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Allowance for Credit Losses | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2023
Receivables [Abstract] |
Allowance for Credit Losses | Allowance for Credit Losses Our provision for credit losses represents the periodic expense of maintaining an allowance sufficient to absorb lifetime expected credit losses in the held for investment loan portfolios. The evaluation of the allowance for credit losses is inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant changes. We believe the allowance for credit losses is appropriate to cover lifetime losses expected to be incurred in the loan portfolios. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses — Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses, — Allowance for FFELP Loan Losses” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion. Allowance for Credit Losses Metrics
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | FFELP Loans |  | Private Education Loans |  |  |  | Total
Allowance for Credit Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 4,422 |  |  | $ | 1,360,294 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,364,716 |
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1) |  | — |  |  | 101,687 |  |  |  |  | 101,687 |
Provisions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for current period |  | 666 |  |  | 44,423 |  |  |  |  | 45,089 |
Total provisions(2) |  | 666 |  |  | 44,423 |  |  |  |  | 45,089 |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (272) |  |  | (104,865) |  |  |  |  | (105,137) |
Recoveries |  | — |  |  | 9,693 |  |  |  |  | 9,693 |
Net charge-offs |  | (272) |  |  | (95,172) |  |  |  |  | (95,444) |
Ending Balance |  | $ | 4,816 |  |  | $ | 1,411,232 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,416,048 |
Allowance(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 4,816 |  |  | $ | 1,411,232 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,416,048 |
Loans(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 554,309 |  |  | $ | 21,680,867 |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,235,176 |
Accrued interest to be capitalized(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,283,388 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,283,388 |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4) |  | 0.25 | % |  | 2.53 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5) |  | 0.87 | % |  | 6.15 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(4)(5) |  | 1.15 | % |  | 8.84 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 4.43 |  |  | 3.71 |  |  |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 554,309 |  |  | $ | 21,680,867 |  |  |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 428,028 |  |  | $ | 15,023,993 |  |  |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 418,022 |  |  | $ | 15,505,145 |  |  |  |  |
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(6) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 464,807 |  |  |  |  |
(1) See Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively. (2) Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.
Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses: |  |
Provisions for loan losses |  | $ | 44,423 |
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments |  | 152,934 |
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses |  | 197,357 |
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses: |  |
FFELP Loans |  | 666 |
Total |  | 666 |
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income |  | $ | 198,023 |
(3) For the three months ended September 30, 2023, there were no allowance for credit losses, loans, or accrued interest to be capitalized balances that were individually evaluated for impairment. (4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance). (5) Accrued interest to be capitalized on Private Education Loans only. (6) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | FFELP Loans |  | Private Education Loans |  | Credit Cards |  | Total
Allowance for Credit Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 3,929 |  |  | $ | 1,074,744 |  |  | $ | 2,393 |  |  | $ | 1,081,066 |
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1) |  | — |  |  | 168,377 |  |  | — |  |  | 168,377 |
Provisions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for current period |  | 29 |  |  | 95,482 |  |  | 2,039 |  |  | 97,550 |
Loan sale reduction to provision |  | — |  |  | (50,226) |  |  | — |  |  | (50,226) |
Loans transferred from held-for-sale |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,372) |  |  | (2,372) |
Total provisions(2) |  | 29 |  |  | 45,256 |  |  | (333) |  |  | 44,952 |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (147) |  |  | (109,350) |  |  | (2,062) |  |  | (111,559) |
Recoveries |  | — |  |  | 11,400 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 11,402 |
Net charge-offs |  | (147) |  |  | (97,950) |  |  | (2,060) |  |  | (100,157) |
Ending Balance |  | $ | 3,811 |  |  | $ | 1,190,427 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,194,238 |
Allowance(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 3,811 |  |  | $ | 1,190,427 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,194,238 |
Loans(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 643,614 |  |  | $ | 20,104,463 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,748,077 |
Accrued interest to be capitalized(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,056,983 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,056,983 |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4) |  | 0.11 | % |  | 2.67 | % |  | — | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5) |  | 0.59 | % |  | 5.63 | % |  | — | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(4)(5) |  | 0.78 | % |  | 7.98 | % |  | — | % |  |
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 6.48 |  |  | 3.04 |  |  | — |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 643,614 |  |  | $ | 20,104,463 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 518,226 |  |  | $ | 14,674,437 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 489,920 |  |  | $ | 14,546,556 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(6) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 371,388 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
(1) See Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively. (2) Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.
Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses: |  |
Provisions for loan losses |  | $ | 45,256 |
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments |  | 162,646 |
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses |  | 207,902 |
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses: |  |
FFELP Loans |  | 29 |
Credit Cards |  | (333) |
Total |  | (304) |
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income |  | $ | 207,598 |
(3) For the three months ended September 30, 2022, there were no allowance for credit losses, loans, or accrued interest to be capitalized balances that were individually evaluated for impairment. (4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance). (5) Accrued interest to be capitalized on Private Education Loans only. (6) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | FFELP Loans |  | Private Education Loans |  |  |  | Total
Allowance for Credit Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 3,444 |  |  | $ | 1,353,631 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,357,075 |
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1) |  | — |  |  | 278,388 |  |  |  |  | 278,388 |
Provisions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for current period |  | 2,225 |  |  | 196,859 |  |  |  |  | 199,084 |
Loan sale reduction to provision |  | — |  |  | (136,531) |  |  |  |  | (136,531) |
Total provisions(2) |  | 2,225 |  |  | 60,328 |  |  |  |  | 62,553 |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (853) |  |  | (314,500) |  |  |  |  | (315,353) |
Recoveries |  | — |  |  | 33,385 |  |  |  |  | 33,385 |
Net charge-offs |  | (853) |  |  | (281,115) |  |  |  |  | (281,968) |
Ending Balance |  | $ | 4,816 |  |  | $ | 1,411,232 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,416,048 |
Allowance(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 4,816 |  |  | $ | 1,411,232 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,416,048 |
Loans(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 554,309 |  |  | $ | 21,680,867 |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,235,176 |
Accrued interest to be capitalized(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,283,388 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,283,388 |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4) |  | 0.26 | % |  | 2.44 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5) |  | 0.87 | % |  | 6.15 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(4)(5) |  | 1.15 | % |  | 8.84 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 4.23 |  |  | 3.77 |  |  |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 554,309 |  |  | $ | 21,680,867 |  |  |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 440,716 |  |  | $ | 15,358,596 |  |  |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 418,022 |  |  | $ | 15,505,145 |  |  |  |  |
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(6) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 464,807 |  |  |  |  |
(1) See Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively. (2) Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.
Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses: |  |
Provisions for loan losses |  | $ | 60,328 |
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments |  | 267,311 |
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses |  | 327,639 |
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses: |  |
FFELP Loans |  | 2,225 |
Total |  | 2,225 |
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income |  | $ | 329,864 |
(3) For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, there were no allowance for credit losses, loans, or accrued interest to be capitalized balances that were individually evaluated for impairment. (4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance). (5) Accrued interest to be capitalized on Private Education Loans only. (6) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance).
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | FFELP Loans |  | Private Education Loans |  | Credit Cards |  | Total
Allowance for Credit Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 4,077 |  |  | $ | 1,158,977 |  |  | $ | 2,281 |  |  | $ | 1,165,335 |
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1) |  | — |  |  | 303,591 |  |  | — |  |  | 303,591 |
Provisions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for current period |  | 110 |  |  | 168,473 |  |  | 2,635 |  |  | 171,218 |
Loan sale reduction to provision |  | — |  |  | (171,325) |  |  | — |  |  | (171,325) |
Loans transferred from held-for-sale |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,372) |  |  | (2,372) |
Total provisions(2) |  | 110 |  |  | (2,852) |  |  | 263 |  |  | (2,479) |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (376) |  |  | (299,699) |  |  | (2,549) |  |  | (302,624) |
Recoveries |  | — |  |  | 30,410 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 30,415 |
Net charge-offs |  | (376) |  |  | (269,289) |  |  | (2,544) |  |  | (272,209) |
Ending Balance |  | $ | 3,811 |  |  | $ | 1,190,427 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,194,238 |
Allowance(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 3,811 |  |  | $ | 1,190,427 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,194,238 |
Loans(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 643,614 |  |  | $ | 20,104,463 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,748,077 |
Accrued interest to be capitalized(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,056,983 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,056,983 |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4) |  | 0.09 | % |  | 2.37 | % |  | — | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending total loan balance and accrued interest to be capitalized(5) |  | 0.59 | % |  | 5.63 | % |  | — | % |  |
Allowance as a percentage of the ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(4)(5) |  | 0.78 | % |  | 7.98 | % |  | — | % |  |
Allowance coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 7.60 |  |  | 3.32 |  |  | — |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 643,614 |  |  | $ | 20,104,463 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 532,275 |  |  | $ | 15,173,465 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 489,920 |  |  | $ | 14,546,556 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment(6) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 371,388 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
(1) See Note 6, “Unfunded Loan Commitments,” for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively. (2) Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income. When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for credit losses.
Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands)
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses: |  |
Provisions for loan losses |  | $ | (2,852) |
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments |  | 338,672 |
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses |  | 335,820 |
Other impacts to the provisions for credit losses: |  |
FFELP Loans |  | 110 |
Credit Cards |  | 263 |
Total |  | 373 |
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income |  | $ | 336,193 |
(3) For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, there were no allowance for credit losses, loans, or accrued interest to be capitalized balances that were individually evaluated for impairment. (4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance). (5) Accrued interest to be capitalized on Private Education Loans only. (6) Accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment includes interest on loans that are in repayment but have not yet entered into full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, does not include the interest on those loans while they are in forbearance). Allowance for Credit Losses In the fourth quarter of 2022, we changed our loss model to include forecasts of college graduate unemployment, home price index, and median family income in determining the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. Prior to this change, we used forecasts of college graduate unemployment and the Consumer Price Index in our loss forecasting models. We obtain forecasts for these inputs from Moody’s Analytics. Moody’s Analytics provides a range of forecasts for each of these inputs with various likelihoods of occurring. We determine which forecasts we will include in our estimation of the allowance for credit losses and the associated weightings for each of these inputs. At September 30, 2022, December 31, 2022, and September 30, 2023, we used the Base (50th percentile likelihood of occurring)/S1 (stronger near-term growth scenario with 10 percent likelihood of occurring)/S3 (downside scenario with 10 percent likelihood of occurring) scenarios and weighted them 40 percent, 30 percent, and 30 percent, respectively. Management reviews both the scenarios and their respective weightings each quarter in determining the allowance for credit losses. In the second quarter of 2023, we changed how we collect on defaulted loans. Previously, we used a mix of in-house collectors and sales to third parties. We will continue to sell a segment of defaulted loans immediately after charge-off but will no longer sell retained defaulted loans (that have been subject to internal collection attempts for six months) to third parties and instead will continue our collection efforts using in-house collectors and collection agencies. This improved our estimate of recovery rates for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. When we estimate the timing and amount of future recoveries on charged-off loans, we no longer include expectations of future sales on retained defaulted loans. We continue to monitor how we collect on defaulted loans and may modify the approach from time to time based on performance, industry conventions, and/or regulatory feedback. Provisions for credit losses in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased by $6 million compared with the year-ago period. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the provision for credit losses was primarily affected by new loan commitments, net of expired commitments, slower prepayment rates, management overlays, and changes in economic outlook, which were offset by $137 million in negative provisions recorded as a result of the $2.10 billion Private Education Loan sales during the first nine months of 2023 and an increase in recovery rates (as a result of the change in our defaulted loan recovery program noted above). In the year-ago period, the provision for credit losses was primarily affected by new loan commitments made during the period, slower than expected prepayment rates, and additional management overlays, which were partially offset by negative provisions recorded related to $3.29 billion in Private Education Loans sold in the first nine months of 2022. As part of concluding on the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, we review key allowance and loan metrics. The most significant of these metrics considered are the allowance coverage of net charge-offs ratio; the allowance as a percentage of ending total loans and accrued interest to be capitalized and of ending loans in repayment and accrued interest to be capitalized on loans in repayment; and delinquency and forbearance percentages. Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty The allowance for credit losses incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon asset origination or acquisition. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses is historical information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty. We use a discounted cash flow model to determine the allowance for credit losses. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification. The effect of most modifications of loans made to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance. The forecast of expected future cash flows is updated as the loan modifications occur. We adjust the terms of loans for certain borrowers when we believe such changes will help our customers manage their student loan obligations and achieve better student outcomes and increase the collectability of the loans. These changes generally take the form of a temporary forbearance of payments, a temporary interest rate reduction, a temporary interest rate reduction with a permanent extension of the loan term, and/or a short-term extended repayment alternative. When we give a borrower facing financial difficulty an interest rate reduction, we currently temporarily reduce the contractual interest rate on a loan to 4.0 percent for a two-year period and, in the vast majority of cases, permanently extend the final maturity date of the loan. The combination of these two loan term changes helps reduce the monthly payment due from the borrower and increases the likelihood the borrower will remain current during the interest rate modification period as well as when the loan returns to its original contractual interest rate. Within the Private Education Loan portfolio, we deem loans greater than 90 days past due as nonperforming. FFELP Loans are at least 97 percent guaranteed as to their principal and accrued interest by the federal government in the event of default and, therefore, we do not deem FFELP Loans as nonperforming from a credit risk perspective at any point in their life cycle prior to claim payment and continue to accrue interest on those loans through the date of claim. For additional information, see Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies —Allowance for Credit Losses,” and Note 7, “Allowance for Credit Losses” in our 2022 Form 10-K. Under our current forbearance practices, temporary forbearance of payments is generally granted in one-to-two month increments, for up to 12 months over the life of the loan, with 12 months of positive payment performance by a borrower required between grants (meaning the borrower must make payment in a cumulative amount equivalent to 12 monthly required payments under the loan). See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 5, “Loans Held for Investment — Certain Collection Tools - Private Education Loans” in our 2022 Form 10-K. If the loan has been previously restructured, we consider the cumulative effect of past restructurings made within the 12-month period before the current restructuring when determining whether a delay in payment resulting from the current restructuring is insignificant. Due to our current forbearance practices, including the limitations on forbearances offered to borrowers, we do not believe the granting of forbearances will exceed the significance threshold and, therefore, we do not consider the forbearances as loan modifications. The limitations on granting of forbearances described above apply to hardship forbearances. We offer other administrative forbearances (e.g., death and disability, bankruptcy, military service, disaster forbearance, and in school assistance) that are either required by law (such as by the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act) or are considered separate from our active loss mitigation programs and therefore are not considered to be loan modifications requiring disclosure. In addition, we may offer on a limited basis term extensions or rate reductions or a combination of both to borrowers to reduce consolidation activities. For purposes of this disclosure, we do not consider them modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and they therefore are not included in the tables below. The following tables show the amortized cost basis at the end of the respective reporting periods of the loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the period, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and type of modification. When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We consider borrowers to be in financial difficulty after they have exited school and have difficulty making their scheduled principal and interest payments.
