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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019
OR
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 1-8957
ALASKA AIR GROUP, INC.

Delaware |  | 91-1292054
(State of Incorporation) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Title of each class | Name of each exchange on which registered | Ticker Symbol
Common stock, $0.01 par value | New York Stock Exchange | ALK

19300 International Boulevard, | Seattle, | WA | 98188

| Telephone: | (206) | 392-5040 |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by checkmark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.): Yes ☐ No ☒
The registrant has 123,173,426 common shares, par value $0.01, outstanding at October 31, 2019.
This document is also available on our website at http://investor.alaskaair.com.

ALASKA AIR GROUP, INC.
FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 4
ITEM 1. | CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 4
ITEM 2. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 23
ITEM 3. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK | 41
ITEM 4. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 42
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION | 43
ITEM 1. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 43
ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS | 43
ITEM 2. | UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 43
ITEM 3. | DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES | 43
ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 44
ITEM 5. | OTHER INFORMATION | 44
ITEM 6. | EXHIBITS | 44
| SIGNATURES | 44

As used in this Form 10-Q, the terms “Air Group,” the “Company,” “our,” “we” and "us" refer to Alaska Air Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise. Alaska Airlines, Inc., Virgin America Inc. (through July 20, 2018, at which point it was legally merged into Alaska Airlines, Inc), and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. are referred to as “Alaska,” “Virgin America” and “Horizon” and together as our “airlines.”
2

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
In addition to historical information, this Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are those that predict or describe future events or trends and that do not relate solely to historical matters. You can generally identify forward-looking statements as statements containing the words "believe," "expect," "will," "anticipate," "intend," "estimate," "project," "assume" or other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical experience or the Company’s present expectations. Some of the things that could cause actual results to differ from our expectations are:

• | the competitive environment in our industry;

• | changes in our operating costs, including fuel, which can be volatile;

• | our ability to meet our cost reduction goals;

• | our ability to achieve anticipated synergies and timing thereof in connection with our acquisition of Virgin America;

• | our ability to successfully integrate the Boeing and Airbus operations;

• | labor disputes and our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel;

• | operational disruptions;

• | general economic conditions, including the impact of those conditions on customer travel behavior;

• | the concentration of our revenue from a few key markets;

• | an aircraft accident or incident;

• | actual or threatened terrorist attacks, global instability and potential U.S. military actions or activities;

• | our reliance on automated systems and the risks associated with changes made to those systems;

• | changes in laws and regulations.

You should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements because the matters they describe are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other unpredictable factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our forward-looking statements are based on the information currently available to us and speak only as of the date on which this report was filed with the SEC. We expressly disclaim any obligation to issue any updates or revisions to our forward-looking statements, even if subsequent events cause our expectations to change regarding the matters discussed in those statements. Over time, our actual results, performance or achievements will likely differ from the anticipated results, performance or achievements that are expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements, and such differences might be significant and materially adverse to our shareholders. For a discussion of these and other risk factors, see Item 1A. "Risk Factors” of the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, and Item 1A. "Risk Factors" included herein. Please consider our forward-looking statements in light of those risks as you read this report.
3

PART I

ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ALASKA AIR GROUP, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (unaudited)

(in millions) | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
ASSETS |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | 105 |
Marketable securities | 1,382 |  |  | 1,131 |
Total cash and marketable securities | 1,619 |  |  | 1,236 |
Receivables - net | 377 |  |  | 366 |
Inventories and supplies - net | 63 |  |  | 60 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 143 |  |  | 125 |
Total Current Assets | 2,202 |  |  | 1,787 |
Property and Equipment |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft and other flight equipment | 8,492 |  |  | 8,221 |
Other property and equipment | 1,272 |  |  | 1,363 |
Deposits for future flight equipment | 463 |  |  | 439 |
| 10,227 |  |  | 10,023 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | 3,393 |  |  | 3,242 |
Total Property and Equipment - Net | 6,834 |  |  | 6,781 |
Operating lease assets | 1,647 |  |  | — |
Goodwill | 1,943 |  |  | 1,943 |
Intangible assets - net | 123 |  |  | 127 |
Other noncurrent assets | 234 |  |  | 274 |
Other Assets | 3,947 |  |  | 2,344 |
Total Assets | $ | 12,983 |  |  | $ | 10,912 |

4

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (unaudited)

(in millions, except share amounts) | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 132 |
Accrued wages, vacation and payroll taxes | 391 |  |  | 415 |
Air traffic liability | 1,032 |  |  | 788 |
Other accrued liabilities | 476 |  |  | 416 |
Deferred revenue | 794 |  |  | 705 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities | 268 |  |  | — |
Current portion of long-term debt | 265 |  |  | 486 |
Total Current Liabilities | 3,346 |  |  | 2,942 |
Long-Term Debt, Net of Current Portion | 1,444 |  |  | 1,617 |
Noncurrent Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Long-term operating lease liabilities, net of current portion | 1,376 |  |  | — |
Deferred income taxes | 708 |  |  | 512 |
Deferred revenue | 1,177 |  |  | 1,169 |
Obligation for pension and postretirement medical benefits | 467 |  |  | 503 |
Other liabilities | 213 |  |  | 418 |
| 3,941 |  |  | 2,602 |
Commitments and Contingencies |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, Authorized: 5,000,000 shares, none issued or outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, Authorized: 400,000,000 shares, Issued: 2019 - 131,770,976 shares; 2018 - 130,813,476 shares, Outstanding: 2019 - 123,277,911 shares; 2018 - 123,194,430 shares | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Capital in excess of par value | 297 |  |  | 232 |
Treasury stock (common), at cost: 2019 - 8,493,065 shares; 2018 - 7,619,046 shares | (621 | ) |  | (568 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (421 | ) |  | (448 | )
Retained earnings | 4,996 |  |  | 4,534 |
| 4,252 |  |  | 3,751 |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity | $ | 12,983 |  |  | $ | 10,912 |

5

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (unaudited)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions, except per share amounts) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Operating Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passenger revenue | $ | 2,211 |  |  | $ | 2,043 |  |  | 6,038 |  |  | 5,724 |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 118 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 346 |  |  | 329 |
Cargo and other | 60 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 147 |
Total Operating Revenues | 2,389 |  |  | 2,212 |  |  | 6,553 |  |  | 6,200 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wages and benefits | 608 |  |  | 549 |  |  | 1,732 |  |  | 1,629 |
Variable incentive pay | 46 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 104 |
Aircraft fuel, including hedging gains and losses | 486 |  |  | 513 |  |  | 1,408 |  |  | 1,397 |
Aircraft maintenance | 106 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 341 |  |  | 320 |
Aircraft rent | 82 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 233 |
Landing fees and other rentals | 143 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 388 |  |  | 371 |
Contracted services | 72 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 227 |
Selling expenses | 77 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 245 |
Depreciation and amortization | 106 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 317 |  |  | 290 |
Food and beverage service | 57 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 158 |
Third-party regional carrier expense | 42 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 114 |
Other | 137 |  |  | 141 |  |  | 411 |  |  | 423 |
Special items - merger-related costs | 5 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 67 |
Special items - other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |
Total Operating Expenses | 1,967 |  |  | 1,915 |  |  | 5,742 |  |  | 5,603 |
Operating Income | 422 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 811 |  |  | 597 |
Nonoperating Income (Expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 29 |
Interest expense | (18 | ) |  | (22 | ) |  | (60 | ) |  | (71 | )
Interest capitalized | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 14 |
Other—net | (3 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (20 | ) |  | (20 | )
Total Nonoperating Income (Expense) | (6 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | (38 | ) |  | (48 | )
Income Before Income Tax | 416 |  |  | 284 |  |  | 773 |  |  | 549 |
Income tax expense | 94 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 185 |  |  | 135 |
Net Income | $ | 322 |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 588 |  |  | $ | 414 |
Basic Earnings Per Share: | $ | 2.61 |  |  | $ | 1.76 |  |  | $ | 4.76 |  |  | $ | 3.36 |
Diluted Earnings Per Share: | $ | 2.60 |  |  | $ | 1.75 |  |  | $ | 4.74 |  |  | $ | 3.34 |
Shares used for computation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 123.280 |  |  | 123.224 |  |  | 123.330 |  |  | 123.216 |
Diluted | 124.067 |  |  | 123.864 |  |  | 124.051 |  |  | 123.804 |

6

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE OPERATIONS (unaudited)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net Income | $ | 322 |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 588 |  |  | $ | 414 |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Related to marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gain (loss) arising during the period | 4 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 31 |  |  | (19 | )
Reclassification of (gain) loss into Other - net nonoperating income (expense) | (5 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 5 |
Income tax effect | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 4 |
Total | (1 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | 21 |  |  | (10 | )
Related to employee benefit plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification of net pension expense into Wages and benefits and Other - net nonoperating income (expense) | 8 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 21 |
Income tax effect | (2 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (5 | )
Total | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 16 |
Related to interest rate derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gain (loss) arising during the period | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (17 | ) |  | 8 |
Reclassification of loss into Aircraft rent | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Income tax effect | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | (3 | )
Total | (4 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (12 | ) |  | 8 |
Other Comprehensive Income | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 14 |
Comprehensive Income | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 224 |  |  | $ | 615 |  |  | $ | 428 |

7

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (unaudited)

(in millions) | Common Stock Outstanding |  | Common Stock |  | Capital in Excess of Par Value |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Retained Earnings |  | Total
Balances at December 31, 2018 | 123.194 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 232 |  |  | $ | (568 | ) |  | $ | (448 | ) |  | $ | 4,534 |  |  | $ | 3,751 |
Cumulative effect of accounting changes(a) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
Common stock repurchase | (0.215 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Cash dividend declared ($0.35 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (43 | ) |  | (43 | )
Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan | 0.391 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | . |  | 20 |
Stock issued under stock plans | 0.134 |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | )
Balances at March 31, 2019 | 123.504 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 261 |  |  | $ | (581 | ) |  | $ | (433 | ) |  | $ | 4,498 |  |  | $ | 3,746 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 262 |  |  | 262 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Common stock repurchase | (0.194 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Cash dividend declared ($0.35 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (43 | ) |  | (43 | )
Stock issued under stock plans | 0.028 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balances at June 30, 2019 | 123.338 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 270 |  |  | $ | (593 | ) |  | $ | (422 | ) |  | $ | 4,717 |  |  | $ | 3,973 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 322 |  |  | 322 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Common stock repurchase | (0.465 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Cash dividend declared ($0.35 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (43 | ) |  | (43 | )
Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan | 0.394 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |
Stock issued under stock plans | 0.011 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balances at September 30, 2019 | 123.278 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | (621 | ) |  | $ | (421 | ) |  | $ | 4,996 |  |  | $ | 4,252 |

(a) | Represents the opening balance sheet adjustment recorded as a result of the adoption of the new lease accounting standard.

