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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 10-K
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 1-8957
ALASKA AIR GROUP, INC.

Delaware |  | 91-1292054
(State of Incorporation) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

19300 International Boulevard, Seattle, Washington 98188
Telephone: (206) 392-5040

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value | ALK | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.): Yes ☐ No ☒
As of January 31, 2022, shares of common stock outstanding totaled 125,912,426. The aggregate market value of the shares of common stock of Alaska Air Group, Inc. held by nonaffiliates on June 30, 2021, was approximately $7.5 billion (based on the closing price of $60.31 per share on the New York Stock Exchange on that date).
1

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of Definitive Proxy Statement relating to 2022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III.
2

ALASKA AIR GROUP, INC.
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I |  | 4
ITEM 1. | OUR BUSINESS | 4
ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS | 19
ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 28
ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES | 28
ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 29
ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 29
PART II |  | 30
ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES | 31
ITEM 6. | [RESERVED] | 31
ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 31
ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK | 47
ITEM 8. | CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 48
ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE | 86
ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 86
ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION | 89
ITEM 9C. | DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS | 89
PART III |  | 89
ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 89
ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION | 89
ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT, AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS | 89
ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE | 90
ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 90
PART IV |  | 90
ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS | 90
| SIGNATURES | 91

As used in this Form 10-K, the terms “Air Group,” the "Company," “our,” “we” and "us" refer to Alaska Air Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise. Alaska Airlines, Inc. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. are referred to as “Alaska” and “Horizon” and together as our "airlines.”
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
In addition to historical information, this Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are those that predict or describe future events or trends and that do not relate solely to historical matters. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical experience or the Company’s present expectations.
You should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements because the matters they describe are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other unpredictable factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our forward-looking
2

statements are based on the information currently available to us and speak only as of the date on which this report was filed with the SEC. We expressly disclaim any obligation to issue any updates or revisions to our forward-looking statements, even if subsequent events cause our expectations to change regarding the matters discussed in those statements. For a discussion of our risk factors, see Item 1A. "Risk Factors.” Please consider our forward-looking statements in light of those risks as you read this report.
3

Table of Contents
PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Alaska Air Group (the "Company" or "Air Group") is a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1985 that operates two airlines, Alaska and Horizon. Alaska was organized in 1932 and incorporated in 1937 in the state of Alaska. Horizon is a Washington corporation that was incorporated and began service in 1981, and was acquired by Air Group in 1986. Air Group acquired Virgin America in 2016, then legally merged the entity with Alaska in 2018, at which time the airlines' operating certificates were also combined. The Company also includes McGee Air Services, an aviation services provider that was established as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Alaska in 2016, and other subsidiaries.
Alaska and Horizon operate as separate airlines, with individual business plans, competitive factors and economic risks. We organize the business and review financial operating performance by aggregating our business in three operating segments, which are as follows:
•Mainline - includes scheduled air transportation on Alaska's Boeing and Airbus jet aircraft for passengers and cargo throughout the U.S., and in parts of Mexico, Costa Rica and Belize.
•Regional - includes Horizon's and other third-party carriers’ scheduled air transportation for passengers across a shorter distance network within the U.S. and Canada under capacity purchase agreements (CPA). This segment includes the actual revenues and expenses associated with regional flying, as well as an allocation of corporate overhead incurred by Air Group on behalf of the regional operations.
•Horizon - includes the capacity sold to Alaska under a CPA. Expenses include those typically borne by regional airlines such as crew costs, ownership costs and maintenance costs.
Together we are the fifth largest airline in the United States, offering unparalleled guest service, connectivity and schedules from our hub markets along the West Coast. With our regional partners, we fly to more than 120 destinations throughout North America. We have operated in a highly competitive and often challenging industry for nearly 90 years. Our top priority as an airline is ensuring the safety of our guests and employees, an area that we continually invest in. Our success over many decades and resilience in difficult times is attributable to our people, business model, and commitment to sustainable growth over the long-term.
In 2021, our business continued to recover from the impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic that began in 2020. Demand for travel improved considerably in 2021 as travel restrictions and stay-at-home orders relaxed. However, progress was volatile as new COVID-19 variants impacted the communities that we serve. In response to the uncertainties in recovery, we scaled capacity back up in a measured way, bringing flying back as demand materialized. This approach was a critical factor that enabled us to return to profitability in the second half of the year. As a result, our 2021 operating cash flows were positive, even when excluding the impact of government grants. This progress enabled us to repay $1.3 billion in debt and return our debt to capitalization ratio to 49%, the lowest level since the first quarter of 2020. In addition, we voluntarily funded a $100 million pension contribution, bringing our funded status to 98% as of year end.
The improved results in 2021 set a foundation for our return to pre-COVID flying levels by summer 2022 and growth from there. Our 2025 Plan includes ambitious goals, including aligning our growth strategy with critical environmental, social and governance targets. Instrumental to achieving this is our restructured fleet agreement with Boeing, which includes firm commitments for 93 new 737-9 aircraft to be delivered through 2024, with options to purchase 52 additional aircraft. These deliveries began in earnest in 2021, and ramp up significantly in 2022. The new 737-9 aircraft replace the aging Airbus A320 aircraft, which will be retired from the operating fleet by 2023. Significantly improved per-seat economics driven by larger gauge and improved fuel efficiency, as well as the transition to a single mainline fleet, will serve as the baseline for high-margin capacity growth over the next several years.
In 2021, recovery of leisure demand outpaced recovery of business demand. Responding to these trends, we adapted our network to take our guests where they want to fly. We announced 32 new routes to popular leisure destinations, including Belize. With new routes announced in 2021, we will serve 100 nonstop destinations from Seattle-Tacoma International Airport by summer 2022, more than any other carrier. We also formally joined the one world® alliance in 2021, which provides global access for our guests and exciting growth opportunities for our airlines. As we grow our West Coast hubs, we plan to maximize connectivity to partner airlines, allowing our guests greater global connectivity. By summer 2022, Alaska guests will be able to access 100 nonstop flights to Europe from the West Coast on one world partners. Although we have ambitious growth plans, we will continue to deploy capacity in a disciplined manner that is responsive to changing demand trends.
Our success is fueled by the engagement and dedication of our employees. Aligning our employees' goals with the Company's goals is critical in achieving success. To that end, all employees participate in our Performance-Based Pay (PBP) and
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Operational Performance Rewards (OPR) programs, which reward employees across all work groups based on metrics related to safety, profitability and cash flow, sustainability, on-time performance, low costs and customer satisfaction. In 2021, we rewarded employees with $151 million under these incentive programs.
AIR GROUP
Our airlines operate different aircraft and missions. Alaska operates a fleet of narrowbody passenger jets on primarily longer stage-length routes. Alaska contracts primarily with Horizon and SkyWest Airlines, Inc. (SkyWest) for shorter-haul capacity and receives all passenger revenue from those flights. Horizon operates Embraer 175 (E175) regional jet aircraft and Bombardier Q400 turboprop aircraft and sells all of its capacity to Alaska pursuant to a Capacity Purchase Agreement (CPA). The majority of our revenues are generated by transporting passengers. The percentage of revenues by category is as follows:

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
Passenger revenue | 89 | % |  | 85 | % |  | 92 | % |  |  |  |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 7 | % |  | 10 | % |  | 5 | % |  |  |  |
Cargo and other | 4 | % |  | 5 | % |  | 3 | % |  |  |  |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |

We deploy aircraft in ways that we believe will best optimize our revenues and profitability and reduce the impacts of seasonality.
The percentage of our capacity by region is as follows:

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
West Coast(a) | 31 | % |  | 32 | % |  | 28 | % |  |  |  |
Transcon/midcon | 37 | % |  | 41 | % |  | 44 | % |  |  |  |
Hawaii, Costa Rica and Belize | 16 | % |  | 10 | % |  | 14 | % |  |  |  |
Alaska | 11 | % |  | 11 | % |  | 10 | % |  |  |  |
Mexico | 5 | % |  | 5 | % |  | 3 | % |  |  |  |
Canada | — | % |  | 1 | % |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |

(a)Category represents flying within the West Coast. Departures from the West Coast to other regions are captured in other categories.
MAINLINE
Our Mainline operations include Boeing 737 (B737) and Airbus A320 family (A320 and A321neo) jet service offered by Alaska. We offer extensive passenger service from the western U.S. throughout the contiguous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Mexico, Costa Rica, and Belize. Our largest concentrations of departures are in Seattle, Portland, and the Bay Area. We also offer cargo service throughout our network and have three dedicated cargo aircraft that operate primarily to and within the state of Alaska.
In 2021, we carried 23 million revenue passengers in our Mainline operations, up from 12 million in 2020 as demand for air travel rebounded from the lows of the COVID-19 pandemic. At December 31, 2021, our Mainline operating fleet consisted of 177 B737 jet aircraft and 40 Airbus A320 family jet aircraft.
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The percentage of Mainline passenger capacity by region and average stage length is presented below:

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
West Coast(a) | 24 | % |  | 22 | % |  | 23 | % |  |  |  |
Transcon/midcon | 40 | % |  | 47 | % |  | 46 | % |  |  |  |
Hawaii, Costa Rica and Belize | 18 | % |  | 12 | % |  | 16 | % |  |  |  |
Alaska | 12 | % |  | 13 | % |  | 11 | % |  |  |  |
Mexico | 6 | % |  | 6 | % |  | 4 | % |  |  |  |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |
Average Stage Length (miles) | 1,324 |  |  | 1,272 |  |  | 1,299 |  |  |  |  |

(a)Category represents flying within the West Coast. Departures from the West Coast to other regions are captured in other categories.
REGIONAL
Our Regional operations consist primarily of flights operated by Horizon and SkyWest. In 2021, our Regional operations carried approximately 9 million revenue passengers, primarily in the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California. Horizon is the largest regional airline in the Pacific Northwest and carries approximately 65% of Air Group's Regional revenue passengers.
Based on 2021 Horizon passenger enplanements on Regional aircraft, our most significant concentration of Regional activity was in Seattle and Portland. At December 31, 2021, Horizon’s operating fleet consisted of 30 E175 jet aircraft and 32 Bombardier Q400 turboprop aircraft. The Regional fleet operated by SkyWest consisted of 32 E175 aircraft.
The percentage of Regional passenger capacity by region and average stage length is presented below:

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
West Coast | 74 | % |  | 75 | % |  | 61 | % |  |  |  |
Pacific Northwest | 7 | % |  | 9 | % |  | 10 | % |  |  |  |
Canada | — | % |  | 1 | % |  | 3 | % |  |  |  |
Alaska | 3 | % |  | 1 | % |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |
Midcon | 16 | % |  | 14 | % |  | 25 | % |  |  |  |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |
Average Stage Length (miles) | 521 |  |  | 524 |  |  | 490 |  |  |  |  |

FREQUENT FLYER PROGRAM
Alaska Airlines Mileage Plan™ provides a comprehensive suite of frequent flyer benefits. Miles can be earned by flying on our airline, which will accumulate faster because our miles are awarded on flight distance, not spend. Miles can also be earned by flying with one of our partner airlines, by using an Alaska Airlines credit card or through other non-airline partners. As the newest member of one world, our already extensive list of airline partners expanded and now comprises 23 partner airlines, making it easier for our members to earn miles and reach elite status in our frequent flyer program, and providing them reciprocal tier status on other one world carriers. Through Alaska and our partners, Mileage Plan members have access to a network of over 1,000 worldwide travel destinations. Further, members can receive up to 40,000 bonus miles upon signing up for the Alaska Airlines Visa Signature card and meeting a minimum spend threshold, earning three miles per $1 spent on Alaska Airlines purchases, and one mile per $1 spent on all other purchases. Alaska Airlines Visa Signature cardholders and small business cardholders in the U.S., and select Alaska Mastercard cardholders in Canada, also receive an annual companion ticket that allows members to purchase an additional ticket for $99 plus taxes, with no restrictions or black-out dates, and a free first checked bag for up to seven people traveling on the same itinerary. Earned miles can be redeemed for flights on our airlines, our partner airlines, hotel stays, or for upgrades to first class on Alaska Airlines. We believe all of these benefits give our Mileage Plan members more value than competing programs.
Mileage Plan revenues, including those in the Passenger revenue income statement line item, represented approximately 20% of Air Group's total revenues in 2021. Mileage Plan helps drive revenue growth by attracting new customers, keeping existing customers actively engaged, and building customer loyalty through the benefits that we provide.
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COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS WITH OTHER AIRLINES
Our commercial agreements with other airlines fall into three categories: frequent flyer, codeshare and interline.
•Frequent flyer agreements enable our Mileage Plan members to accrue miles and redeem them for flights on partner airlines.
•Codeshare agreements allow one or more marketing carriers to sell seats on a single operating carrier that services passengers under multiple flight numbers. The sale of codeshare seats can vary depending on the sale arrangement. For example, in a free-sale arrangement, the marketing carrier sells the operating carrier's inventory without any restriction; whereas in a block-space arrangement, a fixed amount of seats are sold to the marketing carrier by the operating carrier. The interchangeability of the flight code between carriers provides a greater selection of flights for customers, along with increased flexibility for mileage accrual and redemption.
•Interline agreements allow airlines to jointly offer a competitive, single-fare itinerary to customers traveling via multiple carriers to a final destination. An interline itinerary offered by one airline may not necessarily be offered by the other, and the fares collected from passengers are prorated and distributed to interline partners according to preexisting agreements between the carriers.
Frequent flyer, codeshare and interline agreements help increase our traffic and revenue by providing a more diverse network and schedule options to our guests.
Upon entrance to the one world alliance, Alaska added seven new airline partners and enhanced eight existing partnerships with one world members. As a one world member, Alaska's elite Mileage Plan members now receive tier status matching across member airlines. Depending on tier status, guests can enjoy a variety of privileges, including access to more than 650 international first and business class lounges, fast track through security, priority baggage benefits, priority check-in desks, upgrades, and priority boarding.
Alliances are an important part of our strategy and enhance our revenues by:
•offering our guests more travel destinations and better mileage credit and redemption opportunities, including elite qualifying miles on U.S. and international airline partners;
•providing a consistent and seamless guest experience whether you are flying on Alaska or one of our partners;
•giving us access to more connecting traffic from other airlines; and
•providing members of our alliance partners’ frequent flyer programs an opportunity to travel on Alaska and our regional partners while earning mileage credit in our partners’ programs.
Most of our codeshare relationships are free-sale codeshares, where the marketing carrier sells seats on the operating carrier’s flights from the operating carrier’s inventory, but takes no inventory risk. Our marketing agreements have various termination dates, and one or more may be in the process of renegotiation at any time. Our codeshare and interline agreements generated 2%, 3%, and 5% of our total marketed flight revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.
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A comprehensive summary of Alaska's alliances with other airlines is as follows:

|  |  | Codeshare
Airline | Frequent Flyer Agreement |  | Alaska Flight # on Flights Operated by Other Airline |  | Other Airline Flight # on Flights Operated by Alaska or CPA Partners
Aer Lingus | Yes |  | No |  | No
American Airlines | Yes |  | Yes |  | Yes
British Airways | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Cathay Pacific Airways | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Condor Airlines(a) | Yes |  | No |  | No
EL AL Israel Airlines | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Fiji Airways(a) | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Finnair | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Hainan Airlines | Yes |  | No |  | No
Iberia | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Icelandair | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Japan Airlines | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Korean Air | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
LATAM | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Malaysia Airlines | Yes |  | No |  | No
Qantas | Yes |  | Yes |  | Yes
Qatar Airways | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Ravn Alaska | Yes |  | No |  | No
Royal Air Maroc | Yes |  | No |  | No
Royal Jordanian | Yes |  | No |  | No
S7 Airlines | Yes |  | No |  | No
Singapore Airlines | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
SriLankan Airlines | Yes |  | No |  | No

