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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q
(Mark One)
☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-13251
SLM Corporation
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 52-2013874
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
300 Continental Drive | Newark, | Delaware | 19713
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(302) 451-0200
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $.20 per share | SLM | The NASDAQ Global Select Market
Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B, par value $.20 per share | SLMBP | The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☑ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
As of June 30, 2025, there were 208,481,380 shares of common stock outstanding.

SLM CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
INDEX

PART I. Financial Information |  |
Item 1. | Financial Statements |  | 2
Item 1. | Notes to the Financial Statements |  | 11
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 54
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk |  | 82
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures |  | 85
PART II. Other Information |  |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings |  | 86
Item 1A. | Risk Factors |  | 86
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 86
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities |  | 86
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 86
Item 5. | Other Information |  | 87
Item 6. | Exhibits |  | 87

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, |  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Assets |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 4,092,465 |  |  | $ | 4,700,366 |
Investments: |  |  |  |
Trading investments at fair value (cost of $39,571 and $41,715, respectively) |  | 49,600 |  |  | 53,262 |
Available-for-sale investments at fair value (cost of $1,742,863 and $2,042,473, respectively) |  | 1,650,656 |  |  | 1,933,226 |
Other investments |  | 95,060 |  |  | 112,377 |
Total investments |  | 1,795,316 |  |  | 2,098,865 |
Loans held for investment (net of allowance for losses of $1,469,509 and $1,435,920, respectively) |  | 21,160,332 |  |  | 20,902,158 |
Restricted cash |  | 163,761 |  |  | 173,894 |
Other interest-earning assets |  | 2,102 |  |  | 4,880 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 1,695,698 |  |  | 1,546,590 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | 117,821 |  |  | 119,354 |
Goodwill and acquired intangible assets, net |  | 61,612 |  |  | 63,532 |
Income taxes receivable, net |  | 454,837 |  |  | 425,625 |
Other assets |  | 58,973 |  |  | 36,846 |
Total assets |  | $ | 29,602,917 |  |  | $ | 30,072,110 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 20,481,952 |  |  | $ | 21,068,568 |
Long-term borrowings |  | 6,410,978 |  |  | 6,440,345 |
Other liabilities |  | 335,000 |  |  | 403,277 |
Total liabilities |  | 27,227,930 |  |  | 27,912,190 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $0.20 per share, 20 million shares authorized: |  |  |  |
Series B: 2.5 million and 2.5 million shares issued, respectively, at stated value of $100 per share |  | 251,070 |  |  | 251,070 |
Common stock, par value $0.20 per share, 1.125 billion shares authorized: 442.9 million and 440.6 million shares issued, respectively |  | 88,592 |  |  | 88,121 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 1,218,580 |  |  | 1,193,753 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (net of tax benefit of ($20,370) and ($21,209), respectively) |  | (60,833) |  |  | (65,861) |
Retained earnings |  | 4,426,222 |  |  | 4,114,446 |
Total SLM Corporation stockholders’ equity before treasury stock |  | 5,923,631 |  |  | 5,581,529 |
Less: Common stock held in treasury at cost: 234.5 million and 230.2 million shares, respectively |  | (3,548,644) |  |  | (3,421,609) |
Total equity |  | 2,374,987 |  |  | 2,159,920 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 29,602,917 |  |  | $ | 30,072,110 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
2

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Unaudited) |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 597,609 |  |  | $ | 565,338 |  |  | $ | 1,196,376 |  |  | $ | 1,161,945 |
Investments |  | 13,710 |  |  | 15,139 |  |  | 28,456 |  |  | 29,646 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 45,440 |  |  | 60,999 |  |  | 88,017 |  |  | 113,443 |
Total interest income |  | 656,759 |  |  | 641,476 |  |  | 1,312,849 |  |  | 1,305,034 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 201,478 |  |  | 211,286 |  |  | 405,617 |  |  | 431,731 |
Interest expense on short-term borrowings |  | 3,613 |  |  | 3,310 |  |  | 7,014 |  |  | 6,872 |
Interest expense on long-term borrowings |  | 74,848 |  |  | 54,708 |  |  | 148,428 |  |  | 107,243 |
Total interest expense |  | 279,939 |  |  | 269,304 |  |  | 561,059 |  |  | 545,846 |
Net interest income |  | 376,820 |  |  | 372,172 |  |  | 751,790 |  |  | 759,188 |
Less: provisions for credit losses |  | 148,718 |  |  | 16,830 |  |  | 172,004 |  |  | 28,871 |
Net interest income after provisions for credit losses |  | 228,102 |  |  | 355,342 |  |  | 579,786 |  |  | 730,317 |
Non-interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains (losses) on sales of loans, net |  | (13) |  |  | 111,929 |  |  | 187,722 |  |  | 254,968 |
Gains (losses) on securities, net |  | (2,641) |  |  | 2,103 |  |  | (13,019) |  |  | 4,221 |
Other income |  | 29,430 |  |  | 27,773 |  |  | 58,117 |  |  | 56,774 |
Total non-interest income |  | 26,776 |  |  | 141,805 |  |  | 232,820 |  |  | 315,963 |
Non-interest expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits |  | 84,900 |  |  | 85,261 |  |  | 175,730 |  |  | 181,737 |
FDIC assessment fees |  | 9,782 |  |  | 11,727 |  |  | 22,185 |  |  | 25,039 |
Other operating expenses |  | 71,664 |  |  | 60,218 |  |  | 122,019 |  |  | 110,863 |
Total operating expenses |  | 166,346 |  |  | 157,206 |  |  | 319,934 |  |  | 317,639 |
Acquired intangible assets amortization expense |  | 898 |  |  | 1,394 |  |  | 1,919 |  |  | 2,609 |
Total non-interest expenses |  | 167,244 |  |  | 158,600 |  |  | 321,853 |  |  | 320,248 |
Income before income tax expense |  | 87,634 |  |  | 338,547 |  |  | 490,753 |  |  | 726,032 |
Income tax expense |  | 16,362 |  |  | 86,554 |  |  | 114,941 |  |  | 184,108 |
Net income |  | 71,272 |  |  | 251,993 |  |  | 375,812 |  |  | 541,924 |
Preferred stock dividends |  | 3,972 |  |  | 4,628 |  |  | 7,928 |  |  | 9,281 |
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 67,300 |  |  | $ | 247,365 |  |  | $ | 367,884 |  |  | $ | 532,643 |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 1.13 |  |  | $ | 1.75 |  |  | $ | 2.42 |
Average common shares outstanding |  | 209,282 |  |  | 218,924 |  |  | 209,978 |  |  | 219,670 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 1.72 |  |  | $ | 2.39 |
Average common and common equivalent shares outstanding |  | 213,220 |  |  | 222,467 |  |  | 214,098 |  |  | 223,156 |
Declared dividends per common share |  | $ | 0.13 |  |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | 0.22 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
3

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Net income |  | $ | 71,272 |  |  | $ | 251,993 |  |  | $ | 375,812 |  |  | $ | 541,924 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on investments |  | (2,540) |  |  | 7,116 |  |  | 16,620 |  |  | 7,402 |
Unrealized losses on cash flow hedges |  | (4,952) |  |  | (9,260) |  |  | (10,753) |  |  | (12,309) |
Total unrealized gains (losses) |  | (7,492) |  |  | (2,144) |  |  | 5,867 |  |  | (4,907) |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | 2,290 |  |  | 626 |  |  | (839) |  |  | 1,202 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (expense) benefit |  | (5,202) |  |  | (1,518) |  |  | 5,028 |  |  | (3,705) |
Total comprehensive income |  | $ | 66,070 |  |  | $ | 250,475 |  |  | $ | 380,840 |  |  | $ | 538,219 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
4

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | Common Stock Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts) |  | Preferred Stock Shares |  | Issued |  | Treasury |  | Outstanding |  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Equity
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  | 2,510,696 |  |  | 440,156,336 |  |  | (219,880,502) |  |  | 220,275,834 |  |  | $ | 251,070 |  |  | $ | 88,032 |  |  | $ | 1,163,838 |  |  | $ | (77,291) |  |  | $ | 3,884,694 |  |  | $ | (3,196,604) |  |  | $ | 2,113,739 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 251,993 |  |  | — |  |  | 251,993 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,518) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,518) |
Total comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250,475 |
Cash dividends declared: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock ($0.11 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24,027) |  |  | — |  |  | (24,027) |
Preferred Stock, Series B ($1.84 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,628) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,628) |
Issuance of common shares |  | — |  |  | 123,311 |  |  | — |  |  | 123,311 |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | 320 |  |  | — |  |  | (52) |  |  | — |  |  | 292 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,577 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,577 |
Common stock repurchased |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,929,646) |  |  | (2,929,646) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (62,019) |  |  | (62,019) |
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,139) |  |  | (8,139) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (171) |  |  | (171) |
Balance at June 30, 2024 |  | 2,510,696 |  |  | 440,279,647 |  |  | (222,818,287) |  |  | 217,461,360 |  |  | $ | 251,070 |  |  | $ | 88,056 |  |  | $ | 1,173,735 |  |  | $ | (78,809) |  |  | $ | 4,107,980 |  |  | $ | (3,258,794) |  |  | $ | 2,283,238 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
5

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | Common Stock Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts) |  | Preferred Stock Shares |  | Issued |  | Treasury |  | Outstanding |  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Equity
Balance at March 31, 2025 |  | 2,510,696 |  |  | 442,829,605 |  |  | (232,090,760) |  |  | 210,738,845 |  |  | $ | 251,070 |  |  | $ | 88,566 |  |  | $ | 1,209,017 |  |  | $ | (55,631) |  |  | $ | 4,386,169 |  |  | $ | (3,478,335) |  |  | $ | 2,400,856 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 71,272 |  |  | — |  |  | 71,272 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,202) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,202) |
Total comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66,070 |
Cash dividends declared: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock ($0.13 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27,153) |  |  | — |  |  | (27,153) |
Preferred Stock, Series B ($1.58 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,972) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,972) |
Issuance of common shares |  | — |  |  | 128,761 |  |  | — |  |  | 128,761 |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | 228 |  |  | — |  |  | (94) |  |  | — |  |  | 160 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,335 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,335 |
Common stock repurchased |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,366,356) |  |  | (2,366,356) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (69,724) |  |  | (69,724) |
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19,870) |  |  | (19,870) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (585) |  |  | (585) |
Balance at June 30, 2025 |  | 2,510,696 |  |  | 442,958,366 |  |  | (234,476,986) |  |  | 208,481,380 |  |  | $ | 251,070 |  |  | $ | 88,592 |  |  | $ | 1,218,580 |  |  | $ | (60,833) |  |  | $ | 4,426,222 |  |  | $ | (3,548,644) |  |  | $ | 2,374,987 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
6

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | Common Stock Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts) |  | Preferred Stock Shares |  | Issued |  | Treasury |  | Outstanding |  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | 2,510,696 |  |  | 438,230,416 |  |  | (217,886,532) |  |  | 220,343,884 |  |  | $ | 251,070 |  |  | $ | 87,647 |  |  | $ | 1,148,689 |  |  | $ | (75,104) |  |  | $ | 3,624,859 |  |  | $ | (3,156,364) |  |  | $ | 1,880,797 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 541,924 |  |  | — |  |  | 541,924 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,705) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,705) |
Total comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 538,219 |
Cash dividends declared: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock ($0.22 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (48,305) |  |  | — |  |  | (48,305) |
Preferred Stock, Series B ($3.70 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,281) |  |  | — |  |  | (9,281) |
Issuance of common shares |  | — |  |  | 2,049,231 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,049,231 |  |  | — |  |  | 409 |  |  | 1,679 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,217) |  |  | — |  |  | 871 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,367 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,367 |
Common stock repurchased |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,240,369) |  |  | (4,240,369) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (88,658) |  |  | (88,658) |
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (691,386) |  |  | (691,386) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13,772) |  |  | (13,772) |
Balance at June 30, 2024 |  | 2,510,696 |  |  | 440,279,647 |  |  | (222,818,287) |  |  | 217,461,360 |  |  | $ | 251,070 |  |  | $ | 88,056 |  |  | $ | 1,173,735 |  |  | $ | (78,809) |  |  | $ | 4,107,980 |  |  | $ | (3,258,794) |  |  | $ | 2,283,238 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
7

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | Common Stock Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts) |  | Preferred Stock Shares |  | Issued |  | Treasury |  | Outstanding |  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Retained Earnings |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | 2,510,696 |  |  | 440,604,795 |  |  | (230,222,501) |  |  | 210,382,294 |  |  | $ | 251,070 |  |  | $ | 88,121 |  |  | $ | 1,193,753 |  |  | $ | (65,861) |  |  | $ | 4,114,446 |  |  | $ | (3,421,609) |  |  | $ | 2,159,920 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 375,812 |  |  | — |  |  | 375,812 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,028 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,028 |
Total comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 380,840 |
Cash dividends declared: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock ($0.26 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (54,619) |  |  | — |  |  | (54,619) |
Preferred Stock, Series B ($3.16 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,928) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,928) |
Issuance of common shares |  | — |  |  | 2,353,571 |  |  |  |  | 2,353,571 |  |  | — |  |  | 471 |  |  | 2,220 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,489) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,202 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,607 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,607 |
Common stock repurchased |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,403,747) |  |  | (3,403,747) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (100,480) |  |  | (100,480) |
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (850,738) |  |  | (850,738) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26,555) |  |  | (26,555) |
Balance at June 30, 2025 |  | 2,510,696 |  |  | 442,958,366 |  |  | (234,476,986) |  |  | 208,481,380 |  |  | $ | 251,070 |  |  | $ | 88,592 |  |  | $ | 1,218,580 |  |  | $ | (60,833) |  |  | $ | 4,426,222 |  |  | $ | (3,548,644) |  |  | $ | 2,374,987 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
8

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) |  |  |  |
|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Operating activities |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 375,812 |  |  | $ | 541,924 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |
Provisions for credit losses |  | 172,004 |  |  | 28,871 |
Income tax expense |  | 114,941 |  |  | 184,108 |
Amortization of brokered deposit placement fee |  | 4,373 |  |  | 5,484 |
Amortization of Secured Borrowing Facility upfront fee |  | 1,208 |  |  | 1,174 |
Amortization of deferred loan origination costs and loan premium/(discounts), net |  | 7,469 |  |  | 6,260 |
Net amortization of discount on investments |  | (391) |  |  | (1,047) |
Depreciation of premises and equipment |  | 7,921 |  |  | 9,267 |
Acquired intangible assets amortization expense |  | 1,919 |  |  | 2,609 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 22,607 |  |  | 23,367 |
Unrealized (gains) losses on derivatives and hedging activities, net |  | (5) |  |  | 43 |
Gains on sales of loans, net |  | (187,722) |  |  | (254,968) |
(Gains) losses on securities, net |  | 13,019 |  |  | (4,221) |
Other adjustments to net income, net |  | 7,437 |  |  | 5,602 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Increase in accrued interest receivable |  | (590,998) |  |  | (550,931) |
Increase in trading investments |  | (812) |  |  | — |
Increase in non-marketable securities |  | (234) |  |  | (283) |
Decrease in other interest-earning assets |  | 2,778 |  |  | 2,867 |
Increase in other assets |  | (52,789) |  |  | (23,389) |
Decrease in income taxes payable, net |  | (137,874) |  |  | (163,936) |
Increase (decrease) in accrued interest payable |  | 719 |  |  | (5,572) |
Decrease in other liabilities |  | (46,162) |  |  | (27,742) |
Total adjustments |  | (660,592) |  |  | (762,437) |
Total net cash used in operating activities |  | (284,780) |  |  | (220,513) |
Investing activities |  |  |  |
Loans acquired and originated |  | (3,474,194) |  |  | (3,291,778) |
Net proceeds from sales of loans held for investment and loans held for sale |  | 2,208,587 |  |  | 3,761,722 |
Proceeds from FFELP Loan claim payments |  | — |  |  | 20,034 |
Net decrease in loans held for investment and loans held for sale (other than loans acquired and originated, and loan sales) |  | 1,424,568 |  |  | 1,380,714 |
Purchases of available-for-sale securities |  | (70,262) |  |  | (60,012) |
Proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities |  | 373,236 |  |  | 410,835 |
Total net cash provided by investing activities |  | 461,935 |  |  | 2,221,515 |
Financing activities |  |  |  |
Net decrease in certificates of deposit |  | (751,530) |  |  | (175,483) |
Net increase (decrease) in other deposits |  | 159,229 |  |  | (744,832) |
Issuance costs for collateralized borrowings |  | (42) |  |  | — |
Borrowings collateralized by loans in securitization trusts - issued |  | 536,836 |  |  | 665,069 |
Borrowings collateralized by loans in securitization trusts - repaid |  | (564,760) |  |  | (494,161) |
Issuance costs for unsecured debt offering |  | (1,942) |  |  | — |
Unsecured debt issued |  | 493,885 |  |  | — |
Unsecured debt repaid |  | (500,000) |  |  | — |
Fees paid on Secured Borrowing Facility |  | (2,917) |  |  | (2,333) |
Common stock dividends paid |  | (54,619) |  |  | (48,305) |
Preferred stock dividends paid |  | (7,928) |  |  | (9,281) |
Common stock repurchased |  | (101,401) |  |  | (86,505) |
Total net cash used in financing activities |  | (795,189) |  |  | (895,831) |
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | (618,034) |  |  | 1,105,171 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period |  | 4,874,260 |  |  | 4,299,507 |

9

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period |  | $ | 4,256,226 |  |  | $ | 5,404,678 |
Cash disbursements made for: |  |  |  |
Interest |  | $ | 547,032 |  |  | $ | 535,146 |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | 137,974 |  |  | $ | 164,710 |
Income taxes refunded |  | $ | (550) |  |  | $ | (1,251) |
Reconciliation of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows to the Consolidated Balance Sheets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 4,092,465 |  |  | $ | 5,262,448 |
Restricted cash |  | 163,761 |  |  | 142,230 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 4,256,226 |  |  | $ | 5,404,678 |
Supplemental non-cash investment activities: |  |  |  |
Accrued interest capitalized during the period |  | $ | 268,759 |  |  | $ | 248,332 |
Trading investments received in consideration for loans sold |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,218 |
Available-for-sale investments received in consideration for loans sold |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 210,371 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
10

1. Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited, consolidated financial statements of SLM Corporation (“Sallie Mae,” “SLM,” the “Company,” “we,” or “us”) have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of SLM Corporation and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries after eliminating the effects of intercompany accounts and transactions. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods have been included. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2025 or for any other period. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K”).
Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries after eliminating the effects of intercompany accounts and transactions.
We consolidate any variable interest entity (“VIE”) where we have determined we are the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity which has both: (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
Allowance for Credit Losses
We maintain an allowance for credit losses for the lifetime expected credit losses on loans in our portfolios, as well as for future loan commitments, at the reporting date (“CECL”).
In determining the lifetime expected credit losses on our Private Education Loan (as hereinafter defined) portfolio loan segments, we use a discounted cash flow method. This method requires us to project future principal and interest cash flows on our loans in those portfolios.
To estimate the future expected cash flows, we use statistical loan-level models that consider life of loan expectations for defaults, prepayments, recoveries, and any other qualitative adjustments deemed necessary, to determine the adequacy of the allowance at each balance sheet date. These cash flows are discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate to calculate the present value of those cash flows. Management adjusts the effective interest rate used to discount expected cash flows to incorporate expected prepayments. The difference between the present value of those cash flows and the amortized cost basis of the underlying loans is the allowance for credit losses. Entities that measure credit losses based on the present value of expected future cash flows are permitted to report the entire change in present value as credit loss expense, but may alternatively report the change in present value due to the passage of time as interest income. We have elected to report the entire change in present value as credit loss expense.
We estimate future default rates used in our current expected credit losses at a loan level using historical loss experience, current borrower characteristics, current conditions, and economic factors forecasted over a reasonable and supportable period. At the end of the reasonable and supportable forecast period, we immediately revert our forecasted economic factors to long-term historical averages. We estimate future prepayment speeds used in our current expected credit losses at a loan level using historical prepayment experience, current borrower characteristics, current conditions, and economic factors forecasted over a reasonable and supportable period.
The reasonable and supportable forecast period is meant to represent the period in which we believe we can estimate the impact of forecasted economic factors in our expected losses. We use a two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period, although this period is subject to change as our view evolves on our ability to reasonably forecast economic conditions to estimate future losses.
11

1. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) |

In estimating future default rates and prepayment speeds in our current expected credit losses, we use a combination of expected economic scenarios coupled with our historical experience and adjust for any qualitative factors (as described below). We also develop an adverse and favorable economic scenario. At each reporting date, we determine the appropriate weighting of these alternate scenarios based upon the current economic conditions and our view of the risks of alternate outcomes. This weighting of expectations is used in calculating our current expected credit losses recorded each period.
We obtain forecasts for our expected loss model from an external economic analyst who provides us with a range of economic forecasts and projected near-term growth scenarios with various likelihoods of occurrence. Management reviews and weighs the economic forecasts for each of these inputs to calculate our allowance for credit losses. Our forecasting process reflects management’s continuous review of forecasting assumptions and model inputs and is consistent with our internal governance, risk management framework and CECL methodologies. Management continues to review both the scenarios and their respective weightings each quarter in determining the allowance for credit losses. The most recent adjustment to scenario weightings occurred in the first quarter of 2025.
In estimating recoveries, we use both estimates of what we expect to receive from the sale of defaulted loans as well as historical borrower payment behavior to estimate the timing and amount of future recoveries on charged-off loans.
In addition to the above modeling approach, we also take certain other qualitative factors into consideration when calculating the allowance for credit losses, which could result in management overlays (increases or decreases to the allowance for credit losses). These management overlays can encompass a broad array of factors not captured by model inputs, including, but not limited to, changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards, changes in servicing policies and collection administration practices, including changes we have implemented to our loan modification programs, state law changes that could impact servicing and collection practices, charge-offs, recoveries not already included in the analysis, the effect of other external factors such as legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated current expected credit losses, the performance of the model over time versus actual losses, and any other operational or regulatory changes that could affect our estimate of future losses.
The evaluation of the allowance for credit losses is inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant changes. If actual future performance in delinquency, charge-offs, and recoveries is significantly different than estimated, or management assumptions or practices were to change, this could materially affect the estimate of the allowance for credit losses, the timing of when losses are recognized, and the related provision for credit losses in our consolidated statements of income.
When calculating our allowance for credit losses and liability for unfunded commitments, we incorporate several inputs that are subject to change period to period. These include, but are not limited to, CECL model inputs and any overlays deemed necessary by management. The most impactful CECL model inputs include:
•Economic forecasts;
•Weighting of economic forecasts; and
•Recovery rates.
Of the model inputs outlined above, economic forecasts, weighting of economic forecasts, and recovery rates are subject to estimation uncertainty, and changes in these inputs could have a material impact to our allowance for credit losses and the related provision for credit losses.
In the second quarter of 2024, we implemented a loan-level future default rate model that includes current portfolio characteristics and forecasts of real gross domestic product and college graduate unemployment. In the second quarter of 2024, we also implemented a future prepayment speeds model to include forecasts of real gross domestic product, retail sales, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), and the U.S. 10-year treasury rate. These models reduce the reliance on certain qualitative overlays compared to the previous default rate and prepayment speeds models. Prior to these changes, our default rate and prepayment speeds models used forecasts of college graduate unemployment, retail sales, home price index, and median family income. Both the future default rate model and the future prepayment speeds model are used in determining the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.
See Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Loan Losses” in our 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.
12

1. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) |

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The ASU requires entities to disclose specific categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items where the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income/loss by the applicable statutory income tax rate. Additionally, entities are required to disclose the year-to-date amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by jurisdiction. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We do not expect the impact of this amendment to be material to our consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The ASU is intended to provide more detailed information about specified categories of expenses (purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and amortization) included in certain expense captions presented on the consolidated statements of income. The guidance in this standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on our consolidated financial statements.
13

2. Investments
Trading Investments
We periodically sell Private Education Loans through securitization transactions where we are required to retain a five percent vertical risk retention interest (i.e., five percent of each class issued in the securitizations). We classify those vertical risk retention interests related to the transactions as available-for-sale investments, except for the interest in the residual classes, which we classify as trading investments recorded at fair value with changes recorded through earnings. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had $50 million and $53 million, respectively, classified as trading investments.
Available-for-Sale Investments
The amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale are as follows:

As of June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for credit losses(1) |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 561,587 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 625 |  |  | $ | (63,905) |  |  | $ | 498,307 |
Utah Housing Corporation bonds |  | 2,659 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (420) |  |  | 2,239 |
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries |  | 648,636 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19,513) |  |  | 629,123 |
Other securities |  | 529,981 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,845 |  |  | (12,839) |  |  | 520,987 |
Total |  | $ | 1,742,863 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,470 |  |  | $ | (96,677) |  |  | $ | 1,650,656 |
As of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for credit losses(1) |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 516,358 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | (73,235) |  |  | $ | 443,328 |
Utah Housing Corporation bonds |  | 2,849 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (490) |  |  | 2,359 |
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries |  | 948,009 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32,265) |  |  | 915,744 |
Other securities |  | 575,257 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,633 |  |  | (12,095) |  |  | 571,795 |
Total |  | $ | 2,042,473 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,838 |  |  | $ | (118,085) |  |  | $ | 1,933,226 |

(1) Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors and that was recognized in the consolidated balance sheets (as a credit loss expense on available-for-sale securities). The amount excludes unrealized losses related to non-credit factors.
14

2. | Investments (Continued) |

The following table summarizes the amount of gross unrealized losses for our available-for-sale securities and the estimated fair value for securities having gross unrealized loss positions, categorized by length of time the securities have been in an unrealized loss position:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
| Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
As of June 30, 2025: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | (881) |  |  | $ | 134,350 |  |  | $ | (63,024) |  |  | $ | 299,700 |  |  | $ | (63,905) |  |  | $ | 434,050 |
Utah Housing Corporation bonds |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (420) |  |  | 2,239 |  |  | (420) |  |  | 2,239 |
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19,513) |  |  | 629,123 |  |  | (19,513) |  |  | 629,123 |
Other securities |  | (969) |  |  | 120,383 |  |  | (11,870) |  |  | 131,637 |  |  | (12,839) |  |  | 252,020 |
Total |  | $ | (1,850) |  |  | $ | 254,733 |  |  | $ | (94,827) |  |  | $ | 1,062,699 |  |  | $ | (96,677) |  |  | $ | 1,317,432 |
As of December 31, 2024: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | (2,723) |  |  | $ | 137,585 |  |  | $ | (70,512) |  |  | $ | 290,257 |  |  | $ | (73,235) |  |  | $ | 427,842 |
Utah Housing Corporation bonds |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (490) |  |  | 2,359 |  |  | (490) |  |  | 2,359 |
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and Treasuries |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32,265) |  |  | 915,744 |  |  | (32,265) |  |  | 915,744 |
Other securities |  | (74) |  |  | 11,579 |  |  | (12,021) |  |  | 182,215 |  |  | (12,095) |  |  | 193,794 |
Total |  | $ | (2,797) |  |  | $ | 149,164 |  |  | $ | (115,288) |  |  | $ | 1,390,575 |  |  | $ | (118,085) |  |  | $ | 1,539,739 |

At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, 230 of 285 and 236 of 278, respectively, of our available-for-sale securities were in an unrealized loss position.
Impairment
For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria are met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net income. For securities in an unrealized loss position that do not meet these criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit loss or other factors. In making this assessment, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, adverse conditions specifically related to the security, as well as any guarantees (e.g., guarantees by the U.S. Government) that may be applicable to the security. If this assessment indicates a credit loss exists, the credit-related portion of the loss is recorded as an allowance for losses on the security.
Our investment portfolio contains mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac, as well as Utah Housing Corporation bonds. We own these securities to meet our requirements under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”). We also invest in other U.S. government-sponsored enterprise securities issued by the Federal Home Loan Banks, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Farm Credit Bank. Our mortgage-backed securities that were issued under Ginnie Mae programs carry a full faith and credit guarantee from the U.S. Government. The remaining mortgage-backed securities in a net loss position carry a principal and interest guarantee by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, respectively. Our Treasury and other U.S. government-sponsored enterprise bonds are rated Aaa by Moody’s Investors Service or AA+ by Standard and Poor’s. We have the intent and ability to hold these bonds for a period of time sufficient for the market price to recover to at least the adjusted amortized cost of the security. Based on this qualitative analysis, we have determined that no credit impairment exists.
We periodically sell Private Education Loans through securitization transactions where we are required to retain a five percent vertical risk retention interest. We classify the non-residual vertical risk retention interests as available-for-sale investments. We have the intent and ability to hold each of these bonds for a period of time sufficient for the market price to recover to at least the adjusted amortized cost of the security. We expect to receive all contractual cash flows related to these investments and do not consider a credit impairment to exist.
15

2. | Investments (Continued) |

As of June 30, 2025, the amortized cost and fair value of securities, by contractual maturities, are summarized below. Contractual maturities versus actual maturities may differ due to the effect of prepayments.