|  | Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type: |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 16,620 |  |  | 0.07 | % |  | $ | 90,193 |  |  | 0.39 | %
Total |  | $ | 16,620 |  |  | 0.07 | % |  | $ | 90,193 |  |  | 0.39 | %
|  | Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type: |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 9,750 |  |  | 0.05 | % |  | $ | 79,765 |  |  | 0.40 | %
Total |  | $ | 9,750 |  |  | 0.05 | % |  | $ | 79,765 |  |  | 0.40 | %
|  | Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type: |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 39,263 |  |  | 0.17 | % |  | $ | 254,639 |  |  | 1.10 | %
Total |  | $ | 39,263 |  |  | 0.17 | % |  | $ | 254,639 |  |  | 1.10 | %
|  | Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type: |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 25,065 |  |  | 0.12 | % |  | $ | 237,588 |  |  | 1.18 | %
Total |  | $ | 25,065 |  |  | 0.12 | % |  | $ | 237,588 |  |  | 1.18 | %
The following tables describe the financial effect of the modifications made to loans whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty:
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type |  | Financial Effect |  | Loan Type |  | Financial Effect
Private Education Loans |  | Reduced average contractual rate from 13.57% to 4.00% |  | Private Education Loans |  | Added a weighted average 10.22 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 13.12% to 4.00%
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type |  | Financial Effect |  | Loan Type |  | Financial Effect
Private Education Loans |  | Reduced average contractual rate from 11.31% to 4.00% |  | Private Education Loans |  | Added a weighted average 10.24 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 10.87% to 4.00%
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type |  | Financial Effect |  | Loan Type |  | Financial Effect
Private Education Loans |  | Reduced average contractual rate from 13.29% to 4.00% |  | Private Education Loans |  | Added a weighted average 10.24 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 12.84% to 4.00%
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type |  | Financial Effect |  | Loan Type |  | Financial Effect
Private Education Loans |  | Reduced average contractual rate from 10.76% to 4.00% |  | Private Education Loans |  | Added a weighted average 10.38 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 10.17% to 4.00%
Private Education Loans are charged off at the end of the month in which they reach 120 days delinquent or otherwise when the loans are classified as a loss by us or our regulator. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amount. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses — Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses, and — Allowance for FFELP Loan Losses” in our 2022 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion. For the current period presented, the following table provides loan modifications for which a payment default occurred in the relevant period presented and within 12 months of the loan receiving a loan modification. Additionally, for the current period presented, the table summarizes charge-offs occurring in the relevant period presented and within 12 months of the loan receiving a loan modification. The charge-offs and payment defaults for the year-ago period are presented for loans receiving a loan modification during the reporting period rather than within 12 months of the loan receiving a loan modification, as the effective date of adoption for the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2022-02, Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, was January 1, 2022. We define payment default as 60 days or more past due for purposes of this disclosure.
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Modified Loans(1)(2) |  | Payment Default(4) |  | Charge-Offs(5) |  | Modified Loans(1)(2) |  | Payment Default(4) |  | Charge-Offs(5)
Loan Type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 14,546 |  |  | $ | 14,129 |  |  | $ | 4,534 |  |  | $ | 9,467 |  |  | $ | 9,289 |  |  | $ | 1,801 |
Total |  | $ | 14,546 |  |  | $ | 14,129 |  |  | $ | 4,534 |  |  | $ | 9,467 |  |  | $ | 9,289 |  |  | $ | 1,801 |
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Modified Loans(1)(3) |  | Payment Default(4) |  | Charge-Offs(5) |  | Modified Loans(1)(3) |  | Payment Default(4) |  | Charge-Offs(5)
Loan Type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 26,449 |  |  | $ | 27,672 |  |  | $ | 6,428 |  |  | $ | 12,660 |  |  | $ | 12,463 |  |  | $ | 1,861 |
Total |  | $ | 26,449 |  |  | $ | 27,672 |  |  | $ | 6,428 |  |  | $ | 12,660 |  |  | $ | 12,463 |  |  | $ | 1,861 |
(1) Represents period-end amortized cost basis of loans that have been modified and for which a payment default occurred in the relevant period presented and within 12 months of receiving a modification (or within the reporting period, for the loans shown in in the year-ago period, as the case may be). (2) For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the modified loans include $12.4 million of interest rate reduction and term extension loan modifications and $2.1 million of interest rate reduction only loan modifications. For the three months ended September 30, 2022, the modified loans include $8.5 million of interest rate reduction and term extension loan modifications and $1.0 million of interest rate reduction only loan modifications. (3) For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the modified loans include $23.0 million of interest rate reduction and term extension loan modifications and $3.4 million of interest rate reduction only loan modifications. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the modified loans include $11.4 million of interest rate reduction and term extension loan modifications and $1.2 million of interest rate reduction only loan modifications. (4) Represents the unpaid principal balance at the time of payment default. (5) Represents the unpaid principal balance at the time of charge off. We closely monitor performance of the loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that are modified to understand the effectiveness of the modification efforts. The following tables depict the performance of loans that have been modified during the respective reporting periods (first nine months of 2023 and full year 2022, respectively).