8

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (unaudited)

(in millions) | Common Stock Outstanding |  | Common Stock |  | Capital in Excess of Par Value |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Retained Earnings |  | Total
Balances at December 31, 2017 | 123.061 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | (518 | ) |  | $ | (380 | ) |  | $ | 4,193 |  |  | $ | 3,460 |
Reclassification of tax effects to Retained Earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (62 | ) |  | 62 |  |  | — |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Common stock repurchase | (0.186 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Cash dividend declared ($0.32 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (40 | ) |  | (40 | )
Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan | 0.312 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |
Stock issued under stock plans | 0.163 |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | )
Balances at March 31, 2018 | 123.350 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | (531 | ) |  | $ | (440 | ) |  | $ | 4,219 |  |  | $ | 3,439 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 193 |  |  | 193 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Common stock repurchase | (0.204 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Cash dividend declared ($0.32 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (39 | ) |  | (39 | )
Stock issued under stock plans | 0.058 |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Balances at June 30, 2018 | 123.204 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | (544 | ) |  | $ | (435 | ) |  | $ | 4,373 |  |  | $ | 3,593 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 217 |  |  | 217 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Common stock repurchase | (0.193 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Cash dividend declared ($0.32 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (40 | ) |  | (40 | )
Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan | 0.320 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |
Stock issued under stock plans | 0.030 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balances at September 30, 2018 | 123.361 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 224 |  |  | $ | (556 | ) |  | $ | (428 | ) |  | $ | 4,550 |  |  | $ | 3,791 |

9

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 588 |  |  | $ | 414 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 317 |  |  | 290 |
Stock-based compensation and other | 20 |  |  | 34 |
Changes in certain assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Changes in deferred tax provision | 187 |  |  | 122 |
Increase in air traffic liability | 244 |  |  | 144 |
Increase in deferred revenue | 97 |  |  | 106 |
Pension contribution | (65 | ) |  | — |
Other—net | (7 | ) |  | (124 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 1,381 |  |  | 986 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Property and equipment additions: |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft and aircraft purchase deposits | (286 | ) |  | (349 | )
Other flight equipment | (125 | ) |  | (76 | )
Other property and equipment | (116 | ) |  | (129 | )
Total property and equipment additions, including capitalized interest | (527 | ) |  | (554 | )
Purchases of marketable securities | (1,446 | ) |  | (672 | )
Sales and maturities of marketable securities | 1,228 |  |  | 857 |
Other investing activities | 37 |  |  | 36 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (708 | ) |  | (333 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of debt | 356 |  |  | — |
Long-term debt payments | (752 | ) |  | (544 | )
Common stock repurchases | (53 | ) |  | (37 | )
Dividends paid | (129 | ) |  | (118 | )
Other financing activities | 40 |  |  | 33 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (538 | ) |  | (666 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 135 |  |  | (13 | )
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year | 114 |  |  | 197 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the period | $ | 249 |  |  | $ | 184 |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |
Interest (net of amount capitalized) | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 60 |
Income taxes, net of refunds received | 2 |  |  | — |
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the period |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | 174 |
Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 12 |  |  | 10 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the period | $ | 249 |  |  | $ | 184 |

10

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited)
NOTE 1. GENERAL AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Organization and Basis of Presentation
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Air Group, or the Company, and its primary subsidiaries, Alaska (including Virgin America in 2018) and Horizon. The condensed consolidated financial statements also include McGee Air Services, a ground services subsidiary of Alaska. The Company conducts substantially all of its operations through these subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) for interim financial information. Consistent with these requirements, this Form 10-Q does not include all the information required by GAAP for complete financial statements. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. In the opinion of management, all adjustments have been made that are necessary to fairly present the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2019 and the results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. Such adjustments were of a normal recurring nature.
Certain reclassifications and rounding adjustments have been made to prior year financial statements to conform to classifications used in the current year.
In preparing these statements, the Company is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Due to seasonal variations in the demand for air travel, the volatility of aircraft fuel prices, changes in global economic conditions, changes in the competitive environment and other factors, operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of operating results for the entire year.
NOTE 2. REVENUE
Ticket revenue is recorded as Passenger revenue, and represents the primary source of the Company's revenue. Also included in Passenger revenue are passenger ancillary revenues, such as bag fees, on-board food and beverage, ticket change fees, and certain revenue from the frequent flyer program. Mileage Plan other revenue includes brand and marketing revenue from the Company's co-branded credit card and other partners and certain interline frequent flyer revenue, net of commissions. Cargo and other revenue includes freight and mail revenue, and to a lesser extent, other ancillary revenue products such as lounge membership and certain commissions.
The Company disaggregates revenue by segment in Note 9. The details within the Company’s statements of operations, segment disclosures, and in this footnote depict the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and how cash flows are affected by economic and other factors.
Passenger Ticket and Ancillary Services Revenue
Passenger revenue recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations (in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Passenger ticket revenue, including ticket breakage and net of taxes and fees | $ | 1,868 |  |  | $ | 1,744 |  |  | $ | 5,099 |  |  | $ | 4,864 |
Passenger ancillary revenue | 157 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 428 |  |  | 401 |
Mileage Plan passenger revenue | 186 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 511 |  |  | 459 |
Total Passenger revenue | $ | 2,211 |  |  | $ | 2,043 |  |  | $ | 6,038 |  |  | $ | 5,724 |

11

Mileage Plan™ Loyalty Program
Mileage Plan™ revenue included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations (in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Passenger revenue | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 511 |  |  | $ | 459 |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 118 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 346 |  |  | 329 |
Total Mileage Plan revenue | $ | 304 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 857 |  |  | $ | 788 |

Cargo and Other
Cargo and other revenue included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations (in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Cargo revenue | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 96 |
Other revenue | 24 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 51 |
Total Cargo and other revenue | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 147 |

Air Traffic Liability and Deferred Revenue
Passenger ticket and ancillary services liabilities
The Company recognized Passenger revenue of $19 million and $27 million from the prior year-end air traffic liability balance for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, and $582 million and $540 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.
Mileage Plan TM assets and liabilities
The Company records a receivable for amounts due from the bank partner and from other partners as mileage credits are sold until the payments are collected. The Company had $103 million of such receivables as of September 30, 2019 and $119 million as of December 31, 2018.
The table below presents a roll forward of the total frequent flyer liability (in millions):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
Total Deferred Revenue balance at January 1 |  | $ | 1,874 |  |  | $ | 1,725 |
Travel miles and companion certificate redemption - Passenger revenue |  | (511 | ) |  | (459 | )
Miles redeemed on partner airlines - Other revenue |  | (84 | ) |  | (66 | )
Increase in liability for mileage credits issued |  | 692 |  |  | 631 |
Total Deferred Revenue balance at September 30 |  | $ | 1,971 |  |  | $ | 1,831 |

NOTE 3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
In determining fair value, there is a three-level hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs used. Level 1 refers to fair values based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 refers to fair values estimated using significant other observable inputs and Level 3 refers to fair values estimated using significant unobservable inputs.
12

Fair Value of Financial Instruments on a Recurring Basis
As of September 30, 2019, total cost basis for all marketable securities was $1.4 billion. There were no significant differences between the cost basis and fair value of any individual class of marketable securities.
Fair values of financial instruments on the consolidated balance sheet (in millions):

| September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | $ | 379 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 379 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 293 |
Equity mutual funds | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign government bonds | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | 26 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 201 |  |  | 201 |  |  | — |  |  | 190 |  |  | 190 |
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 142 |  |  | 142 |  |  | — |  |  | 92 |  |  | 92 |
Corporate notes and bonds | — |  |  | 609 |  |  | 609 |  |  | — |  |  | 520 |  |  | 520 |
Municipal securities | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Total Marketable securities | 384 |  |  | 998 |  |  | 1,382 |  |  | 293 |  |  | 838 |  |  | 1,131 |
Derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel hedge—call options | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Interest rate swap agreements | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Total Assets | $ | 384 |  |  | $ | 1,007 |  |  | $ | 1,391 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  | $ | 852 |  |  | $ | 1,145 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap agreements | — |  |  | (14 | ) |  | (14 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7 | ) |  | (7 | )
Total Liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (7 | ) |  | $ | (7 | )

The Company uses both the market and income approach to determine the fair value of marketable securities. U.S. government securities and equity mutual funds are Level 1 as the fair value is based on quoted prices in active markets. Foreign government bonds, asset-backed securities, mortgage-backed securities, corporate notes and bonds, and municipal securities are Level 2 as the fair value is based on standard valuation models that are calculated based on observable inputs such as quoted interest rates, yield curves, credit ratings of the security and other observable market information.
The Company uses the market approach and the income approach to determine the fair value of derivative instruments. The fair value for fuel hedge call options is determined utilizing an option pricing model based on inputs that are readily available in active markets or can be derived from information available in active markets. In addition, the fair value considers the exposure to credit losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties. Interest rate swap agreements are Level 2 as the fair value of these contracts is determined based on the difference between the fixed interest rate in the agreements and the observable LIBOR-based interest forward rates at period end multiplied by the total notional value.
Activity and Maturities for Marketable Securities
Unrealized losses from marketable securities are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates. Management does not believe any unrealized losses represent other-than-temporary impairments based on its evaluation of available information as of September 30, 2019.
13

Maturities for marketable securities (in millions):

September 30, 2019 | Cost Basis |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | 244 |  |  | $ | 244 |
Due after one year through five years | 1,105 |  |  | 1,118 |
Due after five years through 10 years | 15 |  |  | 15 |
Total | $ | 1,364 |  |  | $ | 1,377 |

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments
The Company uses the following methods and assumptions to determine the fair value of financial instruments that are not recognized at fair value as described below.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash: Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, such as money market funds, commercial paper and certificates of deposit. They are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.
The Company's restricted cash balances are primarily used to guarantee various letters of credit, self-insurance programs or other contractual rights. Restricted cash consists of highly liquid securities with original maturities of three months or less. They are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.
Debt: Debt assumed in the acquisition of Virgin America was subject to a non-recurring fair valuation adjustment as part of purchase price accounting. The adjustment is amortized over the life of the associated debt. All other fixed-rate debt is carried at cost. To estimate the fair value of all fixed-rate debt as of September 30, 2019, the Company uses the income approach by discounting cash flows using borrowing rates for comparable debt over the remaining life of the outstanding debt. The estimated fair value of the fixed-rate debt is Level 3 as certain inputs used are unobservable.
Fixed-rate debt on the consolidated balance sheet and the estimated fair value of long-term fixed-rate debt is as follows (in millions):

| September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Fixed-rate debt at cost | $ | 567 |  |  | $ | 639 |
Non-recurring purchase price accounting fair value adjustment | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Total fixed-rate debt | $ | 569 |  |  | $ | 642 |
Estimated fair value | $ | 584 |  |  | $ | 641 |

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Nonrecurring Basis
Certain assets and liabilities are recognized or disclosed at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, including property, plant and equipment, operating lease assets, goodwill, and intangible assets. These assets are subject to fair valuation when there is evidence of impairment. No material impairment charges were taken in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018.
14

NOTE 4. LONG-TERM DEBT
Long-term debt obligations on the consolidated balance sheet (in millions):

| September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Fixed-rate notes payable due through 2029 | $ | 569 |  |  | $ | 642 |
Variable-rate notes payable due through 2029 | 1,150 |  |  | 1,473 |
Less debt issuance costs | (10 | ) |  | (12 | )
Total debt | 1,709 |  |  | 2,103 |
Less current portion | 265 |  |  | 486 |
Long-term debt, less current portion | $ | 1,444 |  |  | $ | 1,617 |
Weighted-average fixed-interest rate | 3.4 | % |  | 4.1 | %
Weighted-average variable-interest rate | 3.2 | % |  | 3.9 | %

Approximately $745 million of the Company's total variable-rate notes payable are effectively fixed via interest rate swaps at September 30, 2019.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company made debt payments of $752 million, including the prepayment of $532 million of debt. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company obtained additional secured debt financing of $356 million from multiple lenders. The new debt is secured by a total of 12 aircraft.
At September 30, 2019 long-term debt principal payments for the next five years and thereafter are as follows (in millions):

| Total
Remainder of 2019 | $ | 63 |
2020 | 268 |
2021 | 313 |
2022 | 274 |
2023 | 234 |
Thereafter | 565 |
Total | $ | 1,717 |