As of June 30, 2025 Year of Maturity (dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
2026 |  | $ | 549,417 |  |  | $ | 531,168 |
2027 |  | 99,219 |  |  | 97,955 |
2038 |  | 64 |  |  | 65 |
2039 |  | 531 |  |  | 522 |
2042 |  | 1,894 |  |  | 1,647 |
2043 |  | 3,593 |  |  | 3,223 |
2044 |  | 4,001 |  |  | 3,647 |
2045 |  | 4,319 |  |  | 3,835 |
2046 |  | 6,834 |  |  | 5,990 |
2047 |  | 6,282 |  |  | 5,516 |
2048 |  | 1,678 |  |  | 1,492 |
2049 |  | 13,929 |  |  | 12,279 |
2050 |  | 98,147 |  |  | 77,538 |
2051 |  | 139,167 |  |  | 108,529 |
2052 |  | 53,864 |  |  | 47,250 |
2053 |  | 276,396 |  |  | 272,424 |
2054 |  | 131,424 |  |  | 126,298 |
2055 |  | 134,514 |  |  | 132,583 |
2056 |  | 181,834 |  |  | 182,473 |
2058 |  | 35,756 |  |  | 36,222 |
Total |  | $ | 1,742,863 |  |  | $ | 1,650,656 |

Some of the mortgage-backed securities and a portion of the government securities have been pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank (the “FRB”) as collateral against any advances and accrued interest under the Primary Credit lending program sponsored by the FRB. We had $657 million and $610 million par value of securities pledged to this borrowing facility at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, as discussed further in Note 7, “Borrowings” in this Form 10-Q.
Other Investments
Investments in Non-Marketable Securities
We hold investments in non-marketable securities and account for these investments at cost, less impairment, plus or minus observable price changes of identical or similar securities of the same issuer. Changes in market value are recorded through earnings. Because these are non-marketable securities, we use observable price changes of identical or similar securities of the same issuer, or when observable prices are not available, use market data of similar entities, in determining any changes in the value of the securities. In the third quarter of 2024, we funded a new investment in non-marketable securities of an issuer whose securities we had not previously purchased. In the first quarter of 2025, we recognized an impairment on certain of our other non-marketable equity securities, related to our former credit card platform, resulting in a loss of $10 million, which is net of a valuation adjustment on a trading investment with the same issuer. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our total investment in non-marketable securities was $12 million and $24 million, respectively.
16

2. | Investments (Continued) |

Low Income Housing Tax Credit Investments
We invest in affordable housing projects that qualify for the low-income housing tax credit (“LIHTC”), which is designed to promote private development of low-income housing. These investments generate a return mostly through realization of federal tax credits and tax benefits from net operating losses on the underlying properties. Total carrying value of the LIHTC investments was $76 million at June 30, 2025 and $82 million at December 31, 2024. We are periodically required to provide additional financial support during the investment period. Our liability for these unfunded commitments was $27 million at June 30, 2025 and $30 million at December 31, 2024.
Related to these investments, we recognized tax credits and other tax benefits through tax expense of $2 million at June 30, 2025 and $13 million at December 31, 2024. Tax credits and other tax benefits are recognized as part of our annual effective tax rate used to determine tax expense in a given quarter. Accordingly, the portion of a year’s expected tax benefits recognized in any given quarter may differ from 25 percent.
3. Loans Held for Investment
Loans held for investment consist solely of Private Education Loans as of June 30, 2025. We use “Private Education Loans” to mean education loans to students or their families that are not made, insured, or guaranteed by any state or federal government. Private Education Loans do not include loans insured or guaranteed under the previously existing Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”). During the third quarter of 2024, we transferred our then-remaining FFELP Loan portfolio to loans held for sale and subsequently sold the FFELP Loan portfolio to an unaffiliated third party during the fourth quarter of 2024.
Our Private Education Loans are made largely to bridge the gap between the cost of higher education and the amount funded through financial aid, government loans, and customers’ resources. Private Education Loans bear the full credit risk of the customer. We manage this risk through risk-performance underwriting strategies and qualified cosigners. Private Education Loans may be fixed-rate or may carry a variable interest rate indexed to SOFR. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, 22 percent and 23 percent, respectively, of all our Private Education Loans were indexed to SOFR. We provide incentives for customers to include a cosigner on the loan, and the vast majority of Private Education Loans in our portfolio are cosigned. We also encourage customers to make payments while in school.
FFELP Loans are insured as to their principal and accrued interest in the event of default, subject to a risk-sharing level based on the date of loan disbursement. These insurance obligations are supported by contractual rights against the United States. For loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2006, owners receive 97 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. For loans disbursed after October 1, 1993 and before July 1, 2006, owners receive 98 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims. For loans disbursed prior to October 1, 1993, owners receive 100 percent reimbursement on all qualifying claims.
The following table summarizes our Private Education Loan sales to unaffiliated third parties for the periods presented. We did not sell any Private Education Loans in the three months ended June 30, 2025.

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in millions) |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Loan principal |  |  |  | $ | 1,466 |  |  | $ | 1,840 |  |  | $ | 3,418 |
Capitalized interest |  |  |  | 123 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 274 |
Total Private Education Loans sold |  |  |  | $ | 1,589 |  |  | $ | 2,003 |  |  | $ | 3,692 |
Gain on sale of loans, net |  |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 255 |

There were VIEs created in the execution of certain of these loan sales; however, based on our consolidation analysis, we are not the primary beneficiary of those VIEs. These transactions qualified for sale treatment and removed the balance of the loans from our balance sheet on the respective settlement dates. We remained the servicer of these loans pursuant to applicable servicing agreements executed in connection with the sales. For additional information, see Note 7, “Borrowings - Unconsolidated Funding Vehicles” in this Form 10-Q.
17

3. | Loans Held for Investment (Continued) |

Loans held for investment are summarized as follows:

|  | June 30, |  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Loans Held for Investment, net: |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | $ | 17,646,982 |  |  | $ | 17,093,382 |
Variable-rate |  | 4,878,835 |  |  | 5,141,626 |
Total Private Education Loans, gross |  | 22,525,817 |  |  | 22,235,008 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 104,024 |  |  | 103,070 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | (1,469,509) |  |  | (1,435,920) |
Loans held for investment, net |  | $ | 21,160,332 |  |  | $ | 20,902,158 |

The estimated weighted average life of education loans in our portfolio was approximately 5.6 years at both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
The average balance (net of unamortized premium/(discount)) and the respective weighted average interest rates of loans held for investment in our portfolio are summarized as follows:

|  | 2025 |  | 2024
Three Months Ended June 30, (dollars in thousands) |  | Average Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 22,561,636 |  |  | 10.62 | % |  | $ | 20,480,805 |  |  | 10.91 | %
FFELP Loans(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 501,439 |  |  | 7.73 |
Total portfolio |  | $ | 22,561,636 |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,982,244 |  |  |

(1) FFELP Loans were transferred to loans held for sale during the third quarter of 2024 and subsequently sold to a third-party in the fourth quarter of 2024.

|  | 2025 |  | 2024
Six Months Ended June 30, (dollars in thousands) |  | Average Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 22,738,295 |  |  | 10.61 | % |  | $ | 20,961,775 |  |  | 10.96 | %
FFELP Loans(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 514,225 |  |  | 7.48 |
Total portfolio |  | $ | 22,738,295 |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,476,000 |  |  |

(1) FFELP Loans were transferred to loans held for sale during the third quarter of 2024 and subsequently sold to a third-party in the fourth quarter of 2024.
See Note 5, “Loans Held for Investment — Certain Collection Tools — Private Education Loans” in our 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.
18

4. Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments
Our provision for credit losses represents the periodic expense of maintaining an allowance sufficient to absorb lifetime expected credit losses in the held for investment loan portfolio. The evaluation of the allowance for credit losses is inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant changes. We believe the allowance for credit losses is appropriate to cover lifetime expected losses to be incurred in the loan portfolio.
When a new loan commitment is made, we record the CECL allowance as a liability for unfunded loan commitments by recording a provision for credit losses. The allowance is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheet. When the loan is funded, we transfer that liability to the allowance for loan losses.
The majority of the total accrued interest receivable on our Private Education Loan portfolio represents accrued interest on deferred loans where no payments are due while the borrower is in school and on fixed-pay loans where the borrower makes a $25 monthly payment that is smaller than the interest accrued on the loan in that month. The allowance for credit losses considers the collectability of both principal and accrued interest. The allowance for uncollectible interest estimates the additional uncollectible interest that is not captured in the allowance for credit losses. See “— Accrued Interest Receivable” in this Note 4 for further discussion.
See Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses” in our 2024 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion on our allowance for credit losses accounting policies.
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4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

Allowance for Credit Losses Metrics
The following tables provide a summary of the activity in the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded loan commitments during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | Private Education Loans |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses, beginning balance |  |  |  | $ | 1,443,715 |  |  |  |  |
Transfer from allowance for unfunded loan commitments |  |  |  | 27,878 |  |  |  |  |
Provisions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for current period |  |  |  | 92,189 |  |  |  |  |
Total provisions(1) |  |  |  | 92,189 |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  |  |  | (106,866) |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries |  |  |  | 12,593 |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs |  |  |  | (94,273) |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses, ending balance |  |  |  | $ | 1,469,509 |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for unfunded loan commitments, beginning balance(2) |  |  |  | 23,890 |  |  |  |  |
Provision(1)(3) |  |  |  | 56,529 |  |  |  |  |
Transfer to allowance for loan losses |  |  |  | (27,878) |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for unfunded loan commitments, ending balance(2) |  |  |  | 52,541 |  |  |  |  |
Total allowance for credit losses, ending balance |  |  |  | $ | 1,522,050 |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4) |  |  |  | 2.36 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  |  |  | 3.90 |  |  |  |  |
Total Allowance Percentage of Private Education Loan Exposure(5) |  |  |  | 5.95 | % |  |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  |  |  | $ | 22,525,817 |  |  |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(4) |  |  |  | $ | 15,991,357 |  |  |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(4) |  |  |  | $ | 16,231,194 |  |  |  |  |
Unfunded loan commitments |  |  |  | $ | 1,358,163 |  |  |  |  |
Total accrued interest receivable |  |  |  | $ | 1,701,944 |  |  |  |  |

(1) See “—Provisions for Credit Losses” below in this Note 4 for a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income.
(2) When a new loan commitment is made, we record an allowance to cover lifetime expected credit losses on the unfunded commitments, which is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheet. See “—Unfunded Loan Commitments” in this Note 4 for further discussion.
(3 ) Includes incremental provision for new commitments and changes to provision for existing commitments.
(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include loans in the “loans in forbearance” metric).
(5) The Total Allowance Percentage of Private Education Loan Exposure is the total allowance for credit losses as a percentage of ending total loans plus unfunded loan commitments and total accrued interest receivable on Private Education Loans.
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4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands) |  | FFELP Loans |  | Private Education Loans |  |  |  | Total
Allowance for loan losses, beginning balance |  | $ | 4,627 |  |  | $ | 1,345,431 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,350,058 |
Transfer from allowance for unfunded loan commitments |  | — |  |  | 29,715 |  |  |  |  | 29,715 |
Provisions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for current period |  | (441) |  |  | 72,862 |  |  |  |  | 72,421 |
Loan sale reduction to provision |  | — |  |  | (102,751) |  |  |  |  | (102,751) |
Total provisions(1) |  | (441) |  |  | (29,889) |  |  |  |  | (30,330) |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (126) |  |  | (91,042) |  |  |  |  | (91,168) |
Recoveries |  | — |  |  | 11,377 |  |  |  |  | 11,377 |
Net charge-offs |  | (126) |  |  | (79,665) |  |  |  |  | (79,791) |
Allowance for loan losses, ending balance |  | $ | 4,060 |  |  | $ | 1,265,592 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,269,652 |
Allowance for unfunded loan commitments, beginning balance(2) |  | — |  |  | 32,034 |  |  |  |  | 32,034 |
Provision(1)(3) |  | — |  |  | 47,160 |  |  |  |  | 47,160 |
Transfer to allowance for loan losses |  | — |  |  | (29,715) |  |  |  |  | (29,715) |
Allowance for unfunded loan commitments, ending balance(2) |  | — |  |  | 49,479 |  |  |  |  | 49,479 |
Total allowance for credit losses, ending balance |  | $ | 4,060 |  |  | $ | 1,315,071 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,319,131 |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4) |  | 0.13 | % |  | 2.19 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 8.06 |  |  | 3.97 |  |  |  |  |
Total Allowance Percentage of Private Education Loan Exposure(5) |  | 0.84 | % |  | 5.90 | % |  |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 485,608 |  |  | $ | 19,619,531 |  |  |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 378,667 |  |  | $ | 14,543,669 |  |  |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 369,681 |  |  | $ | 14,231,581 |  |  |  |  |
Unfunded loan commitments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,300,393 |  |  |  |  |
Total accrued interest receivable |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,367,482 |  |  |  |  |

(1) See “—Provisions for Credit Losses” below in this Note 4 for a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income.
(2) When a new loan commitment is made, we record an allowance to cover lifetime expected credit losses on the unfunded commitments, which is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheet. See “—Unfunded Loan Commitments” in this Note 4 for further discussion.
(3) Includes incremental provision for new commitments and changes to provision for existing commitments.
(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include loans in the “loans in forbearance” metric).
(5) The Total Allowance Percentage of Private Education Loan Exposure is the total allowance for credit losses as a percentage of ending total loans plus unfunded loan commitments and total accrued interest receivable on Private Education Loans.
l
21

4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | Private Education Loans |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses, beginning balance |  |  |  | $ | 1,435,920 |  |  |  |  |
Transfer from allowance for unfunded loan commitments |  |  |  | 133,012 |  |  |  |  |
Provisions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for current period |  |  |  | 187,478 |  |  |  |  |
Loan sale reduction to provision |  |  |  | (116,459) |  |  |  |  |
Total provisions(1) |  |  |  | 71,019 |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  |  |  | (193,769) |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries |  |  |  | 23,327 |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs |  |  |  | (170,442) |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses, ending balance |  |  |  | $ | 1,469,509 |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for unfunded loan commitments, beginning balance(2) |  |  |  | 84,568 |  |  |  |  |
Provision(1)(3) |  |  |  | 100,985 |  |  |  |  |
Transfer to allowance for loan losses |  |  |  | (133,012) |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for unfunded loan commitments, ending balance(2) |  |  |  | 52,541 |  |  |  |  |
Total allowance for credit losses, ending balance |  |  |  | $ | 1,522,050 |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4) |  |  |  | 2.11 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  |  |  | 4.31 |  |  |  |  |
Total Allowance Percentage of Private Education Loan Exposure(5) |  |  |  | 5.95 | % |  |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  |  |  | $ | 22,525,817 |  |  |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(4) |  |  |  | $ | 16,146,239 |  |  |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(4) |  |  |  | $ | 16,231,194 |  |  |  |  |
Unfunded loan commitments |  |  |  | $ | 1,358,163 |  |  |  |  |
Total accrued interest receivable |  |  |  | $ | 1,701,944 |  |  |  |  |

(1) See “—Provisions for Credit Losses” below in this Note 4 for a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income.
(2) When a new loan commitment is made, we record an allowance to cover lifetime expected credit losses on the unfunded commitments, which is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheet. See “—Unfunded Loan Commitments” in this Note 4 for further discussion.
(3 ) Includes incremental provision for new commitments and changes to provision for existing commitments.
(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include loans in the “loans in forbearance” metric).
(5) The Total Allowance Percentage of Private Education Loan Exposure is the total allowance for credit losses as a percentage of ending total loans plus unfunded loan commitments and total accrued interest receivable on Private Education Loans.
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4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands) |  | FFELP Loans |  | Private Education Loans |  |  |  | Total
Allowance for loan losses, beginning balance |  | $ | 4,667 |  |  | $ | 1,335,105 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,339,772 |
Transfer from allowance for unfunded loan commitments |  | — |  |  | 161,329 |  |  |  |  | 161,329 |
Provisions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for current period |  | (358) |  |  | 167,338 |  |  |  |  | 166,980 |
Loan sale reduction to provision |  | — |  |  | (235,955) |  |  |  |  | (235,955) |
Total provisions(1) |  | (358) |  |  | (68,617) |  |  |  |  | (68,975) |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (249) |  |  | (184,916) |  |  |  |  | (185,165) |
Recoveries |  | — |  |  | 22,691 |  |  |  |  | 22,691 |
Net charge-offs |  | (249) |  |  | (162,225) |  |  |  |  | (162,474) |
Allowance for loan losses, ending balance |  | $ | 4,060 |  |  | $ | 1,265,592 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,269,652 |
Allowance for unfunded loan commitments, beginning balance(2) |  | — |  |  | 112,962 |  |  |  |  | 112,962 |
Provision(1)(3) |  | — |  |  | 97,846 |  |  |  |  | 97,846 |
Transfer to allowance for loan losses |  | — |  |  | (161,329) |  |  |  |  | (161,329) |
Allowance for unfunded loan commitments, ending balance(2) |  | — |  |  | 49,479 |  |  |  |  | 49,479 |
Total allowance for credit losses, ending balance |  | $ | 4,060 |  |  | $ | 1,315,071 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,319,131 |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4) |  | 0.13 | % |  | 2.17 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 8.15 |  |  | 3.90 |  |  |  |  |
Total Allowance Percentage of Private Education Loan Exposure(5) |  | 0.84 | % |  | 5.90 | % |  |  |  |
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 485,608 |  |  | $ | 19,619,531 |  |  |  |  |
Average loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 388,510 |  |  | $ | 14,977,567 |  |  |  |  |
Ending loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 369,681 |  |  | $ | 14,231,581 |  |  |  |  |
Unfunded loan commitments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,300,393 |  |  |  |  |
Total accrued interest receivable |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,367,482 |  |  |  |  |

(1) See “—Provisions for Credit Losses” below in this Note 4 for a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income.
(2) When a new loan commitment is made, we record an allowance to cover lifetime expected credit losses on the unfunded commitments, which is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheet. See “—Unfunded Loan Commitments” in this Note 4 for further discussion.
(3) Includes incremental provision for new commitments and changes to provision for existing commitments.
(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include loans in the “loans in forbearance” metric).
(5) The Total Allowance Percentage of Private Education Loan Exposure is the total allowance for credit losses as a percentage of ending total loans plus unfunded loan commitments and total accrued interest receivable on Private Education Loans.
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4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

Provisions for Credit Losses
Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income.

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024 |  |
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provisions for loan losses |  | $ | 92,189 |  |  | $ | (29,889) |  |  | $ | 71,019 |  | $ | (68,617) |  |  |
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments |  | 56,529 |  |  | 47,160 |  |  | 100,985 |  | 97,846 |  |  |
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses |  | 148,718 |  |  | 17,271 |  |  | 172,004 |  | 29,229 |  |  |
Total FFELP Loans provisions for credit losses |  | — |  |  | (441) |  |  | — |  | (358) |  |  |
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income |  | $ | 148,718 |  |  | $ | 16,830 |  |  | $ | 172,004 |  | $ | 28,871 |  |  |

Provision for credit losses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 increased by $143 million, compared with the year-ago period. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the provision for credit losses was primarily affected by new loan commitments, net of expired commitments, and changes in economic outlook, offset by $116 million in negative provisions recorded as a result of the $2.00 billion Private Education Loan sale during the first six months of 2025. In the year-ago period, the provision for credit losses was primarily affected by $236 million in negative provisions recorded as a result of the $3.69 billion Private Education Loan sales during the first six months of 2024, an improved economic outlook, and changes in management overlays and recovery rates, offset by new loan commitments, net of expired commitments, and increases to the provision as a result of decreases in our estimates of the historical long-term average prepayment speeds used after the two-year reasonable and supportable period.
The allowance for credit losses incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon asset origination or acquisition. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses is historical information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty. We use a discounted cash flow model to determine the allowance for credit losses. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made as of the date of a modification.
The effect of most modifications of loans made to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance. The forecast of expected future cash flows is updated as the loan modifications occur.
As part of concluding on the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, we review key allowance and loan metrics. The most significant of the metrics considered are the allowance coverage of net charge-offs ratio; the allowance as a percentage of ending total loans plus unfunded loan commitments and total accrued interest receivable (which we refer to as the “Total Allowance Percentage of Private Education Loan Exposure”); and delinquency and forbearance percentages.
Within the Private Education Loan portfolio, we deem loans greater than 90 days past due as nonperforming. With respect to periods prior to the sale of our remaining FFELP Loan portfolio in the fourth quarter of 2024, FFELP Loans were at least 97 percent guaranteed as to their principal and accrued interest by the federal government in the event of default and, therefore, we did not deem FFELP Loans as nonperforming from a credit risk perspective at any point in their life cycle prior to claim payment and continued to accrue interest on those loans through the date of claim.
For additional information, see Note 1, “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses” in this Form 10-Q and Note 6, “Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments” in our 2024 Form 10-K.
Forbearance
Under our current forbearance practices, temporary forbearance of payments is generally granted in one-to-two month increments, for up to 12 months over the life of the loan, with 12 months of positive payment performance by a borrower required between grants (meaning the borrower must make payment in a cumulative amount equivalent to 12 monthly required payments under the loan). During the first six months following a borrower’s grace period, the borrower may be eligible for extended grace forbearance in one six-month increment (which would also count towards the 12-month forbearance cap). Due to our current forbearance practices, including the limitations on forbearances offered to borrowers, we do not believe the granting of forbearances will exceed the significance threshold under our accounting policy and, therefore, we do not consider the forbearances as loan modifications for the purposes of the tables below.
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4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

For additional information on our forbearance and modification programs, see Note 5, “Loans Held for Investment —Certain Collection Tools — Private Education Loans” in our 2024 Form 10-K. The tables below provide information about modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.
We offer certain administrative forbearances (e.g., death and disability, bankruptcy, military service, disaster forbearance, and in school assistance) that are required by law (such as by the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act), are considered separate from our active loss mitigation programs, or do not exceed the significance threshold and therefore are not considered to be loan modifications requiring disclosure. In addition, we may offer on a limited basis term extensions or rate reductions or a combination of both to borrowers to reduce consolidation activities. We do not consider them modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and they therefore are not included in the tables below.
Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
The following tables show the amortized cost basis at the end of the respective reporting periods of the loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the period, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and type of modification. When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We consider borrowers to be in financial difficulty after they have exited school and have difficulty making their scheduled principal and interest payments.

|  | Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands) |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type: |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 7,093 |  |  | 0.03 | % |  | $ | 134,398 |  |  | 0.55 | %
Total |  | $ | 7,093 |  |  | 0.03 | % |  | $ | 134,398 |  |  | 0.55 | %

|  | Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands) |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type: |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 5,571 |  |  | 0.03 | % |  | $ | 272,125 |  |  | 1.29 | %
Total |  | $ | 5,571 |  |  | 0.03 | % |  | $ | 272,125 |  |  | 1.29 | %

|  | Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands) |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type: |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 13,195 |  |  | 0.05 | % |  | $ | 265,624 |  |  | 1.09 | %
Total |  | $ | 13,195 |  |  | 0.05 | % |  | $ | 265,624 |  |  | 1.09 | %

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4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

|  | Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands) |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Loan Type: |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable |  | Amortized Cost Basis |  | % of Total Class of Financing Receivable
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 9,005 |  |  | 0.04 | % |  | $ | 504,366 |  |  | 2.39 | %
Total |  | $ | 9,005 |  |  | 0.04 | % |  | $ | 504,366 |  |  | 2.39 | %