|  | Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis) |  |
At September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | Deferment(1) |  | Current(2)(3) |  | 30-59 Days Past Due(2)(3) |  | 60-89 Days Past Due(2)(3) |  | 90 Days or Greater Past Due(2)(3) |  | Total
Loan Type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 5,140 |  |  | $ | 266,090 |  |  | $ | 10,137 |  |  | $ | 5,565 |  |  | $ | 6,970 |  |  | $ | 293,902 |
Total |  | $ | 5,140 |  |  | $ | 266,090 |  |  | $ | 10,137 |  |  | $ | 5,565 |  |  | $ | 6,970 |  |  | $ | 293,902 |
|  | Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis) |  |
At December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | Deferment(1) |  | Current(2)(3) |  | 30-59 Days Past Due(2)(3) |  | 60-89 Days Past Due(2)(3) |  | 90 Days or Greater Past Due(2)(3) |  | Total
Loan Type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 7,698 |  |  | $ | 289,134 |  |  | $ | 13,859 |  |  | $ | 8,809 |  |  | $ | 6,616 |  |  | $ | 326,116 |
Total |  | $ | 7,698 |  |  | $ | 289,134 |  |  | $ | 13,859 |  |  | $ | 8,809 |  |  | $ | 6,616 |  |  | $ | 326,116 |
(1) Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make full principal and interest payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation). Deferment also includes loans that have entered a forbearance after the loan modification was granted. (2) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making full principal and interest payments after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance). (3) The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due. Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Key Credit Quality Indicators FFELP Loans are at least 97 percent guaranteed as to their principal and accrued interest in the event of default; therefore, there are no key credit quality indicators associated with FFELP Loans. For Private Education Loans, the key credit quality indicators are FICO scores, the existence of a cosigner, the loan status, and loan seasoning. The FICO scores are assessed at original approval and periodically refreshed/updated through the loan’s term. The following tables highlight the gross principal balance of our Private Education Loan portfolio (held for investment), by year of origination approval, stratified by key credit quality indicators.
As of September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Credit Quality Indicators |  |
Year of Origination Approval |  | 2023(1) |  | 2022(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2018 and Prior(1) |  | Total(1) |  | % of Balance
Cosigners: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
With cosigner |  | $ | 3,262,857 |  |  | $ | 4,710,256 |  |  | $ | 2,894,829 |  |  | $ | 1,686,843 |  |  | $ | 1,480,270 |  |  | $ | 4,860,436 |  |  | $ | 18,895,491 |  |  | 87 | %
Without cosigner |  | 467,628 |  |  | 711,282 |  |  | 468,874 |  |  | 304,590 |  |  | 268,797 |  |  | 564,205 |  |  | 2,785,376 |  |  | 13 |
Total |  | $ | 3,730,485 |  |  | $ | 5,421,538 |  |  | $ | 3,363,703 |  |  | $ | 1,991,433 |  |  | $ | 1,749,067 |  |  | $ | 5,424,641 |  |  | $ | 21,680,867 |  |  | 100 | %
FICO at Origination Approval(2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 278,407 |  |  | $ | 418,966 |  |  | $ | 236,903 |  |  | $ | 127,660 |  |  | $ | 146,011 |  |  | $ | 481,014 |  |  | $ | 1,688,961 |  |  | 8 | %
670-699 |  | 530,255 |  |  | 752,093 |  |  | 455,895 |  |  | 278,207 |  |  | 275,056 |  |  | 929,262 |  |  | 3,220,768 |  |  | 15 |
700-749 |  | 1,150,877 |  |  | 1,690,871 |  |  | 1,067,755 |  |  | 645,549 |  |  | 584,322 |  |  | 1,830,206 |  |  | 6,969,580 |  |  | 32 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 1,770,946 |  |  | 2,559,608 |  |  | 1,603,150 |  |  | 940,017 |  |  | 743,678 |  |  | 2,184,159 |  |  | 9,801,558 |  |  | 45 |
Total |  | $ | 3,730,485 |  |  | $ | 5,421,538 |  |  | $ | 3,363,703 |  |  | $ | 1,991,433 |  |  | $ | 1,749,067 |  |  | $ | 5,424,641 |  |  | $ | 21,680,867 |  |  | 100 | %
FICO Refreshed(2)(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 353,491 |  |  | $ | 605,817 |  |  | $ | 387,375 |  |  | $ | 218,261 |  |  | $ | 214,908 |  |  | $ | 807,495 |  |  | $ | 2,587,347 |  |  | 12 | %
670-699 |  | 528,071 |  |  | 733,990 |  |  | 422,792 |  |  | 211,964 |  |  | 187,283 |  |  | 607,515 |  |  | 2,691,615 |  |  | 12 |
700-749 |  | 1,144,110 |  |  | 1,602,766 |  |  | 980,859 |  |  | 553,576 |  |  | 486,058 |  |  | 1,469,715 |  |  | 6,237,084 |  |  | 29 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 1,704,813 |  |  | 2,478,965 |  |  | 1,572,677 |  |  | 1,007,632 |  |  | 860,818 |  |  | 2,539,916 |  |  | 10,164,821 |  |  | 47 |
Total |  | $ | 3,730,485 |  |  | $ | 5,421,538 |  |  | $ | 3,363,703 |  |  | $ | 1,991,433 |  |  | $ | 1,749,067 |  |  | $ | 5,424,641 |  |  | $ | 21,680,867 |  |  | 100 | %
Seasoning(4): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-12 payments |  | $ | 2,016,589 |  |  | $ | 2,187,876 |  |  | $ | 414,530 |  |  | $ | 232,959 |  |  | $ | 201,057 |  |  | $ | 379,107 |  |  | $ | 5,432,118 |  |  | 25 | %