Bank Lines of Credit
The Company has three credit facilities with availability totaling $516 million as of September 30, 2019. All three facilities have variable interest rates based on LIBOR plus a specified margin. One credit facility for $250 million expires in June 2021 and is secured by aircraft. The second credit facility for $116 million expires in July 2020, with a mechanism for annual renewal, and is secured by aircraft. A third credit facility for $150 million expires in March 2022 and is secured by certain accounts receivable, spare engines, spare parts and ground service equipment. The Company has secured letters of credit against the $116 million facility, but has no plans to borrow using either of the two other facilities. All three credit facilities have a requirement to maintain a minimum unrestricted cash and marketable securities balance of $500 million. The Company was in compliance with this covenant at September 30, 2019.
NOTE 5. LEASES
In 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)," which requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for certain operating leases. Under the new standard, a lessee must recognize a liability on the balance sheet representing the lease payments owed, and a lease asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. In 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, "Targeted Improvements - Leases (Topic 842)," which amended Topic 842 to provide a transition method that would not require adjusting comparative period financial information.
The Company transitioned to the new lease accounting standard effective January 1, 2019 utilizing the alternative transition method. Upon transition, the Company recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings of $3 million. The new standard eliminated build-to-suit lease accounting guidance and resulted in the derecognition of build-to-suit assets and liabilities of approximately $150 million each.
15

The Company elected certain practical expedients under the standard, including the practical expedient allowing a policy election to exclude from recognition short-term lease assets and lease liabilities for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less. Such expense was not material for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Additionally, the Company elected the available package of practical expedients allowing for no reassessment of lease classification for existing leases, no reassessment of expired contracts, and no reassessments of initial direct costs for existing leases.
The Company has five asset classes for operating leases: aircraft, capacity purchase arrangements with aircraft (CPA aircraft), airport and terminal facilities, corporate real estate and other equipment. All capitalized lease assets have been recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2019 as Operating lease assets, with the corresponding liabilities recorded as Operating lease liabilities. Consistent with past accounting, operating rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
At September 30, 2019, the Operating lease assets balance by asset class was as follows (in millions):

| Operating lease assets
Aircraft | $ | 974 |
CPA aircraft | 609 |
Airport and terminal facilities | 18 |
Corporate real estate and other | 46 |
Total Operating lease assets | $ | 1,647 |

Aircraft
At September 30, 2019, the Company had operating leases for 10 Boeing 737 (B737), 62 Airbus, and eight Bombardier Q400 aircraft. Additionally, the Company operates 32 Embraer 175 (E175) aircraft through its capacity purchase arrangement with SkyWest Airlines, Inc. (SkyWest). Remaining lease terms for these aircraft extend up to 12 years, with options to extend, subject to negotiation at the end of the term. As extension is not certain, and rates are highly likely to be renegotiated, the extended term is only capitalized when it is reasonably determinable. While aircraft rent is primarily fixed, certain leases contain rental adjustments throughout the lease term which would be recognized as variable expense as incurred. Variable lease expense for aircraft was $1 million and $4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.
Capacity purchase agreements with aircraft (CPA aircraft)
At September 30, 2019, Alaska had CPAs with three carriers, including the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Horizon. Horizon sells 100% of its capacity under a CPA with Alaska. Alaska also has CPAs with SkyWest to fly certain routes in the Lower 48 and Canada, and with Peninsula Aviation Services, Inc., (PenAir) to fly certain routes in the state of Alaska. Under these agreements, Alaska pays the carriers an amount which is based on a determination of their cost of operating those flights and other factors intended to approximate market rates for those services. As Horizon is a wholly-owned subsidiary, intercompany leases between Alaska and Horizon have not been recognized under the standard. The agreement with PenAir does not contain a leasing arrangement, resulting in no asset or liability recognized.
Remaining lease terms for CPA aircraft range from 8 years to 11 years. Financial arrangements of the CPAs include a fixed component, representing the costs to operate each aircraft and is capitalized under the new lease accounting standard. CPAs also include variable rent based on actual levels of flying, which is expensed as incurred. Variable lease expense for CPA aircraft for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was not material.
Airport and terminal facilities
The Company leases ticket counters, gates, cargo and baggage space, ground equipment, office space and other support areas at numerous airports. For this asset class, the Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components. The majority of airport and terminal facility leases are not capitalized because they do not meet the definition of controlled assets under the standard, or because the lease payments are entirely variable. For airports where leased assets are identified, and where the contract includes fixed lease payments, operating lease assets and lease liabilities have been recorded. The Company is also commonly responsible for maintenance, insurance and other facility-related expenses and services under these agreements. These costs are recognized as variable expense in the period incurred. Airport and terminal facilities variable lease expense was $86 million and $231 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.
In 2018, the Company leased 12 airport slots at LaGuardia Airport and eight airport slots at Reagan National Airport to a third party. For these leases, the Company recorded $3 million and $9 million of lease income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.
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Corporate real estate and other leases
Leased corporate real estate is primarily for office space in hub cities, data centers, land leases, and reservation centers. For this asset class, the Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components under the standard. Other leased assets are comprised of other ancillary contracts and items including leased flight simulators and spare engines. Variable lease expense related to corporate real estate and other leases for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $8 million.
Components of Lease Expense
The impact of leases, including variable lease cost, on earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was as follows (in millions):

| Classification | Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Expense |  |  |  |
Aircraft | Aircraft rent | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 186 |
CPA aircraft | Aircraft rent | 20 |  |  | 61 |
Airport and terminal facilities | Landing fees and other rentals | 87 |  |  | 233 |
Corporate real estate and other | Landing fees and other rentals | 5 |  |  | 14 |
Total lease expense |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 494 |
Revenue |  |  |  |
Lease income | Cargo and other revenues | (3 | ) |  | (9 | )
Net lease impact |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 485 |

Total rent expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $165 million and $455 million, respectively.
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in millions):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Cash paid for capitalized operating leases | $ | 259 |
Operating lease assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations | $ | 47 |

Lease Term and Discount Rate
As most leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, the Company generally utilizes the incremental borrowing rate (IBR) based on information available at the commencement date of the lease to determine the present value of lease payments. The weighted average IBR and weighted average remaining lease term (in years) for all asset classes were as follows at September 30, 2019:

| Weighted Average IBR |  | Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term
Aircraft | 4.1 | % |  | 6.7
CPA aircraft | 4.3 | % |  | 9.5
Airports and terminal facilities | 4.1 | % |  | 10.2
Corporate real estate and other | 4.3 | % |  | 36.4

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Maturities of Lease Liabilities
Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of September 30, 2019 (in millions):

| Aircraft |  | CPA Aircraft |  | Airport and Terminal Facilities |  | Corporate Real Estate & Other
Remainder of 2019 | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 2 |
2020 | 234 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 7 |
2021 | 196 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 6 |
2022 | 171 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |
2023 | 116 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |
Thereafter | 330 |  |  | 408 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 77 |
Total lease payments | $ | 1,110 |  |  | $ | 744 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 100 |
Less: Imputed interest | (140 | ) |  | (135 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (54 | )
Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 970 |  |  | $ | 609 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 46 |

All future lease contracts have remaining non-cancelable lease terms ranging from 2019 to 2031.
NOTE 6. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
Net periodic benefit costs for qualified defined-benefit plans include the following (in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Service cost | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 36 |
Pension expense included in Wages and benefits | 11 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 36 |
Interest cost | 23 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 59 |
Expected return on assets | (24 | ) |  | (27 | ) |  | (71 | ) |  | (80 | )
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | )
Recognized actuarial loss | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 25 |
Pension expense included in Nonoperating Income (Expense) | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 3 |

The Company made a voluntary contribution of $65 million to three defined-benefit pension plans during the three months ended September 30, 2019.
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NOTE 7. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Future minimum payments for commitments, excluding operating leases, as of September 30, 2019 (in millions):

| Aircraft Commitments(a) |  | Capacity Purchase Agreements (b) |  | Aircraft Maintenance Deposits
Remainder of 2019 | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 16 |
2020 | 504 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 73 |
2021 | 475 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 63 |
2022 | 333 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 54 |
2023 | 194 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 29 |
Thereafter | 36 |  |  | 1,065 |  |  | 10 |
Total | $ | 1,653 |  |  | $ | 1,763 |  |  | $ | 245 |

(a) | Includes non-cancelable contractual commitments for aircraft and engines, buyer furnished equipment, and aircraft maintenance and parts management.

(b) | Includes all non-aircraft lease costs associated with capacity purchase agreements.

Aircraft Commitments
Aircraft purchase commitments include non-cancelable contractual commitments for aircraft and engines. As of September 30, 2019, the Company had commitments to purchase 32 B737 MAX9 aircraft, with deliveries in the remainder of 2019 through 2023. Future minimum contractual payments for these aircraft have been updated to reflect the most current anticipated delivery timing for B737 MAX9 aircraft, which has been delayed as a result of the grounding order mandated by the FAA on March 13, 2019. The Company also has commitments to purchase three E175 aircraft with deliveries in 2023 and has cancelable purchase commitments for 30 Airbus A320neo aircraft with deliveries from 2023 through 2025. In addition, the Company has options to purchase 37 B737 MAX aircraft from 2021 through 2024 and 30 E175 aircraft from 2021 through 2023. The Company also has the option to increase capacity flown by SkyWest with eight additional E175 aircraft with deliveries after 2021. The cancelable purchase commitments and option payments are not reflected in the table above.
Contingencies
The Company is a party to routine litigation matters incidental to its business and with respect to which no material liability is expected. Liabilities for litigation related contingencies are recorded when a loss is determined to be probable and estimable.
In 2015, three flight attendants filed a class action lawsuit seeking to represent all Virgin America flight attendants for damages based on alleged violations of California and City of San Francisco wage and hour laws. The court certified a class of approximately 1,800 flight attendants in November 2016. The Company believes the claims in this case are without factual and legal merit.
In July 2018, the Court granted in part Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment, finding Virgin America, and Alaska Airlines, as a successor-in-interest to Virgin America, responsible for various damages and penalties sought by the class members. On February 4, 2019, the Court entered final judgment against Virgin America and Alaska Airlines in the amount of approximately $78 million. It did not award injunctive relief against Alaska Airlines.
The Company is seeking an appellate court ruling that the California laws on which the judgment is based are invalid as applied to national airlines pursuant to the U.S. Constitution and federal law and for other employment law and improper class certification reasons. The Company remains confident that a higher court will respect the federal preemption principles that were enacted to shield inter-state common carriers from a patchwork of state and local wage and hour regulations such as those at issue in this case and agree with the Company's other bases for appeal. For these reasons, no loss has been accrued.
The Company is involved in other litigation around the application of state and local employment laws, like many air carriers. Our defenses are similar to those identified above, including that the state and local laws are preempted by federal law and are unconstitutional because they impede interstate commerce. None of these additional disputes are material.
This forward-looking statement is based on management's current understanding of the relevant law and facts, and it is subject to various contingencies, including the potential costs and risks associated with litigation and the actions of judges and juries.
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NOTE 8. SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Common Stock Repurchase
In August 2015, the Board of Directors authorized a $1 billion share repurchase program. As of September 30, 2019, the Company has repurchased 6.7 million shares for $491 million under this program.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax (in millions):

| September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Related to marketable securities | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | (11 | )
Related to employee benefit plans | (422 | ) |  | (440 | )
Related to interest rate derivatives | (9 | ) |  | 3 |
Total | $ | (421 | ) |  | $ | (448 | )

Earnings Per Share (EPS)
Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing net income by the average number of common shares outstanding plus the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding assuming the exercise of in-the-money stock options and restricted stock units, using the treasury-stock method. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, anti-dilutive shares excluded from the calculation of EPS were not material.
NOTE 9. OPERATING SEGMENT INFORMATION
Alaska Air Group has two operating airlines—Alaska (including Virgin America after the single operating certificate was received in January 2018) and Horizon. Each is regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Aviation Administration. Alaska has CPAs for regional capacity with Horizon, as well as with third-party carriers SkyWest and PenAir, under which Alaska receives all passenger revenues.
Under U.S. GAAP, operating segments are defined as components of a business for which there is discrete financial information that is regularly assessed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) in making resource allocation decisions. Financial performance for the operating airlines and CPAs is managed and reviewed by the Company's CODM as part of three reportable operating segments:

• | Mainline - includes scheduled air transportation on Alaska's Boeing or Airbus jet aircraft for passengers and cargo throughout the U.S., and in parts of Canada, Mexico, and Costa Rica.