The following tables summarize the financial effect of the modifications made to loans whose borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty:

Three Months Ended June 30,
2025 |  | 2024
Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Financial Effect: |  | Financial Effect: |  | Financial Effect: |  | Financial Effect:
Reduced average contractual rate from 12.87% to 4.32% |  | Added a weighted average 9.32 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 12.29% to 3.98% |  | Reduced average contractual rate from 13.31% to 3.46% |  | Added a weighted average 9.32 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 12.72% to 3.70%

Six Months Ended June 30,
2025 |  | 2024
Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Financial Effect: |  | Financial Effect: |  | Financial Effect: |  | Financial Effect:
Reduced average contractual rate from 12.98% to 4.35%. |  | Added a weighted average 9.35 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 12.23% to 3.99% |  | Reduced average contractual rate from 13.25% to 3.62% |  | Added a weighted average 9.01 years to the life of loans Reduced average contractual rate from 12.66% to 3.71%

Private Education Loans are charged off at the end of the month in which they reach 120 days delinquent or otherwise when the loans are classified as a loss by us or our regulator. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amount. See Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses — Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses” and “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses — Allowance for FFELP Loan Losses” in our 2024 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion.
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4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

As part of the additional modification programs that were launched in the fourth quarter of 2023, we also offered for a short period of time a permanent term extension with no interest rate reduction program. This program ended in the fourth quarter of 2023. The amortized cost of this program totaled $6.1 million as of June 30, 2025, representing 0.03 percent of the total Private Education Loan portfolio. This program added a weighted average of 6.9 years to the life of loans participating in the program. As of June 30, 2025, both the defaulted amount and amortized cost basis of loans that participated in this program that defaulted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and were modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the twelve months prior to default were immaterial. Additionally, there were no loans modified during the twelve months ended June 30, 2025 and subsequently charged-off during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.
For the periods presented, the following table presents the defaulted amount and period-end amortized cost basis, by modification category, of loans that defaulted during the period and were modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the 12 months preceding default. Solely for the purpose of the below table, starting in the quarter ended December 31, 2024, we changed our definition of payment default to be two missed consecutive post-modification payment obligations. As such, as reflected for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 below, defaulted amount represents the principal amount of modified loans at the time the borrower missed two consecutive post-modification payment obligations during the period. Previously, as reflected for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 in the tables below, defaulted amount represented the principal amount of modified loans at the time they became 60 days or more past due in the relevant period. Loans that were modified during the twelve months ended June 30, 2025 and subsequently charged-off during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 are not included in the period-end amortized cost basis and had an amortized cost basis of $17.8 million and $32.2 million at the time of charge-off, respectively. The following tables do not include loans that received a permanent term extension with no interest rate reduction during the fourth quarter of 2023, which are described earlier in this Note 4.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Defaulted Amount |  | Period-end Amortized Cost Basis |  | Defaulted Amount |  | Period-end Amortized Cost Basis
Loan Type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Reduction |  | $ | 2,503 |  |  | $ | 2,222 |  |  | $ | 1,569 |  |  | $ | 1,592 |
Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension |  | 50,033 |  |  | 45,210 |  |  | 25,191 |  |  | 25,730 |
Total |  | $ | 52,536 |  |  | $ | 47,432 |  |  | $ | 26,760 |  |  | $ | 27,322 |

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Defaulted Amount |  | Period-end Amortized Cost Basis |  | Defaulted Amount |  | Period-end Amortized Cost Basis
Loan Type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Reduction |  | $ | 3,887 |  |  | $ | 3,196 |  |  | $ | 2,290 |  |  | $ | 2,110 |
Combination - Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension |  | 79,426 |  |  | 66,964 |  |  | 37,838 |  |  | 37,524 |
Total |  | $ | 83,313 |  |  | $ | 70,160 |  |  | $ | 40,128 |  |  | $ | 39,634 |

27

4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

We closely monitor performance of the loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that are modified to understand the effectiveness of the modification efforts. The following table depicts the performance of loans that were modified within the six months prior to June 30, 2025, the 12 months prior to June 30, 2025, and the 12 months prior to December 31, 2024, respectively.

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  | Twelve Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  | Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Balance | % |  | Balance | % |  | Balance | %
Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis at June 30, 2025)(1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan modifications in deferment(2) |  | $ | 4,235 |  |  |  | $ | 26,438 |  |  |  | $ | 33,645 |  |
Loan modifications in repayment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans current(3)(4) |  | 167,602 |  | 61 | % |  | 588,873 |  | 78 | % |  | 826,007 |  | 83 | %
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3)(4) |  | 48,282 |  | 18 | % |  | 73,440 |  | 10 | % |  | 77,446 |  | 8 | %
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3)(4) |  | 27,306 |  | 10 | % |  | 43,057 |  | 6 | % |  | 43,484 |  | 4 | %
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3)(4) |  | 31,394 |  | 11 | % |  | 47,510 |  | 6 | % |  | 54,473 |  | 5 | %
Total loan modifications in repayment |  | 274,584 |  | 100 | % |  | 752,880 |  | 100 | % |  | 1,001,410 |  | 100 | %
Total Private Education Loan modifications |  | $ | 278,819 |  |  |  | $ | 779,318 |  |  |  | $ | 1,035,055 |  |

(1) Loans that were modified during the twelve months ended June 30, 2025 and subsequently charged-off during the six months ended June 30, 2025 are excluded from the table and had an amortized cost basis of $32.2 million. Loans that were both modified and subsequently charged-off during the twelve months ended June 30, 2025 are excluded from the table and had an amortized cost basis of $57.1 million. Loans that were both modified and subsequently charged-off during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 are excluded from the table and had an amortized cost basis of $40.4 million. Additionally, loans that received a permanent term extension with no interest rate reduction during the fourth quarter of 2023 are excluded from the table, but are discussed elsewhere in this note 4.
(2) Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make full principal and interest payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation). Deferment also includes loans that have entered a forbearance after the loan modification was granted.
(3) Represents loans in repayment, which include loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include loans in the “loans in forbearance” metric).
(4) The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.
28

4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Key Credit Quality Indicators
For Private Education Loans, the key credit quality indicators are FICO scores, the existence of a cosigner, the loan status, and loan seasoning. The FICO scores are assessed at original approval and periodically refreshed/updated through the loan’s term. The following tables highlight the gross principal balance of our Private Education Loan portfolio (held for investment), by year of origination approval/first disbursement, stratified by key credit quality indicators.

As of June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Credit Quality Indicators |  |
Year of Origination Approval |  | 2025(1) |  | 2024(1) |  | 2023(1) |  | 2022(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2020 and Prior(1) |  | Total(1) |  | % of Balance
Cosigners: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
With cosigner |  | $ | 1,313,131 |  |  | $ | 5,916,194 |  |  | $ | 3,569,964 |  |  | $ | 2,331,492 |  |  | $ | 1,555,331 |  |  | $ | 5,182,173 |  |  | $ | 19,868,285 |  |  | 88 | %
Without cosigner |  | 162,694 |  |  | 578,613 |  |  | 496,325 |  |  | 385,827 |  |  | 277,340 |  |  | 756,733 |  |  | 2,657,532 |  |  | 12 |
Total |  | $ | 1,475,825 |  |  | $ | 6,494,807 |  |  | $ | 4,066,289 |  |  | $ | 2,717,319 |  |  | $ | 1,832,671 |  |  | $ | 5,938,906 |  |  | $ | 22,525,817 |  |  | 100 | %
FICO at Origination Approval(2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 78,534 |  |  | $ | 380,086 |  |  | $ | 308,242 |  |  | $ | 228,131 |  |  | $ | 141,381 |  |  | $ | 516,846 |  |  | $ | 1,653,220 |  |  | 7 | %
670-699 |  | 191,662 |  |  | 787,362 |  |  | 581,703 |  |  | 387,166 |  |  | 254,432 |  |  | 987,715 |  |  | 3,190,040 |  |  | 14 |
700-749 |  | 458,881 |  |  | 1,964,910 |  |  | 1,257,401 |  |  | 852,172 |  |  | 585,375 |  |  | 2,002,102 |  |  | 7,120,841 |  |  | 32 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 746,748 |  |  | 3,362,449 |  |  | 1,918,943 |  |  | 1,249,850 |  |  | 851,483 |  |  | 2,432,243 |  |  | 10,561,716 |  |  | 47 |
Total |  | $ | 1,475,825 |  |  | $ | 6,494,807 |  |  | $ | 4,066,289 |  |  | $ | 2,717,319 |  |  | $ | 1,832,671 |  |  | $ | 5,938,906 |  |  | $ | 22,525,817 |  |  | 100 | %
FICO Refreshed(2)(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 127,524 |  |  | $ | 649,610 |  |  | $ | 594,396 |  |  | $ | 454,577 |  |  | $ | 306,551 |  |  | $ | 1,017,940 |  |  | $ | 3,150,598 |  |  | 14 | %
670-699 |  | 194,160 |  |  | 804,699 |  |  | 523,161 |  |  | 336,709 |  |  | 213,209 |  |  | 647,881 |  |  | 2,719,819 |  |  | 12 |
700-749 |  | 445,089 |  |  | 1,833,277 |  |  | 1,103,764 |  |  | 708,585 |  |  | 473,632 |  |  | 1,506,496 |  |  | 6,070,843 |  |  | 27 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 709,052 |  |  | 3,207,221 |  |  | 1,844,968 |  |  | 1,217,448 |  |  | 839,279 |  |  | 2,766,589 |  |  | 10,584,557 |  |  | 47 |
Total |  | $ | 1,475,825 |  |  | $ | 6,494,807 |  |  | $ | 4,066,289 |  |  | $ | 2,717,319 |  |  | $ | 1,832,671 |  |  | $ | 5,938,906 |  |  | $ | 22,525,817 |  |  | 100 | %
Seasoning(4): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-12 payments |  | $ | 792,794 |  |  | $ | 3,294,401 |  |  | $ | 567,092 |  |  | $ | 385,899 |  |  | $ | 221,822 |  |  | $ | 375,717 |  |  | $ | 5,637,725 |  |  | 25 | %
13-24 payments |  | — |  |  | 556,519 |  |  | 1,953,000 |  |  | 238,352 |  |  | 155,954 |  |  | 370,223 |  |  | 3,274,048 |  |  | 15 |
25-36 payments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 299,832 |  |  | 1,307,229 |  |  | 152,753 |  |  | 450,441 |  |  | 2,210,255 |  |  | 10 |
37-48 payments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 195,819 |  |  | 895,007 |  |  | 517,518 |  |  | 1,608,344 |  |  | 7 |
More than 48 payments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114,387 |  |  | 3,690,139 |  |  | 3,804,526 |  |  | 17 |
Not yet in repayment |  | 683,031 |  |  | 2,643,887 |  |  | 1,246,365 |  |  | 590,020 |  |  | 292,748 |  |  | 534,868 |  |  | 5,990,919 |  |  | 26 |
Total |  | $ | 1,475,825 |  |  | $ | 6,494,807 |  |  | $ | 4,066,289 |  |  | $ | 2,717,319 |  |  | $ | 1,832,671 |  |  | $ | 5,938,906 |  |  | $ | 22,525,817 |  |  | 100 | %
2025 Current period(5) gross charge-offs |  | $ | (159) |  |  | $ | (6,775) |  |  | $ | (33,921) |  |  | $ | (34,015) |  |  | $ | (25,311) |  |  | $ | (93,588) |  |  | $ | (193,769) |  |  |
2025 Current period(5) recoveries |  | 19 |  |  | 452 |  |  | 2,704 |  |  | 3,330 |  |  | 2,610 |  |  | 14,212 |  |  | 23,327 |  |  |
2025 Current period(5) net charge-offs |  | $ | (140) |  |  | $ | (6,323) |  |  | $ | (31,217) |  |  | $ | (30,685) |  |  | $ | (22,701) |  |  | $ | (79,376) |  |  | $ | (170,442) |  |  |
Total accrued interest by origination approval vintage |  | $ | 42,057 |  |  | $ | 424,303 |  |  | $ | 457,611 |  |  | $ | 302,033 |  |  | $ | 178,772 |  |  | $ | 297,168 |  |  | $ | 1,701,944 |  |  |
(1)Balance represents gross Private Education Loans held for investment. (2)Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower. (3)Represents the FICO score updated as of the second quarter 2025. (4)Number of months in active repayment (whether interest only payment, fixed payment, or full principal and interest payment status) for which a scheduled payment was due. (5)Current period refers to period from January 1, 2025 through June 30, 2025.

29

4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

As of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Credit Quality Indicators |  |
Year of Origination Approval |  | 2024(1) |  | 2023(1) |  | 2022(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2019 and Prior(1) |  | Total(1) |  | % of Balance
Cosigners: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
With cosigner |  | $ | 4,519,952 |  |  | $ | 4,707,685 |  |  | $ | 2,741,871 |  |  | $ | 1,759,261 |  |  | $ | 1,151,751 |  |  | $ | 4,642,019 |  |  | $ | 19,522,539 |  |  | 88 | %
Without cosigner |  | 504,640 |  |  | 613,825 |  |  | 443,376 |  |  | 310,175 |  |  | 222,245 |  |  | 618,208 |  |  | 2,712,469 |  |  | 12 |
Total |  | $ | 5,024,592 |  |  | $ | 5,321,510 |  |  | $ | 3,185,247 |  |  | $ | 2,069,436 |  |  | $ | 1,373,996 |  |  | $ | 5,260,227 |  |  | $ | 22,235,008 |  |  | 100 | %
FICO at Origination Approval(2): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 293,025 |  |  | $ | 394,962 |  |  | $ | 261,589 |  |  | $ | 155,661 |  |  | $ | 94,355 |  |  | $ | 475,186 |  |  | $ | 1,674,778 |  |  | 8 | %
670-699 |  | 615,617 |  |  | 753,548 |  |  | 449,214 |  |  | 285,181 |  |  | 197,205 |  |  | 898,535 |  |  | 3,199,300 |  |  | 14 |
700-749 |  | 1,525,547 |  |  | 1,641,641 |  |  | 998,834 |  |  | 660,373 |  |  | 451,695 |  |  | 1,782,121 |  |  | 7,060,211 |  |  | 32 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 2,590,403 |  |  | 2,531,359 |  |  | 1,475,610 |  |  | 968,221 |  |  | 630,741 |  |  | 2,104,385 |  |  | 10,300,719 |  |  | 46 |
Total |  | $ | 5,024,592 |  |  | $ | 5,321,510 |  |  | $ | 3,185,247 |  |  | $ | 2,069,436 |  |  | $ | 1,373,996 |  |  | $ | 5,260,227 |  |  | $ | 22,235,008 |  |  | 100 | %
FICO Refreshed(2)(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 670 |  | $ | 453,705 |  |  | $ | 666,049 |  |  | $ | 467,562 |  |  | $ | 301,367 |  |  | $ | 194,124 |  |  | $ | 831,053 |  |  | $ | 2,913,860 |  |  | 13 | %
670-699 |  | 633,749 |  |  | 710,546 |  |  | 409,808 |  |  | 248,325 |  |  | 138,730 |  |  | 578,639 |  |  | 2,719,797 |  |  | 12 |
700-749 |  | 1,485,771 |  |  | 1,512,643 |  |  | 879,450 |  |  | 563,941 |  |  | 362,715 |  |  | 1,398,737 |  |  | 6,203,257 |  |  | 28 |
Greater than or equal to 750 |  | 2,451,367 |  |  | 2,432,272 |  |  | 1,428,427 |  |  | 955,803 |  |  | 678,427 |  |  | 2,451,798 |  |  | 10,398,094 |  |  | 47 |
Total |  | $ | 5,024,592 |  |  | $ | 5,321,510 |  |  | $ | 3,185,247 |  |  | $ | 2,069,436 |  |  | $ | 1,373,996 |  |  | $ | 5,260,227 |  |  | $ | 22,235,008 |  |  | 100 | %
Seasoning(4): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1-12 payments |  | $ | 2,860,113 |  |  | $ | 774,471 |  |  | $ | 499,812 |  |  | $ | 280,154 |  |  | $ | 159,762 |  |  | $ | 324,506 |  |  | $ | 4,898,818 |  |  | 22 | %
13-24 payments |  | — |  | 2,729,334 |  | 372,496 |  | 191,989 |  | 122,938 |  | 340,556 |  | 3,757,313 |  | 17 |
25-36 payments |  | — |  | — |  | 1,564,157 |  | 254,068 |  | 110,952 |  | 429,127 |  | 2,358,304 |  | 11 |
37-48 payments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 987,977 |  | 170,051 |  | 451,494 |  | 1,609,522 |  | 7 |
More than 48 payments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 625,916 |  | 3,262,308 |  | 3,888,224 |  | 17 |
Not yet in repayment |  | 2,164,479 |  | 1,817,705 |  | 748,782 |  | 355,248 |  | 184,377 |  | 452,236 |  | 5,722,827 |  | 26 |
Total |  | $ | 5,024,592 |  |  | $ | 5,321,510 |  |  | $ | 3,185,247 |  |  | $ | 2,069,436 |  |  | $ | 1,373,996 |  |  | $ | 5,260,227 |  |  | $ | 22,235,008 |  |  | 100 | %
2024 Current period(5) gross charge-offs |  | $ | (1,826) |  |  | $ | (29,094) |  |  | $ | (68,454) |  |  | $ | (53,697) |  |  | $ | (37,318) |  |  | $ | (186,451) |  |  | $ | (376,840) |  |  |
2024 Current period(5) recoveries |  | 117 |  |  | 2,191 |  |  | 6,487 |  |  | 5,771 |  |  | 3,840 |  |  | 26,350 |  |  | 44,756 |  |  |
2024 Current period(5) net charge-offs |  | $ | (1,709) |  |  | $ | (26,903) |  |  | $ | (61,967) |  |  | $ | (47,926) |  |  | $ | (33,478) |  |  | $ | (160,101) |  |  | $ | (332,084) |  |  |
Total accrued interest by origination approval vintage |  | $ | 195,291 |  |  | $ | 484,531 |  |  | $ | 325,962 |  |  | $ | 197,504 |  |  | $ | 106,565 |  |  | $ | 239,562 |  |  | $ | 1,549,415 |  |  |

(1)Balance represents gross Private Education Loans held for investment.
(2)Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower.
(3)Represents the FICO score updated as of the fourth-quarter 2024.
(4)Number of months in active repayment (whether interest only payment, fixed payment, or full principal and interest payment status) for which a scheduled payment was due.
(5)Current period refers to January 1, 2024 through December 31, 2024.
30

4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

Delinquencies - Private Education Loans Held for Investment
The following tables provide information regarding the loan status of our Private Education Loans held for investment, by year of origination approval/first disbursement. Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the following tables, do not include loans in the “loans in forbearance” metric).

|  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Delinquencies by Origination Approval Vintage
As of June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 and Prior |  | Total
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1) |  | $ | 683,031 |  |  | $ | 2,643,887 |  |  | $ | 1,246,365 |  |  | $ | 590,020 |  |  | $ | 292,748 |  |  | $ | 534,868 |  |  | $ | 5,990,919 |
Loans in forbearance(2) |  | 1,543 |  |  | 41,407 |  |  | 78,780 |  |  | 49,553 |  |  | 34,545 |  |  | 97,876 |  |  | 303,704 |
Loans in repayment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans current |  | 786,912 |  |  | 3,775,987 |  |  | 2,662,224 |  |  | 1,996,177 |  |  | 1,442,298 |  |  | 4,998,398 |  |  | 15,661,996 |
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3) |  | 3,191 |  |  | 22,276 |  |  | 41,083 |  |  | 41,173 |  |  | 31,247 |  |  | 161,146 |  |  | 300,116 |
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3) |  | 678 |  |  | 7,027 |  |  | 20,917 |  |  | 21,730 |  |  | 18,138 |  |  | 75,143 |  |  | 143,633 |
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3) |  | 470 |  |  | 4,223 |  |  | 16,920 |  |  | 18,666 |  |  | 13,695 |  |  | 71,475 |  |  | 125,449 |
Total Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 791,251 |  |  | 3,809,513 |  |  | 2,741,144 |  |  | 2,077,746 |  |  | 1,505,378 |  |  | 5,306,162 |  |  | 16,231,194 |
Total Private Education Loans, gross |  | 1,475,825 |  |  | 6,494,807 |  |  | 4,066,289 |  |  | 2,717,319 |  |  | 1,832,671 |  |  | 5,938,906 |  |  | 22,525,817 |
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 17,998 |  |  | 41,612 |  |  | 19,248 |  |  | 8,863 |  |  | 5,210 |  |  | 11,093 |  |  | 104,024 |
Total Private Education Loans |  | 1,493,823 |  |  | 6,536,419 |  |  | 4,085,537 |  |  | 2,726,182 |  |  | 1,837,881 |  |  | 5,949,999 |  |  | 22,629,841 |
Private Education Loans allowance for losses |  | (74,440) |  |  | (345,981) |  |  | (285,183) |  |  | (212,178) |  |  | (136,200) |  |  | (415,527) |  |  | (1,469,509) |
Private Education Loans, net |  | $ | 1,419,383 |  |  | $ | 6,190,438 |  |  | $ | 3,800,354 |  |  | $ | 2,514,004 |  |  | $ | 1,701,681 |  |  | $ | 5,534,472 |  |  | $ | 21,160,332 |
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 53.6 | % |  | 58.7 | % |  | 67.4 | % |  | 76.5 | % |  | 82.1 | % |  | 89.3 | % |  | 72.1 | %
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 0.5 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  | 2.9 | % |  | 3.9 | % |  | 4.2 | % |  | 5.8 | % |  | 3.5 | %
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance |  | 0.2 | % |  | 1.1 | % |  | 2.8 | % |  | 2.3 | % |  | 2.2 | % |  | 1.8 | % |  | 1.8 | %

(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).
(2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors (other than delinquent loans in disaster forbearance), consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.
(3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.
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4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

|  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment - Delinquencies by Origination Vintage
As of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 and Prior |  | Total
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1) |  | $ | 2,164,479 |  |  | $ | 1,817,705 |  |  | $ | 748,782 |  |  | $ | 355,248 |  |  | $ | 184,377 |  |  | $ | 452,236 |  |  | $ | 5,722,827 |
Loans in forbearance(2) |  | 19,984 |  |  | 124,728 |  |  | 87,961 |  |  | 52,686 |  |  | 31,575 |  |  | 88,496 |  |  | 405,430 |
Loans in repayment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans current |  | 2,820,940 |  |  | 3,312,916 |  |  | 2,259,455 |  |  | 1,590,812 |  |  | 1,107,189 |  |  | 4,422,021 |  |  | 15,513,333 |
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3) |  | 13,533 |  |  | 36,441 |  |  | 45,543 |  |  | 35,245 |  |  | 27,302 |  |  | 152,684 |  |  | 310,748 |
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3) |  | 3,973 |  |  | 15,239 |  |  | 23,359 |  |  | 18,365 |  |  | 10,921 |  |  | 68,878 |  |  | 140,735 |
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3) |  | 1,683 |  |  | 14,481 |  |  | 20,147 |  |  | 17,080 |  |  | 12,632 |  |  | 75,912 |  |  | 141,935 |
Total Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 2,840,129 |  |  | 3,379,077 |  |  | 2,348,504 |  |  | 1,661,502 |  |  | 1,158,044 |  |  | 4,719,495 |  |  | 16,106,751 |
Total Private Education Loans, gross |  | 5,024,592 |  |  | 5,321,510 |  |  | 3,185,247 |  |  | 2,069,436 |  |  | 1,373,996 |  |  | 5,260,227 |  |  | 22,235,008 |
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 47,659 |  |  | 25,599 |  |  | 10,788 |  |  | 6,142 |  |  | 4,057 |  |  | 8,825 |  |  | 103,070 |
Total Private Education Loans |  | 5,072,251 |  |  | 5,347,109 |  |  | 3,196,035 |  |  | 2,075,578 |  |  | 1,378,053 |  |  | 5,269,052 |  |  | 22,338,078 |
Private Education Loans allowance for losses |  | (258,235) |  |  | (326,207) |  |  | (234,532) |  |  | (150,324) |  |  | (90,600) |  |  | (376,022) |  |  | (1,435,920) |
Private Education Loans, net |  | $ | 4,814,016 |  |  | $ | 5,020,902 |  |  | $ | 2,961,503 |  |  | $ | 1,925,254 |  |  | $ | 1,287,453 |  |  | $ | 4,893,030 |  |  | $ | 20,902,158 |
Percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 56.5 | % |  | 63.5 | % |  | 73.7 | % |  | 80.3 | % |  | 84.3 | % |  | 89.7 | % |  | 72.4 | %
Delinquent Private Education Loans in repayment as a percentage of Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 0.7 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  | 3.8 | % |  | 4.3 | % |  | 4.4 | % |  | 6.3 | % |  | 3.7 | %
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of loans in repayment and forbearance |  | 0.7 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  | 3.1 | % |  | 2.7 | % |  | 1.8 | % |  | 2.5 | %

(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).
(2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors (other than delinquent loans in disaster forbearance), consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.
(3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.
32

4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

Accrued Interest Receivable
The following table provides information regarding accrued interest receivable on our Private Education Loans. The table also discloses the amount of accrued interest on loans 90 days or greater past due as compared to our allowance for uncollectible interest. The majority of the total accrued interest receivable represents accrued interest on deferred loans where no payments are due while the borrower is in school and fixed-pay loans where the borrower makes a $25 monthly payment that is smaller than the interest accruing on the loan in that month. The accrued interest on these loans will be capitalized to the balance of the loans when the borrower exits the grace period after separation from school. The allowance for credit losses considers the collectibility of both principal and accrued interest. The allowance for uncollectible interest estimates the additional uncollectible interest that is not captured in the allowance for credit losses.

|  | Private Education Loans
|  | Accrued Interest Receivable
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Total Interest Receivable |  | 90 Days or Greater Past Due |  | Allowance for Uncollectible Interest(1)
June 30, 2025 |  | $ | 1,701,944 |  |  | $ | 5,381 |  |  | $ | 12,694 |
December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 1,549,415 |  |  | $ | 6,420 |  |  | $ | 12,366 |