13-24 payments |  | — |  |  | 1,114,686 |  |  | 1,380,064 |  |  | 183,885 |  |  | 186,471 |  |  | 459,239 |  |  | 3,324,345 |  |  | 15 |
25-36 payments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 643,381 |  |  | 753,256 |  |  | 120,744 |  |  | 487,209 |  |  | 2,004,590 |  |  | 9 |
37-48 payments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 410,918 |  |  | 696,040 |  |  | 471,110 |  |  | 1,578,068 |  |  | 7 |
More than 48 payments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | 263,792 |  |  | 3,116,035 |  |  | 3,379,867 |  |  | 16 |
Not yet in repayment |  | 1,713,896 |  |  | 2,118,976 |  |  | 925,728 |  |  | 410,375 |  |  | 280,963 |  |  | 511,941 |  |  | 5,961,879 |  |  | 28 |
Total |  | $ | 3,730,485 |  |  | $ | 5,421,538 |  |  | $ | 3,363,703 |  |  | $ | 1,991,433 |  |  | $ | 1,749,067 |  |  | $ | 5,424,641 |  |  | $ | 21,680,867 |  |  | 100 | %
2023 Current period(5) gross charge-offs |  | $ | (614) |  |  | $ | (17,832) |  |  | $ | (52,861) |  |  | $ | (38,251) |  |  | $ | (39,710) |  |  | $ | (165,232) |  |  | $ | (314,500) |  |  |
2023 Current period(5) recoveries |  | 76 |  |  | 1,278 |  |  | 4,802 |  |  | 3,522 |  |  | 3,923 |  |  | 19,784 |  |  | 33,385 |  |  |
2023 Current period(5) net charge-offs |  | $ | (538) |  |  | $ | (16,554) |  |  | $ | (48,059) |  |  | $ | (34,729) |  |  | $ | (35,787) |  |  | $ | (145,448) |  |  | $ | (281,115) |  |  |
Total accrued interest by origination vintage |  | $ | 94,292 |  |  | $ | 407,226 |  |  | $ | 328,076 |  |  | $ | 186,063 |  |  | $ | 150,655 |  |  | $ | 262,913 |  |  | $ | 1,429,225 |  |  |
(1)Balance represents gross Private Education Loans held for investment. (2)Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower. (3)Represents the FICO score updated as of the third-quarter 2023. (4)Number of months in active repayment (whether interest only payment, fixed payment, or full principal and interest payment status) for which a scheduled payment was due. (5)Current period refers to period from January 1, 2023 through September 30, 2023.
As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Credit Quality Indicators |  |
Year of Origination Approval |  | 2022(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2017 and Prior(1) |  | Total(1) |  | % of Balance
Cosigners: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
With cosigner |  | $ | 3,656,111 |  |  | $ | 3,941,921 |  |  | $ | 2,208,033 |  |  | $ | 1,853,619 |  |  | $ | 1,402,828 |  |  | $ | 4,626,491 |  |  | $ | 17,689,003 |  |  | 87 | %
Without cosigner |  | 620,422 |  |  | 605,238 |  |  | 376,589 |  |  | 319,041 |  |  | 213,014 |  |  | 480,381 |  |  | 2,614,685 |  |  | 13 |
Total |  | $ | 4,276,533 |  |  | $ | 4,547,159 |  |  | $ | 2,584,622 |  |  | $ | 2,172,660 |  |  | $ | 1,615,842 |  |  | $ | 5,106,872 |  |  | $ | 20,303,688 |  |  | 100 | %
FICO at Origination Approval(2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 326,991 |  |  | $ | 307,646 |  |  | $ | 158,606 |  |  | $ | 177,098 |  |  | $ | 143,674 |  |  | $ | 439,587 |  |  | $ | 1,553,602 |  |  | 8 | %
670-699 |  | 593,216 |  |  | 611,649 |  |  | 356,541 |  |  | 339,685 |  |  | 259,142 |  |  | 878,426 |  |  | 3,038,659 |  |  | 15 |
700-749 |  | 1,336,765 |  |  | 1,440,510 |  |  | 834,819 |  |  | 719,777 |  |  | 537,680 |  |  | 1,722,068 |  |  | 6,591,619 |  |  | 32 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 2,019,561 |  |  | 2,187,354 |  |  | 1,234,656 |  |  | 936,100 |  |  | 675,346 |  |  | 2,066,791 |  |  | 9,119,808 |  |  | 45 |
Total |  | $ | 4,276,533 |  |  | $ | 4,547,159 |  |  | $ | 2,584,622 |  |  | $ | 2,172,660 |  |  | $ | 1,615,842 |  |  | $ | 5,106,872 |  |  | $ | 20,303,688 |  |  | 100 | %
FICO Refreshed(2)(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 443,868 |  |  | $ | 461,589 |  |  | $ | 242,310 |  |  | $ | 237,105 |  |  | $ | 204,894 |  |  | $ | 773,324 |  |  | $ | 2,363,090 |  |  | 12 | %
670-699 |  | 594,118 |  |  | 579,784 |  |  | 284,244 |  |  | 240,999 |  |  | 173,754 |  |  | 564,344 |  |  | 2,437,243 |  |  | 12 |
700-749 |  | 1,322,558 |  |  | 1,378,910 |  |  | 748,368 |  |  | 628,060 |  |  | 449,701 |  |  | 1,388,090 |  |  | 5,915,687 |  |  | 29 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 1,915,989 |  |  | 2,126,876 |  |  | 1,309,700 |  |  | 1,066,496 |  |  | 787,493 |  |  | 2,381,114 |  |  | 9,587,668 |  |  | 47 |
Total |  | $ | 4,276,533 |  |  | $ | 4,547,159 |  |  | $ | 2,584,622 |  |  | $ | 2,172,660 |  |  | $ | 1,615,842 |  |  | $ | 5,106,872 |  |  | $ | 20,303,688 |  |  | 100 | %
Seasoning(4): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-12 payments |  | $ | 2,448,884 |  |  | $ | 636,073 |  |  | $ | 384,334 |  |  | $ | 330,316 |  |  | $ | 235,878 |  |  | $ | 424,636 |  |  | $ | 4,460,121 |  |  | 22 | %
13-24 payments |  | — |  | 2,477,764 |  | 255,510 |  | 195,753 |  | 166,045 |  | 455,782 |  | 3,550,854 |  | 18 |
25-36 payments |  | — |  | — |  | 1,366,398 |  | 257,534 |  | 126,223 |  | 489,157 |  | 2,239,312 |  | 11 |