• | Regional - includes Horizon's and other third-party carriers’ scheduled air transportation for passengers across a shorter distance network within the U.S. under CPAs. This segment includes the actual revenues and expenses associated with regional flying, as well as an allocation of corporate overhead incurred by Air Group on behalf of the regional operations.

• | Horizon - includes the capacity sold to Alaska under CPA. Expenses include those typically borne by regional airlines such as crew costs, ownership costs and maintenance costs.

The CODM makes resource allocation decisions for these reporting segments based on flight profitability data, aircraft type, route economics and other financial information.
The "Consolidating and Other" column reflects Air Group parent company activity, McGee Air Services, consolidating entries and other immaterial business units of the company. The “Air Group Adjusted” column represents a non-GAAP measure that is used by the Company's CODM to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Adjustments are further explained below in reconciling to consolidated GAAP results.
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Operating segment information is as follows (in millions):

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
| Mainline |  | Regional |  | Horizon |  | Consolidating & Other(a) |  | Air Group Adjusted(b) |  | Special Items(c) |  | Consolidated
Operating revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passenger revenues | $ | 1,850 |  |  | $ | 361 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,211 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,211 |
CPA revenues | — |  |  | — |  |  | 112 |  |  | (112 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 107 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 118 |  |  | — |  |  | 118 |
Cargo and other | 58 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 60 |  |  | — |  |  | 60 |
Total operating revenues | 2,015 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 112 |  |  | (111 | ) |  | 2,389 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,389 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses, excluding fuel | 1,226 |  |  | 275 |  |  | 94 |  |  | (119 | ) |  | 1,476 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,481 |
Economic fuel | 411 |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 486 |  |  | — |  |  | 486 |
Total operating expenses | 1,637 |  |  | 350 |  |  | 94 |  |  | (119 | ) |  | 1,962 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,967 |
Nonoperating income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Interest expense | (18 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 7 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | — |  |  | (18 | )
Interest capitalized | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Other - net | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3 | )
Total nonoperating income (expense) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6 | )
Income (loss) before income tax | $ | 378 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 421 |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | 416 |

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
| Mainline |  | Regional |  | Horizon |  | Consolidating & Other(a) |  | Air Group Adjusted(b) |  | Special Items(c) |  | Consolidated
Operating revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passenger revenues | $ | 1,727 |  |  | $ | 316 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,043 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,043 |
CPA revenues | — |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |  |  | (128 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 104 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |
Cargo and other | 53 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 55 |
Total operating revenues | 1,884 |  |  | 326 |  |  | 130 |  |  | (128 | ) |  | 2,212 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,212 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses, excluding fuel | 1,126 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 118 |  |  | (131 | ) |  | 1,380 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 1,402 |
Economic fuel | 438 |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 508 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 513 |
Total operating expenses | 1,564 |  |  | 337 |  |  | 118 |  |  | (131 | ) |  | 1,888 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 1,915 |
Nonoperating income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Interest expense | (20 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (22 | ) |  | — |  |  | (22 | )
Interest capitalized | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Other - net | (5 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7 | )
Total nonoperating income (expense) | (6 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (13 | ) |  | — |  |  | (13 | )
Income (loss) before income tax | $ | 314 |  |  | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 311 |  |  | $ | (27 | ) |  | $ | 284 |

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| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
| Mainline |  | Regional |  | Horizon |  | Consolidating & Other(a) |  | Air Group Adjusted(b) |  | Special Items(c) |  | Consolidated
Operating revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passenger revenues | $ | 5,039 |  |  | $ | 999 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,038 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,038 |
CPA revenues | — |  |  | — |  |  | 340 |  |  | (340 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 312 |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 346 |  |  | — |  |  | 346 |
Cargo and other | 163 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 169 |  |  | — |  |  | 169 |
Total operating revenues | 5,514 |  |  | 1,035 |  |  | 341 |  |  | (337 | ) |  | 6,553 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,553 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses, excluding fuel | 3,545 |  |  | 817 |  |  | 286 |  |  | (353 | ) |  | 4,295 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 4,334 |
Economic fuel | 1,191 |  |  | 218 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,409 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 1,408 |
Total operating expenses | 4,736 |  |  | 1,035 |  |  | 286 |  |  | (353 | ) |  | 5,704 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 5,742 |
Nonoperating income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19 | ) |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |
Interest expense | (58 | ) |  | — |  |  | (22 | ) |  | 20 |  |  | (60 | ) |  | — |  |  | (60 | )
Interest capitalized | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Other - net | (20 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20 | ) |  | — |  |  | (20 | )
Total nonoperating income (expense) | (17 | ) |  | — |  |  | (22 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (38 | ) |  | — |  |  | (38 | )
Income (loss) before income tax | $ | 761 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 811 |  |  | $ | (38 | ) |  | $ | 773 |

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
| Mainline |  | Regional |  | Horizon |  | Consolidating & Other(a) |  | Air Group Adjusted(b) |  | Special Items(c) |  | Consolidated
Operating revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passenger revenues | $ | 4,879 |  |  | $ | 845 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,724 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,724 |
CPA revenues | — |  |  | — |  |  | 375 |  |  | (375 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 301 |  |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 329 |  |  | — |  |  | 329 |
Cargo and other | 142 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 147 |  |  | — |  |  | 147 |
Total operating revenues | 5,322 |  |  | 874 |  |  | 379 |  |  | (375 | ) |  | 6,200 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,200 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses, excluding fuel | 3,392 |  |  | 755 |  |  | 345 |  |  | (378 | ) |  | 4,114 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 4,206 |
Economic fuel | 1,237 |  |  | 190 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,427 |  |  | (30 | ) |  | 1,397 |
Total operating expenses | 4,629 |  |  | 945 |  |  | 345 |  |  | (378 | ) |  | 5,541 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 5,603 |
Nonoperating income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |
Interest expense | (64 | ) |  | — |  |  | (16 | ) |  | 9 |  |  | (71 | ) |  | — |  |  | (71 | )
Interest capitalized | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |
Other - net | (9 | ) |  | (11 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20 | ) |  | — |  |  | (20 | )
Total nonoperating income (expense) | (22 | ) |  | (11 | ) |  | (14 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (48 | ) |  | — |  |  | (48 | )
Income (loss) before income tax | $ | 671 |  |  | $ | (82 | ) |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 611 |  |  | $ | (62 | ) |  | $ | 549 |

(a) | Includes consolidating entries, Air Group parent company, McGee Air Services, and other immaterial business units.

(b) | The Air Group Adjusted column represents the financial information that is reviewed by management to assess performance of operations and determine capital allocations and excludes certain income and charges.

(c) | Includes merger-related costs, mark-to-market fuel-hedge accounting adjustments, and other special items.

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Total assets were as follows (in millions):

| September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Mainline | $ | 19,129 |  |  | $ | 16,853 |
Horizon | 1,231 |  |  | 1,229 |
Consolidating & Other | (7,377 | ) |  | (7,170 | )
Consolidated | $ | 12,983 |  |  | $ | 10,912 |

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

OVERVIEW
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to help the reader understand our company, segment operations and the present business environment. MD&A is provided as a supplement to – and should be read in conjunction with – our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. All statements in the following discussion that are not statements of historical information or descriptions of current accounting policy are forward-looking statements. Please consider our forward-looking statements in light of the risks referred to in this report’s introductory cautionary note and the risks mentioned in "Item 1A. Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. This overview summarizes the MD&A, which includes the following sections:

• | Third Quarter Review—highlights from the third quarter of 2019 outlining some of the major events that happened during the period and how they affected our financial performance.

• | Results of Operations—an in-depth analysis of our revenues by segment and our expenses from a consolidated perspective for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. To the extent material to the understanding of segment profitability, we more fully describe the segment expenses per financial statement line item. Financial and statistical data is also included here. This section includes forward-looking statements regarding our view of the remainder of 2019.

• | Liquidity and Capital Resources—an overview of our financial position, analysis of cash flows, and relevant contractual obligations and commitments.

THIRD QUARTER REVIEW
Our consolidated pretax income was $416 million during the third quarter of 2019, compared to $284 million in the third quarter of 2018. The increase in pretax profit was driven primarily by an increase in operating revenues of $177 million and a decrease in fuel expense of $27 million, offset by an increase in non-fuel operating expenses of $79 million.
See “Results of Operations” below for further discussion of changes in revenues and operating expenses and our reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.
Shareholder Return
During the third quarter of 2019, we paid cash dividends of $43 million and repurchased 465,354 shares for $28 million.
Labor Update
In June 2019, we reached a tentative agreement with the Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association (AMFA) to integrate Airbus technicians into the collective bargaining agreement with Boeing technicians, as well as extend the term by two years. This tentative agreement was subsequently ratified by our technicians in July 2019. Also in June 2019, we reached a tentative agreement with the International Association of Machinists (IAM) for new five-year contracts for clerical, office, passenger service, ramp service and stores agents employees, which was subsequently ratified in September 2019. Both the IAM and AMFA agreements included signing bonuses and wage rate increases that were implemented in the third quarter. The annual impact of these contracts thereafter is expected to be approximately $50 million. During the third quarter, we recognized $24 million in one-time costs for both the AMFA and IAM agreements.
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Income Taxes
In September 2019, the Internal Revenue Service clarified certain tax laws relating to bonus depreciation. The result of this clarification was a $10 million one-time decrease to our income tax expense in the third quarter.
Outlook
With the integration largely behind us, we are focused on improving our returns with the long-term goal of achieving 13% to 15% pretax margins over the business cycle. Current year revenue initiatives, including our Saver Fare product, are providing meaningful revenue growth. We continue to benefit from the full synergies expected as a result of the merger, with the full run rate expected by 2021. Through cross-fleeting we have moved larger gauge, lower unit cost aircraft into markets with high demand, which we anticipate will continue to benefit our results into 2020. This flexibility with our fleet allows us to evaluate all existing and potential new routes, including aircraft type, so that we can maximize our margins and provide the best network utility for our guests.
As we move through 2019, we continue to work on a number of notable guest experience projects. By year-end, we expect that more than half of our Mainline fleet will be equipped with high-speed satellite Wi-Fi, and that more than half of our Airbus fleet will be retrofitted with updated cabin interiors. These important projects will provide our guests with a more cohesive and connected Alaska experience. In July, we opened our new flagship lounge in the North Satellite of Sea-Tac Airport, and are working closely with the Port of Seattle to open a state-of-the-art 20-gate North Satellite Concourse by Summer 2021. During the third quarter, we also began work on our new lounge at San Francisco International Airport, which is expected to open in early 2020. These projects, along with our ongoing rotation of on-board menu offerings, refreshed aircraft interiors, and expanded and updated airport lounges, demonstrates our commitment to providing our guests more options and significant value. Combined, we expect our revenue initiatives and synergies will contribute $330 million of revenue in 2019.
We expect to grow our combined network capacity by approximately 2.1% in 2019, and approximately 3% - 4% in 2020. Current schedules indicate competitive capacity will increase by approximately 2% in the fourth quarter of 2019, and increase approximately 4% in the first quarter of 2020. We believe that our product, operation, engaged employees, award-winning service, and competitive Mileage Plan™ program, combined with our strong balance sheet and focus on low costs, give us a competitive advantage in our markets.
Other events
On November 6, 2019, the Board of Directors of Horizon Air elected Joseph A. Sprague to serve as President of Horizon Air, effective immediately. Mr. Sprague previously retired from Alaska Airlines after serving at the company for 17 years in a variety of key leadership positions, including senior vice president of external relations, vice president of marketing and vice president of Alaska Air Cargo. Mr. Sprague will succeed Gary L. Beck who has been elected by the Board of Directors of Alaska Airlines to serve as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Alaska, effective immediately. Prior to his time at Horizon Air, Mr. Beck was vice president of Alaska’s flight operations division from 2008 to 2015. Mr. Beck will report to Ben Minicucci, who will continue to serve as Alaska’s President. Both Mr. Sprague and Mr. Beck will serve on the Company’s Executive Committee.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
ADJUSTED (NON-GAAP) RESULTS AND PER-SHARE AMOUNTS
We believe disclosure of earnings excluding the impact of merger-related costs, mark-to-market gains or losses or other individual special revenues or expenses is useful information to investors because:

• | By excluding fuel expense and certain special items (including merger-related costs) from our unit metrics, we believe that we have better visibility into the results of operations and our non-fuel cost initiatives. Our industry is highly competitive and is characterized by high fixed costs, so even a small reduction in non-fuel operating costs can lead to a significant improvement in operating results. In addition, we believe that all domestic carriers are similarly impacted by changes in jet fuel costs over the long run, so it is important for management (and thus investors) to understand the impact of (and trends in) company-specific cost drivers, such as labor rates and productivity, airport costs, maintenance costs, etc., which are more controllable by management.