(1)At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $159 million and $164 million, respectively, of accrued interest receivable was not expected to be capitalized and $1.5 billion and $1.4 billion of accrued interest receivable was expected to be capitalized.
33

4. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments (Continued) |

Unfunded Loan Commitments
When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, that approval may cover the borrowing for the entire academic year. As such, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of such approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We estimate expected credit losses over the contractual period in which we are exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. See Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Credit Losses — Off-Balance Sheet Exposure for Contractual Loan Commitments” in our 2024 Form 10-K for additional information.
At June 30, 2025, we had $1.4 billion of outstanding contractual loan commitments that we expect to fund during the remainder of the 2025/2026 academic year. The table below summarizes the activity in the allowance recorded to cover lifetime expected credit losses on the unfunded commitments, which is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets, as well as the activity in the unfunded commitments balance.

| 2025 |  | 2024
Three Months Ended June 30, (dollars in thousands) | Allowance |  | Unfunded Commitments |  | Allowance |  | Unfunded Commitments
Beginning Balance | $ | 23,890 |  |  | $ | 584,140 |  |  | $ | 32,034 |  |  | $ | 673,492 |
Provision/New commitments - net(1) | 56,529 |  |  | 1,459,626 |  |  | 47,160 |  |  | 1,317,770 |
Transfer - funded loans(2) | (27,878) |  |  | (685,603) |  |  | (29,715) |  |  | (690,869) |
Ending Balance | $ | 52,541 |  |  | $ | 1,358,163 |  |  | $ | 49,479 |  |  | $ | 1,300,393 |

| 2025 |  | 2024
Six Months Ended June 30, (dollars in thousands) | Allowance |  | Unfunded Commitments |  | Allowance |  | Unfunded Commitments
Beginning Balance | $ | 84,568 |  |  | $ | 2,311,660 |  |  | $ | 112,962 |  |  | $ | 2,221,077 |
Provision/New commitments - net(1) | 100,985 |  |  | 2,503,584 |  |  | 97,846 |  |  | 2,352,228 |
Transfer - funded loans(2) | (133,012) |  |  | (3,457,081) |  |  | (161,329) |  |  | (3,272,912) |
Ending Balance | $ | 52,541 |  |  | $ | 1,358,163 |  |  | $ | 49,479 |  |  | $ | 1,300,393 |

(1) Net of expirations of commitments unused. Also includes incremental provision for new commitments and changes to provision for existing commitments.
(2) When a loan commitment is funded, its related liability for credit losses (which originally was recorded as a provision for unfunded commitments) is transferred to the allowance for credit losses.
The unfunded commitments disclosed above represent the total amount of outstanding unfunded commitments at each period end. However, historically not all of these commitments are funded prior to the expiration of the commitments. We estimate the amount of commitments expected to be funded in calculating the reserve for unfunded commitments. The amount we expect to fund and use in our calculation of the reserve for unfunded commitments will change period to period based upon the loan characteristics of the underlying commitments.
34

5. Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets
Goodwill
We recorded as goodwill the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities acquired as part of the acquisition of the assets primarily used or held for use of Epic Research Education Services, LLC, which did business as Nitro College (“Nitro”), in the first quarter of 2022, and the acquisition of the key assets of Scholly Inc. (“Scholly”) in the third quarter of 2023. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested periodically for impairment. We test goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of the year, or more frequently if we believe that indicators of impairment exist. At both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had $56 million in total goodwill. See Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Business Combinations” in our 2024 Form 10-K for additional details on our acquisitions of Nitro and Scholly.
Acquired Intangible Assets
Our intangible assets include acquired trade name and trademarks, customer relationships, and developed technology. We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable.
Acquired intangible assets include the following:

|  |  |  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)(1) |  | Cost Basis |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Cost Basis |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Trade name and trademarks |  | 4.0 |  | $ | 6,040 |  |  | $ | (2,894) |  |  | $ | 3,146 |  |  | $ | 6,040 |  |  | $ | (2,139) |  |  | $ | 3,901 |
Customer relationships |  | 4.6 |  | 8,920 |  |  | (7,374) |  |  | 1,546 |  |  | 8,920 |  |  | (6,465) |  |  | 2,455 |
Developed technology |  | 3.5 |  | 2,590 |  |  | (1,897) |  |  | 693 |  |  | 2,590 |  |  | (1,661) |  |  | 929 |
Sallie.com domain |  | 4.0 |  | 150 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 124 |  |  | 150 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 144 |
Total acquired intangible assets |  |  |  | $ | 17,700 |  |  | $ | (12,191) |  |  | $ | 5,509 |  |  | $ | 17,700 |  |  | $ | (10,271) |  |  | $ | 7,429 |

(1) The weighted average useful life of acquired intangible assets related to the Nitro acquisition is 4.6 years and the weighted average useful life of the acquired intangible assets related to the Scholly acquisition is 4.0 years.
We recorded amortization of acquired intangible assets totaling approximately $1 million and $2 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and approximately $1 million and $3 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. We will continue to amortize our intangible assets with definite useful lives over their remaining estimated useful lives. We estimate amortization expense associated with these intangible assets will be approximately $4 million, $3 million, and $1 million in 2025, 2026, and 2027, respectively.
35

6. Deposits
The following table summarizes total deposits at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

|  | June 30, |  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Deposits - interest-bearing |  | $ | 20,478,455 |  |  | $ | 21,066,752 |
Deposits - non-interest-bearing |  | 3,497 |  |  | 1,816 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 20,481,952 |  |  | $ | 21,068,568 |

Our total deposits of $20.5 billion were comprised of $8.6 billion in brokered deposits and $11.9 billion in retail and other deposits at June 30, 2025, compared to total deposits of $21.1 billion, which were comprised of $9.5 billion in brokered deposits and $11.6 billion in retail and other deposits, at December 31, 2024.
Interest-bearing deposits as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consisted of retail and brokered non-maturity savings deposits, retail and brokered non-maturity money market deposits (“MMDAs”), and retail and brokered certificates of deposit (“CDs”). Interest-bearing deposits also include deposits from Educational 529 and Health Savings plans that diversify our funding sources and that we consider to be core. These and other large omnibus accounts, aggregating the deposits of many individual depositors, represented $7.2 billion and $7.0 billion of our deposit total as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The omnibus accounts are structured in such a way that entitles the individual depositor pass-through deposit insurance (subject to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) rules and limitations), and the majority of these deposits have contractual minimum balances and maturity terms.
Some of our deposit products are serviced by third-party providers. Placement fees associated with the brokered CDs are amortized into interest expense using the effective interest rate method. We recognized placement fee expense of $2 million and $2 million in the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and placement fee expense of $4 million and $5 million in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There were no fees paid to third-party brokers related to brokered CDs for either the three or six months ended June 30, 2025 or the three or six months ended June 30, 2024.
Interest bearing deposits at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are summarized as follows:

|  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  | Qtr.-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1) |  | Amount |  | Year-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1)
Money market |  | $ | 9,645,751 |  |  | 4.10 | % |  | $ | 9,582,290 |  |  | 4.27 | %
Savings |  | 1,039,300 |  |  | 3.83 |  |  | 944,034 |  |  | 4.02 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 9,793,404 |  |  | 4.08 |  |  | 10,540,428 |  |  | 4.20 |
Deposits - interest bearing |  | $ | 20,478,455 |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,066,752 |  |  |

(1) Includes the effect of interest rate swaps in effective hedge relationships.
36

6. | Deposits (Continued) |

Certificates of deposit remaining maturities are summarized as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
One year or less |  | $ | 5,774,547 |  |  | $ | 6,569,872 |
After one year to two years |  | 2,181,946 |  |  | 2,074,849 |
After two years to three years |  | 998,122 |  |  | 986,262 |
After three years to four years |  | 128,105 |  |  | 189,421 |
After four years to five years |  | 710,680 |  |  | 720,005 |
After five years |  | 5 |  |  | 19 |
Total |  | $ | 9,793,405 |  |  | $ | 10,540,428 |

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were $541 million and $567 million, respectively, of deposits exceeding FDIC insurance limits. Accrued interest on deposits was $82 million and $92 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
37

7. Borrowings
Outstanding borrowings consist of unsecured debt and secured borrowings issued through our term asset-backed securities (“ABS”) program and our Private Education Loan multi-lender secured borrowing facility (the “Secured Borrowing Facility”). For additional information regarding our borrowings, see Note 10, “Borrowings” in our 2024 Form 10-K. The following table summarizes our borrowings at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

|  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  | Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total
Unsecured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured debt (fixed-rate) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 990,356 |  |  | $ | 990,356 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 995,420 |  |  | $ | 995,420 |
Total unsecured borrowings |  | — |  |  | 990,356 |  |  | 990,356 |  |  | — |  |  | 995,420 |  |  | 995,420 |
Secured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loan term securitizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | — |  |  | 4,625,193 |  |  | 4,625,193 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,617,743 |  |  | 4,617,743 |
Variable-rate |  | — |  |  | 795,429 |  |  | 795,429 |  |  | — |  |  | 827,182 |  |  | 827,182 |
Total Private Education Loan term securitizations |  | — |  |  | 5,420,622 |  |  | 5,420,622 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,444,925 |  |  | 5,444,925 |
Secured Borrowing Facility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total secured borrowings |  | — |  |  | 5,420,622 |  |  | 5,420,622 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,444,925 |  |  | 5,444,925 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,410,978 |  |  | $ | 6,410,978 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,440,345 |  |  | $ | 6,440,345 |

Short-term Borrowings
Secured Financings
On June 13, 2025, we amended our Secured Borrowing Facility to increase the amount to be borrowed under the facility from $2 billion to $2.5 billion and extended the maturity. We hold 100 percent of the residual interest in the Secured Borrowing Facility Trust. The amendment extended the revolving period, during which we may borrow, repay, and reborrow funds, until June 12, 2026. The scheduled amortization period, during which amounts outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility must be repaid, ends on June 12, 2027 (or earlier, if certain material adverse events occur). The one-year revolving period plus the one-year amortization period results in a contractual maturity that is two years from the date of inception or renewal; however, we classify advances under our Secured Borrowing Facility as short-term borrowings because it is our intention to repay those advances within one year. At both June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, there were no outstanding short-term borrowings under the Secured Borrowing Facility.
Long-term Borrowings
Unsecured Financing Transactions
On January 31, 2025, we issued $500 million of 6.50 percent unsecured Senior Notes due January 31, 2030. At June 30, 2025, the outstanding balance was $493 million.
On February 18, 2025, we redeemed $500 million of the 4.20 percent unsecured Senior Notes due October 29, 2025. The Senior Notes were redeemed at 100 percent of their principal amount, plus the accrued and unpaid interest thereon through the redemption date. As a result of the redemption, we recognized a $1 million loss on the transaction.
38

7. | Borrowings (Continued)

Secured Financing Transactions
The following table summarizes our term ABS fundings issued in the year ended December 31, 2024 and in the six months ended June 30, 2025, in which we retained 100 percent of the residual class certificates and which are collateralized by pools of Private Education Loans. The transfer of these loans did not qualify for sale treatment and thus remain encumbered on our consolidated balance sheet.

SMB Private Education Loan Trust |  | Date Closed |  | Loans Transferred to the Trust(1) |  | Notes Issued |  | Gross Proceeds |  | Weighted Average Cost of Funds(2) |  | Weighted Average Life of Notes (in years)
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2024-C ABS Transaction |  | May 15, 2024 |  | $ | 733,644 |  |  | $ | 668,000 |  |  | $ | 667,888 |  |  | SOFR plus 1.19% |  | 5.36
2024-E ABS Transaction |  | August 14, 2024 |  | 944,645 |  |  | 868,000 |  |  | 867,743 |  |  | SOFR plus 1.42% |  | 5.17
2024-F ABS Transaction |  | November 6, 2024 |  | 732,445 |  |  | 680,000 |  |  | 679,981 |  |  | SOFR plus 1.08% |  | 5.09
Total 2024 |  |  |  | $ | 2,410,734 |  |  | $ | 2,216,000 |  |  | $ | 2,215,612 |  |  |  |  |
Loans encumbered at June 30, 2025, related to 2024 term ABS: |  | $ | 2,216,829 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2025-A ABS Transaction |  | May 7, 2025 |  | $ | 576,908 |  |  | $ | 539,000 |  |  | $ | 538,889 |  |  | SOFR plus 1.49% |  | 5.46
Total 2025 |  |  |  | $ | 576,908 |  |  | $ | 539,000 |  |  | $ | 538,889 |  |  |  |  |
Loans encumbered at June 30, 2025, related to 2025 term ABS: |  | $ | 570,107 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Represents principal and capitalized interest.
(2) Represents SOFR equivalent cost of funds for floating and fixed-rate bonds, excluding issuance costs.
Consolidated Funding Vehicles
We consolidate our financing entities that are VIEs as a result of our being the entities’ primary beneficiary. As a result, these financing VIEs are accounted for as secured borrowings.

As of June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands) |  | Debt Outstanding |  | Carrying Amount of Net Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
| Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  | Loans |  | Restricted Cash |  | Other Assets, Net(1) |  | Total
Secured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loan term securitizations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,420,622 |  |  | $ | 5,420,622 |  |  | $ | 6,753,682 |  |  | $ | 163,759 |  |  | $ | 455,364 |  |  | $ | 7,372,805 |
Secured Borrowing Facility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,772 |  |  | 2,772 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,420,622 |  |  | $ | 5,420,622 |  |  | $ | 6,753,682 |  |  | $ | 163,759 |  |  | $ | 458,136 |  |  | $ | 7,375,577 |

As of December 31, 2024 |  | Debt Outstanding |  | Carrying Amount of Net Assets Securing Debt Outstanding
| Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  | Loans |  | Restricted Cash |  | Other Assets, Net(1) |  | Total
Secured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loan term securitizations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,444,925 |  |  | $ | 5,444,925 |  |  | $ | 6,786,390 |  |  | $ | 173,892 |  |  | $ | 418,705 |  |  | $ | 7,378,987 |
Secured Borrowing Facility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98 |  |  | 98 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,444,925 |  |  | $ | 5,444,925 |  |  | $ | 6,786,390 |  |  | $ | 173,892 |  |  | $ | 418,803 |  |  | $ | 7,379,085 |

(1) Other assets, net primarily represents accrued interest receivable and payable.
39

7. | Borrowings (Continued)

Unconsolidated Funding Vehicles
Private Education Loan Securitizations
Unconsolidated VIEs include variable interests that we hold in certain securitization trusts created by the sale of our Private Education Loans to unaffiliated third parties. We remained the servicer of these loans pursuant to applicable servicing agreements executed in connection with the sales, and we are also the administrator of these trusts. Additionally, we own five percent of the securities issued by the trusts, as a vertical interest, to meet risk retention requirements. We were not required to consolidate these entities because the fees we receive as the servicer/administrator are commensurate with our responsibility, so the fees are not considered a variable interest. Additionally, the five percent vertical interest we maintain does not absorb more than an insignificant amount of the VIE’s expected losses, nor do we receive more than an insignificant amount of the VIE’s expected residual returns. We classified those vertical risk retention interests related to securitization transactions as available-for-sale investments, except for the interest in the residual class, which we classified as trading investments recorded at fair value with changes recorded through earnings. No unconsolidated Private Education Loan ABS transactions closed in the six months ended June 30, 2025.
The table below provides a summary of our exposure related to our unconsolidated VIEs.

|  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Debt Interests(1) |  | Equity Interests(2) |  | Total Exposure |  | Debt Interests(1) |  | Equity Interests(2) |  | Total Exposure
Private Education Loan term securitizations |  | $ | 520,987 |  |  | $ | 47,154 |  |  | $ | 568,141 |  |  | $ | 571,795 |  |  | $ | 53,262 |  |  | $ | 625,057 |

(1) Vertical risk retention interest classified as available-for-sale investment.
(2) Vertical risk retention interest classified as trading investment.
Other Borrowing Sources
We maintain discretionary uncommitted Federal Funds lines of credit with various correspondent banks, which totaled $125 million at June 30, 2025. The interest rate we are charged on these lines of credit is priced at Fed Funds plus a spread at the time of borrowing, and is payable daily. We did not utilize these lines of credit in the six months ended June 30, 2025, nor in the year ended December 31, 2024.
We established an account at the FRB to meet eligibility requirements for access to the Primary Credit borrowing facility at the FRB’s Discount Window (the “Window”). The Primary Credit borrowing facility is a lending program available to depository institutions that are in generally sound financial condition. All borrowings at the Window must be fully collateralized. We can pledge asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities, as well as Private Education Loans, to the FRB as collateral for borrowings at the Window. Generally, collateral value is assigned based on the estimated fair value of the pledged assets. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the value of our pledged collateral at the FRB totaled $2.5 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively. The interest rate charged to us is the discount rate set by the FRB. We did not utilize this facility in the six months ended June 30, 2025, nor in the year ended December 31, 2024.
40

8. Derivative Financial Instruments
Risk Management Strategy
We maintain an overall interest rate risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to reduce the economic effect of interest rate changes. Our goal is to manage interest rate sensitivity by modifying the repricing frequency and underlying index characteristics of certain balance sheet assets or liabilities so any adverse impacts related to movements in interest rates are managed within low to moderate limits. As a result of interest rate fluctuations, hedged balance sheet positions will appreciate or depreciate in market value or create variability in cash flows. Income or loss on the derivative instruments linked to the hedged item will generally offset the effect of this unrealized appreciation or depreciation or volatility in cash flows for the period the item is being hedged. We view this strategy as a prudent management of interest rate risk. Please refer to Note 11, “Derivative Financial Instruments” in our 2024 Form 10-K for a full discussion of our risk management strategy.
Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) requires all standardized derivatives, including most interest rate swaps, to be submitted for clearing to central counterparties to reduce counterparty risk. Two of the central counterparties we use are the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”) and the London Clearing House (“LCH”). All variation margin payments on derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH are accounted for as legal settlement. As of June 30, 2025, $566 million notional of our derivative contracts were cleared on the CME and $36 million were cleared on the LCH. The derivative contracts cleared through the CME and LCH represent 94.1 percent and 5.9 percent, respectively, of our total notional derivative contracts of $602 million at June 30, 2025.
For derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH, the net gain (loss) position includes the variation margin amounts as settlement of the derivative and not collateral against the fair value of the derivative. The amount of variation margin included as settlement as of June 30, 2025 was $(11.6) million and $(0.3) million for the CME and LCH, respectively. Changes in fair value for derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are presented as realized gains (losses).
Our exposure to the counterparty is limited to the value of the derivative contracts in a gain position less any collateral held and plus any collateral posted. When there is a net negative exposure, we consider our exposure to the counterparty to be zero. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had a net positive exposure (derivative gain/loss positions to us, less collateral held by us and plus collateral posted with counterparties) related to derivatives of $2 million and $5 million, respectively.
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8. | Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued) |

Summary of Derivative Financial Statement Impact
The following tables summarize the fair values and notional amounts of all derivative instruments at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and their impact on earnings and other comprehensive income for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024. Please refer to Note 11, “Derivative Financial Instruments” in our 2024 Form 10-K for a full discussion of fair value hedges and cash flow hedges.

Impact of Derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
|  |  | Cash Flow Hedges |  | Fair Value Hedges |  |  |  | Total
|  |  | June 30, |  | December 31, |  | June 30, |  | December 31, |  |  |  |  |  | June 30, |  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Fair Values(1) | Hedged Risk Exposure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative Assets:(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | Interest rate |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |
Derivative Liabilities:(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | Interest rate |  | (55) |  |  | (19) |  |  | — |  |  | (21) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (55) |  |  | (40) |
Total net derivatives |  | $ | (55) |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (21) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (53) |  |  | $ | (40) |

(1) Fair values reported include variation margin as legal settlement of the derivative contract. Assets and liabilities are presented without consideration of master netting agreements. Derivatives are carried on the balance sheet based on net position by counterparty under master netting agreements and classified in other assets or other liabilities depending on whether in a net positive or negative position.
(2) The following table reconciles gross positions with the impact of master netting agreements to the balance sheet classification:

|  | Other Assets |  | Other Liabilities
|  | June 30, |  | December 31, |  | June 30, |  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Gross position(1) |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (55) |  |  | $ | (40) |
Impact of master netting agreement |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Derivative values with impact of master netting agreements (as carried on balance sheet) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (53) |  |  | (40) |
Cash collateral pledged(2) |  | 2,103 |  |  | 4,879 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net position |  | $ | 2,103 |  |  | $ | 4,879 |  |  | $ | (53) |  |  | $ | (40) |

(1)Gross position amounts include accrued interest and variation margin as legal settlement of the derivative contract.
(2)Cash collateral pledged excludes amounts that represent legal settlement of the derivative contracts.

Notional Values |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Cash Flow |  | Fair Value |  |  |  | Total
(Dollars in thousands) |  | June 30, |  | December 31, |  | June 30, |  | December 31, |  |  |  |  |  | June 30, |  | December 31,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | 595,040 |  |  | $ | 639,097 |  |  | $ | 6,520 |  |  | $ | 281,520 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 601,560 |  |  | $ | 920,617 |
Net total notional |  | $ | 595,040 |  |  | $ | 639,097 |  |  | $ | 6,520 |  |  | $ | 281,520 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 601,560 |  |  | $ | 920,617 |

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8. | Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued) |

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the following amounts were recorded on the consolidated balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
Line Item in the Balance Sheet in Which the Hedged Item is Included: |  | June 30, |  | December 31, |  | June 30, |  | December 31,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Deposits |  | $ | (6,221) |  |  | $ | (279,908) |  |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 1,420 |

Impact of Derivatives on the Consolidated Statements of Income
|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Fair Value Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest recognized on derivatives |  | $ | (189) |  |  | $ | (3,566) |  |  | $ | (1,600) |  |  | $ | (9,104) |
Hedged items recorded in interest expense |  | (52) |  |  | (2,468) |  |  | (1,313) |  |  | (5,673) |
Derivatives recorded in interest expense |  | 54 |  |  | 2,480 |  |  | 1,327 |  |  | 5,709 |
Total |  | $ | (187) |  |  | $ | (3,554) |  |  | $ | (1,586) |  |  | $ | (9,068) |
Cash Flow Hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into interest expense |  | $ | 5,843 |  |  | $ | 12,295 |  |  | $ | 11,762 |  |  | $ | 24,756 |
Total |  | $ | 5,843 |  |  | $ | 12,295 |  |  | $ | 11,762 |  |  | $ | 24,756 |
Total |  | $ | 5,656 |  |  | $ | 8,741 |  |  | $ | 10,176 |  |  | $ | 15,688 |

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8. | Derivative Financial Instruments (Continued) |

Impact of Derivatives on the Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  | June 30, |  | June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 891 |  |  | $ | 3,035 |  |  | $ | 1,009 |  |  | $ | 12,447 |
Less: amount of gain (loss) reclassified in interest expense |  | 5,843 |  |  | 12,295 |  |  | 11,762 |  |  | 24,756 |
Total change in other comprehensive income (loss) for unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, before income tax (expense) benefit |  | $ | (4,952) |  |  | $ | (9,260) |  |  | $ | (10,753) |  |  | $ | (12,309) |

Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on our variable-rate deposits. During the next twelve months, we estimate $11 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest expense.
Cash Collateral
As of June 30, 2025, cash collateral held and pledged excludes amounts that represent legal settlement of the derivative contracts held with the CME and LCH. There was no cash collateral held by us related to derivative exposure between us and our derivatives counterparties at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Collateral held is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets. Cash collateral pledged by us related to derivative exposure between us and our derivatives counterparties was $2 million and $5 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Collateral pledged is recorded in “Other interest-earning assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.
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9. Stockholders’ Equity
The following table summarizes our common share repurchases and issuances.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(Shares and per share amounts in actuals) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Common stock repurchased under repurchase programs(1) |  | 2,366,356 |  |  | 2,929,646 |  |  | 3,403,747 |  |  | 4,240,369 |
Average purchase price per share(2) |  | $ | 29.46 |  |  | $ | 21.17 |  |  | $ | 29.52 |  |  | $ | 20.91 |
Shares repurchased related to employee stock-based compensation plans(3) |  | 19,870 |  |  | 8,139 |  |  | 850,738 |  |  | 691,386 |
Average purchase price per share |  | $ | 29.42 |  |  | $ | 21.02 |  |  | $ | 31.21 |  |  | $ | 19.92 |
Common shares issued(4) |  | 128,761 |  |  | 123,311 |  |  | 2,353,571 |  |  | 2,049,231 |

(1) Common shares purchased under our share repurchase programs. There was $302 million of capacity remaining under the 2024 Share Repurchase Program at June 30, 2025.
(2) Average purchase price per share includes purchase commission costs and excise taxes.
(3) Comprised of shares withheld from stock option exercises and the vesting of restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and dividend equivalent units for employees’ tax withholding obligations and shares tendered by employees to satisfy option exercise costs.
(4) Common shares issued under our various compensation and benefit plans.
The closing price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on June 30, 2025 was $32.79.
Common Stock Dividend
In June 2025 and June 2024, we paid a common stock dividend of $0.13 and $0.11 per common share, respectively.
Share Repurchases
In January 2022, we announced a share repurchase program of up to $1.25 billion of common stock that expired in January 2024. In January 2024, we announced a new share repurchase program of up to $650 million of common stock (the “2024 Share Repurchase Program”). The program expires in February 2026. We had $302 million of capacity remaining under the 2024 Share Repurchase Program at June 30, 2025.
Under the 2024 Share Repurchase Program, repurchases could occur from time to time and through a variety of methods, including open market repurchases, repurchases effected through Rule 10b5-1 trading plans, negotiated block purchases, accelerated share repurchase programs, tender offers, or other similar transactions. The timing and volume of any repurchases are subject to market conditions, and there can be no guarantee that the Company will repurchase up to the limit of the 2024 Share Repurchase Program.
Share Repurchases under Rule 10b5-1 trading plans
During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, we repurchased 2.4 million and 2.9 million shares, respectively, of our common stock at a total cost of $70 million and $62 million, respectively, and during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, we repurchased 3.4 million and 4.2 million shares, respectively, of our common stock at a total cost of $100 million and $89 million, respectively, under Rule 10b5-1 trading plans authorized under our share repurchase programs.
45

10. Earnings per Common Share
Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) are calculated using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted EPS calculations follows.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 71,272 |  |  | $ | 251,993 |  |  | $ | 375,812 |  |  | $ | 541,924 |
Preferred stock dividends |  | 3,972 |  |  | 4,628 |  |  | 7,928 |  |  | 9,281 |
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 67,300 |  |  | $ | 247,365 |  |  | $ | 367,884 |  |  | $ | 532,643 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares used to compute basic EPS |  | 209,282 |  |  | 218,924 |  |  | 209,978 |  |  | 219,670 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) (1)(2) |  | 3,938 |  |  | 3,543 |  |  | 4,120 |  |  | 3,486 |
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted EPS |  | 213,220 |  |  | 222,467 |  |  | 214,098 |  |  | 223,156 |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 1.13 |  |  | $ | 1.75 |  |  | $ | 2.42 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 1.72 |  |  | $ | 2.39 |

(1) Includes the potential dilutive effect of additional common shares that are issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and the outstanding commitment to issue shares under the ESPP, determined by the treasury stock method.
(2) For both the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, securities covering less than 1 million shares, and for both the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, securities covering less than 1 million shares were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because they were anti-dilutive.
46

11. Fair Value Measurements
We use estimates of fair value in applying various accounting standards for our consolidated financial statements.
We categorize our fair value estimates based on a hierarchical framework associated with three levels of price transparency utilized in measuring financial instruments at fair value. For additional information regarding our policies for determining fair value and the hierarchical framework, see Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Fair Value Measurement” in our 2024 Form 10-K.
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, there were no significant transfers of financial instruments between levels or changes in our methodology or assumptions used to value our financial instruments.
The following table summarizes the valuation of our financial instruments that are marked-to-fair value on a recurring basis.

|  | Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
|  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading investments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,446 |  |  | $ | 47,154 |  |  | $ | 49,600 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 53,262 |  |  | $ | 53,262 |
Available-for-sale investments |  | — |  |  | 1,648,409 |  |  | 2,247 |  |  | 1,650,656 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,930,537 |  |  | 2,689 |  |  | 1,933,226 |
Held for sale loans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivative instruments |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,650,857 |  |  | $ | 49,401 |  |  | $ | 1,700,258 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,930,537 |  |  | $ | 55,951 |  |  | $ | 1,986,488 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (55) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (55) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (40) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (40) |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (55) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (55) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (40) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (40) |

47

11. | Fair Value Measurements (Continued) |

The following table summarizes the change in balance sheet carrying value associated with level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis.