37-48 payments |  | — |  | — |  | 127 |  | 1,008,418 |  | 224,805 |  | 451,102 |  | 1,684,452 |  | 8 |
More than 48 payments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 643,611 |  | 2,830,285 |  | 3,473,896 |  | 17 |
Not yet in repayment |  | 1,827,649 |  | 1,433,322 |  | 578,253 |  | 380,639 |  | 219,280 |  | 455,910 |  | 4,895,053 |  | 24 |
Total |  | $ | 4,276,533 |  |  | $ | 4,547,159 |  |  | $ | 2,584,622 |  |  | $ | 2,172,660 |  |  | $ | 1,615,842 |  |  | $ | 5,106,872 |  |  | $ | 20,303,688 |  |  | 100 | %
2022 Current period(5) gross charge-offs |  | $ | (2,224) |  |  | $ | (25,698) |  |  | $ | (48,271) |  |  | $ | (62,071) |  |  | $ | (57,505) |  |  | $ | (231,647) |  |  | $ | (427,416) |  |  |
2022 Current period(5) recoveries |  | 124 |  |  | 1,841 |  |  | 4,170 |  |  | 5,556 |  |  | 5,407 |  |  | 24,639 |  |  | 41,737 |  |  |
2022 Current period(5) net charge-offs |  | $ | (2,100) |  |  | $ | (23,857) |  |  | $ | (44,101) |  |  | $ | (56,515) |  |  | $ | (52,098) |  |  | $ | (207,008) |  |  | $ | (385,679) |  |  |
Total accrued interest by origination vintage |  | $ | 142,915 |  |  | $ | 315,308 |  |  | $ | 207,858 |  |  | $ | 184,832 |  |  | $ | 116,211 |  |  | $ | 210,438 |  |  | $ | 1,177,562 |  |  |
(1)Balance represents gross Private Education Loans held for investment. (2)Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower. (3)Represents the FICO score updated as of the fourth-quarter 2022. (4)Number of months in active repayment (whether interest only payment, fixed payment, or full principal and interest payment status) for which a scheduled payment was due. (5)Current period refers to January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022. Delinquencies - Private Education Loans Held for Investment The following tables provide information regarding the loan status of our Private Education Loans held for investment, by year of origination approval. Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the following tables, do not include those loans while they are in forbearance).
|  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Delinquencies by Origination Vintage
As of September 30, 2023 (dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 and Prior |  | Total
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1) |  | $ | 1,713,896 |  |  | $ | 2,118,976 |  |  | $ | 925,728 |  |  | $ | 410,375 |  |  | $ | 280,963 |  |  | $ | 511,941 |  |  | $ | 5,961,879 |
Loans in forbearance(2) |  | 4,584 |  |  | 28,747 |  |  | 29,129 |  |  | 21,854 |  |  | 24,555 |  |  | 104,974 |  |  | 213,843 |
Loans in repayment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans current |  | 2,005,363 |  |  | 3,218,301 |  |  | 2,327,629 |  |  | 1,500,801 |  |  | 1,382,249 |  |  | 4,504,119 |  |  | 14,938,462 |
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3) |  | 4,272 |  |  | 32,282 |  |  | 41,945 |  |  | 28,901 |  |  | 30,468 |  |  | 145,753 |  |  | 283,621 |
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3) |  | 1,788 |  |  | 15,013 |  |  | 22,612 |  |  | 16,566 |  |  | 16,311 |  |  | 81,159 |  |  | 153,449 |
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3) |  | 582 |  |  | 8,219 |  |  | 16,660 |  |  | 12,936 |  |  | 14,521 |  |  | 76,695 |  |  | 129,613 |
Total Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 2,012,005 |  |  | 3,273,815 |  |  | 2,408,846 |  |  | 1,559,204 |  |  | 1,443,549 |  |  | 4,807,726 |  |  | 15,505,145 |
Total Private Education Loans, gross |  | 3,730,485 |  |  | 5,421,538 |  |  | 3,363,703 |  |  | 1,991,433 |  |  | 1,749,067 |  |  | 5,424,641 |  |  | 21,680,867 |
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 26,268 |  |  | 21,367 |  |  | 11,090 |  |  | 6,555 |  |  | 3,993 |  |  | 9,400 |  |  | 78,673 |
Total Private Education Loans |  | 3,756,753 |  |  | 5,442,905 |  |  | 3,374,793 |  |  | 1,997,988 |  |  | 1,753,060 |  |  | 5,434,041 |  |  | 21,759,540 |
Private Education Loans allowance for losses |  | (220,113) |  |  | (361,902) |  |  | (227,021) |  |  | (134,487) |  |  | (111,946) |  |  | (355,763) |  |  | (1,411,232) |
Private Education Loans, net |  | $ | 3,536,640 |  |  | $ | 5,081,003 |  |  | $ | 3,147,772 |  |  | $ | 1,863,501 |  |  | $ | 1,641,114 |  |  | $ | 5,078,278 |  |  | $ | 20,348,308 |
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 53.9 | % |  | 60.4 | % |  | 71.6 | % |  | 78.3 | % |  | 82.5 | % |  | 88.6 | % |  | 71.5 | %
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 0.3 | % |  | 1.7 | % |  | 3.4 | % |  | 3.7 | % |  | 4.2 | % |  | 6.3 | % |  | 3.7 | %
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance |  | 0.2 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  | 1.2 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  | 1.7 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | 1.4 | %
(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation). (2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures. (3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.