• | Cost per ASM (CASM) excluding fuel and certain special items, such as merger-related costs, is one of the most important measures used by management and by the Air Group Board of Directors in assessing quarterly and annual cost performance.

• | Adjusted income before income tax and CASM excluding fuel (and other items as specified in our plan documents) are important metrics for the employee annual cash incentive plan, which covers the majority of employees within the Air Group organization.

• | CASM excluding fuel and certain special items is a measure commonly used by industry analysts and we believe it is an important metric by which they compare our airlines to others in the industry. The measure is also the subject of frequent questions from investors.

• | Disclosure of the individual impact of certain noted items provides investors the ability to measure and monitor performance both with and without these special items. We believe that disclosing the impact of certain items, such as merger-related costs, and mark-to-market hedging adjustments, is important because it provides information on significant items that are not necessarily indicative of future performance. Industry analysts and investors consistently measure our performance without these items for better comparability between periods and among other airlines.

• | Although we disclose our unit revenues, we do not (nor are we able to) evaluate unit revenues excluding the impact that changes in fuel costs have had on ticket prices. Fuel expense represents a large percentage of our total operating expenses. Fluctuations in fuel prices often drive changes in unit revenues in the mid-to-long term. Although we believe it is useful to evaluate non-fuel unit costs for the reasons noted above, we would caution readers of these financial statements not to place undue reliance on unit costs excluding fuel as a measure or predictor of future profitability because of the significant impact of fuel costs on our business.

Although we are presenting these non-GAAP amounts for the reasons above, investors and other readers should not necessarily conclude that these amounts are non-recurring, infrequent, or unusual in nature.
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OPERATING STATISTICS SUMMARY (unaudited)
Below are operating statistics we use to measure operating performance. We often refer to unit revenues and adjusted unit costs, which are non-GAAP measures.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change
Consolidated Operating Statistics:(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue passengers (000) | 12,574 |  | 12,128 |  | 3.7% |  | 35,018 |  | 34,685 |  | 1.0%
RPMs (000,000) "traffic" | 15,026 |  | 14,386 |  | 4.4% |  | 42,113 |  | 41,272 |  | 2.0%
ASMs (000,000) "capacity" | 17,519 |  | 16,943 |  | 3.4% |  | 50,006 |  | 49,256 |  | 1.5%
Load factor | 85.8% |  | 84.9% |  | 0.9 pts |  | 84.2% |  | 83.8% |  | 0.4 pts
Yield | 14.71¢ |  | 14.20¢ |  | 3.6% |  | 14.34¢ |  | 13.87¢ |  | 3.4%
RASM | 13.64¢ |  | 13.05¢ |  | 4.5% |  | 13.10¢ |  | 12.59¢ |  | 4.1%
CASM excluding fuel and special items(b) | 8.43¢ |  | 8.15¢ |  | 3.4% |  | 8.59¢ |  | 8.35¢ |  | 2.9%
Economic fuel cost per gallon(b) | $2.13 |  | $2.33 |  | (8.6)% |  | $2.18 |  | $2.26 |  | (3.5)%
Fuel gallons (000,000) | 227 |  | 218 |  | 4.1% |  | 646 |  | 631 |  | 2.4%
ASMs per fuel gallon | 77.2 |  | 77.7 |  | (0.6)% |  | 77.4 |  | 78.1 |  | (0.9)%
Average full-time equivalent employees (FTEs) | 22,247 |  | 21,804 |  | 2.0% |  | 22,000 |  | 21,575 |  | 2.0%
Mainline Operating Statistics: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue passengers (000) | 9,655 |  | 9,435 |  | 2.3% |  | 26,725 |  | 27,107 |  | (1.4)%
RPMs (000,000) "traffic" | 13,538 |  | 13,096 |  | 3.4% |  | 37,917 |  | 37,677 |  | 0.6%
ASMs (000,000) "capacity" | 15,702 |  | 15,343 |  | 2.3% |  | 44,816 |  | 44,730 |  | 0.2%
Load factor | 86.2% |  | 85.4% |  | 0.8 pts |  | 84.6% |  | 84.2% |  | 0.4 pts
Yield | 13.66¢ |  | 13.18¢ |  | 3.6% |  | 13.29¢ |  | 12.95¢ |  | 2.6%
RASM | 12.83¢ |  | 12.28¢ |  | 4.5% |  | 12.30¢ |  | 11.90¢ |  | 3.4%
CASM excluding fuel and special items(b) | 7.81¢ |  | 7.34¢ |  | 6.4% |  | 7.91¢ |  | 7.58¢ |  | 4.4%
Economic fuel cost per gallon(b) | $2.13 |  | $2.32 |  | (8.2)% |  | $2.17 |  | $2.25 |  | (3.6)%
Fuel gallons (000,000) | 193 |  | 189 |  | 2.1% |  | 549 |  | 549 |  | —%
ASMs per fuel gallon | 81.4 |  | 81.2 |  | 0.2% |  | 81.6 |  | 81.5 |  | 0.1%
Average FTEs | 16,789 |  | 16,499 |  | 1.8% |  | 16,599 |  | 16,330 |  | 1.6%
Aircraft utilization | 11.3 |  | 11.4 |  | (0.9)% |  | 10.9 |  | 11.4 |  | (4.4)%
Average aircraft stage length | 1,281 |  | 1,291 |  | (0.8)% |  | 1,298 |  | 1,293 |  | 0.4%
Operating fleet | 238 |  | 231 |  | 7 a/c |  | 238 |  | 231 |  | 7 a/c
Regional Operating Statistics:(c) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue passengers (000) | 2,919 |  | 2,693 |  | 8.4% |  | 8,293 |  | 7,578 |  | 9.4%
RPMs (000,000) "traffic" | 1,488 |  | 1,290 |  | 15.3% |  | 4,196 |  | 3,595 |  | 16.7%
ASMs (000,000) "capacity" | 1,817 |  | 1,600 |  | 13.6% |  | 5,190 |  | 4,526 |  | 14.7%
Load factor | 81.9% |  | 80.6% |  | 1.3 pts |  | 80.8% |  | 79.4% |  | 1.4 pts
Yield | 24.23¢ |  | 24.50¢ |  | (1.1)% |  | 23.81¢ |  | 23.49¢ |  | 1.4%
RASM | 20.51¢ |  | 20.41¢ |  | 0.5% |  | 19.93¢ |  | 19.32¢ |  | 3.2%
Operating fleet | 94 |  | 89 |  | 5 a/c |  | 94 |  | 89 |  | 5 a/c

(a) | Except for FTEs, data includes information related to third-party regional capacity purchase flying arrangements.

(b) | See reconciliation of this non-GAAP measure to the most directly related GAAP measure in the accompanying pages.

(c) | Data presented includes information related to flights operated by Horizon and third-party carriers.

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COMPARISON OF THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2019 TO THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018
Our consolidated net income for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $322 million, or $2.60 per diluted share, compared to net income of $217 million, or $1.75 per diluted share, for the three months ended September 30, 2018.
Excluding the impact of merger-related costs and mark-to-market fuel hedge adjustments, our adjusted net income for the third quarter of 2019 was $326 million, or $2.63 per diluted share, compared to an adjusted net income of $237 million, or $1.91 per diluted share, in the third quarter of 2018. The following tables reconcile our adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per diluted share (EPS) to amounts as reported in accordance with GAAP:

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions, except per share amounts) | Dollars |  | Diluted EPS |  | Dollars |  | Diluted EPS
GAAP net income and diluted EPS | $ | 322 |  |  | $ | 2.60 |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 1.75 |
Mark-to-market fuel hedge adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 0.04 |
Special items - merger-related costs | 5 |  |  | 0.04 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 0.18 |
Income tax effect of reconciling items above | (1 | ) |  | (0.01 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (0.06 | )
Non-GAAP adjusted net income and diluted EPS | $ | 326 |  |  | $ | 2.63 |  |  | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | 1.91 |

CASM reconciliation is summarized below:

| Three Months Ended September 30,
(in cents) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Consolidated: |  |  |  |  |
CASM |  | 11.23 | ¢ |  |  | 11.30 | ¢ |  | (1 | )%
Less the following components: |  |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft fuel, including hedging gains and losses | 2.77 |  |  | 3.02 |  |  | (8 | )%
Special items - merger-related costs | 0.03 |  |  | 0.13 |  |  | (77 | )%
CASM excluding fuel and special items |  | 8.43 | ¢ |  |  | 8.15 | ¢ |  | 3 | %
Mainline: |  |  |  |  |
CASM |  | 10.46 | ¢ |  |  | 10.37 | ¢ |  | 1 | %
Less the following components: |  |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft fuel, including hedging gains and losses | 2.62 |  |  | 2.89 |  |  | (9 | )%
Special items - merger-related costs | 0.03 |  |  | 0.14 |  |  | (79 | )%
CASM excluding fuel and special items |  | 7.81 | ¢ |  |  | 7.34 | ¢ |  | 6 | %

OPERATING REVENUES
Total operating revenues increased $177 million, or 8%, during the third quarter of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The changes are summarized in the following table:

| Three Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Passenger revenue | $ | 2,211 |  |  | $ | 2,043 |  |  | 8 | %
Mileage Plan other revenue | 118 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 4 | %
Cargo and other | 60 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 9 | %
Total operating revenues | $ | 2,389 |  |  | $ | 2,212 |  |  | 8 | %

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Passenger Revenue
On a consolidated basis, Passenger revenue for the third quarter of 2019 increased by $168 million, or 8%, on a 3.6% increase in yield and a 3.4% increase in traffic. The increase in yield is primarily a result of current year revenue initiatives, implemented as a broader plan to drive revenue growth, realized synergies from our acquisition of Virgin America, and a 16% increase in premium seat revenue, including First and Premium class product offerings. Increased traffic was driven by new routes and aircraft added to our fleet since the third quarter of 2018.
OPERATING EXPENSES
Total operating expenses increased $52 million, or 3%, compared to the third quarter of 2018. We believe it is useful to summarize operating expenses as follows, which is consistent with the way expenses are reported internally and evaluated by management:

| Three Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Fuel expense | $ | 486 |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | (5 | )%
Non-fuel operating expenses, excluding special items | 1,476 |  |  | 1,380 |  |  | 7 | %
Special items - merger-related costs | 5 |  |  | 22 |  |  | (77 | )%
Total operating expenses | $ | 1,967 |  |  | $ | 1,915 |  |  | 3 | %

Fuel Expense
Aircraft fuel expense includes raw fuel expense (as defined below) plus the effect of mark-to-market adjustments to our fuel hedge portfolio as the value of that portfolio increases and decreases. Our aircraft fuel expense can be volatile because it includes these gains or losses in the value of the underlying instrument as crude oil prices and refining margins increase or decrease. Raw fuel expense is defined as the price that we generally pay at the airport, or the “into-plane” price, including taxes and fees. Raw fuel prices are impacted by world oil prices and refining costs, which can vary by region in the U.S. Raw fuel expense approximates cash paid to suppliers and does not reflect the effect of our fuel hedges.
Aircraft fuel expense decreased $27 million, or 5%, compared to the third quarter of 2018. The elements of the change are illustrated in the following table:

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions, except for per gallon amounts) | Dollars |  | Cost/Gal |  | Dollars |  | Cost/Gal
Raw or "into-plane" fuel cost | $ | 481 |  |  | $ | 2.11 |  |  | $ | 520 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |
(Gains) losses on settled hedges | 5 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | (12 | ) |  | (0.05 | )
Consolidated economic fuel expense | 486 |  |  | 2.13 |  |  | $ | 508 |  |  | $ | 2.33 |
Mark-to-market fuel hedge adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 0.02 |
GAAP fuel expense | $ | 486 |  |  | $ | 2.13 |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 2.35 |
Fuel gallons | 227 |  |  |  |  | 218 |  |  |

Raw fuel expense per gallon for the three months ended September 30, 2019 decreased by approximately 11% due to lower West Coast jet fuel prices. West Coast jet fuel prices are impacted by both the price of crude oil and refining margins associated with the conversion of crude oil to jet fuel. The decrease in raw fuel price per gallon during the third quarter of 2019 was primarily driven by a 19% decrease in crude oil prices, partially offset by a 4% increase in refining margins, when compared to the prior year. Fuel gallons consumed increased by 9 million gallons, or 4%, primarily due to increased capacity.
We also evaluate economic fuel expense, which we define as raw fuel expense adjusted for the cash we receive from, or pay to, hedge counterparties for hedges that settle during the period, and for the premium expense that we paid for those contracts. A key difference between aircraft fuel expense and economic fuel expense is the timing of gain or loss recognition on our hedge portfolio. When we refer to economic fuel expense, we include gains and losses only when they are realized for those contracts that were settled during the period based on their original contract terms. We believe this is the best measure of the effect that fuel prices are currently having on our business as it most closely approximates the net cash outflow associated with purchasing
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fuel for our operations. Accordingly, many industry analysts evaluate our results using this measure, and it is the basis for most internal management reporting and incentive pay plans.
Losses recognized for hedges that settled during the third quarter were $5 million in 2019, compared to gains of $12 million in the same period in 2018. These amounts represent cash received from hedges at settlement, offset by cash paid for premium expense.
Non-fuel Expenses
The table below provides the reconciliation of the operating expense line items, excluding fuel and special items. Significant operating expense variances from 2018 are more fully described below.

| Three Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Wages and benefits | $ | 608 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | 11 | %
Variable incentive pay | 46 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 70 | %
Aircraft maintenance | 106 |  |  | 107 |  |  | (1 | )%
Aircraft rent | 82 |  |  | 82 |  |  | — | %
Landing fees and other rentals | 143 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 6 | %
Contracted services | 72 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 3 | %
Selling expenses | 77 |  |  | 79 |  |  | (3 | )%
Depreciation and amortization | 106 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 7 | %
Food and beverage service | 57 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 8 | %
Third-party regional carrier expense | 42 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 11 | %
Other | 137 |  |  | 141 |  |  | (3 | )%
Total non-fuel operating expenses, excluding special items | $ | 1,476 |  |  | $ | 1,380 |  |  | 7 | %

Wages and Benefits
Wages and benefits increased during the third quarter of 2019 by $59 million, or 11%, compared to 2018. The primary components of Wages and benefits are shown in the following table:

| Three Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Wages | $ | 460 |  |  | $ | 412 |  |  | 12 | %
Pension—Defined benefit plans service cost | 10 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (17 | )%
Defined contribution plans | 34 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 13 | %
Medical and other benefits | 71 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 9 | %
Payroll taxes | 33 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 10 | %
Total wages and benefits | $ | 608 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | 11 | %

Wages increased $48 million, or 12%, on a 2% growth in FTEs. The increase is primarily due to the recognition of approximately $24 million during the quarter in one-time costs following the ratification of the AMFA and IAM contracts, as well as the impact of increased wage rates for our labor groups as compared to the prior year period.
Medical and other benefits expense increased $6 million, or 9%, primarily due to increased volume of high-dollar value medical claims as compared to the prior-year period, and an overall cost increase in medical services and products.
Variable Incentive Pay
Variable incentive pay expense increased $19 million, or 70%, during the third quarter of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The increase is primarily the result of adjustments taken in the third quarter of 2018 to revise the estimate of full year performance-based pay based on tracking in relation to 2018 goals.
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Landing fees and other rentals
Landing fees and other rental expense increased by $8 million, or 6%, during the third quarter of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The increase is primarily due to an increase in capacity of 3.4% as compared to the prior year period, as well as rate increases at many of our West Coast airports, including our hub airports.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization increased by $7 million, or 7%, during the third quarter of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to the addition of 14 owned E175s and six owned B737-900ERs to our fleet since the third quarter of 2018.
Special Items - Merger-related Costs
We recorded special items of $5 million in the third quarter of 2019 for merger-related costs associated with our acquisition of Virgin America, compared to $22 million in the same period of 2018. Costs incurred in the third quarter of 2019 are primarily a result of certain technology integration costs.
ADDITIONAL SEGMENT INFORMATION
Refer to Note 9 of the consolidated financial statements for a detailed description of each segment. Below is a summary of each segment's profitability.
Mainline
Mainline recorded pretax profit of $378 million in the third quarter of 2019, compared to $314 million in the third quarter of 2018. The $64 million increase in pretax profit was primarily driven by a $123 million increase in Passenger revenues and a $27 million decrease in economic fuel cost, partially offset by a $100 million increase in non-fuel operating expenses.
The increase in Mainline passenger revenue for the third quarter of 2019 was primarily driven by the impact of our revenue initiatives and synergies, as well as continued improvement in our trans-con markets as compared to the prior year.
Lower raw fuel prices, partially offset by a slight increase in gallons consumed, drove the decrease in Mainline fuel expense. Non-fuel operating expenses increased due to higher wages and benefits as a result of new wage rates and signing bonuses following the ratification of the AMFA and IAM contracts, increased variable pay expense as described further above, and higher aircraft ownership costs as we continue to add to our Mainline fleet.
Regional
Regional operations generated a pretax profit of $23 million in the third quarter of 2019, compared to a pretax loss of $13 million in the third quarter of 2018. The shift to pretax profit was attributable to a $47 million increase in operating revenues, partially offset by a $5 million increase in fuel costs and an $8 million increase in non-fuel operating expenses.
Regional passenger revenue increase d 14% compared to the third quarter of 2018, primarily driven by a 14% increase in capacity. The increase in capacity is due to an increase in departures from new E175 deliveries, and an increase in average aircraft stage length.
The increase in non-fuel operating expenses is primarily due to the 14% increase in capacity.
Horizon
Horizon achieved a pretax profit of $11 million in the third quarter of 2019, compared to a pretax profit of $7 million in the third quarter of 2018. Increased profit is primarily due to a reduction in operating costs on higher productivity, combined with increased flying over the prior year.
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COMPARISON OF NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2019 TO NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018
Our consolidated net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $588 million, or $4.74 per diluted share, compared to net income of $414 million, or $3.34 per diluted share, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Our adjusted net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $617 million, or $4.97 per diluted share, compared to an adjusted net income of $461 million, or $3.72 per diluted share, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The following tables reconcile our adjusted net income and adjusted diluted EPS to amounts as reported in accordance with GAAP:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions, except per share amounts) | Dollars |  | Diluted EPS |  | Dollars |  | Diluted EPS
Reported GAAP net income and diluted EPS | $ | 588 |  |  | $ | 4.74 |  |  | $ | 414 |  |  | $ | 3.34 |
Mark-to-market fuel hedge adjustments | (1 | ) |  | (0.01 | ) |  | (30 | ) |  | (0.24 | )
Special items - merger-related costs | 39 |  |  | 0.31 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 0.54 |
Special items - other(a) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 0.20 |
Income tax effect of reconciling items above | (9 | ) |  | (0.07 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | (0.12 | )
Non-GAAP adjusted net income and diluted EPS | $ | 617 |  |  | $ | 4.97 |  |  | $ | 461 |  |  | $ | 3.72 |

Our operating costs per ASM are summarized below:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in cents) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Consolidated: |  |  |  |  |
CASM |  | 11.48 | ¢ |  |  | 11.38 | ¢ |  | 1 | %
Less the following components: |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft fuel, including hedging gains and losses | 2.82 |  |  | 2.84 |  |  | (1 | )%
Special items - merger-related costs | 0.07 |  |  | 0.14 |  |  | (49 | )%
Special items - other(a) | — |  |  | 0.05 |  |  | (100 | )%
CASM excluding fuel and special items |  | 8.59 | ¢ |  |  | 8.35 | ¢ |  | 3 | %
Mainline: |  |  |  |  |
CASM |  | 10.65 | ¢ |  |  | 10.49 | ¢ |  | 2 | %
Less the following components: |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft fuel, including hedging gains and losses | 2.65 |  |  | 2.70 |  |  | (2 | )%
Special items - merger-related costs | 0.09 |  |  | 0.15 |  |  | (40 | )%
Special items - other(a) | — |  |  | 0.06 |  |  | (100 | )%
CASM excluding fuel and special items |  | 7.91 | ¢ |  |  | 7.58 | ¢ |  | 4 | %

(a) | Special items - other is the employee tax reform bonus awarded in January 2018.

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OPERATING REVENUES
Total operating revenues increased $353 million, or 6%, during the first nine months of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The changes are summarized in the following table:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Passenger revenue | $ | 6,038 |  |  | $ | 5,724 |  |  | 5 | %
Mileage Plan other revenue | 346 |  |  | 329 |  |  | 5 | %
Cargo and other | 169 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 15 | %
Total operating revenues | $ | 6,553 |  |  | $ | 6,200 |  |  | 6 | %

Passenger Revenue
On a consolidated basis, Passenger revenue for the first nine months of 2019 increased by $314 million, or 5%, on a 2% increase in capacity, 3% higher ticket yields and a slight increase in load factor. The increase in capacity was driven by our continued network expansion and fleet growth. Increased yields are largely the result of current year revenue initiatives implemented as a broader plan to drive revenue growth and the realization of synergies from our acquisition of Virgin America.
Mileage Plan other revenue
On a consolidated basis, Mileage Plan other revenue increased $17 million, or 5%, in the first nine months of 2019 compared to the first nine months of 2018, due largely to increased commissions received from our affinity card partner from growth in overall cardholders.
Cargo and other
On a consolidated basis, Cargo and other revenue increased $22 million, or 15%, in the first nine months of 2019 compared to the first nine months of 2018. The increase is primarily attributable to increased freight and mail volumes on our freighters as a result of new contracts entered into in late 2018 and revenue from our subleased slots at LaGuardia and Reagan National airports.
OPERATING EXPENSES
Total operating expenses increased $139 million, or 2%, compared to the first nine months of 2018. We believe it is useful to summarize operating expenses as follows, which is consistent with the way expenses are reported internally and evaluated by management:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Fuel expense | $ | 1,408 |  |  | $ | 1,397 |  |  | 1 | %
Non-fuel operating expenses, excluding special items | 4,295 |  |  | 4,114 |  |  | 4 | %
Special items - merger-related costs | 39 |  |  | 67 |  |  | (42 | )%
Special items - other | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | NM |
Total operating expenses | $ | 5,742 |  |  | $ | 5,603 |  |  | 2 | %

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Fuel Expense
Aircraft fuel expense increased $11 million, or 1%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The elements of the change are illustrated in the following table:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
(in millions, except for per gallon amounts) | Dollars |  | Cost/Gal |  | Dollars |  | Cost/Gal
Raw or "into-plane" fuel cost | $ | 1,397 |  |  | $ | 2.16 |  |  | $ | 1,450 |  |  | $ | 2.30 |
(Gains) losses on settled hedges | 12 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | (23 | ) |  | (0.04 | )
Consolidated economic fuel expense | 1,409 |  |  | 2.18 |  |  | $ | 1,427 |  |  | $ | 2.26 |
Mark-to-market fuel hedge adjustments | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (30 | ) |  | (0.05 | )
GAAP fuel expense | $ | 1,408 |  |  | $ | 2.18 |  |  | $ | 1,397 |  |  | $ | 2.21 |
Fuel gallons | 646 |  |  |  |  | 631 |  |  |