(a)These airlines do not have their own frequent flyer program. However, Alaska's Mileage Plan members can earn and redeem miles on these airlines' route systems.
CARGO AND OTHER REVENUE
The Company provides freight and mail services (cargo). The majority of cargo services are provided to commercial businesses and the United States Postal Service. The Company satisfies cargo service performance obligations and recognizes revenue when the shipment arrives at its final destination, or is transferred to a third-party carrier for delivery.
The Company also earns other revenue for lounge memberships, hotel and car commissions, and certain other immaterial items not intrinsically tied to providing air travel to passengers. Revenue is recognized when these services are rendered and recorded as Cargo and other revenue.
GENERAL
The airline industry is highly competitive and subject to potentially volatile business cycles, resulting from factors such as a global pandemic, economic conditions, volatile fuel prices, a largely unionized work force, the need to finance large capital expenditures and the related availability of capital, government regulation—including taxes and fees, and potential aircraft incidents. Airlines have high fixed costs, primarily for wages, aircraft fuel, aircraft ownership and facilities rents. Because expenses of a flight do not vary significantly based on the number of passengers carried, a relatively small change in the number of passengers or in pricing has a disproportionate effect on an airline’s operating and financial results. In other words, a minor shortfall in expected revenue levels could cause a disproportionately negative impact to our operating and financial results. Passenger demand and ticket prices are, in large measure, influenced by the general state of the economy, current global economic and political events, and total available airline seat capacity.
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FUEL
Our business and financial results are highly impacted by the price and the availability of aircraft fuel. Aircraft fuel expense includes raw fuel expense, or the price that we generally pay at the airport, including taxes and fees, plus the effect of mark-to-market adjustments to our fuel hedge portfolio as the value of that portfolio increases and decreases. The cost of aircraft fuel is volatile and outside of our control, and it can have a significant and immediate impact on our operating results. Over the past three years, aircraft fuel expense ranged from 14% to 24% of operating expenses. Fuel prices are impacted by changes in both the price of crude oil and refining costs and can vary by region in the U.S.
The price of crude oil on an average annual basis for the past three years has ranged from a low of $39 per barrel in 2020 to a high of $68 in 2021. For us, a $1 per barrel change in the price of oil equates to approximately $16 million of fuel cost annually based on 2021 consumption levels. Said another way, a one-cent change in our fuel price per gallon would have impacted our 2021 fuel cost by approximately $7 million.
Refining margins, which represent the price of refining crude oil into aircraft fuel, are a smaller portion of the overall price of jet fuel, but have also contributed to the price volatility in recent years. Over the last three years, average annual West Coast refining margin prices have fluctuated from a low of $11 per barrel in 2020 to a high of $26 per barrel in 2019.
Generally, West Coast jet fuel prices are somewhat higher and more volatile than prices in the Gulf Coast or on the East Coast. Our average raw fuel cost per gallon increased 37% in 2021, after decreasing 29% in 2020 and decreasing 6% in 2019.
The percentages of our aircraft fuel expense by crude oil and refining margins, as well as the percentage of our aircraft fuel expense of operating expenses, are as follows:

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
Crude oil | 84 | % |  | 64 | % |  | 62 | % |  |  |  |
Refining margins | 16 | % |  | 16 | % |  | 28 | % |  |  |  |
Other(a) | — | % |  | 20 | % |  | 10 | % |  |  |  |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |
Aircraft fuel expense | 23 | % |  | 14 | % |  | 24 | % |  |  |  |

(a)Other includes gains and losses on settled fuel hedges, unrealized mark-to-market fuel hedge gains or losses, taxes and other into-plane costs.
We use crude oil call options as hedges against our exposure to the volatility of jet fuel prices. Call options effectively cap our price for crude oil, limiting our exposure to increasing fuel prices for about half of our planned fuel consumption. With call options, we are hedged against spikes in crude oil prices, and during a period of declines in crude oil prices, we only forfeit cash previously paid for hedge premiums. We begin hedging approximately 18 months in advance of consumption.
In 2020, Alaska began using sustainable aviation fuel for certain flights departing from San Francisco International Airport. Sustainable aviation fuel prices are currently higher than traditional fuel prices as the market is developing. We are evaluating options for obtaining the volume of sustainable aviation fuels that we expect will be necessary to move us towards our long-term sustainability goals. These options include partnerships with alternative fuel companies and industry groups focused on ways to accelerate innovation in this area.
We believe that operating fuel-efficient aircraft and executing on operational best practices are the best hedges against high fuel prices. Maintaining a young, fuel-efficient fleet helps reduce our fuel consumption rate, but also the amount of greenhouse gases and other pollutants that our aircraft emit.
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COMPETITION
Competition in the airline industry can be intense and unpredictable. Our competitors consist primarily of other airlines and, to a lesser extent, other forms of transportation. Competition can be direct, in the form of another carrier flying the exact non-stop route, or indirect, where a carrier serves the same two cities non-stop from an alternative airport in that city or via an itinerary requiring a connection at another airport. We compete with other domestic airlines and a limited number of international airlines on nearly all of our scheduled routes. Our largest competitor is Delta Air Lines Inc. (Delta). Approximately 76% of our capacity to and from Seattle competes with Delta. As we have grown in California and have expanded our transcontinental route offerings, United Airlines and Southwest Airlines have also become large competitors and have increased their capacity in markets we serve. Our California and transcontinental routes have a higher concentration of competitors when compared to our historical route structure, which was predominately concentrated in the Pacific Northwest. As carriers further restore domestic capacity in the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, we expect the amount of competitive capacity overlap with all carriers to increase in the first quarter of 2022.
We believe that the following competitive factors matter to guests when making an air travel purchase decision:
•Routes served, flight schedules, codesharing and interline relationships, and frequent flyer programs
We compete with other airlines based on markets served, the frequency of service to those markets and frequent flyer opportunities. Some airlines have more extensive route structures than we do, and they offer significantly more international routes. In order to expand opportunities for our guests, we enter into codeshare and interline relationships with other airlines that provide reciprocal frequent flyer mileage credit and redemption privileges. These relationships allow us to offer our guests access to more destinations than we can on our own, gain exposure in markets we do not serve and allow our guests more opportunities to earn and redeem frequent flyer miles. Our Mileage Plan offers some of the most valuable benefits in the industry, allowing our members the ability to earn and redeem miles on 23 partner carriers.
Our 2021 entry into the one world alliance provides our guests increased global network utility and benefits, and positions us to capture an incremental share of global travelers and corporate accounts as demand for air travel recovers further from the COVID-19 pandemic.
•Safety and guest health
Safety is our top priority and is at the core of everything we do. In its most recent rankings for 2022, AirlineRatings.com has again ranked Alaska as the safest U.S. airline within its ranking of the Top 20 safest airlines in the world. In 2020, we also received our 19th Diamond Award of Excellence from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), recognizing both Alaska and Horizon aircraft technicians for their commitment to training.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, our guests are sensitive to the risk of potential contagion throughout their journey. To address these concerns, we partnered with health and safety experts to build our Next-Level Care initiative. The initiative added nearly 100 measures through all stages of travel aimed at educating and helping our guests and employees to stay safe and to build confidence in flying.
•Fares and ancillary services
Ticket and other fee pricing is a significant competitive factor in the airline industry, and the increased availability of fare information on the internet allows travelers to easily compare fares and identify competitor promotions and discounts. Pricing is driven by a variety of factors including, but not limited to, market-specific capacity, market share per route/geographic area, cost structure, fare vs. ancillary revenue strategies, and demand.
For example, airlines often discount fares to drive traffic in new markets or to stimulate traffic when necessary to improve load factors. In addition, traditional network carriers have been able to reduce their operating costs through bankruptcies and mergers, while low-cost carriers have continued to grow their fleets and expand their networks, potentially enabling them to better control costs per available seat mile (the average cost to fly an aircraft seat one mile), which in turn may enable them to lower their fares. These factors can reduce our pricing power and that of the airline industry as a whole.
Domestic airline capacity is dominated by four large carriers, representing 78% of total seats. One of our advantages is that we offer low fares and a premium value product and experience. However, given the large concentration of industry capacity, some carriers in our markets may discount their fares substantially to develop or increase market share. Fares that are substantially below our cost to operate can be harmful if sustained over a long period of time. We will defend our
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position in our core markets and, if necessary, adjust capacity to better match supply with demand. Our strong financial position and low cost advantage have historically enabled us to offer competitive fares while still earning returns for our shareholders.
•Customer service and reputation
We compete with other airlines in areas of customer service such as on-time performance and guest amenities - including first class and other premium seating, quality of on-board products, aircraft type and comfort. All mainline aircraft in operating service have our refreshed interior configuration, which provides our guests with one consistent experience across the fleet. We also began installing next-generation Gogo® inflight satellite-based Wi-Fi on our entire Boeing and Airbus fleets in 2018, which is now planned to be completed in early 2022.
Our employees are a critical element of our reputation. We have a highly engaged workforce that strives to provide genuine and caring service to our guests, both at the airport and onboard. We heavily emphasize our service standards with our employees through training and education programs and monetary incentives related to operational performance and guest satisfaction.
In addition to domestic or foreign airlines that we compete with on most of our routes, we compete with ground transportation in our short-haul markets. Our airlines also compete with technology, such as video conferencing and internet-based meeting tools. We expect that the advancement and increased utilization of these tools will eliminate the need for some business-related travel.
TICKET DISTRIBUTION
Our tickets are distributed through three primary channels:
•Direct to customer: Selling direct at alaskaair.com is less expensive than other channels. We believe direct sales through this channel are preferable from a branding and customer relationship standpoint because we can establish ongoing communication with the guest and tailor offers accordingly. As a result, we prioritize efforts that drive more business to our website.
•Traditional and online travel agencies: Both traditional and online travel agencies typically use Global Distribution Systems to obtain their fare and inventory data from airlines. Bookings made through these agencies result in a fee that is charged to the airline. Many large corporate customers require us to use these agencies. Some of our competitors rely on this distribution channel to a lesser extent than we do, and, as a result, may have lower ticket distribution costs.
•Reservation call centers: Our call centers are located in Phoenix, AZ, Seattle, WA, and Boise, ID. We generally charge a $15 fee for booking reservations through the call centers.
Our sales by channel are as follows:

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
Direct to customer | 68 | % |  | 73 | % |  | 65 | % |  |  |  |
Traditional agencies | 12 | % |  | 12 | % |  | 20 | % |  |  |  |
Online travel agencies | 9 | % |  | 9 | % |  | 11 | % |  |  |  |
Reservation call centers | 11 | % |  | 6 | % |  | 4 | % |  |  |  |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |

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SEASONALITY AND OTHER FACTORS
Our results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of those for the entire year because our business is subject to seasonal fluctuations. In typical years, our profitability is generally lowest during the first and fourth quarters due principally to fewer departures and passengers. Profitability typically increases in the second quarter and then reaches its highest level during the third quarter as a result of vacation travel. Although pre-tax profits have not fully recovered to pre-COVID levels, seasonal fluctuations began to return to pre-COVID patterns as demand recovered in 2021, aided by the widespread availability of COVID-19 vaccines in the second quarter. However, due to relatively weaker business travel recovery and volatility from new COVID variants, seasonal fluctuations have not fully normalized. In a typical year, some of the impacts of seasonality are offset by travel from the West Coast to leisure destinations, like Hawaii and Costa Rica, and expansion to leisure and business destinations in the mid-continental and eastern U.S. Seasonality and operational fluctuations are not predictable in the current environment and may be permanently changed post-pandemic.
In a typical year, in addition to passenger loads, factors that could cause our quarterly operating results to vary include:
•pricing initiatives by us or our competitors,
• changes in fuel costs,
•increases in competition at our primary airports,
•general economic conditions and resulting changes in passenger demand,
•increases or decreases in passenger and volume-driven variable costs, and
•air space and Air Traffic Control delays, particularly in Seattle and San Francisco.
Many of the markets we serve experience inclement weather conditions in the winter, causing increased costs associated with deicing aircraft, canceling flights and accommodating displaced passengers. Due to our geographic area of operations, we can be more susceptible to adverse weather conditions, particularly in the state of Alaska and the Pacific Northwest, than some of our competitors who may be better able to spread the impact of weather-related risks over larger route systems.
No material part of our business, or that of our subsidiaries, is dependent upon a single customer, or upon a few high-volume customers.
SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVES
Taking responsibility for our impact on the environment is an integral part of delivering value for all those who depend on us – employees, guests, owners and communities. To that end, we are focused on mitigating or reducing our most significant environmental impacts. Our sustainability goals are anchored by our commitment to reduce our carbon emissions. In 2021, we announced new short and long-term targets, with the ultimate goal of reaching net-zero carbon emissions by 2040. Our roadmap for achieving this goal includes the following focus areas:
•Renewing our fleet with more efficient airplanes - Alaska received 11 Boeing 737-9 aircraft in 2021 and has firm commitments to take 82 more. Alaska also has options for 52 additional 737-9 aircraft. These aircraft will provide improved fuel efficiency compared to the aircraft they are slated to replace, and enable fuel-efficient growth as well. Alaska has also partnered with Boeing on the 737-9 ecoDemonstrator program, which tests advanced technologies designed to enhance the safety and sustainability of air travel.
•Using sustainable aviation fuel - Among currently available technologies, sustainable aviation fuel has the greatest potential for enabling near-term progress towards our net-zero emissions goal. Alaska has joined other carriers at Seattle Tacoma International Airport and San Francisco International Airport to establish a pathway to commercially viable sustainable aviation fuel. Expanding use of sustainable aviation fuel also depends on its reliable availability. To this end, we are partnered with others in the aviation community to identify and develop new sources of production.
•Increasing operational efficiency - Alaska and Horizon take pride in consistently delivering top-of-industry operational performance. Alaska's use of Required Navigational Performance aids in reducing emissions through providing more direct approaches and reducing weather-related diversions. Alaska was also the first in the industry to
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adopt Flyways AI, a technology which leverages artificial intelligence and machine learning to optimize air traffic and enable more fuel-efficient flight paths for aggregate savings of fuel, carbon emissions and time.
•Increasing the use of electric or alternative power - In 2021, we launched and funded Alaska Star Ventures LLC, an investment arm with a primary focus on identifying and funding companies working on emerging green technologies. Alaska also announced a collaboration with ZeroAvia to begin development on a hydrogen-electric powertrain engine capable of flying regional aircraft in excess of 500 nautical miles. In 2021, Alaska Star Ventures funded $5 million, and has goals to contribute an additional $33 million of cash and in-kind investments through 2028. Alaska and Horizon also continue to expand the use of electric ground equipment at airports.
•Harnessing carbon offset technology - To close any remaining gaps on the path to net-zero, we have partnered with industry experts to identify and vet credible, high-quality carbon offsetting technologies.
In alignment with our sustainability goals, we joined the Climate Pledge in 2021, an Amazon-led initiative to limit emissions that includes more than 200 companies. Also in 2021, we included a carbon emissions metric in our company-wide Performance-Based Pay program, as we believe it is important to embed these critical targets into the incentives that align all of our employees.
Aside from our commitments to reducing our airlines' carbon footprint, we also recognize the impact our operation has in generating waste. In 2018, we were the first U.S. airline to remove plastic straws and stir sticks from our aircraft and in 2019, we launched a campaign called #FillBeforeYouFly to engage our employees and guests in reducing plastic waste. In 2021, we expanded inflight sustainability efforts by trading plastic water bottles and cups for plant-based cartons and recyclable paper cups. Alaska leads the industry in inflight recycling, and continues to evaluate new ways to further reduce inflight waste.
HUMAN CAPITAL
OUR PEOPLE
Our business is labor intensive. As of December 31, 2021, we employed 22,833 (17,054 at Alaska, 3,494 at Horizon, and 2,285 at McGee Air Services) active employees. Of those employees, 90% are full-time and 10% are part-time. Wages and benefits, including variable incentive pay, represented approximately 56% of our total non-fuel operating expenses in 2021 and 47% in 2020.
Most major airlines, including Alaska and Horizon, have employee groups that are covered by collective bargaining agreements. Airlines with unionized workforces generally have higher labor costs than carriers without unionized workforces. Those with unionized workforces may not have the ability to adjust labor costs downward quickly in response to new competition or slowing demand. At December 31, 2021, labor unions represented 86% of Alaska’s, 50% of Horizon’s, and 87% of McGee Air Services' employees.
Our relations with U.S. labor organizations are governed by the Railway Labor Act (RLA). Under the RLA, collective bargaining agreements do not expire, but instead become amendable as of a stated date. If either party wishes to modify the terms of any such agreement, it must notify the other party in the manner prescribed by the RLA and/or described in the agreement. After receipt of such notice, the parties must meet for direct negotiations, and if no agreement is reached, either party may request the National Mediation Board to initiate a process including mediation, arbitration, and a potential “cooling off” period that must be followed before either party may engage in self-help.
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Alaska’s union contracts at December 31, 2021 were as follows:

Union |  | Employee Group |  | Number of Employees |  | Contract Status
Air Line Pilots Association, International (ALPA)(a) |  | Pilots |  | 3,062 |  |  | Amendable 3/31/2020
Association of Flight Attendants (AFA) |  | Flight attendants |  | 5,530 |  |  | Amendable 12/17/2022
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM) |  | Ramp service and stock clerks |  | 684 |  |  | Amendable 9/27/2024
IAM |  | Clerical, office and passenger service |  | 4,234 |  |  | Amendable 9/27/2024
Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association (AMFA) |  | Mechanics, inspectors and cleaners |  | 910 |  |  | Amendable 10/17/2023
Mexico Workers Association of Air Transport(b) |  | Mexico airport personnel |  | 100 |  |  | Amendable 9/29/2019
Transport Workers Union of America (TWU) |  | Dispatchers |  | 90 |  |  | Amendable 3/24/2022

(a)Negotiations with ALPA for an updated collective bargaining agreement are ongoing as of the date of this filing. In September 2021, Alaska Airlines engaged the National Mediation Board to assist in negotiations.
(b)As a result of amendments to Mexican labor laws, the Company has up to four years to make changes to the existing labor agreements. During that time, the existing contracts remain in place.
Horizon’s union contracts at December 31, 2021 were as follows:

Union |  | Employee Group |  | Number of Employees |  | Contract Status
International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) |  | Pilots |  | 816 |  |  | Amendable 12/31/2024
AFA |  | Flight attendants |  | 625 |  |  | Amendable 4/30/2024
AMFA(a) |  | Mechanics and related classifications |  | 240 |  |  | Amendable 12/15/2020
Unifor |  | Station personnel in Vancouver and Victoria, BC, Canada |  | 28 |  |  | Expires 2/13/2023
TWU |  | Dispatchers |  | 25 |  |  | Amendable 1/29/2026

(a)Negotiations with AMFA for an updated collective bargaining agreement began in November 2021. Horizon and AMFA reached a tentative agreement in January 2022, voting on which remains open as of the date of this filing.
McGee Air Services union contract at December 31, 2021 was as follows:

Union |  | Employee Group |  | Number of Employees |  | Contract Status
IAM |  | Fleet and ramp service |  | 1,992 |  |  | Amendable 7/19/2023

With the dramatic decline in demand we experienced in 2020, our workforce was larger than necessary to support our operational and business needs. To help stabilize the business, we utilized temporary workforce reduction mechanisms, including early-out and voluntary leave programs which were available to all frontline work groups. We also offered incentive leaves to Alaska pilots and mechanics. As demand significantly rebounded in late spring 2021, Alaska began recalling employees from leave programs prior to their intended expiry, with all employees on leave returned to active employment by October 2021.
Alaska and Horizon invest in employee programs and training that aid advancement throughout the Company. Our Pilot Pathways Program provides a clear and direct path for Horizon pilots to progress to mainline flying has advanced 263 pilots since inception in 2018. In 2021, we also created an internal maintenance technician development program, which will provide eligible employees with financial assistance to enhance and develop skills with the goal of becoming a certified maintenance technician. Providing meaningful advancement opportunities to employees throughout Air Group is important, and we continue to evaluate new programs which support our people and advance our long-term strategic goals.
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DIVERSITY, EQUITY AND INCLUSION
At Alaska and Horizon, we believe that every person deserves respect regardless of race, ethnicity, capability, age, gender, or sexual orientation. We are committed to advancing equity in all forms, and have set specific and measurable goals to deliver on our commitments to racial equity and diversity by 2025. Our primary goals in this arena are to increase racial diversity in our leadership team and build a culture of inclusion for all employees.
We are also working with existing partners such as United Negro College Fund (UNCF) to create career pathways for at least 175,000 young people. As a reflection of the importance of these commitments, a portion of long-term executive compensation has been tied to achievement of these goals.
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
Alaska and Horizon are dedicated to actively supporting the communities we serve. In 2021, Air Group companies donated $11 million in cash and in-kind travel to approximately 900 charitable organizations, and our employees volunteered more than 21,000 hours of community service related to youth and education, medical research and transportation. Our cargo business also provided critical support to communities in need by transporting essential goods and shipments of COVID-19 vaccines throughout the state of Alaska.
The Alaska Airlines Foundation (the Foundation) also provides grants to nonprofits that offer educational and career-development programs to young people. Organizations are invited to apply bi-annually for grants ranging from $5,000 to $20,000, with preference given to organizations that can demonstrate partnership and long-term program sustainability. Since inception in 1999, the Foundation has donated more than $3 million in grants, including nearly $260,000 in 2021.
For more details on the Company's environmental, social and governance goals, strategy and roadmap for success, refer to the annual LIFT report on our website, www.alaskaair.com/lift. The information contained on our sustainability website is not a part of this annual report on Form 10-K.
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EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The executive officers of Alaska Air Group, Inc. and its primary subsidiaries, Alaska Airlines, Inc. and Horizon Air Industries, who have significant decision-making responsibilities, their positions and their respective ages are as follows:

Name |  | Position |  | Age |  | Air Group or Subsidiary Officer Since
Benito Minicucci |  | President and Chief Executive Officer of Alaska Air Group, Inc. and Alaska Airlines, Inc. |  | 55 |  | 2004
Shane R. Tackett |  | Executive Vice President/Finance and Chief Financial Officer of Alaska Air Group, Inc. and Alaska Airlines, Inc. |  | 43 |  | 2011
Kyle B. Levine |  | Senior Vice President Legal, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Alaska Air Group, Inc., Alaska Airlines, Inc. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc., and Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer of Alaska Air Group, Inc. |  | 50 |  | 2016
Joseph A. Sprague |  | President of Horizon Air Industries, Inc. |  | 53 |  | 2019
Andrew R. Harrison |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer of Alaska Airlines, Inc. |  | 52 |  | 2008
Constance E. von Muehlen |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Alaska Airlines, Inc. |  | 56 |  | 2021
Andrea L. Schneider |  | Senior Vice President People of Alaska Airlines, Inc. |  | 58 |  | 1998
Diana Birkett-Rakow |  | Senior Vice President Public Affairs and Sustainability of Alaska Airlines, Inc. |  | 44 |  | 2017