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | Investments |  | Investments
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Available For Sale - Debt Securities |  | Trading - Residual Interests |  | Total |  | Available For Sale - Debt Securities |  | Trading - Residual Interests |  | Total
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 2,689 |  |  | $ | 53,262 |  |  | $ | 55,951 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 54,481 |  |  | $ | 54,481 |
Total gains/(losses): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings (or changes in net assets)(1) |  | 11 |  |  | (3,134) |  |  | (3,123) |  |  | 8 |  |  | 4,233 |  |  | 4,241 |
Included in other comprehensive income |  | (14) |  |  | — |  |  | (14) |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |
Settlements |  | (439) |  |  | (2,974) |  |  | (3,413) |  |  | 3,051 |  |  | 1,759 |  |  | 4,810 |
Transfers into level 3 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of level 3 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 2,247 |  |  | $ | 47,154 |  |  | $ | 49,401 |  |  | $ | 3,107 |  |  | $ | 60,473 |  |  | $ | 63,580 |
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for assets held at the end of the reporting period |  | $ | (14) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (14) |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 48 |
Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) for assets held at the end of the reporting period(2) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,134) |  |  | $ | (3,134) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,233 |  |  | $ | 4,233 |

(1) Included in earnings (or changes in net assets) is comprised of the amounts recorded in the specified line item in the consolidated statements of income:

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Interest Income - Investments |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 8 |
Gains (losses) on securities, net |  | (3,134) |  |  | 4,233 |
Total |  | $ | (3,123) |  |  | $ | 4,241 |

(2) Recorded in "gains (losses) on securities, net" in the consolidated statements of income.
The following table presents the significant unobservable inputs used in the recurring valuations of the level 3 financial instruments detailed above.

As of June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range (Average)
Debt Securities |  | $ | 2,247 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Constant Prepayment Rate |  | 6.9%-11.0% (8.3%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Probability of default |  | 4.4%-15.9% (11.4%)
Residual Interests |  | 47,154 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Constant Prepayment Rate |  | 6.9%-11.0% (8.3%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Probability of default |  | 4.4%-15.9% (11.4%)
Total |  | $ | 49,401 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

48

11. | Fair Value Measurements (Continued) |

The significant inputs detailed in the above table would be expected to have the following impacts to the valuations:
•A decrease in constant prepayment rate (“CPR”) would result in a longer weighted average life of the trust, resulting in a decrease to the valuation due to the delay in residual cash flows with the increased term. The opposite is true for an increase in the CPR.
•A decrease in the probability of defaults means increased principal receipts, resulting in an increase to the valuation due to the increase in residual cash flow.
•Conversely, an increase in the probability of defaults means decreased principal receipts, resulting in a decrease to the valuation due to the decrease in residual cash flow.
The following table summarizes the fair values of our financial assets and liabilities, including derivative financial instruments.

|  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Difference |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Difference
Earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for investment, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 24,558,130 |  |  | $ | 21,160,332 |  |  | $ | 3,397,798 |  |  | $ | 24,110,381 |  |  | $ | 20,902,158 |  |  | $ | 3,208,223 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 4,092,465 |  |  | 4,092,465 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,700,366 |  |  | 4,700,366 |  |  | — |
Trading investments |  | 49,600 |  |  | 49,600 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,262 |  |  | 53,262 |  |  | — |
Available-for-sale investments |  | 1,650,656 |  |  | 1,650,656 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,933,226 |  |  | 1,933,226 |  |  | — |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 1,834,874 |  |  | 1,695,698 |  |  | 139,176 |  |  | 1,663,474 |  |  | 1,546,590 |  |  | 116,884 |
Derivative instruments |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total earning assets |  | $ | 32,185,727 |  |  | $ | 28,648,753 |  |  | $ | 3,536,974 |  |  | $ | 32,460,709 |  |  | $ | 29,135,602 |  |  | $ | 3,325,107 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money-market and savings accounts |  | $ | 10,671,377 |  |  | $ | 10,685,051 |  |  | $ | 13,674 |  |  | $ | 10,503,731 |  |  | $ | 10,526,324 |  |  | $ | 22,593 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 9,826,166 |  |  | 9,793,404 |  |  | (32,762) |  |  | 10,593,666 |  |  | 10,540,428 |  |  | (53,238) |
Long-term borrowings |  | 6,294,874 |  |  | 6,410,978 |  |  | 116,104 |  |  | 6,323,384 |  |  | 6,440,345 |  |  | 116,961 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 109,207 |  |  | 109,207 |  |  | — |  |  | 108,488 |  |  | 108,488 |  |  | — |
Derivative instruments |  | 55 |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | $ | 26,901,679 |  |  | $ | 26,998,695 |  |  | $ | 97,016 |  |  | $ | 27,529,309 |  |  | $ | 27,615,625 |  |  | $ | 86,316 |
Excess of net asset fair value over carrying value |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,633,990 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,411,423 |

Please refer to Note 15, “Fair Value Measurements” in our 2024 Form 10-K for a full discussion of the methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments.
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12. Regulatory Capital
Sallie Mae Bank (the “Bank”) is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the FDIC and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial position. Under the FDIC’s regulations implementing the Basel III capital framework (“U.S. Basel III”) and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital standards that involve quantitative measures of its assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and its classification under the prompt corrective action framework are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components of capital, risk weightings, and other factors.
The Bank is subject to the following minimum capital ratios under U.S. Basel III: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0 percent. In addition, the Bank is subject to a Common Equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of greater than 2.5 percent. Failure to maintain the buffer will result in restrictions on the Bank’s ability to make capital distributions, including the payment of dividends, and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers. Including the buffer, the Bank is required to maintain the following capital ratios under U.S. Basel III in order to avoid such restrictions: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of greater than 7.0 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of greater than 8.5 percent, and a Total risk-based capital ratio of greater than 10.5 percent.
To qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework for insured depository institutions, the Bank must maintain a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5.0 percent.
In July 2023, the federal banking agencies proposed a rule to implement significant changes to the U.S. Basel Ill regulatory capital requirements. The proposed changes to the regulatory capital requirements generally would amend or introduce approaches and methodologies that would apply to banking organizations with total consolidated assets of $100 billion or more or to banking organizations with significant trading activity. The proposed rule therefore would not affect the Bank's capital requirements or the calculation of its capital ratios. It is uncertain if and when a final rule will be adopted, and if so, whether and to what extent it will differ from the proposed rule.
Under regulations issued by the FDIC and other federal banking agencies, banking organizations that adopted CECL during the 2020 calendar year, including the Bank, could elect to delay for two years, and then phase in over the following three years, the effects on regulatory capital of CECL relative to the incurred loss methodology. The Bank elected to use this option. Therefore, the regulatory capital impact of the Bank’s transition adjustments recorded on January 1, 2020 from the adoption of CECL, and 25 percent of the ongoing impact of CECL on the Bank’s allowance for credit losses, retained earnings, and average total consolidated assets, each as reported for regulatory capital purposes (collectively, the “adjusted transition amounts”), were deferred for the two-year period ending January 1, 2022. On each of January 1, 2022, 2023, 2024, and 2025, 25 percent of the adjusted transition amounts were phased in for regulatory capital purposes. As of January 1, 2025, all adjusted transition amounts have been phased in for regulatory capital purposes. The Bank’s January 1, 2020 CECL transition amounts increased our allowance for credit losses by $1.1 billion, increased the liability representing our off-balance sheet exposure for unfunded commitments by $116 million, and increased our deferred tax asset by $306 million, resulting in a cumulative effect adjustment that reduced retained earnings by $953 million. This transition adjustment was inclusive of qualitative adjustments incorporated into our CECL allowance as necessary, to address any limitations in the models used.
See Note 16, “Regulatory Capital” in our 2024 Form 10-K for additional information regarding the adjusted transition amounts.
The Bank’s required and actual regulatory capital amounts and ratios, including applicable capital conservation buffers, under U.S. Basel III are shown in the following table. The following capital amounts and ratios are based upon the Bank’s average assets and risk-weighted assets, as indicated. The Bank has elected to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income related to both available-for-sale investments and swap valuations from Common Equity Tier 1 Capital. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments included in other comprehensive income totaled $69 million and $83 million, net of tax of $23 million and $27 million, respectively. The capital ratios would remain above the well capitalized thresholds, including applicable capital conservation buffers, if the unrealized loss became fully recognized into capital.
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12. | Regulatory Capital (Continued) |

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Actual |  | U.S. Basel III Minimum Requirements Plus Buffer(1)(2)
| Amount | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
As of June 30, 2025(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,000,169 |  | 11.5 | % |  | $ | 1,830,694 |  | > | 7.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,000,169 |  | 11.5 | % |  | $ | 2,222,986 |  | > | 8.5 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,341,939 |  | 12.8 | % |  | $ | 2,746,041 |  | > | 10.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets) |  | $ | 3,000,169 |  | 10.2 | % |  | $ | 1,174,889 |  | > | 4.0 | %
As of December 31, 2024(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 2,957,067 |  | 11.3 | % |  | $ | 1,827,318 |  | > | 7.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 2,957,067 |  | 11.3 | % |  | $ | 2,218,886 |  | > | 8.5 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,294,663 |  | 12.6 | % |  | $ | 2,740,976 |  | > | 10.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets) |  | $ | 2,957,067 |  | 9.7 | % |  | $ | 1,213,505 |  | > | 4.0 | %

(1) Reflects the U.S. Basel III minimum required ratio plus the applicable capital conservation buffer.
(2) The Bank’s regulatory capital ratios also exceeded all applicable standards for the Bank to qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework.
(3) For both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the actual amounts and the actual ratios include the fully phased in adjusted transition amounts discussed above.
Bank Dividends
The Bank is chartered under the laws of the State of Utah and its deposits are insured by the FDIC. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to the laws of Utah and the regulations of the FDIC. Generally, under Utah’s industrial bank laws and regulations as well as FDIC regulations, the Bank may pay dividends from its net profits without regulatory approval if, following the payment of the dividend, the Bank’s capital and surplus would not be impaired. The Company relies on dividends from the Bank, as necessary, to enable the Company to pay any declared dividends and other payments and consummate share repurchases, as necessary. The Bank declared $94 million and $194 million in dividends to the Company for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $138 million and $298 million in dividends to the Company for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, with the proceeds primarily used to fund share repurchase programs and stock dividends. In the future, we expect that the Bank will pay dividends to the Company as may be necessary to enable the Company to pay any declared dividends on its Series B Preferred Stock and common stock and to consummate any common share repurchases by the Company under its share repurchase programs.
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13. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees
Commitments
When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, that approval may cover the borrowing for the entire academic year. As such, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of such approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second semester or subsequent trimesters). We estimate expected credit losses over the contractual period that we are exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. At June 30, 2025, we had $1.4 billion of outstanding contractual loan commitments that we expect to fund during the remainder of the 2025/2026 academic year. At June 30, 2025, we had a $53 million reserve recorded in “Other Liabilities” to cover lifetime expected credit losses on the unfunded commitments. See Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Credit Losses — Off-Balance Sheet Exposure for Contractual Loan Commitments” in our 2024 Form 10-K and Note 4, “Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments” in this Form 10-Q for additional information.
Contingencies
In the ordinary course of business, we and our subsidiaries are routinely defendants in or parties to pending and threatened legal actions and proceedings, including actions brought on behalf of various classes of claimants. These actions and proceedings may be based on alleged violations of consumer protection, securities, employment, and other laws. In certain of these actions and proceedings, claims for substantial monetary damage may be asserted against us and our subsidiaries.
It is common for the Company, our subsidiaries, and affiliates to receive information and document requests and investigative demands from state attorneys general, legislative committees, and administrative agencies. These requests may be for informational or regulatory purposes and may relate to our business practices, the industries in which we operate, or other companies with whom we conduct business. Our practice has been and continues to be to cooperate with these bodies and be responsive to any such requests.
We are required to establish reserves for litigation and regulatory matters where those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and estimable. When loss contingencies are not both probable and estimable, we do not establish reserves.
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14. Segment Reporting
The Company is managed as a single line of business with a single reportable segment originating and servicing high-quality Private Education Loans and providing other education-related services to customers. Our consolidated financial results are regularly reviewed by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (the “CEO”) to allocate resources and evaluate financial performance.
The CEO evaluates the performance of the Company and decides how to allocate resources based on net income and total consolidated assets. The CEO uses net income to assess financial performance and to decide whether to re-invest profits into the Company or to return capital to stockholders in the form of dividends or the repurchase of common stock. Net income is also used to compare budget versus actual results, and the budget versus actual analysis is part of the segment financial performance review.
The following table illustrates the significant expense categories and amounts regularly provided to the CEO.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Non-interest expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits |  | $ | 84,900 |  |  | $ | 85,261 |  |  | $ | 175,730 |  |  | $ | 181,737 |
Professional fees |  | 41,814 |  |  | 34,555 |  |  | 62,128 |  |  | 58,748 |
Technology expenses |  | 18,687 |  |  | 15,114 |  |  | 37,028 |  |  | 29,413 |
FDIC assessment fees |  | 9,782 |  |  | 11,727 |  |  | 22,185 |  |  | 25,039 |
Other operating expenses |  | 11,163 |  |  | 10,549 |  |  | 22,863 |  |  | 22,702 |
Total operating expenses |  | 166,346 |  |  | 157,206 |  |  | 319,934 |  |  | 317,639 |
Acquired intangible assets impairment and amortization expense |  | 898 |  |  | 1,394 |  |  | 1,919 |  |  | 2,609 |
Total non-interest expenses |  | $ | 167,244 |  |  | $ | 158,600 |  |  | $ | 321,853 |  |  | $ | 320,248 |

15. Subsequent Event
2025 Securitization
On July 17, 2025, we closed a SMB Private Education Loan Trust 2025-B term ABS transaction (the “2025-B Transaction”), in which an unaffiliated third-party sold to the trust approximately $497 million of Private Education Loans that the third-party seller previously purchased from us in the first quarter of 2025. Sallie Mae Bank sponsored the 2025-B Transaction, is the servicer and administrator, and was the seller of an additional $26 million of Private Education Loans into the trust. The sale of such additional loans qualified for sale treatment and removed these loans from our balance sheet on the settlement date of the 2025-B Transaction and we recorded approximately a $2 million gain on sale associated with this transaction. In connection with the 2025-B Transaction settlement, we retained a five percent vertical risk retention interest (i.e., 5 percent of each class issued in the securitization). We classified those vertical risk retention interests related to the 2025-B Transaction as available-for-sale investments, except for the interest in the residual class, which we classified as a trading investment recorded at fair value with changes recorded through earnings.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Through this discussion and analysis, we intend to provide the reader with some narrative context for how our management views our consolidated financial statements, additional context within which to assess our operating results, and information on the quality and variability of our earnings, liquidity, and cash flows.
The following information should be read in connection with SLM Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 20, 2025) (the “2024 Form 10-K”), and subsequent reports filed with the SEC. Definitions for capitalized terms used in this report not defined herein can be found in the 2024 Form 10-K.
References in this Form 10-Q to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Sallie Mae,” “SLM,” and the “Company” refer to SLM Corporation and its subsidiaries, except as otherwise indicated or unless the context otherwise requires.
This report contains “forward-looking statements” and information based on management’s current expectations as of the date of this report. Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about the Company’s beliefs, opinions, or expectations and statements that assume or are dependent upon future events, are forward-looking statements. These include, but are not limited to: strategies; goals and assumptions of the Company; the Company’s expectation and ability to execute loan sales and share repurchases; the Company’s expectation and ability to pay a quarterly cash dividend on our common stock in the future, subject to the approval of our Board of Directors; the Company’s 2025 guidance; the Company’s three-year horizon outlook; the impact of acquisitions the Company has made or may make in the future; the Company’s projections regarding originations, net charge-offs, non-interest expenses, earnings, balance sheet position, and other metrics; any estimates related to accounting standard changes; and any estimates related to the impact of credit administration practices changes, including the results of simulations or other behavioral observations.
Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors, many of which are difficult to predict and generally beyond the control of the Company, which may cause actual results to be materially different from those reflected in such forward-looking statements. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting the Company will be the same as those anticipated by management. The Company cautions readers that a number of important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied or projected by, such forward-looking statements. These factors include, among others, the risks and uncertainties set forth in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in the Company’s most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K and subsequent filings with the SEC; increases in financing costs; limits on liquidity; increases in costs associated with compliance with laws and regulations; failure to comply with consumer protection, banking, and other laws or regulations; changes in laws, regulations, and supervisory expectations, especially in light of the goals of the Trump administration; our ability to timely develop new products and services and the acceptance of those products and services by potential and existing customers; changes in accounting standards and the impact of related changes in significant accounting estimates, including any regarding the measurement of our allowance for credit losses and the related provision expense; any adverse outcomes in any significant litigation to which the Company is a party; credit risk associated with the Company’s exposure to third parties, including counterparties to the Company’s derivative transactions; the effectiveness of our risk management framework and quantitative models; and changes in the terms of education loans and the educational credit marketplace (including changes resulting from new laws and the implementation of existing laws). We could also be affected by, among other things: changes in our funding costs and availability; reductions to our credit ratings; cybersecurity incidents, cyberattacks, and other failures or breaches of our operating systems or infrastructure, including those of third-party vendors; the societal, demographic, business, and legislative/regulatory impacts of pandemics, other public health crises, sever weather events, and/or natural disasters; damage to our reputation; risks associated with restructuring initiatives, including failures to successfully implement cost-cutting programs and the adverse effects of such initiatives on our business; changes in the demand for educational financing or in financing preferences of lenders, educational institutions, students, and their families, including changes as a result of new limits on, or reductions in, funding that certain educational institutions receive from the Federal government; changes in law and regulations with respect to the student lending business and financial institutions generally; changes in banking rules and regulations, including increased capital requirements; increased competition from banks and other consumer lenders; the creditworthiness of our customers, or any change related thereto; changes in the general interest rate environment, including the rate relationships among relevant money-market instruments and those of our earning assets versus our funding arrangements; rates of prepayments on the loans owned by us; changes in general economic conditions, including as a result of the impact of tariffs or trade wars or other current initiatives of the Federal government, that may impact the demand for student loans and the risk of default of outstanding loans; our ability to successfully effectuate any acquisitions; and other strategic initiatives. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements also requires
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management to make certain estimates and assumptions, including estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates or assumptions may prove to be incorrect.
All forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q are expressly qualified in their entirety by the factors, risks, and uncertainties set forth in the foregoing cautionary statements, and are made only as of the date of this report. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to conform to actual results or changes in our expectations, nor to reflect events or circumstances that occur after the date on which such statements were made. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, you should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements discussed.
Recent Developments
On July 4, 2025, H.R.1 (the “Bill”) was enacted into law. The Bill implements significant reforms to the federal student loan program, including:
•Limiting Parent PLUS loans to $20,000 per student, per year, with an aggregate, per student limit of $65,000;
•Eliminating Graduate PLUS loans, which previously allowed graduate students to borrow up to the full cost of attendance; and
•Limiting the amount graduate students can borrow to $20,500 per year with a $100,000 lifetime limit, and the amount professional graduate students can borrow to $50,000 per year with a $200,000 lifetime limit through the Unsubsidized Stafford loan program (these amounts are in addition to the amount borrowed for undergraduate education).
All federal student loan program changes are to be effective for new borrowers beginning July 1, 2026, and will not apply to borrowers who begin borrowing prior to that date.
We anticipate that these changes to the federal student loan program will present opportunities for a gradual and positive impact on our overall Private Student Loan originations volume in the coming years.
The Bill also provides for significant U.S. tax law changes and modifications including, but not limited to, reinstating and making permanent the ability to expense research and development costs. We are currently evaluating the tax impact of the Bill’s changes and modifications.
Selected Financial Information and Ratios

(In thousands, except per share data and percentages) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 67,300 |  |  | $ | 247,365 |  |  | $ | 367,884 |  |  | $ | 532,643 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 1.72 |  |  | $ | 2.39 |
Weighted average shares used to compute diluted earnings per common share |  | 213,220 |  |  | 222,467 |  |  | 214,098 |  |  | 223,156 |
Return on Assets(1) |  | 1.0 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  | 2.6 | % |  | 3.8 | %
Other Operating Statistics (Held for Investment) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Private Education Loans, net |  | $ | 21,160,332 |  |  | $ | 18,432,600 |  |  | $ | 21,160,332 |  |  | $ | 18,432,600 |
Ending FFELP Loans, net(2) |  | — |  |  | 482,733 |  |  | — |  |  | 482,733 |
Ending total education loans, net |  | $ | 21,160,332 |  |  | $ | 18,915,333 |  |  | $ | 21,160,332 |  |  | $ | 18,915,333 |
Average education loans |  | $ | 22,561,636 |  |  | $ | 20,982,244 |  |  | $ | 22,738,295 |  |  | $ | 21,476,000 |
(1) We calculate and report our Return on Assets as the ratio of (a) GAAP net income (loss) numerator (annualized) to (b) the GAAP total average assets denominator.
(2) FFELP Loans were transferred to loans held for sale during the third quarter of 2024 and subsequently sold in the fourth quarter of 2024.

