976 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,235,114 |  |  | $ | 5,235,114 |

Short-term Borrowings
On May 17, 2022, we amended our Secured Borrowing Facility to extend the maturity of the facility. The amount that can be borrowed under the facility is $2 billion. We hold 100 percent of the residual interest in the Secured Borrowing Facility trust. Under the Secured Borrowing Facility, we incur financing costs on unused borrowing capacity and on outstanding advances. The amended Secured Borrowing Facility extended the revolving period, during which we may borrow, repay, and reborrow funds, until May 16, 2023. The scheduled amortization period, during which amounts outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility must be repaid, ends on May 16, 2024 (or earlier, if certain material adverse events occur). At both March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, there were no secured borrowings outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility.
Other Borrowing Sources
We maintain discretionary uncommitted Federal Funds lines of credit with various correspondent banks, which totaled $125 million at March 31, 2023. The interest rate we are charged on these lines of credit is priced at Fed Funds plus a spread at the time of borrowing and is payable daily. We did not utilize these lines of credit in the three months ended March 31, 2023 or in the year ended December 31, 2022.
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We established an account at the FRB to meet eligibility requirements for access to the Primary Credit borrowing facility at the FRB’s Window. The Primary Credit borrowing facility is a lending program available to depository institutions that are in generally sound financial condition. All borrowings at the Window must be fully collateralized. We can pledge asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities, as well as FFELP Loans and Private Education Loans, to the FRB as collateral for borrowings at the Window. Generally, collateral value is assigned based on the estimated fair value of the pledged assets. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the value of our pledged collateral at the FRB totaled $2.1 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively. The interest rate charged to us is the discount rate set by the FRB. We did not utilize this facility in the three months ended March 31, 2023 or in the year ended December 31, 2022.
Contractual Loan Commitments
When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, that approval may cover the borrowing for the entire academic year. As such, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of such approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We estimate expected credit losses over the contractual period in which we are exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. At March 31, 2023, we had $684 million of outstanding contractual loan commitments that we expect to fund during the 2022/2023 academic year. At March 31, 2023, we had a $33 million reserve recorded in “Other Liabilities” to cover expected losses that may occur during the one-year loss emergence period on these unfunded commitments. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Credit Losses — Off-Balance Sheet Exposure for Contractual Loan Commitments” in our 2022 Form 10-K and Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments” in this Form 10-Q for additional information.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations addresses our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we have identified certain accounting estimates and assumptions that we consider to be the most critical to an understanding of our financial statements because they involve significant judgments and uncertainties.
The critical accounting estimates we have identified relate to the allowance for credit losses. These estimates reflect our best judgment about current and, for some estimates, including management overlays, future economic and market conditions. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of these financial statements. If conditions change from those expected, it is reasonably possible that these judgments and estimates could change, which may result in a change in the allowance for credit losses or material changes to our consolidated financial statements. A discussion of our critical accounting policies can be found in our 2022 Form 10-K.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis
Our interest rate risk management program seeks to manage and control interest rate risk, thereby reducing our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates and achieving consistent and acceptable levels of profit in any rate environment and sustainable growth in net interest income over the long term. We evaluate and monitor interest rate risk through two primary methods:
•Earnings at Risk (“EAR”), which measures the impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates on net interest income; and
•Economic Value of Equity (“EVE”), which measures the sensitivity or change in the economic value of equity to changes in interest rates.
A number of potential interest rate scenarios are simulated using our asset liability management system. The Bank is the primary source of interest rate risk within the Company. At present, a significant portion of the Bank’s earning assets and a large balance of deposits are indexed to 1-month LIBOR. Therefore, 1-month LIBOR is considered a core rate in our interest rate risk analysis. 1-month LIBOR and other rates are shocked in parallel for shock scenarios unless otherwise indicated. In addition, key rates are modeled with a floor, which indicates how low each specific rate is likely to move in practice. On April 1, 2021, we began offering variable-rate Private Education Loans based on the 30-day average SOFR, replacing 1-month LIBOR for new originations. Rates are adjusted up or down via a set of scenarios that includes both rate shocks and ramps. Rate shocks represent an immediate and sustained change in key rates, including both 1-month LIBOR and 30-day average SOFR, with the resulting changes in other indices correlated accordingly. Interest rate ramps represent a linear increase in those key rates over the course of 12 months, with the resulting changes in other indices correlated accordingly.
The following table summarizes the potential effect on earnings over the next 24 months and the potential effect on market values of balance sheet assets and liabilities at March 31, 2023 and 2022, based upon a sensitivity analysis performed by management assuming hypothetical increases in market interest rates of 100 and 300 basis points and a decrease of 100 and 300 basis points while credit and funding spreads remain constant. EAR analysis assumes a static balance sheet, with maturities of each product replaced with assumed issuance of new products of the same type. The EVE sensitivity is applied only to financial assets and liabilities, including hedging instruments, that existed at the balance sheet date, and does not reflect any impact of new assets, liabilities, commitments, or hedging instruments that may arise in the future.
Due to the low interest rate environment in early 2022, results for downward 100 and 300-basis point rate shocks were not presented because they did not provide a meaningful indication of interest rate sensitivity at that time. As interest rates rose, the 100-basis point downward rate shock was added to the model in the second quarter of 2022 and the 300-basis point downward rate shock was added in the fourth quarter of 2022. The EAR results for March 31, 2023 indicate a market risk profile of low sensitivity to rate changes, based on static balance sheet assumptions over the next two years. The EVE metrics demonstrate higher sensitivity than results from one year ago, but remain well within established trigger and threshold limits.