Mr. Minicucci was elected President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Alaska Air Group effective March 31, 2021, and has been President of Alaska Airlines since May 2016. Prior to that he was Executive Vice President/Operations of Alaska Airlines from December 2008 to May 2016, and was Alaska’s Chief Operating Officer from December 2008 until November 2019. He was Chief Executive Officer of Virgin America Inc. from December 2016 to July 2018, when Virgin America was merged into Alaska. He leads Air Group’s Management Executive Committee, and was elected to the Alaska Air Group Board of Directors in May 2020.
Mr. Tackett was elected Chief Financial Officer in March 2020 and is a member of Air Group’s Management Executive Committee. Mr. Tackett joined Alaska Airlines in 2000 and has served in a number of roles including Managing Director Financial Planning and Analysis (2008-2010), Vice President Labor Relations (2010-2015), Vice President Revenue Management (2016), Senior Vice President Revenue and E-commerce (2017-2018), and Executive Vice President Planning and Strategy (2018-2020).
Mr. Levine was elected Senior Vice President Legal and General Counsel of Alaska Air Group and Alaska Airlines in January 2020 and is a member of Air Group’s Management Executive Committee. Mr. Levine was previously Vice President Legal and General Counsel of Alaska Air Group and Alaska Airlines (January 2016 - January 2020). He was elected Corporate Secretary of Alaska Air Group and Alaska Airlines in August 2017 and of Horizon Air in January 2020. Mr. Levine joined Alaska Airlines in February 2006 as a Senior Attorney. He also served as Associate General Counsel and Managing Director Commercial Law and General Litigation from July 2009 to February 2011 and, subsequently, as Deputy General Counsel and Managing Director of Legal at Alaska Airlines from February 2011 to January 2016.
Mr. Sprague was elected President of Horizon Air effective November 6, 2019 and is a member of Air Group’s Management Executive Committee. Mr. Sprague previously served as Senior Vice President External Relations of Alaska Airlines from May 2014 until his resignation in September 2017. Mr. Sprague also served Alaska Airlines as Vice President of Marketing from March 2010 to April 2014 and Vice President of Alaska Air Cargo from April 2008 to March 2010.
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Mr. Harrison was elected Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer in August 2015. He is a member of Air Group's Management Executive Committee. Mr. Harrison joined Alaska Airlines in 2003 as the Managing Director of Internal Audit and was elected Vice President of Planning and Revenue Management in 2008. He was elected Senior Vice President of Planning and Revenue Management in 2014 and Executive Vice President and Chief Revenue Officer in February 2015.
Ms. von Muehlen was elected Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Alaska Airlines effective April 3, 2021 and is a member of Air Group’s Management Executive Committee. Prior to that she served as Senior Vice President of Maintenance and Engineering of Alaska Airlines from January 2019 to April 2021. Ms. von Muehlen served as Chief Operating Officer at Horizon Air from January 2018 to January 2019, and Managing Director of Airframe, Engine, Components MRO at Alaska Airlines from December 2012 to January 2018.
Ms. Schneider was elected Senior Vice President of People at Alaska Airlines in June 2019 and is a member of Air Group’s Management Executive Committee. Ms. Schneider was previously Vice President of People at Alaska (August 2017-May 2019) Vice President of Inflight Services at Alaska (2011-2017), and later also took responsibility for Call Centers at Alaska (February 2017). She began her career at Alaska as Manager of Financial Accounting in 1989 and she has held a number of positions until her election in 2011.
Ms. Birkett-Rakow was elected Senior Vice President of Public Affairs and Sustainability at Alaska Airlines in November 2021. She was previously elected Vice President of Public Affairs and Sustainability in February 2021 and also served as Vice President of External Relations at Alaska Airlines from September 2017 to February 2021. Ms. Birkett Rakow is a member of Air Group's Management Executive Committee.
REGULATION
GENERAL
The airline industry is highly regulated, most notably by the federal government. The Department of Transportation (DOT), the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and the FAA exercise significant regulatory authority over air carriers.
•DOT: A domestic airline is required to hold a certificate of public convenience and necessity issued by the DOT in order to provide passenger and cargo air transportation in the U.S. Subject to certain individual airport capacity, noise and other restrictions, this certificate permits an air carrier to operate between any two points in the U.S. Certificates do not expire, but may be revoked for failure to comply with federal aviation statutes, regulations, orders or the terms of the certificates. While airlines are permitted to establish their own fares without government regulation, the DOT has jurisdiction over the approval of international codeshare agreements, marketing alliance agreements between major domestic carriers, international and some domestic route authorities, Essential Air Service market subsidies, carrier liability for personal or property damage, and certain airport rates and charges disputes. International treaties may also contain restrictions or requirements for flying outside of the U.S. and impose different carrier liability limits than those applicable to domestic flights. The DOT has been active in implementing a variety of consumer protection regulations, covering subjects such as advertising, passenger communications, denied boarding compensation and tarmac delay response. Airlines are subject to enforcement actions that are brought by the DOT for alleged violations of consumer protection and other economic regulations. We are not aware of any enforcement proceedings that could either materially affect our financial position or impact our authority to operate.
•FAA: The FAA, through Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), generally regulates all aspects of airline operations, including establishing personnel, maintenance and flight operation standards. Domestic airlines are required to hold a valid air carrier operating certificate issued by the FAA. Pursuant to these regulations, we have established, and the FAA has approved, our operations specifications and a maintenance program for each type of aircraft we operate. Each maintenance program provides for the ongoing maintenance of the relevant aircraft type, ranging from frequent routine inspections to major overhauls. Periodically, the FAA issues Airworthiness Directives (ADs) that must be incorporated into our aircraft maintenance program and operations. All airlines are subject to enforcement actions that are brought by the FAA from time to time for alleged violations of FARs or ADs. At this time, we are not aware of any enforcement proceedings that could either materially affect our financial position or impact our authority to operate.
•TSA: Airlines serving the U.S. must operate a TSA-approved Aircraft Operator Standard Security Program (AOSSP), and comply with TSA Security Directives (SDs) and regulations. Under TSA authority, we are required to collect a September 11 Security Fee of $5.60 per one-way trip from passengers and remit that sum to the government to fund aviation security me asures. Airlines are subject to enforcement actions that are brought by the TSA for alleged violations of the AOSSP,
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SDs or security regulations. We are not aware of any enforcement proceedings that could either materially affect our financial position or impact our authority to operate.
The Department of Justice and DOT have jurisdiction over airline competition matters. The U.S. Postal Service has jurisdiction over certain aspects of the transportation of mail and related services. Labor relations in the air transportation industry are regulated under the RLA. To the extent we continue to fly to foreign countries and pursue alliances with international carriers, we may be subject to certain regulations of foreign agencies and international treaties.
We are also subject to the oversight of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) concerning employee safety and health matters. The OSHA and other federal agencies have been authorized to create and enforce regulations that have an impact on our operations. In addition to these federal activities, various states have been delegated certain authorities under these federal statutes. Many state and local governments have adopted employee safety and health laws and regulations. We maintain our safety and health programs in order to meet or exceed these requirements.
ENVIRONMENTAL
We are also subject to various laws and government regulations concerning environmental matters, both domestically and internationally. Domestic regulations that have an impact to our operations include the Airport Noise and Capacity Act of 1990, the Clean Air Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response and Compensation Liability Act, the National Environmental Policy Act (including Environmental Justice), Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act. Many state and local environmental regulations exceed these federal regulations. In the future we expect there to be incremental legislation aimed at further reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, hazardous substances and additional focus on environmental justice.
The Airport Noise and Capacity Act recognizes the rights of airport operators with noise problems to implement local noise abatement programs so long as they do not interfere unreasonably with interstate or foreign commerce or the national air transportation system. Authorities in several cities have established aircraft noise reduction programs, including the imposition of nighttime curfews. We believe we have sufficient scheduling flexibility to accommodate local noise restrictions.
The domestic US airline industry committed to carbon neutral growth starting in 2020. Through this commitment we have joined participation in the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), a global, market-based emissions offset program issued by the International Civil Aviation Organization to be carbon neutral for international growth. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the growth baseline year was modified and set to 2019 during the initial phase. This does not have a direct impact on domestic flights, however the EPA finalized a rule in 2020 on aircraft emission standards which aligns with the international agreements. Additional commitments to decarbonize through the Paris Climate Accord and domestic carbon neutrality remain a potential impact to our industry.
At this time we do not currently anticipate adverse financial impacts from any specific existing or pending environmental regulation or reporting requirements, new regulations, related to our existing or past operations, or compliance issues could harm our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in future periods.
INSURANCE
We carry insurance of types customary in the airline industry and in amounts deemed adequate to protect our interests and property and to comply both with federal regulations and certain credit and lease agreements. The insurance policies principally provide coverage for airline hull, spares and comprehensive legal liability, war and allied perils, and workers’ compensation. In addition, we currently carry a cyber insurance policy in the event of security breaches from malicious parties.
We believe that our emphasis on safety and our state-of-the-art flight deck safety technology help to control the cost of our insurance.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
Our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports are available on our website at www.alaskaair.com, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after these reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained on our website is not a part of this annual report on Form 10-K.
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Adjusted Net Debt - long-term debt, including current portion, plus capitalized operating leases, less cash and marketable securities
Adjusted Net Debt to EBITDAR - represents adjusted net debt divided by EBITDAR (trailing twelve months earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, special items and rent)
Aircraft Utilization - block hours per day; this represents the average number of hours per day our aircraft are in transit
Aircraft Stage Length - represents the average miles flown per aircraft departure
ASMs - available seat miles, or “capacity”; represents total seats available across the fleet multiplied by the number of miles flown
CASM - operating costs per ASM, or "unit cost"; represents all operating expenses including fuel and special items
CASMex - operating costs excluding fuel and special items per ASM; this metric is used to help track progress toward reduction of non-fuel operating costs since fuel is largely out of our control
Debt-to-Capitalization Ratio - represents adjusted debt (long-term debt plus capitalized operating lease liabilities) divided by total equity plus adjusted debt
Diluted Earnings per Share - represents earnings per share (EPS) using fully diluted shares outstanding
Diluted Shares - represents the total number of shares that would be outstanding if all possible sources of conversion, such as stock options, were exercised
Economic Fuel - best estimate of the cash cost of fuel, net of the impact of our fuel-hedging program
Load Factor - RPMs as a percentage of ASMs; represents the number of available seats that were filled with paying passengers
Mainline - represents flying Boeing 737, Airbus 320 family and Airbus 321neo jets and all associated revenues and costs
Productivity - number of revenue passengers per full-time equivalent employee
RASM - operating revenue per ASMs, or "unit revenue"; operating revenue includes all passenger revenue, freight & mail, Mileage Plan and other ancillary revenue; represents the average total revenue for flying one seat one mile
Regional - represents capacity purchased by Alaska from Horizon and SkyWest. Financial results in this segment include actual on-board passenger revenue, less costs such as fuel, distribution costs, and payments made to Horizon and SkyWest under the respective capacity purchased arrangement (CPA). Additionally, Regional includes an allocation of corporate overhead such as IT, finance, and other administrative costs incurred by Air Group and on behalf of Horizon
RPMs - revenue passenger miles, or "traffic"; represents the number of seats that were filled with paying passengers; one passenger traveling one mile is one RPM
Yield - passenger revenue per RPM; represents the average revenue for flying one passenger one mile