The raw fuel price per gallon decreased 6% due to lower West Coast jet fuel prices. West Coast jet fuel prices are impacted by both the price of crude oil, as well as refining margins associated with the conversion of crude oil to jet fuel. The decrease in raw fuel price per gallon during the first nine months of 2019 was driven by a 15% decrease in crude oil prices, partially offset by a 15% increase in refining margins.
Losses recognized for hedges that settled in the first nine months of 2019 were $12 million, compared to gains of $23 million in the same period in 2018. These amounts represent cash received from settled hedges, offset by cash paid for premium expense.
We currently expect our economic fuel price per gallon to be approximately 8% lower in the fourth quarter of 2019 compared to the fourth quarter of 2018 due to our current estimate of lower crude prices, partially offset by increased refining margins.
Non-fuel Expense and Non- special items

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Wages and benefits | $ | 1,732 |  |  | $ | 1,629 |  |  | 6 | %
Variable incentive pay | 125 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 20 | %
Aircraft maintenance | 341 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 7 | %
Aircraft rent | 247 |  |  | 233 |  |  | 6 | %
Landing fees and other rentals | 388 |  |  | 371 |  |  | 5 | %
Contracted services | 214 |  |  | 227 |  |  | (6 | )%
Selling expenses | 236 |  |  | 245 |  |  | (4 | )%
Depreciation and amortization | 317 |  |  | 290 |  |  | 9 | %
Food and beverage service | 159 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 1 | %
Third-party regional carrier expense | 125 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 10 | %
Other | 411 |  |  | 423 |  |  | (3 | )%
Total non-fuel operating expenses, excluding special items | $ | 4,295 |  |  | $ | 4,114 |  |  | 4 | %

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Wages and Benefits
Wages and benefits increased during the first nine months of 2019 by $103 million, or 6%. The primary components of wages and benefits are shown in the following table:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Wages | $ | 1,305 |  |  | $ | 1,230 |  |  | 6 | %
Pension—Defined benefit plans service cost | 31 |  |  | 36 |  |  | (14 | )%
Defined contribution plans | 100 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 14 | %
Medical and other benefits | 203 |  |  | 186 |  |  | 9 | %
Payroll taxes | 93 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 4 | %
Total wages and benefits | $ | 1,732 |  |  | $ | 1,629 |  |  | 6 | %

Wages increased $75 million, or 6%, on a 2% increase in FTEs. The increase is primarily due to the recognition of approximately $24 million during the third quarter in one-time costs following the ratification of the AMFA and IAM contracts, as well as the impact of increased wage rates for our labor groups as compared to the prior year period.
Costs associated with our defined contribution plans increased $12 million, or 14%, primarily due to a step increase in employer contributions for our pilot workgroup, as well an overall increase to the eligible wage base.
Medical and other benefits expense increased $17 million, or 9%, primarily due to increased volume of high-dollar value medical claims as compared to the prior-year period as well as FTE growth.
For the full year, we expect wages and benefits to increase at a rate greater than capacity growth, due to higher wage rates for certain labor groups and higher medical and defined-contribution costs.
Variable Incentive Pay
Variable incentive pay expense increased $21 million, or 20%, during the first nine months of 2019 as compared to the same period in 2018. The increase is primarily the result of a higher wage base and expectation of a higher payout rate for our annual bonus in 2019 as compared to 2018.
Aircraft Maintenance
Aircraft maintenance expense increased by $21 million, or 7%, during the first nine months of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The increase is primarily due to heavier volumes from the timing of maintenance events, specifically from our Airbus aircraft, as compared to the prior-year period.
For the full year, we expect aircraft maintenance expense to be approximately 2 - 3% higher than in 2018, for the reasons mentioned above.
Aircraft Rent
Aircraft rent expense increased by $14 million, or 6%, during the first nine months of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to the annualization of expense for our leased E175s under our CPA agreement with SkyWest, and leased A321neos delivered in 2018 and 2019.
For the full year, we expect aircraft rent expense to be approximately 5 - 6% higher than in 2018, for the reasons mentioned above.
Contracted Services
Contracted services decreased by $13 million, or 6%, during the first nine months of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. This decrease is primarily a result of lower contractor and consulting spend due to the timing of certain project work and an overall reduction in pricing from many of our vendor partners.
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For the full year, we expect contracted services expense to be approximately 6 - 7% lower than in 2018, for the reasons mentioned above.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization increased $27 million, or 9%, during the first nine months of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to the addition of 14 owned E175s and six owned B737-900ERs to our fleet since the third quarter of 2018.
For the full year, we expect depreciation and amortization to be approximately 8 - 9% higher than 2018 for the reasons mentioned above.
Third-party Regional Carrier Expense
Third-party regional carrier expense, which represents payments made to SkyWest and PenAir under our CPAs, increased $11 million, or 10%, during the first nine months of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The increase is primarily due to a 6.4% increase in capacity flown by SkyWest as compared to the prior year.
For the full year, we expect third-party regional carrier expense to be higher than 2018 due to increased flying by our regional partners.
Special Items—Merger-Related Costs
We recorded special items of $39 million in the first nine months of 2019 for merger-related costs associated with our acquisition of Virgin America, compared to $67 million in the first nine months of 2018. Costs incurred in the first nine months of 2019 are primarily a result of expenses associated with Airbus flight attendant and pilot vacation balances, which were subject to a one-time true-up in accordance with the integrated labor agreements, as well as certain technology integration costs. We expect to incur merger-related costs for the remainder of 2019, although at a lesser rate.
ADDITIONAL SEGMENT INFORMATION
Refer to Note 9 of the condensed consolidated financial statements for a detailed description of each segment. Below is a summary of each segment's profitability.
Mainline
Mainline adjusted pretax profit was $761 million in the first nine months of 2019, compared to $671 million in the same period in 2018. The $90 million increase in pretax profit was driven by a $192 million increase in Mainline operating revenue and a $46 million decrease in Mainline fuel expense. These improvements were primarily offset by a $153 million increase in Mainline non-fuel operating expenses.
As compared to the prior year, increased Mainline revenues are primarily attributable to a 3% increase in yields, driven by our revenue initiatives and pricing improvements in many of our markets. Non-fuel operating expenses increased primarily due to increased aircraft ownership, wages and maintenance costs as compared to the prior year. Lower raw fuel prices drove the decrease in Mainline fuel expense.
Regional
Our Regional operations broke even in the first nine months of 2019, compared to a pretax loss of $82 million in the first nine months of 2018. The improvement was attributable to a $161 million increase in operating revenues, partially offset by a $28 million increase in fuel costs and a $62 million increase in non-fuel operating expenses. The increase in non-fuel operating expenses is primarily due to the 15% increase in capacity.
Horizon
Horizon achieved a pretax profit of $33 million in the first nine months of 2019, compared to pretax profit of $20 million in the same period in 2018, primarily due to improved cost management through better productivity and improved operational performance.
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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our primary sources of liquidity are:

• | Our existing cash and marketable securities balance of $1.6 billion, and our expected cash from operations;

• | Our 123 unencumbered aircraft that could be financed, if necessary;

• | Our combined bank line-of-credit facilities, with no outstanding borrowings, of $400 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we took free and clear delivery of four B737-900ER and four E175 aircraft. We made net debt payments totaling $396 million, including the prepayment of certain loans, offset by new borrowings, undertaken as part of our broader plan of reducing balance sheet leverage and lowering interest expense. We also continued to return capital to our shareholders by paying dividends totaling $129 million and repurchasing $53 million of our common stock.
The table below presents the major indicators of financial condition and liquidity:

(in millions) | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |  | Change
Cash and marketable securities | $ | 1,619 |  |  | $ | 1,236 |  |  | 31 %
Cash, marketable securities, and unused lines of credit as a percentage of trailing twelve months' revenue | 23 | % |  | 20 | % |  | 3 pts
Long-term debt, net of current portion | $ | 1,444 |  |  | $ | 1,617 |  |  | (11)%
Shareholders’ equity | $ | 4,252 |  |  | $ | 3,751 |  |  | 13%

Debt-to-capitalization, adjusted for operating leases |  |  |  |  |
(in millions) | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |  | Change
Long-term debt, net of current portion | $ | 1,444 |  |  | $ | 1,617 |  |  | (11)%
Capitalized operating leases(a) | 1,644 |  |  | 1,768 |  |  | (a)
Adjusted debt | $ | 3,088 |  |  | $ | 3,385 |  |  | (9)%
Shareholders' equity | 4,252 |  |  | 3,751 |  |  | 13%
Total invested capital | $ | 7,340 |  |  | $ | 7,136 |  |  | 3%
Debt-to-capitalization, including operating leases | 42 | % |  | 47 | % |  | (5) pts

(a) | Following the adoption of the new lease accounting standard on January 1, 2019, this represents the total capitalized Operating lease liability, whereas prior year periods were calculated utilizing the present value of aircraft lease payments. This change had no meaningful impact to the ratio.

We expect our debt-to-capitalization ratio to be approximately 41% by December.
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Net adjusted debt to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, special items and rent
(in millions) | September 30, 2019
Adjusted debt | $ | 3,088 |
Current portion of long-term debt | 265 |
Total adjusted debt | 3,353 |
Less: Cash and marketable securities | (1,619 | )
Net adjusted debt | $ | 1,734 |
(in millions) | Last Twelve Months Ended September 30, 2019
GAAP Operating Income(a) | $ | 857 |
Adjusted for: |  |
Special items | 79 |
Mark-to-market fuel hedge adjustments | 51 |
Depreciation and amortization | 425 |
Aircraft rent | 329 |
EBITDAR | $ | 1,741 |
Net adjusted debt to EBITDAR | 1.0x |

(a) | Operating income can be reconciled using the trailing twelve month operating income as filed quarterly with the SEC.

The following discussion summarizes the primary drivers of the increase in our cash and marketable securities balance and our expectation of future cash requirements.
ANALYSIS OF OUR CASH FLOWS
Cash Provided by Operating Activities
For the first nine months of 2019, net cash provided by operating activities was $1.4 billion, compared to $986 million during the same period in 2018. The $395 million increase in our operating cash flows is primarily attributable to a $174 million increase in net income, as well as a greater increase in our air traffic liability and higher depreciation and amortization expense in 2019 as compared to the same period in 2018. These increases were offset by a $65 million voluntary pension contribution made in the third quarter of 2019.
We typically generate positive cash flows from operations and expect to use that cash flow to purchase aircraft and capital equipment, make scheduled debt payments, and return capital to shareholders.
Cash Used in Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities was $708 million during the first nine months of 2019, compared to $333 million during the same period of 2018. Our capital expenditures were $527 million in the first nine months of 2019, a decrease of $27 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. This is primarily driven by lower cash outlays for deliveries of and advance deposits on aircraft in 2019 as compared to the same period of 2018. Our net purchases of marketable securities were $218 million in the first nine months of 2019, compared to net sales of $185 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The shift to net purchases is primarily driven by stronger operating cash flows as compared to 2018. Internally, we analyze and manage our cash and marketable securities balance in the aggregate.
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The table below reflects our full-year expectation for capital expenditures based on our current intentions. It does not reflect our actual contractual obligations at this time, nor does it reflect the capital expenditures that would be incurred if we exercised options or cancelable purchase commitments that are available to us. We have options to acquire 37 B737 aircraft with deliveries from 2021 through 2024, and options to acquire 30 E175 aircraft with deliveries in 2021 to 2023. Options will be exercised only if we believe return on invested capital targets can be met. The table below excludes any associated capitalized interest.