| 2023 |  | 2022
As of March 31, | +300 Basis Points |  | +100 Basis Points |  | -100 Basis Points |  | -300 Basis Points |  | +300 Basis Points |  | +100 Basis Points |  | -100 Basis Points |  | -300 Basis Points
EAR - Shock | -0.1% |  | -0.1% |  | 0.0% |  | -0.2% |  | -0.1% |  | 0.0% |  | N/A |  | N/A
EAR - Ramp | +0.7% |  | +0.2% |  | -0.3% |  | -0.9% |  | -0.3% |  | -0.1% |  | N/A |  | N/A
EVE | -12.7% |  | -4.7% |  | +5.1% |  | +15.1% |  | -13.3% |  | -4.5% |  | N/A |  | N/A

In the preceding tables, the interest rate sensitivity analysis reflects the balance sheet mix of fully variable LIBOR, SOFR, and Prime-based loans, and fully variable funding, including brokered CDs that have been converted to LIBOR or SOFR through derivative transactions. The analysis assumes that retail MMDAs and retail savings balances, while relatively sensitive to interest rate changes, will not correlate 100 percent to the full interest rate shocks or ramps. Also
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considered is the impact of FFELP Loans, which receive floor income in low interest rate environments, and will therefore not reprice fully with interest rate shocks.
Although we believe that these measurements provide an estimate of our interest rate sensitivity, they do not account for potential changes in credit quality, balance sheet mix, and size of our balance sheet. They also do not account for other business developments that could affect net income, or for management actions that could affect net income or could be taken to change our risk profile. Accordingly, we can give no assurance that actual results would not differ materially from the estimated outcomes of our simulations. Further, such simulations do not represent our current view of expected future interest rate movements.
Asset and Liability Funding Gap
The table below presents our assets and liabilities (funding) arranged by underlying indices as of March 31, 2023. In the following GAAP presentation, the funding gap only includes derivatives that qualify as effective hedges (those derivatives which are reflected in net interest income, as opposed to those reflected in the “gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net” line on the consolidated statements of income). The difference between the asset and the funding is the funding gap for the specified index. This represents at a high level our exposure to interest rate risk in the form of basis risk and repricing risk, which is the risk that the different indices may reset at different frequencies or may not move in the same direction or at the same magnitude. (Note that all fixed-rate assets and liabilities are aggregated into one line item, which does not capture the differences in time due to maturity.)

As of March 31, 2023 (dollars in millions) Index |  | Frequency of Variable Resets |  | Assets |  | Funding (1) |  | Funding Gap
Fed Funds Effective Rate |  | daily/weekly/monthly |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,456.7 |  |  | $ | (1,456.7) |
SOFR Rate |  | daily/weekly/monthly |  | 3,125.9 |  |  | 2,996.3 |  |  | 129.6 |
3-month Treasury bill |  | weekly |  | 92.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 92.7 |
Prime |  | monthly |  | 26.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 26.6 |
3-month LIBOR |  | quarterly |  | — |  |  | 251.1 |  |  | (251.1) |
1-month LIBOR |  | monthly |  | 6,149.0 |  |  | 1,931.7 |  |  | 4,217.3 |
1-month LIBOR |  | daily |  | 499.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 499.6 |
Non-Discrete reset(2) |  | daily/weekly |  | 3,949.5 |  |  | 3,976.2 |  |  | (26.7) |
Fixed-Rate(3) |  |  |  | 15,610.6 |  |  | 18,841.9 |  |  | (3,231.3) |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 29,453.9 |  |  | $ | 29,453.9 |  |  | $ | — |