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Overview
The following discussion and analysis presents a review of our business and operations as of and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.
Strategic Imperatives
To focus our business and increase stockholder value, we continue to advance our strategic imperatives. Our primary focus remains on maximizing the profitability and growth of our core private student loan business, while harnessing and optimizing the power of our brand and attractive client base. In addition, we continue to seek to better inform the external narrative about student lending and Sallie Mae, and strive to maintain a rigorous and predictable capital allocation and return program to create stockholder value. We are focused on driving a mission-led culture that continues to make Sallie Mae a great place to work, while we continue to strengthen our risk and compliance functions, enhance and build upon our risk management framework, and assess and monitor enterprise-wide risk.
Key Financial Measures
Our operating results are primarily driven by net interest income from our Private Education Loan portfolio, gains and losses on loan sales, provision expense for credit losses, and operating expenses. The growth of our business and the strength of our financial condition are primarily driven by our ability to achieve our annual Private Education Loan origination goals while sustaining credit quality and maintaining cost-efficient funding sources to support our originations. A brief summary of our key financial measures (net interest income and net interest margin; loan sales and secured financings; allowance for credit losses; charge-offs and delinquencies; operating expenses; Private Education Loan originations; and funding sources) can be found in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our 2024 Form 10-K.
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Results of Operations
We present the results of operations below on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP.
GAAP Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ |  | %
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 598 |  |  | $ | 565 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | 6 | % |  | $ | 1,196 |  |  | $ | 1,162 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | 3 | %
Investments |  | 14 |  |  | 15 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (7) |  |  | 28 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (7) |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 45 |  |  | 61 |  |  | (16) |  |  | (26) |  |  | 88 |  |  | 113 |  |  | (25) |  |  | (22) |
Total interest income |  | 657 |  |  | 641 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,313 |  |  | 1,305 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 1 |
Total interest expense |  | 280 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 561 |  |  | 546 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 3 |
Net interest income |  | 377 |  |  | 372 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 752 |  |  | 759 |  |  | (7) |  |  | (1) |
Less: provisions for credit losses |  | 149 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 776 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 493 |
Net interest income after provisions for credit losses |  | 228 |  |  | 355 |  |  | (127) |  |  | (36) |  |  | 580 |  |  | 730 |  |  | (150) |  |  | (21) |
Non-interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gains (losses) on sales of loans, net |  | — |  |  | 112 |  |  | (112) |  |  | (100) |  |  | 188 |  |  | 255 |  |  | (67) |  |  | (26) |
Gains (losses) on securities, net |  | (3) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (5) |  |  | (250) |  |  | (13) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (425) |
Other income |  | 29 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Total non-interest income |  | 27 |  |  | 142 |  |  | (116) |  |  | (82) |  |  | 233 |  |  | 316 |  |  | (83) |  |  | (26) |
Non-interest expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses |  | 166 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 318 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Acquired intangible assets amortization expense |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (33) |
Total non-interest expenses |  | 167 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 322 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Income before income tax expense |  | 88 |  |  | 339 |  |  | (251) |  |  | (74) |  |  | 491 |  |  | 726 |  |  | (235) |  |  | (32) |
Income tax expense |  | 16 |  |  | 87 |  |  | (71) |  |  | (82) |  |  | 115 |  |  | 184 |  |  | (69) |  |  | (38) |
Net income |  | 71 |  |  | 252 |  |  | (181) |  |  | (72) |  |  | 376 |  |  | 542 |  |  | (166) |  |  | (31) |
Preferred stock dividends |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (20) |  |  | 8 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (11) |
Net income attributable to SLM Corporation common stock |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 247 |  |  | $ | (180) |  |  | (73) | % |  | $ | 368 |  |  | $ | 533 |  |  | $ | (165) |  |  | (31) | %
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 1.13 |  |  | $ | (0.81) |  |  | (72) | % |  | $ | 1.75 |  |  | $ | 2.42 |  |  | $ | (0.67) |  |  | (28) | %
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | (0.79) |  |  | (71) | % |  | $ | 1.72 |  |  | $ | 2.39 |  |  | $ | (0.67) |  |  | (28) | %
Declared dividends per common share |  | $ | 0.13 |  |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | 18 | % |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  | 18 | %

Note: Due to rounding, amounts in this table may not sum to totals.
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GAAP Consolidated Earnings Summary
Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 Compared with Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
For the three months ended June 30, 2025, net income attributable to common stock was $67 million, or $0.32 diluted earnings per common share, compared with net income attributable to common stock of $247 million, or $1.11 diluted earnings per common share, for the three months ended June 30, 2024.
The primary drivers of changes in net income for the current quarter compared with net income in the year-ago quarter are as follows:
•Net interest income increased by $5 million in the current quarter compared with the year-ago quarter primarily due to a $2.1 billion increase in our average Private Education Loans, offset by a 5-basis point decrease in our net interest margin compared to the year-ago period. Our net interest margin decreased in the current quarter from the year-ago quarter primarily because our cost of funds increased but the yields on our interest-earning assets were unchanged. Historically, the yields on interest-earning assets reprice more quickly than our cost of funds. As such, impacts of the declining interest rate environment on our interest-bearing liabilities were delayed when compared to our interest-earning assets, resulting in a higher cost of funds in the current quarter compared with the year-ago quarter.
•Provision for credit losses in the current quarter was $149 million, compared with $17 million in the year-ago quarter. The year-over-year increase was primarily due to the $103 million negative provisions recorded in the year-ago period, resulting from the $1.59 billion Private Education Loan sale during the second quarter of 2024. Additionally, the increase was affected by new loan commitments, net of expired commitments, and changes in the economic outlook.
•There were no gains on sales of loans, net, in the current quarter, as no loans were sold in the second quarter of 2025. There were $112 million in gains on sales, net, in the year-ago quarter, as a result of the $1.59 billion in Private Education Loan sale that occurred in the second quarter of 2024.
•Gains (losses) on securities, net, were $3 million of losses in the current quarter compared with $2 million in gains in the year-ago quarter. The change year-over-year was due to the change in mark-to-fair value of our trading investments.
•Other income was $29 million in the second quarter of 2025, compared with $28 million in the year-ago quarter. Third-party servicing fees in the second quarter of 2025 increased $2 million compared to the year-ago quarter due to an additional $2.0 billion of loans that we sold during the past year that we continue to service on behalf of the owners of the loans.
•Second quarter 2025 total operating expenses were $166 million, up from $157 million in the year-ago quarter. The increase in total operating expenses was primarily due to increased marketing spend offset by lower FDIC fees.
•During the second quarter of 2025, we recorded $1 million in amortization of acquired intangible assets, consistent with $1 million in the year-ago quarter.
•Second quarter 2025 income tax expense was $16 million, compared with $87 million income tax expense in the year-ago quarter. Our effective income tax rate decreased to 18.7 percent in the second quarter of 2025 from 25.6 percent in the year-ago quarter. The decrease in the effective rate for the second quarter of 2025 was primarily due to a decrease in state income taxes.
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Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 Compared with Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
For the six months ended June 30, 2025, net income attributable to common stock was $368 million, or $1.72 diluted earnings per common share, compared with net income attributable to common stock of $533 million, or $2.39 diluted earnings per common share, for the six months ended June 30, 2024.
The primary drivers of changes in net income for the first six months of 2025 compared with the first six months of 2024 are as follows:
•Net interest income decreased by $7 million in the first six months of 2025 compared with the year-ago period primarily due to a 14-basis point decrease in our net interest margin, offset by a $1.8 billion increase in our average Private Education Loans compared with the year-ago period. Our net interest margin decreased in the current period from the year-ago period primarily because the yields on our interest-earning assets decreased but our cost of funds increased. The yields on our interest-earning assets decreased due to the decline in the 30-day average SOFR compared to the year-ago period. Historically, the yields on interest-earning assets reprice more quickly than our cost of funds. As such, the impacts of the declining interest rate environment on our interest-bearing liabilities were delayed when compared to our interest-earning assets, resulting in a higher cost of funds in the current period compared with the year-ago period.
•Provision for credit losses in the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $172 million, compared with $29 million in the year-ago period. During the first six months of 2025, the increase in the provision for credit losses was primarily due to $116 million in negative provisions resulting from the $2.00 billion Private Education Loan sale during the first six months of 2025 compared with $236 million in negative provisions resulting from the $3.69 billion Private Education Loan sales in the year-ago period. The increase was also affected by new loan commitments, net of expired commitments, and changes in the economic outlook. In the year-ago period, the provision for credit losses was primarily affected by negative provisions resulting from Private Education Loan sales during the first six months ended June 30, 2024, an improved economic outlook, and changes in management overlays and recovery rates, offset by new loan commitments, net of expired commitments, and increases to the provision as a result of decreases in our estimates of the historical long-term average prepayment speeds used after the two-year reasonable and supportable period.
•Gains (losses) on sales of loans, net, were $188 million in the six months ended June 30, 2025, as a result of the $2.00 billion Private Education Loan sale that occurred in the period. There were $255 million in gains (losses) on sales, net, in the year-ago period, as a result of the $3.69 billion in Private Education Loan sales that occurred in the first six months of 2024.
•Gains (losses) on securities, net, were $13 million of losses in the first six months of 2025 compared with $4 million in gains in the year-ago period. The change year-over-year was primarily due to an impairment recorded in the first quarter of 2025 on certain of our non-marketable equity securities, and the change in mark-to-fair value of our trading investments.
•Other income was $58 million in the first six months of 2025, compared with $57 million in the year-ago period. Third-party servicing fees in the first six months of 2025 increased $5 million compared to the year-ago period due to an additional $2.0 billion of loans that we sold during the past year that we continue to service on behalf of the owners of the loans. The increase in third-party servicing fees was offset by a $3 million decrease in early withdrawal penalty fee income compared to the year-ago period, which was related to a health savings account provider that redeemed its deposits early and paid an early withdrawal penalty in the first quarter of 2024.
•First-half 2025 total operating expenses were $320 million, an increase from $318 million in the year-ago period. The increase in total operating expenses was primarily due to increased marketing spend and higher spending on strategic initiatives, offset by lower personnel costs and reduced FDIC fees.
•During the first six months of 2025, we recorded $2 million in amortization of acquired intangible assets, compared with $3 million in the year-ago period. The decrease was a result of an increase in amortization recorded on our customer relationships in the year-ago period in accordance with the accelerated amortization method, and the impairment write-down of the Scholly partner relationships intangible asset in the fourth quarter of 2024 which resulted in no amortization on that intangible asset in the current period.
•Income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $115 million, compared with $184 million in the year-ago period. Our effective income tax rate decreased to 23.4 percent in the first six months of 2025 from 25.4 percent in the year-ago period. The decrease in the effective rate for the first six months of 2025 was primarily due to a decrease in state income taxes.
59

Financial Condition
Average Balance Sheets
The following table reflects the rates earned on interest-earning assets and paid on interest-bearing liabilities and reflects our net interest margin on a consolidated basis.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  | Rate |  | Balance |  | Rate |  |  | Balance |  | Rate |  | Balance |  | Rate
Average Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 22,561,636 |  |  | 10.62 | % |  | $ | 20,480,805 |  |  | 10.91 | % |  |  | $ | 22,738,295 |  |  | 10.61 | % |  | $ | 20,961,775 |  |  | 10.96 | %
FFELP Loans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 501,439 |  |  | 7.73 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 514,225 |  |  | 7.48 |
Taxable securities |  | 1,748,532 |  |  | 3.14 |  |  | 2,358,864 |  |  | 2.58 |  |  |  | 1,857,530 |  |  | 3.09 |  |  | 2,415,239 |  |  | 2.47 |
Cash and other short-term investments |  | 4,179,153 |  |  | 4.38 |  |  | 4,562,433 |  |  | 5.40 |  |  |  | 4,073,333 |  |  | 4.38 |  |  | 4,247,212 |  |  | 5.39 |
Total interest-earning assets |  | 28,489,321 |  |  | 9.25 | % |  | 27,903,541 |  |  | 9.25 | % |  |  | 28,669,158 |  |  | 9.23 | % |  | 28,138,451 |  |  | 9.33 | %
Non-interest-earning assets |  | 581,113 |  |  |  |  | 434,005 |  |  |  |  |  | 522,755 |  |  |  |  | 390,289 |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 29,070,434 |  |  |  |  | $ | 28,337,546 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,191,913 |  |  |  |  | $ | 28,528,740 |  |  |
Average Liabilities and Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brokered deposits |  | $ | 8,705,875 |  |  | 4.01 | % |  | $ | 10,185,497 |  |  | 3.74 | % |  |  | $ | 8,938,906 |  |  | 4.01 | % |  | $ | 10,204,594 |  |  | 3.72 | %
Retail and other deposits |  | 11,575,556 |  |  | 4.16 |  |  | 10,646,827 |  |  | 4.66 |  |  |  | 11,478,380 |  |  | 4.19 |  |  | 10,940,349 |  |  | 4.72 |
Other interest-bearing liabilities(1) |  | 6,337,640 |  |  | 4.62 |  |  | 5,232,136 |  |  | 3.93 |  |  |  | 6,371,568 |  |  | 4.57 |  |  | 5,183,470 |  |  | 3.89 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 26,619,071 |  |  | 4.22 | % |  | 26,064,460 |  |  | 4.16 | % |  |  | 26,788,854 |  |  | 4.22 | % |  | 26,328,413 |  |  | 4.17 | %
Non-interest-bearing liabilities |  | 62,740 |  |  |  |  | 57,563 |  |  |  |  |  | 69,262 |  |  |  |  | 92,409 |  |  |
Equity |  | 2,388,623 |  |  |  |  | 2,215,523 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,333,797 |  |  |  |  | 2,107,918 |  |  |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 29,070,434 |  |  |  |  | $ | 28,337,546 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,191,913 |  |  |  |  | $ | 28,528,740 |  |  |
Net interest margin |  |  |  | 5.31 | % |  |  |  | 5.36 | % |  |  |  |  | 5.29 | % |  |  |  | 5.43 | %

(1) Includes the average balance of our unsecured borrowings, as well as secured borrowings and amortization expense of transaction costs related to our term asset-backed securitizations and our Secured Borrowing Facility.
60

Rate/Volume Analysis
The following rate/volume analysis shows the relative contribution of changes in interest rates and asset volumes to changes in interest income, interest expense, and net interest income.

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Change Due To(1)
| Rate |  | Volume
Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 vs. 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 15,283 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 15,262 |
Interest expense |  | 10,635 |  |  | 4,102 |  |  | 6,533 |
Net interest income |  | $ | 4,648 |  |  | $ | (4,151) |  |  | $ | 8,799 |
Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 vs. 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 7,815 |  |  | $ | (12,952) |  |  | $ | 20,767 |
Interest expense |  | 15,213 |  |  | 7,130 |  |  | 8,083 |
Net interest income |  | $ | (7,398) |  |  | $ | (19,401) |  |  | $ | 12,003 |

(1) Changes in income and expense due to both rate and volume have been allocated in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each. The changes in income and expense are calculated independently for each line in the table. The totals for the rate and volume columns are not the sum of the individual lines.
Summary of Our Loans Held for Investment Portfolio
Ending Loans Held for Investment Balances, net

|  | Total Loans Held for Investment (Private Education Loans) |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
Total loan portfolio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In-school(1) |  | $ | 3,939,574 |  | $ | 4,397,127 |  |  |  |  |
Grace, repayment and other(2) |  | 18,586,243 |  | 17,837,881 |  |  |  |  |
Total, gross |  | 22,525,817 |  | 22,235,008 |  |  |  |  |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 104,024 |  | 103,070 |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses |  | (1,469,509) |  | (1,435,920) |  |  |  |  |
Total loans held for investment portfolio, net |  | $ | 21,160,332 |  | $ | 20,902,158 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Loans for customers still attending school and who are not yet required to make payments on the loans.
(2) Includes loans in deferment or forbearance. Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include loans in the “loans in forbearance” metric).
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Average Loans Held for Investment Balances (net of unamortized premium/(discount))

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Private Education Loans |  | $ | 22,561,636 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 20,480,805 |  |  | 98 | % |  | $ | 22,738,295 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 20,961,775 |  |  | 98 | %
FFELP Loans(1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 501,439 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 514,225 |  |  | 2 |
Total portfolio |  | $ | 22,561,636 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 20,982,244 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 22,738,295 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 21,476,000 |  |  | 100 | %

(1) FFELP Loans were transferred to loans held for sale during the third quarter of 2024 and subsequently sold in the fourth quarter of 2024.
Loans Held for Investment, Net — Activity

Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands) |  | Total Loans Held for Investment, net (Private Education Loans) |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 21,091,204 |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions and originations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | 571,759 |  |  |  |  |
Variable-rate |  | 119,099 |  |  |  |  |
Total acquisitions and originations |  | 690,858 |  |  |  |  |
Capitalized interest and deferred origination cost premium amortization |  | 149,074 |  |  |  |  |
Loan consolidations to third parties |  | (208,472) |  |  |  |  |
Allowance |  | (25,794) |  |  |  |  |
Repayments and other |  | (536,538) |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  | $ | 21,160,332 |  |  |  |  |

Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  |  |  | Total Loans Held for Investment, net
Beginning balance |  | $ | 19,687,783 |  |  | $ | 513,006 |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,200,789 |
Acquisitions and originations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | 671,156 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 671,156 |
Variable-rate |  | 27,329 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 27,329 |
Total acquisitions and originations |  | 698,485 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 698,485 |
Capitalized interest and deferred origination cost premium amortization |  | 120,936 |  |  | 5,762 |  |  |  |  | 126,698 |
Sales |  | (1,471,925) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1,471,925) |
Loan consolidations to third parties |  | (175,138) |  |  | (24,223) |  |  |  |  | (199,361) |
Allowance |  | 79,839 |  |  | 567 |  |  |  |  | 80,406 |
Repayments and other |  | (507,380) |  |  | (12,379) |  |  |  |  | (519,759) |
Ending balance |  | $ | 18,432,600 |  |  | $ | 482,733 |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,915,333 |

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Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands) |  | Total Loans Held for Investment, net (Private Education Loans) |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 20,902,158 |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions and originations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | 3,043,445 |  |  |  |  |
Variable-rate |  | 430,749 |  |  |  |  |
Total acquisitions and originations |  | 3,474,194 |  |  |  |  |
Capitalized interest and deferred origination cost premium amortization |  | 261,290 |  |  |  |  |
Sales |  | (1,847,734) |  |  |  |  |
Loan consolidations to third parties |  | (435,738) |  |  |  |  |
Allowance |  | (33,589) |  |  |  |  |
Repayments and other |  | (1,160,249) |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  | $ | 21,160,332 |  |  |  |  |

Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  |  |  | Total Loans Held for Investment, net
Beginning balance |  | $ | 19,772,293 |  |  | $ | 534,064 |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,306,357 |
Acquisitions and originations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | 3,146,725 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,146,725 |
Variable-rate |  | 145,053 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 145,053 |
Total acquisitions and originations |  | 3,291,778 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,291,778 |
Capitalized interest and deferred origination cost premium amortization |  | 230,737 |  |  | 11,335 |  |  |  |  | 242,072 |
Sales |  | (3,430,920) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (3,430,920) |
Loan consolidations to third parties |  | (375,177) |  |  | (38,103) |  |  |  |  | (413,280) |
Allowance |  | 69,513 |  |  | 607 |  |  |  |  | 70,120 |
Repayments and other |  | (1,125,624) |  |  | (25,170) |  |  |  |  | (1,150,794) |
Ending balance |  | $ | 18,432,600 |  |  | $ | 482,733 |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,915,333 |

“Loan consolidations to third parties” and “Repayments and other” are both significantly affected by the volume of loans in our held for investment portfolio in full principal and interest repayment status. The amount of loans in full principal and interest repayment status in our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio at June 30, 2025 increased by 10.3 percent compared with June 30, 2024, and now totals 40 percent of our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio at June 30, 2025. The balance of loans held for investment in full principal and interest repayment status was affected in 2024 and in the first six months of 2025 by loan sales.
“Loan consolidations to third parties” for the three months ended June 30, 2025 total 2.4 percent of our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio in full principal and interest repayment status at June 30, 2025, or 1.0 percent of our total Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio at June 30, 2025, compared with the year-ago period of 2.3 percent of our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio in full principal and interest repayment status, or 1.0 percent of our total Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio, respectively. The small increase in consolidations compared to the year-ago period is primarily attributable to lower interest rates in 2025. Historical experience has shown that loan consolidation activity is heightened in the period when the loan initially enters full principal and interest repayment status and then subsides over time.
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The “Repayments and other” category includes all scheduled repayments, as well as voluntary prepayments, made on loans in repayment (including loans in full principal and interest repayment status) and also includes charge-offs. Consequently, this category can be significantly affected by the volume of loans in repayment.
Private Education Loan Originations
The following table summarizes our Private Education Loan originations. Originations represent loans that were funded or acquired during the period presented.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | % |  | 2024 |  | %
Smart Option - interest only(1) |  | $ | 96,941 |  |  | 14 | % |  | $ | 96,741 |  |  | 14 | %
Smart Option - fixed pay(1) |  | 223,639 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 225,552 |  |  | 33 |
Smart Option - deferred(1) |  | 238,496 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 256,992 |  |  | 37 |
Graduate Loan(2) |  | 126,526 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 111,631 |  |  | 16 |
Total Private Education Loan originations |  | $ | 685,602 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 690,916 |  |  | 100 | %
Percentage of loans with a cosigner |  | 84.0 | % |  |  |  | 79.7 | % |  |
Average FICO at approval(3) |  | 754 |  |  |  |  | 752 |  |  |

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | % |  | 2024 |  | %
Smart Option - interest only(1) |  | $ | 634,836 |  |  | 18 | % |  | $ | 576,991 |  |  | 18 | %
Smart Option - fixed pay(1) |  | 1,142,651 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 1,087,229 |  |  | 33 |
Smart Option - deferred(1) |  | 1,361,843 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 1,336,904 |  |  | 41 |
Graduate Loan(2) |  | 317,750 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 271,862 |  |  | 8 |
Total Private Education Loan originations |  | $ | 3,457,080 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 3,272,986 |  |  | 100 | %
Percentage of loans with a cosigner |  | 91.6 | % |  |  |  | 88.4 | % |  |
Average FICO at approval(3) |  | 753 |  |  |  |  | 749 |  |  |

(1) Interest only, fixed pay, and deferred describe the payment option while in school or in grace period. See Item 1. “Business - Our Business - Private Education Loans” in the 2024 Form 10-K for a further discussion.
(2) For the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Graduate Loan originations include $3.2 million of Smart Option Loans where the student was in a graduate status. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Graduate Loan originations include $6.6 million of Smart Option Loans where the student was in a graduate status. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Graduate Loan originations include $11.9 million of Smart Option Loans where the student was in a graduate status. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Graduate Loan originations include $18.3 million of Smart Option Loans where the student was in a graduate status.
(3) Represents the higher credit score of the cosigner or the borrower.
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Allowance for Credit Losses
Allowance for Loan Losses Activity

Three Months Ended June 30, (dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| Total Portfolio (Private Education Loans) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  |  |  | Total Portfolio
Beginning balance |  | $ | 1,443,715 |  |  | $ | 1,345,431 |  |  | $ | 4,627 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,350,058 |
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1) |  | 27,878 |  |  | 29,715 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 29,715 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (106,866) |  |  | (91,042) |  |  | (126) |  |  |  |  | (91,168) |
Plus: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries |  | 12,593 |  |  | 11,377 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 11,377 |
Provisions for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision, current period |  | 92,189 |  |  | 72,862 |  |  | (441) |  |  |  |  | 72,421 |
Loan sale reduction to provision |  | — |  |  | (102,751) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (102,751) |
Total provisions for credit losses(2) |  | 92,189 |  |  | (29,889) |  |  | (441) |  |  |  |  | (30,330) |
Ending balance |  | $ | 1,469,509 |  |  | $ | 1,265,592 |  |  | $ | 4,060 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,269,652 |

Six Months Ended June 30, (dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| Total Portfolio (Private Education Loans) |  | Private Education Loans |  | FFELP Loans |  |  |  | Total Portfolio
Beginning balance |  | $ | 1,435,920 |  |  | $ | 1,335,105 |  |  | $ | 4,667 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,339,772 |
Transfer from unfunded commitment liability(1) |  | 133,012 |  |  | 161,329 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 161,329 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (193,769) |  |  | (184,916) |  |  | (249) |  |  |  |  | (185,165) |
Plus: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries |  | 23,327 |  |  | 22,691 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 22,691 |
Provisions for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision, current period |  | 187,478 |  |  | 167,338 |  |  | (358) |  |  |  |  | 166,980 |
Loan sale reduction to provision |  | (116,459) |  |  | (235,955) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (235,955) |
Total provisions for credit losses(2) |  | 71,019 |  |  | (68,617) |  |  | (358) |  |  |  |  | (68,975) |
Ending balance |  | $ | 1,469,509 |  |  | $ | 1,265,592 |  |  | $ | 4,060 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,269,652 |

(1) See Note 4, “Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments,” in this Form 10-Q for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments, respectively.
(2) See “—Financial Condition — Allowance for Credit Losses — Provision for Credit Losses” in this Item 2 for a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income.
65

Provision for Credit Losses
Below is a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income.

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended June 30, (dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses: |  |  |  |
Provisions for loan losses |  | $ | 92,189 |  |  | $ | (29,889) |
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments |  | 56,529 |  |  | 47,160 |
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses |  | 148,718 |  |  | 17,271 |
Total FFELP Loans provisions for credit losses |  | — |  |  | (441) |
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income |  | $ | 148,718 |  |  | $ | 16,830 |

Consolidated Statements of Income Provisions for Credit Losses Reconciliation |  |  |  |
Six Months Ended June 30, (dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses: |  |  |  |
Provisions for loan losses |  | $ | 71,019 |  |  | $ | (68,617) |
Provisions for unfunded loan commitments |  | 100,985 |  |  | 97,846 |
Total Private Education Loan provisions for credit losses |  | 172,004 |  |  | 29,229 |
Total FFELP Loans provisions for credit losses |  | — |  |  | (358) |
Provisions for credit losses reported in consolidated statements of income |  | $ | 172,004 |  |  | $ | 28,871 |

Private Education Loan Allowance for Credit Losses
In establishing the allowance for Private Education Loan losses as of June 30, 2025, we considered several factors with respect to our Private Education Loan held for investment portfolio, in particular, credit quality and delinquency, forbearance, and charge-off trends.
Private Education Loans held for investment in full principal and interest repayment status were 40 percent of our total Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio at June 30, 2025, compared with 42 percent at June 30, 2024.
For a more detailed discussion of our policy for determining the collectability of Private Education Loans and maintaining our allowance for Private Education Loans, see Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Allowance for Credit Losses” and Note 5, “Loans Held for Investment — Certain Collection Tools - Private Education Loans” in the 2024 Form 10-K.
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The table below presents our Private Education Loans held for investment portfolio delinquency trends. Loans in repayment include loans making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the following table, do not include loans in the “loans in forbearance” metric).