(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2020
Expected capital expenditures | $ | 700 |  |  | $ | 775 |

Cash Used in Financing Activities
Cash used in financing activities was $538 million during the first nine months of 2019 compared to $666 million during the same period in 2018. During the first nine months of 2019, we made debt payments of $752 million, including the prepayment of $532 million of debt, dividend payments totaling $129 million, and had $53 million in common stock repurchases. These payments were partially offset by the receipt of funds from new secured debt financing of $356 million in the first nine months of 2019.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND COMMITMENTS
Aircraft Commitments
As of September 30, 2019, we have firm orders to purchase or lease 36 aircraft. We also have cancelable purchase commitments for 30 Airbus A320neo with deliveries from 2023 through 2025. We could incur a loss of pre-delivery payments and credits as a cancellation fee. We also have options to acquire 37 B737 aircraft with deliveries from 2021 through 2024 and 30 E175 aircraft with deliveries from 2021 through 2023. In addition to the 32 E175 aircraft currently operated by SkyWest in our regional fleet, we have options in future periods to add regional capacity by having SkyWest operate up to eight more E175 aircraft.
The following table summarizes expected fleet activity by year as of September 30, 2019, and are subject to change:

| Actual Fleet |  | Expected Fleet Activity
Aircraft | September 30, 2019 |  | 2019 Additions |  | 2019 Removals |  | December 31, 2019 |  | 2020 Changes |  | December 31, 2020
B737 Freighters | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
B737 Passenger Aircraft(a) | 163 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 164 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 173 |
Airbus Passenger Aircraft | 72 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 71 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 70 |
Total Mainline Fleet | 238 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 238 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 246 |
Q400 operated by Horizon(b) | 32 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 33 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 32 |
E175 operated by Horizon | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |
E175 operated by third party | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |
Total Regional Fleet | 94 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 95 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 94 |
Total | 332 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 333 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 340 |

(a) | Two of the three B737 MAX9 aircraft that were originally scheduled for delivery in 2019 have been shifted to 2020 in light of the MAX grounding, based on our current estimate of the expected delivery dates.

(b) | Two Q400 aircraft that were previously removed from our operating fleet will be returning to revenue service. We expect these additions to occur in late 2019.

For future firm orders and option exercises, we may finance the aircraft through cash flow from operations, long-term debt, or lease arrangements.
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Fuel Hedge Positions
All of our future oil positions are call options, which are designed to effectively cap the cost of the crude oil component of our jet fuel purchases. With call options, we are hedged against volatile crude oil price increases. During a period of decline in crude oil prices, we only forfeit cash previously paid for hedge premiums. Our crude oil positions are as follows:

| Approximate % of Expected Fuel Requirements |  | Weighted-Average Crude Oil Price per Barrel |  | Average Premium Cost per Barrel
Remainder 2019 | 50 | % |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 2 |
First Quarter 2020 | 50 | % |  | 70 |  |  | 2 |
Second Quarter 2020 | 40 | % |  | 68 |  |  | 2 |
Third Quarter 2020 | 30 | % |  | 68 |  |  | 2 |
Fourth Quarter 2020 | 20 | % |  | 66 |  |  | 2 |
Full Year 2020 | 35 | % |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 2 |
First Quarter 2021 | 10 | % |  | 63 |  |  | 2 |
Full Year 2021 | 2 | % |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 2 |

Contractual Obligations
The following table provides a summary of our obligations as of September 30, 2019. For agreements with variable terms, amounts included reflect our minimum obligations.

(in millions) | Remainder of 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | Beyond 2023 |  | Total
Current and long-term debt obligations | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 268 |  |  | $ | 313 |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | 565 |  |  | $ | 1,717 |
Aircraft lease commitments | 83 |  |  | 313 |  |  | 275 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 738 |  |  | 1,854 |
Facility lease commitments | 3 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 123 |
Aircraft maintenance deposits | 16 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 245 |
Aircraft purchase commitments | 111 |  |  | 504 |  |  | 475 |  |  | 333 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 1,653 |
Interest obligations (a) | 14 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 191 |
Other obligations (b) | 34 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 186 |  |  | 1,079 |  |  | 1,805 |
Total | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | 1,368 |  |  | $ | 1,347 |  |  | $ | 1,127 |  |  | $ | 867 |  |  | $ | 2,555 |  |  | $ | 7,588 |

(a) | For variable-rate debt, future obligations are shown above using forecasted interest rates as of September 30, 2019.

(b) | Primarily comprised of non-aircraft lease costs associated with capacity purchase agreements.

Credit Card Agreements
We have agreements with a number of credit card companies to process the sale of tickets and other services. Under these agreements, there are material adverse change clauses that, if triggered, could result in the credit card companies holding back a reserve from our credit card receivables. Under one such agreement, we could be required to maintain a reserve if our credit rating is downgraded to or below a rating specified by the agreement or our cash and marketable securities balance fell below $500 million. Under another such agreement, we could be required to maintain a reserve if our cash and marketable securities balance fell below $500 million. We are not currently required to maintain any reserve under these agreements, but if we were, our financial position and liquidity could be materially harmed.
Deferred Income Taxes
For federal income tax purposes, the majority of our assets are fully depreciated over a seven-year life using an accelerated depreciation method or bonus depreciation, if available. For financial reporting purposes, the majority of our assets are depreciated over 15 to 25 years to an estimated salvage value using the straight-line basis. This difference has created a significant deferred tax liability. At some point in the future the depreciation basis will reverse, potentially resulting in an increase in income taxes paid.
While it is possible that we could have material cash obligations for this deferred liability at some point in the future, we cannot estimate the timing of long-term cash flows with reasonable accuracy. Taxable income and cash taxes payable in the short-term
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are impacted by many items, including the amount of book income generated (which can be volatile depending on revenue and fuel prices), usage of net operating losses, whether "bonus depreciation" provisions are available, any future tax reform efforts at the federal level, as well as other legislative changes that are beyond our control. We believe that we will have the liquidity available to make our future tax payments.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
There have been no material changes to our critical accounting estimates during the three months ended September 30, 2019. For information on our critical accounting estimates, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
GLOSSARY OF AIRLINE TERMS
Aircraft Utilization - block hours per day; this represents the average number of hours per day our aircraft are in transit
Aircraft Stage Length - represents the average miles flown per aircraft departure
ASMs - available seat miles, or “capacity”; represents total seats available across the fleet multiplied by the number of miles flown
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CASM - operating costs per ASM, or "unit cost"; represents all operating expenses including fuel and special items
CASMex - operating costs excluding fuel and special items per ASM; this metric is used to help track progress toward reduction of non-fuel operating costs since fuel is largely out of our control
Debt-to-capitalization ratio - represents adjusted debt (long-term debt plus capitalized operating leases) divided by total equity plus adjusted debt
Diluted Earnings per Share - represents earnings per share (EPS) using fully diluted shares outstanding
Diluted Shares - represents the total number of shares that would be outstanding if all possible sources of conversion, such as stock options, were exercised
Economic Fuel - best estimate of the cash cost of fuel, net of the impact of settled fuel-hedging contracts in the period
Free Cash Flow - total operating cash flow generated less cash paid for capital expenditures
Load Factor - RPMs as a percentage of ASMs; represents the number of available seats that were filled with paying passengers
Mainline - represents flying Boeing 737, Airbus 320 family and Airbus 321neo jets and all associated revenues and costs
Net adjusted debt - long-term debt, including current portion, plus capitalized operating leases, less cash and marketable securities
Net adjusted debt to EBITDAR - represents net adjusted debt divided by EBITDAR (trailing twelve months earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, special items and rent)
Productivity - number of revenue passengers per full-time equivalent employee
RASM - operating revenue per ASMs, or "unit revenue"; operating revenue includes all passenger revenue, freight & mail, Mileage Plan™ and other ancillary revenue; represents the average total revenue for flying one seat one mile
Regional - represents capacity purchased by Alaska from Horizon, SkyWest and PenAir. In this segment, Regional records actual on-board passenger revenue, less costs such as fuel, distribution costs, and payments made to Horizon, SkyWest and PenAir under the respective capacity purchase arrangement (CPAs). Additionally, Regional includes an allocation of corporate overhead such as IT, finance, other administrative costs incurred by Alaska and on behalf of Horizon.
RPMs - revenue passenger miles, or "traffic"; represents the number of seats that were filled with paying passengers; one passenger traveling one mile is one RPM
Yield - passenger revenue per RPM; represents the average revenue for flying one passenger one mile

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK

There have been no material changes in market risk from the information provided in Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of September 30, 2019, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer (collectively, our “certifying officers”), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. These disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in our periodic reports filed with or submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC's rules and forms, and includes, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our certifying officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our certifying officers concluded, based on their evaluation, that disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2019.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2019, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.
Our internal control over financial reporting is based on the 2013 framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO Framework).
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PART II

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are a party to routine litigation matters incidental to our business. Management believes the ultimate disposition of these matters is not likely to materially affect our financial position or results of operations. This forward-looking statement is based on management’s current understanding of the relevant law and facts, and it is subject to various contingencies, including the potential costs and risks associated with litigation and the actions of judges and juries.
In 2015, three flight attendants filed a class action lawsuit seeking to represent all Virgin America flight attendants for damages based on alleged violations of California and City of San Francisco wage and hour laws. The court certified a class of approximately 1,800 flight attendants in November 2016. The Company believes the claims in this case are without factual and legal merit.
In July 2018, the Court granted in part Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment, finding Virgin America, and Alaska Airlines, as a successor-in-interest to Virgin America, responsible for various damages and penalties sought by the class members. On February 4, 2019, the Court entered final judgment against Virgin America and Alaska Airlines in the amount of approximately $78 million. It did not award injunctive relief against Alaska Airlines.
The Company is seeking an appellate court ruling that the California laws on which the judgment is based are invalid as applied to national airlines pursuant to the U.S. Constitution and federal law and for other employment law and improper class certification reasons. The Company remains confident that a higher court will respect the federal preemption principles that were enacted to shield inter-state common carriers from a patchwork of state and local wage and hour regulations such as those at issue in this case and agree with the Company's other bases for appeal. For these reasons, no loss has been accrued.
The Company is involved in other litigation around the application of state and local employment laws, like many air carriers. Our defenses are similar to those identified above, including that the state and local laws are preempted by federal law and are unconstitutional because they impede interstate commerce. None of these additional disputes are material.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes to the risk factors affecting our business, financial condition or future results from those set forth in Item 1A."Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

This table provides certain information with respect to our purchases of shares of our common stock during the third quarter of 2019.

| Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Maximum remaining dollar value of shares that can be purchased under the plan (in millions)
July 1, 2019 - July 31, 2019 | 68,509 |  |  | $ | 64.05 |  |  |
August 1, 2019 - August 31, 2019 | 279,370 |  |  | 58.99 |  |  |
September 1, 2019 - September 30, 2019 | 117,475 |  |  | 64.26 |  |  |
Total | 465,354 |  |  | $ | 61.06 |  |  | $ | 509 |

The shares were purchased pursuant to a $1 billion repurchase plan authorized by the Board of Directors in August 2015.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.
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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

The following documents are filed as part of this report:

1. | Exhibits: See Exhibit Index.

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

ALASKA AIR GROUP, INC. |
/s/ CHRISTOPHER M. BERRY |
Christopher M. Berry |
Vice President Finance and Controller |
November 7, 2019 |

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EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Date of First Filing | Exhibit Number
3.1 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant | 10-Q | August 3, 2017 | 3.1
31.1† | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | 10-Q |  |
31.2† | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | 10-Q |  |
32.1† | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | 10-Q |  |
32.2† | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | 10-Q |  |
101.INS† | XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document. |  |  |
101.SCH† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |
101.CAL† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |
101.DEF† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |
101.LAB† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |
101.PRE† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |
† | Filed herewith
* | Indicates management contract or compensatory plan arrangement

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