(1) Funding (by index) includes the impact of all derivatives that qualify as effective hedges.
(2) Assets include restricted and unrestricted cash equivalents and other overnight type instruments. Funding includes liquid retail deposits and the obligation to return cash collateral held related to derivatives exposures.
(3) Assets include receivables and other assets (including premiums and reserves). Funding includes unswapped time deposits, liquid MMDAs swapped to fixed-rates, and stockholders' equity.
The “Funding Gap” in the above table shows primarily mismatches in the Fed Funds Effective, 3-month LIBOR, 1-Month LIBOR monthly, 1-Month LIBOR daily, and fixed-rate categories. Changes in the Fed Funds Effective Rate, 3-month LIBOR, and 1-Month LIBOR categories are generally quite highly correlated and the rates should offset each other relatively effectively. The funding in the fixed-rate bucket includes $1.6 billion of equity and $0.3 billion of non-interest bearing liabilities. We consider the overall repricing risk to be moderate, which is supported by other analyses of interest rate sensitivity.
We use interest rate swaps and other derivatives to achieve our risk management objectives. Our asset liability management strategy is to match assets with debt (in combination with derivatives) that have the same underlying index and reset frequency or have interest rate characteristics that we believe are highly correlated. The use of funding with index types and reset frequencies that are different from our assets exposes us to interest rate risk in the form of basis and repricing risk. This could result in our cost of funds not moving in the same direction or with the same magnitude as the yield on our assets. While we believe this risk is low, as all of these indices are short-term with rate movements that
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are highly correlated over a long period of time, market disruptions (which have occurred in recent years) can lead to a temporary divergence between indices, resulting in a negative impact to our earnings.
Weighted Average Life
The following table reflects the weighted average lives of our earning assets and liabilities at March 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2023 (averages in years) | Weighted Average Life
Earning assets |
Education loans | 5.00 |
Cash and investments | 1.42 |
Total earning assets | 4.20 |
Deposits |
Short-term deposits | 0.91 |
Long-term deposits | 2.24 |
Total deposits | 1.26 |
Borrowings |
Long-term borrowings | 3.47 |
Total borrowings | 3.47 |

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of March 31, 2023. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We and our subsidiaries and affiliates are subject to various claims, lawsuits, and other actions that arise in the normal course of business. It is common for the Company, our subsidiaries, and affiliates to receive information and document requests and investigative demands from state attorneys general, legislative committees, and administrative agencies. These requests may be for informational or regulatory purposes and may relate to our business practices, the industries in which we operate, or other companies with whom we conduct business. Our practice has been and continues to be to cooperate with these bodies and be responsive to any such requests.
For additional information regarding our legal proceedings, see Part I, Item 3. “Legal Proceedings” in our 2022 Form 10-K.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our business activities involve a variety of risks. Readers should carefully consider the risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our 2022 Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Share Repurchases
The following table provides information relating to our purchase of shares of our common stock in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

(In thousands, except per share data) | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(2)(3) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(2)
Period: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
January 1 - January 31, 2023 | 267 |  |  | $ | 16.97 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 581,000 |
February 1 - February 28, 2023 | 668 |  |  | $ | 15.02 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 581,000 |
March 1 - March 31, 2023 | 14 |  |  | $ | 13.61 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 581,000 |
Total first-quarter 2023 | 949 |  |  | $ | 15.55 |  |  | — |  |  |

(1) The total number of shares purchased includes the shares of our common stock tendered to us to satisfy the exercise price in connection with cashless exercises of stock options, and tax withholding obligations in connection with exercises of stock options and vesting of restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance stock units.
(2) As of March 31, 2023, we had $581 million remaining under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program.
(3) In the first quarter of 2023, we did not repurchase shares under any 10b5-1 trading plan. See Note 11, “Stockholders’ Equity” to our consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q for further discussion.
The closing price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on March 31, 2023 was $12.39.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Nothing to report.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
Nothing to report.
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Item 6. Exhibits
The following exhibits are furnished or filed, as applicable:

10.1 | Form of SLM Corporation 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, 2023 Restricted Stock Unit Term Sheet.
10.2 | Form of SLM Corporation 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, 2023 Performance Stock Unit Term Sheet.
10.3 | Retention Agreement between Steven J. McGarry and the Company dated March 2, 2023.
10.4 | Agreement and Release between Daniel Kennedy and the Company effective March 30, 2023.
10.5 | SLM Corporation Amended and Restated Executive Severance Plan for Senior Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 21, 2023).
31.1 | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

SLM CORPORATION (Registrant)
By: |  | /S/ STEVEN J. MCGARRY |
|  | Steven J. McGarry Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |

Date: April 26, 2023
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