Private Education Loans Held for Investment |  | 2025 |  | 2024
June 30, (dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  | % |  | Balance |  | %
Loans in-school/grace/deferment(1) |  | $ | 5,990,919 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,128,758 |  |  |
Loans in forbearance(2) |  | 303,704 |  |  |  |  | 259,192 |  |  |
Loans in repayment and percentage of each status: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans current |  | 15,661,996 |  |  | 96.5 | % |  | 13,756,538 |  |  | 96.7 | %
Loans delinquent 30-59 days(3) |  | 300,116 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 224,445 |  |  | 1.5 |
Loans delinquent 60-89 days(3) |  | 143,633 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 125,384 |  |  | 0.9 |
Loans 90 days or greater past due(3) |  | 125,449 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 125,214 |  |  | 0.9 |
Total Private Education Loans in repayment |  | 16,231,194 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 14,231,581 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Total Private Education Loans, gross |  | 22,525,817 |  |  |  |  | 19,619,531 |  |  |
Private Education Loans deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  | 104,024 |  |  |  |  | 78,661 |  |  |
Total Private Education Loans |  | 22,629,841 |  |  |  |  | 19,698,192 |  |  |
Private Education Loans allowance for losses |  | (1,469,509) |  |  |  |  | (1,265,592) |  |  |
Private Education Loans, net |  | $ | 21,160,332 |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,432,600 |  |  |
Percentage of loans in repayment |  |  |  | 72.1 | % |  |  |  | 72.5 | %
Delinquencies as a percentage of loans in repayment |  |  |  | 3.5 | % |  |  |  | 3.3 | %
Percentage of loans in forbearance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Percentage of loans in an extended grace period(4) |  |  |  | 0.9 | % |  |  |  | 0.8 | %
Percentage of loans in hardship and other forbearances(5) |  |  |  | 0.9 | % |  |  |  | 1.0 | %

(1)Deferment includes customers who have returned to school or are engaged in other permitted educational activities and are not yet required to make payments on the loans (e.g., residency periods for medical students or a grace period for bar exam preparation).
(2)Loans for customers who have requested extension of grace period generally during employment transition or who have temporarily ceased making full payments due to hardship or other factors (other than delinquent loans in disaster forbearance), consistent with established loan program servicing policies and procedures.
(3)The period of delinquency is based on the number of days scheduled payments are contractually past due.
(4)We calculate the percentage of loans in an extended grace period as the ratio of (a) Private Education Loans in forbearance in an extended grace period numerator to (b) Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance denominator. An extended grace period aligns with The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency definition of an additional, consecutive, one-time period during which no payment is required for up to six months after the initial grace period. We typically grant this extended grace period to customers who may be having difficulty finding employment before the full principal and interest repayment period starts or once it has begun. Loans in forbearance in an extended grace period were approximately $154 million and $115 million at June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. See “— Use of Forbearance and Rate Modifications as a Private Education Loan Collection Tool” below for additional details.
(5)We calculate the percentage of loans in hardship and other forbearances as the ratio of (a) Private Education Loans in hardship and other forbearances (excluding loans in an extended grace period and delinquent loans in disaster forbearance) numerator to (b) Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance denominator. If the customer is in financial hardship, we work with the customer and/or cosigner and identify any available alternative arrangements designed to reduce monthly payment obligations, which may include a short-term hardship forbearance. Loans in hardship and other forbearances (excluding loans in an extended grace period and delinquent loans in disaster forbearance) were approximately $150 million and $145 million at June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. See “— Use of Forbearance and Rate Modifications as a Private Education Loan Collection Tool” below for additional details.
Delinquencies as a percentage of Private Education Loans (held for investment) in repayment increased to 3.5 percent at June 30, 2025 from 3.3 percent at June 30, 2024. The increase in the delinquency metric is primarily attributable to changes and refinements to our loss mitigation programs in 2023 and 2024. See additional discussion related to collections activity in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Financial Condition — Allowance for Credit Losses — Use of Forbearance and Rate Modifications as a Private Education Loan Collection Tool” in the 2024 Form 10-K.
The percentage of loans in an extended grace forbearance remained relatively consistent at 0.9 percent and 0.8 percent at June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively. The percentage of loans in hardship and other forbearances also remained relatively consistent at 0.9 percent and 1.0 percent at June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively.
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Changes in Allowance for Private Education Loan Losses
The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for Private Education Loan (held for investment) losses and the allowance for unfunded loan commitments.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Allowance for loan losses, beginning balance |  | $ | 1,443,715 |  |  | $ | 1,345,431 |  |  | $ | 1,435,920 |  |  | $ | 1,335,105 |
Transfer from allowance for unfunded loan commitments(1) |  | 27,878 |  |  | 29,715 |  |  | 133,012 |  |  | 161,329 |
Provisions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for current period |  | 92,189 |  |  | 72,862 |  |  | 187,478 |  |  | 167,338 |
Loan sale reduction to provision |  | — |  |  | (102,751) |  |  | (116,459) |  |  | (235,955) |
Total provisions(2) |  | 92,189 |  |  | (29,889) |  |  | 71,019 |  |  | (68,617) |
Net charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  | (106,866) |  |  | (91,042) |  |  | (193,769) |  |  | (184,916) |
Recoveries |  | 12,593 |  |  | 11,377 |  |  | 23,327 |  |  | 22,691 |
Net charge-offs |  | (94,273) |  |  | (79,665) |  |  | (170,442) |  |  | (162,225) |
Allowance for loan losses, ending balance |  | $ | 1,469,509 |  |  | $ | 1,265,592 |  |  | $ | 1,469,509 |  |  | $ | 1,265,592 |
Allowance for unfunded loan commitments, beginning balance(1) |  | 23,890 |  |  | 32,034 |  |  | 84,568 |  |  | 112,962 |
Provision(2)(3) |  | 56,529 |  |  | 47,160 |  |  | 100,985 |  |  | 97,846 |
Transfer to allowance for loan losses |  | (27,878) |  |  | (29,715) |  |  | (133,012) |  |  | (161,329) |
Allowance for unfunded loan commitments, ending balance(1) |  | 52,541 |  |  | 49,479 |  |  | 52,541 |  |  | 49,479 |
Total allowance for credit losses, ending balance |  | $ | 1,522,050 |  |  | $ | 1,315,071 |  |  | $ | 1,522,050 |  |  | $ | 1,315,071 |
Total Allowance Percentage of Private Education Loan Exposure(5) |  | 5.95 | % |  | 5.90 | % |  | 5.95 | % |  | 5.90 | %
Allowance for loan losses coverage of net charge-offs (annualized) |  | 3.90 |  |  | 3.97 |  |  | 4.31 |  |  | 3.90 |
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in repayment (annualized)(4) |  | 2.36 | % |  | 2.19 | % |  | 2.11 | % |  | 2.17 | %
Delinquencies as a percentage of ending loans in repayment(4) |  | 3.51 | % |  | 3.34 | % |  | 3.51 | % |  | 3.34 | %
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of ending loans in repayment and forbearance(4) |  | 1.84 | % |  | 1.79 | % |  | 1.84 | % |  | 1.79 | %
Ending total loans, gross |  | $ | 22,525,817 |  |  | $ | 19,619,531 |  |  | $ | 22,525,817 |  |  | $ | 19,619,531 |
Average loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 15,991,357 |  |  | $ | 14,543,669 |  |  | $ | 16,146,239 |  |  | $ | 14,977,567 |
Ending loans in repayment(4) |  | $ | 16,231,194 |  |  | $ | 14,231,581 |  |  | $ | 16,231,194 |  |  | $ | 14,231,581 |
Unfunded loan commitments |  | $ | 1,358,163 |  |  | $ | 1,300,393 |  |  | $ | 1,358,163 |  |  | $ | 1,300,393 |
Total accrued interest receivable |  | $ | 1,701,944 |  |  | $ | 1,367,482 |  |  | $ | 1,701,944 |  |  | $ | 1,367,482 |

(1) When a new loan commitment is made, we record an allowance to cover lifetime expected credit losses on the unfunded commitments, which is recorded in “Other Liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheet. See Note 4, “Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments” in this Form 10-Q for a summary of the activity in the allowance for and balance of unfunded loan commitments.
(2) See “—Financial Condition — Allowance for Credit Losses — Provision for Credit Losses” in this Item 2 for a reconciliation of the provisions for credit losses reported in the consolidated statements of income.
(3) Includes incremental provision for new commitments and changes to provision for existing commitments.
(4) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include loans in the “loans in forbearance” metric).
(5) The Total Allowance Percentage of Private Education Loan Exposure is the total allowance for credit losses as a percentage of ending total loans plus unfunded loan commitments and total accrued interest receivable on Private Education Loans.
As part of concluding on the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, we review key allowance and loan metrics. The most significant of these metrics considered are the allowance coverage of net charge-offs ratio; the Total Allowance Percentage of Private Education Loan Exposure; and delinquency and forbearance percentages.
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Use of Forbearance and Rate Modifications as a Private Education Loan Collection Tool
In recent years, we have made significant changes to our credit administration practices, enhancing our loss mitigation programs through both our forbearance and loan modification offerings. We adjust the terms of loans for certain borrowers when we believe such changes will help our borrowers manage their student loan obligations, achieve better student outcomes and increase the collectability of the loans. These changes generally take the form of a temporary forbearance of payments, a temporary or permanent interest rate reduction, a temporary or permanent interest rate reduction with a permanent extension of the loan term and/or a short-term extended repayment or interest-only alternative.
We continually monitor our credit administration practices and modify them from time to time based upon performance, industry conventions, and/or regulatory feedback.
See Note 4, “Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Commitments — Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty” in this Form 10-Q for additional information regarding loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. As discussed therein, our forbearance programs are not considered loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty because they are either short-term in nature, and therefore do not provide a significant concession to the borrower, or they are provided for reasons other than financial difficulty being experienced by the borrower.
Forbearance
Forbearance allows a borrower to not make scheduled payments for a specified period of time. Our forbearance policies and practices vary depending upon whether a borrower is current or delinquent at the time forbearance is requested, generally with stricter requirements for delinquent borrowers. Using forbearance extends the original term of the loan by the term of forbearance taken. Forbearance does not grant any reduction in the total principal or interest repayment obligation. While a loan is in forbearance status, interest continues to accrue and is capitalized (added to principal) at the end of the forbearance. Interest will not capitalize at the end of certain types of forbearance, such as disaster forbearance, however.
During the first six months following a borrower’s grace period, the borrower may be eligible for extended grace forbearance, which provides temporary payment relief to give the borrower additional time to be in a position to make regular principal and interest payments. We do not consider borrowers who are eligible for extended grace to be experiencing financial difficulty.
Hardship forbearance may be granted in order to provide temporary payment relief to borrowers who are either current in their payments but demonstrate a need for relief, or who are delinquent in their payments but demonstrate an ability and willingness to repay their obligation. In these circumstances, a borrower’s loan is placed into a forbearance status in limited monthly increments and is reflected in the forbearance status at month-end during this time. At the end of the forbearance period, for borrowers who were current when they entered forbearance or those who were delinquent but met specific payment requirements curing their delinquency, the borrower will enter repayment status as current. In all instances, the borrowers are expected to begin making scheduled monthly payments at the end of their forbearance periods. This strategy is aimed at assisting borrowers while mitigating the risks of delinquency and default as well as encouraging resolution of delinquent loans.
Disaster forbearance is used to assist borrowers affected by material events, typically federally-declared disasters, including hurricanes, wildfires, floods, and pandemics. We typically grant disaster forbearance to affected borrowers in one-month increments, up to three months at a time, but the disaster forbearance granted generally does not apply toward the 12-month forbearance limit described below. Disaster forbearance is granted based on areas impacted by federally declared disasters, not because the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Loans in disaster forbearance are not assessed late or other fees. Due to the nature and limited timeframe of disaster forbearance, delinquent loans granted disaster forbearance are maintained in their pre-grant delinquency status, and as such, are not reflected in our loans in forbearance metrics.
We offer certain other administrative forbearances (e.g., death and disability, bankruptcy, military service, and in school assistance) that are required by law (such as by the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act), are considered separate from our active loss mitigation programs, or do not exceed the significance threshold. We do not consider borrowers eligible for these other administrative forbearances to be experiencing financial difficulty.
Currently, we generally grant forbearance in increments of one to two months at a time, for up to 12 months over the life of the loan, although extended grace forbearance is typically granted in one six-month increment and disaster
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forbearance and certain other limited instances do not apply toward the 12-month limit. We also currently require 12 months of positive payment performance by a borrower (meaning the borrower must make payment in a cumulative amount equivalent to 12 monthly required payments under the loan) between successive grants of forbearance and between forbearance grants and certain other repayment alternatives. This required period of positive payment performance does not apply, however, to extended grace forbearances and is not required for a borrower to receive a contractual interest rate reduction. In addition, we currently limit the participation of delinquent borrowers in certain short-term extended or interest-only repayment alternatives to once in 12 months and twice in five years. We also now count the number of months a borrower receives a short-term extended repayment alternative toward the 12-month forbearance limit described above.
Modification Programs other than Forbearances
For borrowers experiencing more severe hardship, following evaluation of their ability and willingness to repay, we currently use modification programs tailored to the financial condition of the individual borrower. Pursuant to our modification programs, we may reduce the contractual interest rate on a loan to a rate between 2 percent and 8 percent for a temporary period of two to four years, and/or in some instances may permanently extend the final maturity of a loan. For borrowers experiencing the most severe financial conditions, we may permanently reduce the contractual interest rate on a loan to 2 percent for the remaining life of the loan and also permanently extend the final maturity of the loan. Following modification, borrowers who are delinquent but meet specific payment requirements curing their delinquency will be brought current. We currently limit the granting of a permanent extension of the final maturity date of a loan to once over the life of the loan, and the number of interest rate reductions to twice over the life of the loan.
Modifications under these programs are generally considered loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. See Note 4, “Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Commitments — Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty” in this Form 10-Q for disclosures related to these modification programs. However, in some situations, we may offer on a limited basis term extensions or rate reductions or a combination of both to borrowers to reduce consolidation activities. We do not consider these to be modifications of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.
Delinquency Trends by Active Repayment Status
The tables below show the composition and status of the Private Education Loan portfolio held for investment aged by number of months in active repayment status (months for which a scheduled monthly payment was due). Active repayment status includes loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period. Our experience shows that the percentage of loans in forbearance status generally decreases the longer the loans have been in active repayment status. At June 30, 2025, Private Education Loans (held for investment) in forbearance that have been in active repayment status for fewer than 25 months as a percentage of all loans in repayment and forbearance were 1.4 percent. At June 30, 2025, approximately 74 percent of our Private Education Loans (held for investment) in forbearance status have been in active repayment status for fewer than 25 months.
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As of June 30, 2025 (dollars in millions) |  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment Aged by Number of Months in Active Repayment Status |  | Not Yet in Repayment |  | Total
| 0 to 12 |  | 13 to 24 |  | 25 to 36 |  | 37 to 48 |  | More than 48 |
Loans in-school/grace/deferment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,991 |  |  | $ | 5,991 |
Loans in forbearance |  | 175 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 304 |
Loans in repayment - current |  | 5,310 |  |  | 3,130 |  |  | 2,096 |  |  | 1,522 |  |  | 3,604 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,662 |
Loans in repayment - delinquent 30-59 days |  | 76 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 93 |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |
Loans in repayment - delinquent 60-89 days |  | 44 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | 144 |
Loans in repayment - 90 days or greater past due |  | 33 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | 125 |
Total |  | $ | 5,638 |  |  | $ | 3,274 |  |  | $ | 2,210 |  |  | $ | 1,608 |  |  | $ | 3,805 |  |  | $ | 5,991 |  |  | 22,526 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 104 |
Allowance for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,470) |
Total Private Education Loans, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,160 |
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of total Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance |  | 1.06 | % |  | 0.30 | % |  | 0.18 | % |  | 0.12 | % |  | 0.18 | % |  | — | % |  | 1.84 | %

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As of June 30, 2024 (dollars in millions) |  | Private Education Loans Held for Investment Aged by Number of Months in Active Repayment Status |  | Not Yet in Repayment |  | Total
| 0 to 12 |  | 13 to 24 |  | 25 to 36 |  | 37 to 48 |  | More than 48 |
Loans in-school/grace/deferment |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,129 |  |  | $ | 5,129 |
Loans in forbearance |  | 148 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 260 |
Loans in repayment - current |  | 4,577 |  |  | 2,663 |  |  | 1,897 |  |  | 1,244 |  |  | 3,376 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,757 |
Loans in repayment - delinquent 30-59 days |  | 50 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 72 |  |  | — |  |  | 224 |
Loans in repayment - delinquent 60-89 days |  | 34 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | 126 |
Loans in repayment - 90 days or greater past due |  | 33 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |
Total |  | $ | 4,842 |  |  | $ | 2,793 |  |  | $ | 1,998 |  |  | $ | 1,313 |  |  | $ | 3,545 |  |  | $ | 5,129 |  |  | 19,620 |
Deferred origination costs and unamortized premium/(discount) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 79 |
Allowance for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,266) |
Total Private Education Loans, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,433 |
Loans in forbearance as a percentage of total Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance |  | 1.02 | % |  | 0.31 | % |  | 0.17 | % |  | 0.10 | % |  | 0.19 | % |  | — | % |  | 1.79 | %

Private Education Loans Held for Investment Types
The following table provides information regarding the loans in repayment balance and total loan balance by Private Education Loan held for investment product type at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

As of June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | Smart Option |  |  |  | Graduate Loan |  | Other(1) |  | Total
$ in repayment(2) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,300,875 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,575,407 |  |  | $ | 354,912 |  |  | $ | 16,231,194 |
$ in total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,857,708 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,227,516 |  |  | $ | 440,593 |  |  | $ | 22,525,817 |

As of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | Smart Option |  |  |  | Graduate Loan |  | Other(1) |  | Total
$ in repayment(2) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,273,952 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,466,915 |  |  | $ | 365,884 |  |  | $ | 16,106,751 |
$ in total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,710,266 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,067,468 |  |  | $ | 457,274 |  |  | $ | 22,235,008 |

(1) Other includes our Parent Loan and Career training loan products. In December 2021, we discontinued offering our Parent Loan product. Applications for those loans received before the offering termination date continued to be processed, and final disbursements under those loans occurred in February 2023. In May 2022, we discontinued offering our Career Training loan product. Applications for those loans received before the offering termination date continued to be processed, and final disbursements under those loans occurred in September 2023.
(2) Loans in repayment include loans on which borrowers are making interest only or fixed payments, as well as loans that have entered full principal and interest repayment status after any applicable grace period (but, for purposes of the table, do not include loans in the “loans in forbearance” metric).
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Accrued Interest Receivable
The following table provides information regarding accrued interest receivable on our Private Education Loans. The table also discloses the amount of accrued interest on loans 90 days or greater past due as compared to our allowance for uncollectible interest. The majority of the total accrued interest receivable represents accrued interest on deferred loans where no payments are due while the borrower is in school and fixed-pay loans where the borrower makes a $25 monthly payment that is smaller than the interest accruing on the loan in that month. The accrued interest on these loans will be capitalized to the balance of the loans when the borrower exits the grace period after separation from school. The allowance for credit losses considers both the collectibility of principal and accrued interest. The allowance for uncollectible interest estimates the additional uncollectible interest that is not captured in the allowance for credit losses.

|  | Private Education Loans
|  | Accrued Interest Receivable
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Total Interest Receivable |  | 90 Days or Greater Past Due |  | Allowance for Uncollectible Interest(1)(2)
June 30, 2025 |  | $ | 1,701,944 |  |  | $ | 5,381 |  |  | $ | 12,694 |
December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 1,549,415 |  |  | $ | 6,420 |  |  | $ | 12,366 |
June 30, 2024 |  | $ | 1,367,482 |  |  | $ | 6,602 |  |  | $ | 8,500 |

(1)The allowance for uncollectible interest at June 30, 2025 and 2024 represents the expected losses related to the portion of accrued interest receivable on those loans that are in repayment (at June 30, 2025 and 2024, relates to $159 million and $136 million, respectively, of accrued interest receivable) that is/was not expected to be capitalized. The accrued interest receivable that is/was expected to be capitalized ($1.5 billion and $1.2 billion, at June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively) is/was reserved in the allowance for credit losses.
(2)The allowance for uncollectible interest at December 31, 2024 represents the expected losses related to the portion of accrued interest receivable on those loans in repayment ($164 million of accrued interest receivable) that was not expected to be capitalized. The accrued interest receivable that was expected to be capitalized ($1.4 billion) was reserved in the allowance for credit losses.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Funding and Liquidity Risk Management
Our primary liquidity needs include our ongoing ability to fund our businesses throughout market cycles, including during periods of financial stress, our ongoing ability to fund originations of Private Education Loans, and our ability to meet any outflows of our Bank deposits. To achieve these objectives, we analyze and monitor our liquidity needs, and maintain excess liquidity and access to diverse funding sources, such as deposits at the Bank, issuance of secured debt primarily through asset-backed securitizations, other financing facilities, and loan sales.
At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our sources of liquidity included liquid investments with unrealized losses of $83.2 million and $105.8 million, respectively. It is our policy to manage operations so liquidity needs are fully satisfied through normal operations to avoid unplanned loan or liquid investment sales under all but the most dire conditions. Our liquidity management is governed by policies approved by our Board of Directors. Oversight of these policies is performed in the Asset and Liability Committee, a management-level committee. These policies take into account the volatility of cash flow forecasts, expected asset and liability maturities, anticipated loan demand, and a variety of other factors to establish minimum liquidity guidelines.
Key risks associated with our liquidity relate to our ability to access the capital markets and the markets for bank deposits at reasonable rates. This ability may be affected by our performance, competitive pressures, the macroeconomic environment, and the impact they have on the availability of funding sources in the marketplace. We target maintaining sufficient on-balance sheet and contingent sources of liquidity to enable us to meet all contractual and contingent obligations under various stress scenarios, including severe macroeconomic stresses as well as specific stresses that test the resiliency of our balance sheet. We hold a significant liquidity buffer of cash and liquid investments, which we expect to maintain through 2025. Due to the seasonal nature of our business, our liquidity levels will likely vary from quarter to quarter.
Sources of Liquidity and Available Capacity
Ending Balances

(Dollars in thousands) |  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Sources of primary liquidity: |  |  |  |
Unrestricted cash and liquid investments: |  |  |  |
Holding Company and other non-bank subsidiaries |  | $ | 11,615 |  |  | $ | 3,745 |
Sallie Mae Bank(1) |  | 4,080,850 |  |  | 4,696,621 |
Available-for-sale investments |  | 1,129,669 |  |  | 1,361,431 |
Total unrestricted cash and liquid investments |  | $ | 5,222,134 |  |  | $ | 6,061,797 |

(1) This amount will be used primarily to originate Private Education Loans at the Bank.
Average Balances

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Sources of primary liquidity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrestricted cash and liquid investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Holding Company and other non-bank subsidiaries |  | $ | 11,476 |  |  | $ | 9,216 |  |  | $ | 8,151 |  |  | $ | 6,702 |
Sallie Mae Bank(1) |  | 3,976,548 |  |  | 4,372,445 |  |  | 3,871,213 |  |  | 4,059,440 |
Available-for-sale investments |  | 1,120,558 |  |  | 1,671,328 |  |  | 1,210,617 |  |  | 1,778,595 |
Total unrestricted cash and liquid investments |  | $ | 5,108,582 |  |  | $ | 6,052,989 |  |  | $ | 5,089,981 |  |  | $ | 5,844,737 |

(1) This amount will be used primarily to originate Private Education Loans at the Bank.
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Deposits
The following table summarizes total deposits at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

|  | June 30, |  |  | December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024
Deposits - interest-bearing |  | $ | 20,478,455 |  |  |  | $ | 21,066,752 |
Deposits - non-interest-bearing |  | 3,497 |  |  |  | 1,816 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 20,481,952 |  |  |  | $ | 21,068,568 |

Our total deposits of $20.5 billion were comprised of $8.6 billion in brokered deposits and $11.9 billion in retail and other deposits at June 30, 2025, compared with total deposits of $21.1 billion, which were comprised of $9.5 billion in brokered deposits and $11.6 billion in retail and other deposits, at December 31, 2024.
Interest-bearing deposits as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consisted of retail and brokered non-maturity savings deposits, retail and brokered non-maturity MMDAs, and retail and brokered CDs. Interest-bearing deposits also include deposits from Educational 529 and Health Savings plans that diversify our funding sources and that we consider to be core. These and other large omnibus accounts, aggregating the deposits of many individual depositors, represented $7.2 billion and $7.0 billion of our deposit total as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The omnibus accounts are structured in such a way that entitles the individual depositor pass-through deposit insurance (subject to FDIC rules and limitations), and the majority of these deposits have contractual minimum balances and maturity terms.
Some of our deposit products are serviced by third-party providers. Placement fees associated with the brokered CDs are amortized into interest expense using the effective interest rate method. We recognized placement fee expense of $2 million and $2 million in the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively and placement fee expense of $4 million and $5 million in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There were no fees paid to third-party brokers related to brokered CDs for either the three or six months ended June 30, 2025 or the three or six months ended June 30, 2024.
Interest bearing deposits at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are summarized as follows:

|  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  | Qtr.-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1) |  | Amount |  | Year-End Weighted Average Stated Rate(1) |
Money market |  | $ | 9,645,751 |  |  | 4.10 | % |  | $ | 9,582,290 |  |  | 4.27 | % |
Savings |  | 1,039,300 |  |  | 3.83 |  |  | 944,034 |  |  | 4.02 |  |
Certificates of deposit |  | 9,793,404 |  |  | 4.08 |  |  | 10,540,428 |  |  | 4.20 |  |
Deposits - interest bearing |  | $ | 20,478,455 |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,066,752 |  |  |  |

(1) Includes the effect of interest rate swaps in effective hedge relationships.
As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were $541 million and $567 million, respectively, of deposits exceeding FDIC insurance limits. Accrued interest on deposits was $82 million and $92 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
Counterparty Exposure
Counterparty exposure related to financial instruments arises from the risk that a lending, investment, or derivative counterparty will not be able to meet its obligations to us.
Excess cash is generally invested with the FRB on an overnight basis or in the FRB’s Term Deposit Facility, minimizing counterparty exposure on cash balances.
Our investment portfolio is primarily comprised of a small portfolio of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises that are purchased to meet CRA targets. Additionally, our investing activity is governed by Board-approved limits on the amount that is allowed to be invested with any one issuer
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based on the credit rating of the issuer, further minimizing our counterparty exposure. Counterparty credit risk is considered when valuing investments and considering impairment.
Related to derivative transactions, protection against counterparty risk is generally provided by International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. Credit Support Annexes (“CSAs”), or clearinghouses for over-the-counter derivatives. CSAs require a counterparty to post collateral if a potential default would expose the other party to a loss. All derivative contracts entered into by the Bank are covered under CSAs or clearinghouse agreements and require collateral to be exchanged based on the net fair value of derivatives with each counterparty. Our exposure to the counterparty is limited to the value of the derivative contracts in a gain position, less any collateral held by us and plus collateral posted with the counterparty.
Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act requires all standardized derivatives, including most interest rate swaps, to be submitted for clearing to central counterparties to reduce counterparty risk. Two of the central counterparties we use are the CME and the LCH. All variation margin payments on derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH are accounted for as legal settlement. As of June 30, 2025, $566 million notional of our derivative contracts were cleared on the CME and $36 million were cleared on the LCH. The derivative contracts cleared through the CME and LCH represent 94.1 percent and 5.9 percent, respectively, of our total notional derivative contracts of $602 million at June 30, 2025.
For derivatives cleared through the CME and LCH, the net gain (loss) position includes the variation margin amounts as settlement of the derivative and not collateral against the fair value of the derivative. The amount of variation margin included as settlement as of June 30, 2025 was $(11.6) million and $(0.3) million for the CME and LCH, respectively. Changes in fair value for derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are presented as realized gains (losses).
Our exposure to the counterparty is limited to the value of the derivative contracts in a gain position less any collateral held and plus any collateral posted. When there is a net negative exposure, we consider our exposure to the counterparty to be zero. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had a net positive exposure (derivative gain/loss positions to us, less collateral held by us and plus collateral posted with counterparties) related to derivatives of $2 million and $5 million, respectively.
We have liquidity exposure related to collateral movements between us and our derivative counterparties. Movements in the value of the derivatives, which are primarily affected by changes in interest rates, may require us to return cash collateral held or may require us to access primary liquidity to post collateral to counterparties.
The table below highlights exposure related to our derivative counterparties as of June 30, 2025.