|  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Delinquencies by Origination Vintage
As of December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 and Prior |  | Total
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1) |  | $ | 1,827,649 |  |  | $ | 1,433,322 |  |  | $ | 578,253 |  |  | $ | 380,639 |  |  | $ | 219,280 |  |  | $ | 455,910 |  |  | $ | 4,895,053 |
Loans in forbearance(2) |  | 16,046 |  |  | 64,360 |  |  | 38,613 |  |  | 37,802 |  |  | 30,583 |  |  | 91,681 |  |  | 279,085 |
Loans in repayment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans current |  | 2,411,441 |  |  | 2,991,839 |  |  | 1,907,574 |  |  | 1,683,986 |  |  | 1,301,809 |  |  | 4,262,698 |  |  | 14,559,347 |
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3) |  | 14,164 |  |  | 30,740 |  |  | 30,877 |  |  | 35,213 |  |  | 31,366 |  |  | 144,948 |  |  | 287,308 |
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3) |  | 5,523 |  |  | 15,056 |  |  | 14,433 |  |  | 18,201 |  |  | 16,697 |  |  | 77,595 |  |  | 147,505 |
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3) |  | 1,710 |  |  | 11,842 |  |  | 14,872 |  |  | 16,819 |  |  | 16,107 |  |  | 74,040 |  |  | 135,390 |
Total Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 2,432,838 |  |  | 3,049,477 |  |  | 1,967,756 |  |  | 1,754,219 |  |  | 1,365,979 |  |  | 4,559,281 |  |  | 15,129,550 |
Total Private Education Loans, gross |  | 4,276,533 |  |  | 4,547,159 |  |  | 2,584,622 |  |  | 2,172,660 |  |  | 1,615,842 |  |  | 5,106,872 |  |  | 20,303,688 |
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 26,714 |  |  | 15,933 |  |  | 9,062 |  |  | 5,496 |  |  | 3,575 |  |  | 8,876 |  |  | 69,656 |
Total Private Education Loans |  | 4,303,247 |  |  | 4,563,092 |  |  | 2,593,684 |  |  | 2,178,156 |  |  | 1,619,417 |  |  | 5,115,748 |  |  | 20,373,344 |
Private Education Loans allowance for losses |  | (304,943) |  |  | (323,506) |  |  | (181,915) |  |  | (141,424) |  |  | (101,023) |  |  | (300,820) |  |  | (1,353,631) |
Private Education Loans, net |  | $ | 3,998,304 |  |  | $ | 4,239,586 |  |  | $ | 2,411,769 |  |  | $ | 2,036,732 |  |  | $ | 1,518,394 |  |  | $ | 4,814,928 |  |  | $ | 19,019,713 |
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 56.9 | % |  | 67.1 | % |  | 76.1 | % |  | 80.7 | % |  | 84.5 | % |  | 89.3 | % |  | 74.5 | %
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 0.9 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 3.1 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | 4.7 | % |  | 6.5 | % |  | 3.8 | %
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance |  | 0.7 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | 2.2 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  | 1.8 | %
(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation). (2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors, consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures. (3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due. Accrued Interest Receivable The following table provides information regarding accrued interest receivable on our Private Education Loans. The table also discloses the amount of accrued interest on loans 90 days or greater past due as compared to our allowance for uncollectible interest on loans making full interest payments. The majority of the total accrued interest receivable represents accrued interest on deferred loans where no payments are due while the borrower is in school and fixed-pay loans where the borrower makes a $25 monthly payment that is smaller than the interest accruing on the loan in that month. The accrued interest on these loans will be capitalized to the balance of the loans when the borrower exits the grace period after separation from school, and the current expected credit losses on accrued interest that will be capitalized is included in our allowance for credit losses.
|  | Private Education Loans
|  | Accrued Interest Receivable
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Total Interest Receivable |  | 90 Days or Greater Past Due |  | Allowance for Uncollectible Interest(1)(2)
September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 1,429,225 |  |  | $ | 6,756 |  |  | $ | 8,516 |
December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 1,177,562 |  |  | $ | 6,609 |  |  | $ | 8,121 |
(1)The allowance for uncollectible interest at September 30, 2023 represents the expected losses related to the portion of accrued interest receivable on those loans that are in repayment ($146 million of accrued interest receivable) that is not expected to be capitalized. The accrued interest receivable that is expected to be capitalized ($1.3 billion) is reserved in the allowance for credit losses. (2)The allowance for uncollectible interest at December 31, 2022 represents the expected losses related to the portion of accrued interest receivable on those loans in repayment ($240 million of accrued interest receivable) that was not expected to be capitalized. The accrued interest receivable that was expected to be capitalized ($937 million) was reserved in the allowance for credit losses.

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