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

If any of the following occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed. The trading price of our common stock could also decline. We operate in a continually changing business environment. In this environment, new risks may emerge, and already identified risks may vary significantly in terms of impact and likelihood of occurrence. Management cannot predict such developments, nor can it assess the impact, if any, on our business of such new risk factors or of events described in any forward-looking statements.
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We have adopted an enterprise-wide risk analysis and oversight program designed to identify the various risks faced by the organization, assign responsibility for managing those risks to individual executives as well as align these risks with Board oversight. These enterprise-wide risks align to the risk factors discussed below.
COVID-19
The global pandemic caused by COVID-19, and related measures implemented to combat its spread has had, and is expected to continue to have, a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations, financial position and liquidity.
In late 2019, an outbreak of novel coronavirus and its resulting disease (COVID-19) was detected in Wuhan, China. Since that time, COVID-19 has spread rapidly throughout the globe, including within the United States, where millions of cases have been positively diagnosed to date. Although travel restrictions and stay-at-home orders have largely been lifted following the rollout of vaccination programs, the rise of new variants has led to volatility in bookings and overall demand for air travel. This volatility, coupled with low recovery of business travel, had and continues to have a material adverse impact on our revenues and results of operations. Additionally, o ur operations have been, and may continue to be, negatively affected if our employees or vendor partners are quarantined or sickened as a result of exposure to COVID-19.
In response to the pandemic, we implemented, and continue to refine and adjust, a comprehensive strategy to mitigate the impacts on our business. This strategy may itself have negative impacts on our business and operations. Our strategies for encouraging air travel may continue to evolve in response to emerging variants. These new strategies may require further investment, and if not successful, may not generate related revenues to offset these costs. One such action is the elimination of change fees for first and main cabin fares and the ability to rebook travel for an extended period beyond standard rebooking terms. The loss of change fee revenue, combined with ongoing significant ticket cancellation activity, has adversely impacted our revenues and liquidity.
At this time, we are unable to predict what impact the pandemic will have on future customer behavior. New variants, particularly those which are vaccine-resistant, may result in further variability in advance booking and refund activity. The recovery of business travel may be impacted by widespread use of video conferencing or the reduction of business travel budgets. In addition, the Company has incurred, and will continue to incur COVID-19 related costs in response to the need for higher staffing levels as well as for enhanced aircraft cleaning and additional procedures to limit transmission among employees and guests. These contingencies, individually and in the aggregate, could have a material adverse impact on our business.
We have accepted certain conditions by accepting funding under the Payroll Support Program of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act.
The CARES Act was signed into law on March 27, 2020, providing U.S. airlines and related businesses the ability to access liquidity in the form of grants, loans, loan guarantees and other investments by the U.S. government.
In 2020 and 2021, the Company, Alaska, Horizon, and McGee entered agreements with the United States Department of the Treasury (Treasury) to secure approximately $2.3 billion of funding under the CARES Act Payroll Support Program (PSP) and two related extensions. Of total funding, $600 million is in the form of an unsecured senior term loan payable over ten years. PSP proceeds were used exclusively for employee payroll and benefits expenses in accordance with the terms and conditions of the PSP agreements and the applicable provisions of the CARES Act.
In addition to repayment commitments, we remain subject to the following conditions under our CARES Act agreements:
•The Company may not repurchase its common stock or pay dividends on its common stock until October 1, 2022;
•Compensation and severance payments for officers and employees who earned more than $425,000 in total compensation in 2019 will be subject to maximum limitations through April 1, 2023; and
•The Company must maintain certain internal controls and records, and provide any additional reporting required by the U.S. government.
These conditions may adversely affect the Company’s profitability, our ability to negotiate favorable terms with loyalty partners, our attractiveness to investors, and our ability to compensate at market-competitive levels and retain key personnel.
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Mandatory vaccination programs could have a material adverse impact on the Company's operations and financial results.
The President's executive order dated September 9, 2021 requires employees of government contractors to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19. Alaska Airlines and Horizon Air are government contractors by virtue of their agreements with the U.S. government for the carriage of passengers and mail, among other activities. McGee Air Services is subject to the executive order as a subcontractor of Alaska Airlines. As of the date of this filing, the executive order is subject to unsettled legal challenges, and its legality must be upheld in the judicial system prior to its enforcement by the government. Should the executive order be upheld in its current form, employers may excuse employees from the vaccination requirement only with a valid medical or religious exemption. Alaska, Horizon and McGee operate in highly competitive job markets in which the pool of available employees is limited. Our companies, contractors, and vendor partners whose services we rely on to run our operation may lose current or prospective employees because individuals decline to be vaccinated. If our companies, contractors, and vendor partners cannot fill job vacancies with other qualified workers, operational disruption and associated negative impact to guests and our financial results could result. If we cannot comply with the scope and/or timing of the executive order or similar state mandates, we could lose business and revenues associated with our government contracts.
SAFETY, COMPLIANCE AND OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE
Our reputation and financial results could be harmed in the event of an airline accident or incident.
An accident or incident involving one of our aircraft or an aircraft operated by one of our codeshare partners or CPA carriers could involve loss of life and result in a loss of confidence in our Company by the flying public and/or aviation authorities. We could experience significant claims from injured passengers, bystanders and surviving relatives, as well as costs for the repair or replacement of a damaged aircraft and temporary or permanent loss from service. We maintain liability insurance in amounts and of the type generally consistent with industry practice, as do our codeshare partners and CPA carriers. However, the amount of such coverage may not be adequate to fully cover all claims, and we may be forced to bear substantial economic losses from such an event. Substantial claims resulting from an accident in excess of our related insurance coverage would harm our business and financial results. Moreover, any aircraft accident or incident, even if it is fully insured and does not involve one of our aircraft, could cause a public perception that our airlines or the aircraft we or our partners fly are less safe or reliable than other transportation alternatives. This would harm our business.
Our operations are often affected by factors beyond our control, including delays, cancellations and other conditions, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
As is the case for all airlines, our operations often are affected by delays, cancellations and other conditions caused by factors largely beyond our control.
Factors that might impact our operations include:
•contagious illness and fear of contagion;
•congestion, construction, space constraints at airports, and/or air traffic control problems, all of which many restrict flow;
•adverse weather conditions;
•lack of operational approval (e.g. new routes, aircraft deliveries, etc.);
•increased security measures or breaches in security;
•changes in international treaties concerning air rights;
•international or domestic conflicts or terrorist activity;
•interference by modernized telecommunications equipment with aircraft navigation technology; and
•other changes in business conditions.
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Due to the concentration of our flights in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, we believe a large portion of our operation is more susceptible to adverse weather conditions than other carriers. A general reduction in airline passenger traffic as a result of any of the above-mentioned factors could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We rely on vendors for certain critical activities and sourcing, which could expose us to disruptions in our operation or unexpected cost increases.
We rely on vendors for a variety of services and functions critical to our business, including airframe and engine maintenance, regional flying, ground handling, fueling, computer reservation system hosting, telecommunication systems, information technology infrastructure and services, and deicing, among others.