As of June 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands) |  | SLM Corporation and Sallie Mae Bank Contracts
Total exposure, net of collateral |  | $ | 2,050 |
Exposure to counterparties with credit ratings, net of collateral |  | $ | 2,050 |
Percent of exposure to counterparties with credit ratings below S&P AA- or Moody’s Aa3 |  | — | %
Percent of exposure to counterparties with credit ratings below S&P A- or Moody’s A3 |  | — | %

Regulatory Capital
The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal and state banking authorities. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Under U.S. Basel III and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital standards that involve quantitative measures of its assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and its classification under the prompt corrective action framework are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components of capital, risk weightings, and other factors.
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Capital Management
The Bank intends to maintain at all times regulatory capital levels that meet both the minimum levels required under U.S. Basel III (including applicable buffers) and the levels necessary to be considered “well capitalized” under the FDIC’s prompt corrective action framework, in order to support asset growth and operating needs, address unexpected credit risks, and protect the interests of depositors and the Deposit Insurance Fund administered by the FDIC. The Bank’s Capital Policy requires management to monitor these capital standards and the Bank’s compliance with them. The Board of Directors and management periodically evaluate the quality of assets, the stability of earnings, and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses for the Bank. The Company is a source of strength for the Bank and will provide additional capital if necessary.
We believe that current and projected capital levels are appropriate for 2025. As of June 30, 2025, the Bank’s risk-based and leverage capital ratios exceed the required minimum ratios and the applicable buffers under the fully phased-in U.S. Basel III standards as well as the “well capitalized” standards under the prompt corrective action framework.
Under U.S. Basel III, the Bank is required to maintain the following minimum regulatory capital ratios: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0 percent. In addition, the Bank is subject to a Common Equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of greater than 2.5 percent. Failure to maintain the buffer will result in restrictions on the Bank’s ability to make capital distributions, including the payment of dividends, and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers. Including the buffer, the Bank is required to maintain the following capital ratios under U.S. Basel III in order to avoid such restrictions: a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of greater than 7.0 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of greater than 8.5 percent, and a Total risk-based capital ratio of greater than 10.5 percent.
To qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework for insured depository institutions, the Bank must maintain a Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.5 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.0 percent, a Total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.0 percent, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5.0 percent.
In July 2023, the federal banking agencies proposed a rule to implement significant changes to the U.S. Basel Ill regulatory capital requirements. The proposed changes to the regulatory capital requirements generally would amend or introduce approaches and methodologies that would apply to banking organizations with total consolidated assets of $100 billion or more or to banking organizations with significant trading activity. The proposed rule therefore would not affect the Bank's capital requirements or the calculation of its capital ratios. It is uncertain if and when a final rule will be adopted, and if so, whether and to what extent it will differ from the proposed rule.
Under regulations issued by the FDIC and other federal banking agencies, banking organizations that adopted CECL during the 2020 calendar year, including the Bank, could elect to delay for two years, and then phase in over the following three years, the effects on regulatory capital of CECL relative to the incurred loss methodology. The Bank elected to use this option. Therefore, the regulatory capital impact of the Bank’s transition adjustments recorded on January 1, 2020 from the adoption of CECL, and 25 percent of the ongoing impact of CECL on the Bank’s allowance for credit losses, retained earnings, and average total consolidated assets, each as reported for regulatory capital purposes (collectively, the “adjusted transition amounts”), were deferred for the two-year period ending January 1, 2022. On each of January 1, 2022, 2023, 2024, and 2025, 25 percent of the adjusted transition amounts were phased in for regulatory capital purposes. As of January 1, 2025, all adjusted transition amounts have been phased in for regulatory capital purposes. The Bank’s January 1, 2020 CECL transition amounts increased our allowance for credit losses by $1.1 billion, increased the liability representing our off-balance sheet exposure for unfunded commitments by $116 million, and increased our deferred tax asset by $306 million, resulting in a cumulative effect adjustment that reduced retained earnings by $953 million. This transition adjustment was inclusive of qualitative adjustments incorporated into our CECL allowance as necessary, to address any limitations in the models used.
The Bank’s required and actual regulatory capital amounts and ratios, including applicable capital conservation buffers, under U.S. Basel III are shown in the following table. The following capital amounts and ratios are based upon the Bank’s average assets and risk-weighted assets, as indicated. The Bank has elected to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income related to both available-for-sale investments and swap valuations from Common Equity Tier 1 Capital. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments included in other comprehensive income totaled $69 million and $83 million, net of tax of $23 million and $27 million, respectively. The capital ratios would remain above the well capitalized thresholds, including applicable capital conservation buffers, if the unrealized loss became fully recognized into capital.
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|  | Actual |  | U.S. Basel III Minimum Requirements Plus Buffer(1)(2)
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
As of June 30, 2025(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,000,169 |  | 11.5 | % |  | $ | 1,830,694 |  | > | 7.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,000,169 |  | 11.5 | % |  | $ | 2,222,986 |  | > | 8.5 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,341,939 |  | 12.8 | % |  | $ | 2,746,041 |  | > | 10.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets) |  | $ | 3,000,169 |  | 10.2 | % |  | $ | 1,174,889 |  | > | 4.0 | %
As of December 31, 2024(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 2,957,067 |  | 11.3 | % |  | $ | 1,827,318 |  | > | 7.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 2,957,067 |  | 11.3 | % |  | $ | 2,218,886 |  | > | 8.5 | %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | $ | 3,294,663 |  | 12.6 | % |  | $ | 2,740,976 |  | > | 10.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to Average Assets) |  | $ | 2,957,067 |  | 9.7 | % |  | $ | 1,213,505 |  | > | 4.0 | %

(1) Reflects the U.S. Basel III minimum required ratio plus the applicable capital conservation buffer.
(2) The Bank’s regulatory capital ratios also exceeded all applicable standards for the Bank to qualify as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework.
(3) For both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the actual amounts and the actual ratios include the fully phased in adjusted transition amounts discussed above.
Dividends
The Bank is chartered under the laws of the State of Utah and its deposits are insured by the FDIC. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to the laws of Utah and the regulations of the FDIC. Generally, under Utah’s industrial bank laws and regulations as well as FDIC regulations, the Bank may pay dividends from its net profits without regulatory approval if, following the payment of the dividend, the Bank’s capital and surplus would not be impaired. The Company relies on dividends from the Bank, as necessary, to enable the Company to pay any declared dividends and other payments and consummate share repurchases, as described herein. The Bank declared $94 million and $194 million in dividends to the Company for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and $138 million and $298 million in dividends to the Company for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, with the proceeds primarily used to fund share repurchase programs and stock dividends. We expect that the Bank will pay dividends to the Company as may be necessary to enable the Company to pay any declared dividends on its Series B Preferred Stock and common stock and to consummate any common share repurchases by the Company under the share repurchase programs.
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Borrowings
Outstanding borrowings consist of unsecured debt and secured borrowings issued through our term ABS program and our Secured Borrowing Facility. The issuing entities for those secured borrowings are VIEs and are consolidated for accounting purposes. The following table summarizes our borrowings at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. For additional information, see Note 7, “Borrowings” in this Form 10-Q.

|  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total |  | Short-Term |  | Long-Term |  | Total
Unsecured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unsecured debt (fixed-rate) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 990,356 |  |  | $ | 990,356 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 995,420 |  |  | $ | 995,420 |
Total unsecured borrowings |  | — |  |  | 990,356 |  |  | 990,356 |  |  | — |  |  | 995,420 |  |  | 995,420 |
Secured borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Education Loan term securitizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-rate |  | — |  |  | 4,625,193 |  |  | 4,625,193 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,617,743 |  |  | 4,617,743 |
Variable-rate |  | — |  |  | 795,429 |  |  | 795,429 |  |  | — |  |  | 827,182 |  |  | 827,182 |
Total Private Education Loan term securitizations |  | — |  |  | 5,420,622 |  |  | 5,420,622 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,444,925 |  |  | 5,444,925 |
Secured Borrowing Facility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total secured borrowings |  | — |  |  | 5,420,622 |  |  | 5,420,622 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,444,925 |  |  | 5,444,925 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,410,978 |  |  | $ | 6,410,978 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,440,345 |  |  | $ | 6,440,345 |

Short-term Borrowings
On June 13, 2025, we amended our Secured Borrowing Facility to increase the amount to be borrowed under the facility from $2 billion to $2.5 billion and extended the maturity. We hold 100 percent of the residual interest in the Secured Borrowing Facility Trust. The amendment extended the revolving period, during which we may borrow, repay, and reborrow funds, until June 12, 2026. The scheduled amortization period, during which amounts outstanding under the Secured Borrowing Facility must be repaid, ends on June 12, 2027 (or earlier, if certain material adverse events occur). The one-year revolving period plus the one-year amortization period results in a contractual maturity that is two years from the date of inception or renewal; however, we classify advances under our Secured Borrowing Facility as short-term borrowings because it is our intention to repay those advances within one year. At both June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, there were no outstanding short-term borrowings under the Secured Borrowing Facility.
Other Borrowing Sources
We maintain discretionary uncommitted Federal Funds lines of credit with various correspondent banks, which totaled $125 million at June 30, 2025. The interest rate we are charged on these lines of credit is priced at Fed Funds plus a spread at the time of borrowing, and is payable daily. We did not utilize these lines of credit in the six months ended June 30, 2025, nor in the year ended December 31, 2024.
We established an account at the FRB to meet eligibility requirements for access to the Primary Credit borrowing facility at the FRB’s Window. The Primary Credit borrowing facility is a lending program available to depository institutions that are in generally sound financial condition. All borrowings at the Window must be fully collateralized. We can pledge asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities, as well as Private Education Loans, to the FRB as collateral for borrowings at the Window. Generally, collateral value is assigned based on the estimated fair value of the pledged assets. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the value of our pledged collateral at the FRB totaled $2.5 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively. The interest rate charged to us is the discount rate set by the FRB. We did not utilize this facility in the six months ended June 30, 2025, nor in the year ended December 31, 2024.
Contractual Loan Commitments
When we approve a Private Education Loan at the beginning of an academic year, that approval may cover the borrowing for the entire academic year. As such, we do not always disburse the full amount of the loan at the time of such approval, but instead have a commitment to fund a portion of the loan at a later date (usually at the start of the second
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semester or subsequent trimesters). We estimate expected credit losses over the contractual period in which we are exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. At June 30, 2025, we had $1.4 billion of outstanding contractual loan commitments that we expect to fund during the remainder of the 2025/2026 academic year. At June 30, 2025, we had a $53 million reserve recorded in “Other Liabilities” to cover lifetime expected credit losses on the unfunded commitments. See Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Credit Losses — Off-Balance Sheet Exposure for Contractual Loan Commitments” in our 2024 Form 10-K and Note 4, “Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Loan Commitments” in this Form 10-Q for additional information.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations addresses our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we have identified certain accounting estimates and assumptions that we consider to be the most critical to an understanding of our financial statements because they involve significant judgments and uncertainties.
The critical accounting estimates we have identified relate to the allowance for credit losses. These estimates reflect our best judgment about current and, for some estimates, including management overlays, future economic and market conditions. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of these financial statements. If conditions change from those expected, it is reasonably possible that these judgments and estimates could change, which may result in a change in the allowance for credit losses or material changes to our consolidated financial statements. A discussion of our critical accounting policies can be found in our 2024 Form 10-K.
Allowance for Credit Losses
We maintain an allowance for credit losses for the lifetime expected credit losses on loans in our portfolios, as well as for future loan commitments, at the reporting date.
In determining the lifetime expected credit losses on our Private Education Loan portfolio loan segments, we use a discounted cash flow method. This method requires us to project future principal and interest cash flows on our loans in those portfolios.
To estimate the future expected cash flows, we use statistical loan-level models that consider life of loan expectations for defaults, prepayments, recoveries, and any other qualitative adjustments deemed necessary, to determine the adequacy of the allowance at each balance sheet date. These cash flows are discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate to calculate the present value of those cash flows. Management adjusts the effective interest rate used to discount expected cash flows to incorporate expected prepayments. The difference between the present value of those cash flows and the amortized cost basis of the underlying loans is the allowance for credit losses. Entities that measure credit losses based on the present value of expected future cash flows are permitted to report the entire change in present value as credit loss expense, but may alternatively report the change in present value due to the passage of time as interest income. We have elected to report the entire change in present value as credit loss expense.
We estimate future default rates used in our current expected credit losses at a loan level using historical loss experience, current borrower characteristics, current conditions, and economic factors forecasted over a reasonable and supportable period. At the end of the reasonable and supportable forecast period, we immediately revert our forecasted economic factors to long-term historical averages. We estimate future prepayment speeds used in our current expected credit losses at a loan level using historical prepayment experience, current borrower characteristics, current conditions, and economic factors forecasted over a reasonable and supportable period.
The reasonable and supportable forecast period is meant to represent the period in which we believe we can estimate the impact of forecasted economic factors in our expected losses. We use a two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period, although this period is subject to change as our view evolves on our ability to reasonably forecast economic conditions to estimate future losses.
In estimating future default rates and prepayment speeds in our current expected credit losses, we use a combination of expected economic scenarios coupled with our historical experience and adjust for any qualitative factors (as described below). We also develop an adverse and favorable economic scenario. At each reporting date, we determine the appropriate weighting of these alternate scenarios based upon the current economic conditions and our view of the risks of alternate outcomes. This weighting of expectations is used in calculating our current expected credit losses recorded each period.
We obtain forecasts for our expected loss model from an external economic analyst who provides us with a range of economic forecasts and projected near-term growth scenarios with various likelihoods of occurrence. Management
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reviews and weighs the economic forecasts for each of these inputs to calculate our allowance for credit losses. Our forecasting process reflects management’s continuous review of forecasting assumptions and model inputs and is consistent with our internal governance, risk management framework and CECL methodologies. Management continues to review both the scenarios and their respective weightings each quarter in determining the allowance for credit losses. The most recent adjustment to scenario weightings occurred in the first quarter of 2025.
In estimating recoveries, we use both estimates of what we expect to receive from the sale of defaulted loans as well as historical borrower payment behavior to estimate the timing and amount of future recoveries on charged-off loans.
In addition to the above modeling approach, we also take certain other qualitative factors into consideration when calculating the allowance for credit losses, which could result in management overlays (increases or decreases to the allowance for credit losses). These management overlays can encompass a broad array of factors not captured by model inputs, including, but not limited to, changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards, changes in servicing policies and collection administration practices, including changes we have implemented to our loan modification programs, state law changes that could impact servicing and collection practices, charge-offs, recoveries not already included in the analysis, the effect of other external factors such as legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated current expected credit losses, the performance of the model over time versus actual losses, and any other operational or regulatory changes that could affect our estimate of future losses.
The evaluation of the allowance for credit losses is inherently subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant changes. If actual future performance in delinquency, charge-offs, and recoveries is significantly different than estimated, or management assumptions or practices were to change, this could materially affect the estimate of the allowance for credit losses, the timing of when losses are recognized, and the related provision for credit losses in our consolidated statements of income.
When calculating our allowance for credit losses and liability for unfunded commitments, we incorporate several inputs that are subject to change period to period. These include, but are not limited to, CECL model inputs and any overlays deemed necessary by management. The most impactful CECL model inputs include:
•Economic forecasts;
•Weighting of economic forecasts; and
•Recovery rates.
Of the model inputs outlined above, economic forecasts, weighting of economic forecasts, and recovery rates are subject to estimation uncertainty, and changes in these inputs could have a material impact to our allowance for credit losses and the related provision for credit losses.
In the second quarter of 2024, we implemented a loan-level future default rate model that includes current portfolio characteristics and forecasts of real gross domestic product and college graduate unemployment. In the second quarter of 2024, we also implemented a future prepayment speeds model to include forecasts of real gross domestic product, retail sales, SOFR, and the U.S. 10-year treasury rate. These models reduce the reliance on certain qualitative overlays compared to the previous default rate and prepayment speeds models. Prior to these changes, our default rate and prepayment speeds models used forecasts of college graduate unemployment, retail sales, home price index, and median family income. Both the future default rate model and the future prepayment speeds model are used in determining the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis
Our interest rate risk management program seeks to manage and control interest rate risk, thereby reducing our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, and achieving consistent and acceptable levels of profit in any rate environment and sustainable growth in net interest income over the long term. We evaluate and monitor interest rate risk through two primary methods:
•Earnings at Risk (“EAR”), which measures the impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates on net interest income; and
•Economic Value of Equity (“EVE”), which measures the sensitivity or change in the economic value of equity to changes in interest rates.
A number of potential interest rate scenarios are simulated using our asset liability management system. The Bank is the primary source of interest rate risk within the Company. At present, a significant portion of the Bank’s earning assets and a large balance of deposits were indexed to 30-day average SOFR. Therefore, 30-day average SOFR is considered a core rate in our interest rate risk analysis. The 30-day average SOFR and other rates are shocked in parallel for shock scenarios unless otherwise indicated. Rates are adjusted up or down via a set of scenarios that includes both rate shocks and ramps. Rate shocks represent an immediate and sustained change in key rates, with the resulting changes in other indices correlated accordingly. Interest rate ramps represent a linear increase in those key rates over the course of 12 months, with the resulting changes in other indices correlated accordingly.
The following table summarizes the potential effect on earnings over the next 24 months and the potential effect on market values of balance sheet assets and liabilities at June 30, 2025 and 2024, based upon a sensitivity analysis performed by management assuming hypothetical increases in market interest rates of 100 and 300 basis points and a decrease of 100 and 300 basis points while credit and funding spreads remain constant. EAR analysis assumes a static balance sheet, with maturities of each product replaced with assumed issuance of new products of the same type. The EVE sensitivity is applied only to financial assets and liabilities, including hedging instruments, that existed at the balance sheet date, and does not reflect any impact of loan sales, new assets, liabilities, commitments, or hedging instruments that may arise in the future.
The EAR results for June 30, 2025 indicate a market risk profile of low sensitivity to rate changes, based on static balance sheet assumptions over the next two years. The higher mix of fixed-rate versus variable-rate loan disbursements continues, which results in our liabilities repricing more quickly than our assets over time. Planned loan sales, which are not included in the static EVE modeling, significantly reduce our EVE exposure. Management is evaluating this trend to determine if, and when, further actions are necessary to manage EVE sensitivity.

| 2025 |  | 2024
As of June 30, | +300 Basis Points |  | +100 Basis Points |  | -100 Basis Points |  | -300 Basis Points |  | +300 Basis Points |  | +100 Basis Points |  | -100 Basis Points |  | -300 Basis Points
EAR - Shock | -10.6% |  | -3.4% |  | +2.8% |  | +8.8% |  | -4.7% |  | -1.5% |  | +1.3% |  | +3.7%
EAR - Ramp | -6.1% |  | -1.9% |  | +1.7% |  | +5.2% |  | -2.5% |  | -0.8% |  | +0.7% |  | +1.9%
EVE | -24.5% |  | -8.1% |  | +7.5% |  | +22.4% |  | -24.3% |  | -8.4% |  | +8.6% |  | +25.8%

In the preceding tables, the interest rate sensitivity analysis reflects the balance sheet mix of fully variable SOFR and Prime-based loans, and fully variable funding, including brokered CDs that have been converted to SOFR through derivative transactions. The analysis assumes that retail MMDAs and retail savings balances, while relatively sensitive to interest rate changes, will not correlate 100 percent to the full interest rate shocks or ramps.
Although we believe that these measurements provide an estimate of our interest rate sensitivity, they do not account for potential changes in credit quality, balance sheet mix, and size of our balance sheet. They also do not account for other business developments that could affect net income, or for management actions that could affect net income or could be taken to change our risk profile. Accordingly, we can give no assurance that actual results would not differ
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materially from the estimated outcomes of our simulations. Further, such simulations do not represent our current view of expected future interest rate movements.
Asset and Liability Funding Gap
The table below presents our assets and liabilities (funding) arranged by underlying indices as of June 30, 2025. In the following GAAP presentation, the funding gap only includes derivatives that qualify as effective hedges (those derivatives which are reflected in net interest income, as opposed to those reflected in the “gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging activities, net” line on the consolidated statements of income). The difference between the asset and the funding is the funding gap for the specified index. This represents at a high level our exposure to interest rate risk in the form of basis risk and repricing risk, which is the risk that the different indices may reset at different frequencies or may not move in the same direction or at the same magnitude. (Note that all fixed-rate assets and liabilities are aggregated into one line item, which does not capture the differences in time due to maturity.)

As of June 30, 2025 (dollars in millions) Index |  | Frequency of Variable Resets |  | Assets |  | Funding (1) |  | Funding Gap
Fed Funds Effective Rate |  | daily/weekly/monthly |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 414.0 |  |  | $ | (414.0) |
SOFR Rate |  | daily/weekly/monthly |  | 5,041.6 |  |  | 4,927.6 |  |  | 114.0 |
3-month SOFR |  | quarterly |  | — |  |  | 251.1 |  |  | (251.1) |
3-month Treasury bill |  | weekly |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Prime |  | monthly |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |
Non-Discrete reset(2) |  | daily/weekly |  | 4,303.4 |  |  | 3,600.4 |  |  | 703.0 |
Fixed-Rate(3) |  |  |  | 20,257.7 |  |  | 20,409.8 |  |  | (152.1) |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 29,602.9 |  |  | $ | 29,602.9 |  |  | $ | — |

(1) Funding (by index) includes the impact of all derivatives that qualify as effective hedges.
(2) Assets include restricted and unrestricted cash equivalents and other overnight type instruments. Funding includes liquid retail deposits and the obligation to return cash collateral held related to derivatives exposures.
(3) Assets include receivables and other assets (including premiums and reserves). Funding includes unswapped time deposits, liquid MMDAs swapped to fixed-rates, and stockholders' equity.
The “Funding Gap” in the above table primarily shows mismatches in the Fed Funds Effective Rate, SOFR rate, 3-month SOFR, Non-Discrete Reset, and Fixed-Rate categories. Changes in the Fed Funds Effective Rate, the Non-Discrete Reset, and the daily, weekly, and monthly SOFR, and 3-month SOFR categories are generally quite highly correlated, and should offset each other effectively. The funding in the fixed-rate bucket includes $2.1 billion of stockholders’ equity and $0.3 billion of non-interest bearing liabilities. We consider the overall repricing risk to be low.
We use interest rate swaps and other derivatives to achieve our risk management objectives. Our asset liability management strategy is to match assets with debt (in combination with derivatives) that have the same underlying index and reset frequency or have interest rate characteristics that we believe are highly correlated. The use of funding with index types and reset frequencies that are different from our assets exposes us to interest rate risk in the form of basis and repricing risk. This could result in our cost of funds not moving in the same direction or with the same magnitude as the yield on our assets. While we believe this risk is low, as all of these indices are short-term with rate movements that are highly correlated over a long period of time, market disruptions (which have occurred in recent years) can lead to a temporary divergence between indices, resulting in a negative impact to our earnings.
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Weighted Average Life
The following table reflects the weighted average lives of our earning assets and liabilities at June 30, 2025.

As of June 30, 2025 (averages in years) | Weighted Average Life
Earning assets |
Private Education Loans | 5.58 |
Cash and investments | 1.38 |
Total earning assets | 4.69 |
Deposits |
Short-term deposits | 0.58 |
Long-term deposits | 2.15 |
Total deposits | 0.81 |
Borrowings |
Long-term borrowings | 3.85 |
Total borrowings | 3.85 |

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of June 30, 2025. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of June 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2025 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The information required by this item is set forth in the “Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees” discussion in Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, which discussion is incorporated herein by reference in response to this Item.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our business activities involve a variety of risks. Readers should carefully consider the risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our 2024 Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Share Repurchases
The following table provides information relating to our purchase of shares of our common stock in the three months ended June 30, 2025.

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) | Total Number of Shares Purchased(1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(2)(3) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(2)
Period: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
April 1 - April 30, 2025 | 1,253,905 |  |  | $ | 26.63 |  |  | 1,239,311 |  |  | $ | 339,000 |
May 1 - May 31, 2025 | 485,754 |  |  | $ | 33.03 |  |  | 484,460 |  |  | $ | 323,000 |
June 1 - June 30, 2025 | 646,567 |  |  | $ | 32.29 |  |  | 642,585 |  |  | $ | 302,000 |
Total Second Quarter 2025 | 2,386,226 |  |  | $ | 29.46 |  |  | 2,366,356 |  |  |

(1) The total number of shares purchased includes: (i) shares purchased under the stock repurchase programs discussed herein, and (ii) 19,870 shares of our common stock tendered to us to satisfy the exercise price in connection with cashless exercises of stock options, and tax withholding obligations in connection with exercises of stock options and vesting of restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and dividend equivalent units.
(2) As of June 30, 2025, there was $302 million in capacity remaining under the 2024 Share Repurchase Program. The 2024 Share Repurchase Program was announced on January 24, 2024, with an effective date of January 26, 2024, and expires on February 6, 2026. See Note 9, “Stockholders’ Equity” to our consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q for further discussion.
(3) In the second quarter of 2025, we repurchased 2.4 million shares under 10b5-1 trading plans. See Note 9, “Stockholders’ Equity” to our consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q for further discussion.
The closing price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on June 30, 2025 was $32.79.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Nothing to report.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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Item 5. Other Information
Insider Trading Arrangements
In the second quarter of 2025, no director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” for the purchase or sale of securities of the Company, each within the meaning of Item 408 of Regulation S-K.
Item 6. Exhibits
The following exhibits are furnished or filed, as applicable:

10.1 | Form of SLM Corporation 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, Independent Director Restricted Stock Agreement - 2025.
10.2 | Form of SLM Corporation 2025 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 20, 2025).
31.1 | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

SLM CORPORATION (Registrant)
By: |  | /S/ PETER M. GRAHAM |
|  | Peter M. Graham Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |

Date: July 24, 2025
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