Even though we strive to formalize agreements with these vendors that define expected service levels, our use of outside vendors increases our exposure to several risks. In the event that one or more vendors go into bankruptcy, ceases operation or fails to perform as promised, for reasons such as supply chain delays, or workforce shortages, replacement services may not be readily available at competitive rates, or at all. If one of our vendors fails to perform adequately, we may experience increased costs, delays, maintenance issues, safety issues or negative public perception of our airline. Vendor bankruptcies, unionization, regulatory compliance issues or significant changes in the competitive marketplace among suppliers could adversely affect vendor services or force us to renegotiate existing agreements on less favorable terms. These events could result in disruptions in our operations or increases in our cost structure.
Impacts of climate change, including legal, regulatory or market responses, may have a material adverse result on our operations and/or financial position.
Concerns regarding climate change, including the impacts of a gradual increase in global temperatures leading to more severe weather conditions, continue to rise. Increased frequency or duration of extreme weather conditions could cause significant and prolonged impacts to our operation or disrupt our supply chain. These disruptions may result in increased operating costs and lost revenue should we be unable to operate our published schedules.
Many aspects of our operation are subject to increasing regulations governing environmental change. Increased governmental regulation involving aircraft emissions and environmental investigation and remediation costs coupled with public expectations for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions may require us to make significant investments in emerging and yet unproven technologies. Should these technologies not gain approval for use in our operation, our results of operations may be adversely impacted, and we may be required to direct new investments to different technologies. Failure to comply with increasing regulation, or in addressing the concerns of our guests and our shareholders, may adversely impact financial position, our results of operations, or our stock price.
Changes in government regulation imposing additional requirements and restrictions on our operations could increase our operating costs and result in service delays and disruptions.
Airlines are subject to extensive regulatory and legal requirements, both domestically and internationally, that require substantial compliance costs. In the last several years, Congress has passed laws, and the U.S. DOT, the TSA and the FAA have issued regulations that have required significant expenditures relating to maintenance of aircraft, operation of airlines and broadening of consumer protections.
Similarly, there are a number of legislative and regulatory initiatives and reforms at the federal, state and local levels. These initiatives include increasingly stringent laws to protect the environment, minimum wage requirements, mandatory paid sick or family leave, and health care mandates. These laws could affect our relationship with our workforce and the vendors that serve our airlines and cause our expenses to increase without an ability to pass through these costs. New initiatives with employer-funded costs, specifically those impacting Washington State, could disproportionately increase our cost structure as compared to our competitors. In recent years, the airline industry has experienced an increase in litigation over the application of state and local employment laws, particularly in California. Application of these laws may result in operational disruption, increased litigation risk, and impact on negotiated labor agreements.
Almost all commercial service airports are owned and/or operated by units of local or state governments. Airlines are largely dependent on these governmental entities to provide adequate airport facilities and capacity at an affordable cost. Many airports have increased their rates and charges to air carriers to reflect higher costs of security, updates to infrastructure, and other expenses. Additional laws, regulations, taxes, airport rates and airport charges may be occasionally proposed that could significantly increase the cost of airline operations or reduce the demand for air travel. Although lawmakers may impose these additional fees and view them as “pass-through” costs, we believe that a higher total ticket price will influence consumer
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purchase and travel decisions and may result in an overall decline in passenger traffic, which would harm our business. Additionally, changes in laws and regulations at the local level may be difficult to track and maintain compliance. Any instances of non-compliance could result in additional fines and fees.
The airline industry continues to face potential security concerns and related costs.
Terrorist attacks, the fear of such attacks or other hostilities involving the U.S. could have a significant negative effect on the airline industry, including us, and could:
•significantly reduce passenger traffic and yields as a result of a dramatic drop in demand for air travel;
•significantly increase security and insurance costs;
•make war risk or other insurance unavailable or extremely expensive;
•increase fuel costs and the volatility of fuel prices;
•increase costs from airport shutdowns, flight cancellations and delays resulting from security breaches and perceived safety threats; and
•result in a grounding of commercial air traffic by the FAA.
The occurrence of any of these events would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
STRATEGY
The airline industry is highly competitive and susceptible to price discounting and changes in capacity, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. If we cannot successfully compete in the marketplace, our business, financial condition, and operating results will be materially adversely affected.
The U.S. airline industry is characterized by substantial price competition. Airlines compete for market share by increasing or decreasing their capacity, route systems, and the number of markets served. Several of our competitors have increased their capacity in markets we serve, particularly in our key West Coast markets. This dynamic may be exacerbated by competition among airlines to attract passengers during the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. The resulting increased competition in both domestic and international markets may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.
We strive toward maintaining and improving our competitive cost structure by setting aggressive unit cost-reduction goals. This is an important part of our business strategy of offering the best value to our guests through low fares while achieving acceptable profit margins and return on capital. If we are unable to maintain our cost advantage over the long-term and achieve sustained targeted returns on invested capital, we will likely not be able to grow our business in the future or weather industry downturns. Therefore, our financial results may suffer.
The airline industry may undergo further restructuring, consolidation, or the creation or modification of alliances or joint ventures, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We continue to face strong competition from other carriers due to restructuring, consolidation, and the creation and modification of alliances and joint ventures. Since deregulation, both the U.S. and international airline industries have experienced consolidation through a number of mergers and acquisitions. Carriers may also improve their competitive positions through airline alliances, slot swaps/acquisitions and/or joint ventures. Certain airline joint ventures further competition by allowing airlines to coordinate routes, pool revenues and costs, and enjoy other mutual benefits, achieving many of the benefits of consolidation.
Our concentration in certain markets could cause us to be disproportionately impacted by adverse changes in circumstances in those locations.
Our strategy involves a high concentration of our business in key West Coast markets. A significant portion of our flights occur to and from our Seattle, Portland, and Bay Area hubs. In 2021, passengers to and from Seattle, Portland, and the Bay Area accounted for 82% of our total guests.
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We believe that concentrating our service offerings in this way allows us to maximize our investment in personnel, aircraft and ground facilities, as well as to gain greater advantage from sales and marketing efforts in those regions. As a result, we remain highly dependent on our key markets. Our business could be harmed by any circumstances causing a reduction in demand for air transportation in our key markets. An increase in competition in our key markets could also cause us to reduce fares or take other competitive measures that, if sustained, could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are dependent on a limited number of suppliers for aircraft and parts.
Alaska is dependent on Boeing and Airbus as its sole suppliers for aircraft and many aircraft parts. Horizon is similarly dependent on Embraer and De Havilland. Additionally, each carrier is dependent on sole suppliers for aircraft engines for each aircraft type. As a result, we are more vulnerable to issues associated with the supply of those aircraft and parts including design defects, mechanical problems, contractual performance by the manufacturers, or adverse perception by the public that would result in customer avoidance or in actions by the FAA. Should we be unable to resolve known issues with certain of our aircraft or engine suppliers, it may result in the inability to operate our aircraft for extended periods. Additionally, if effects of the ongoing economic recovery and/or supply chain backlog causes our limited vendors to have performance problems, reduced or ceased operations, bankruptcies, workforce shortages, or other events causing them to be unable to fulfill their commitments to us, our operations and business could be materially adversely affected.
Should these suppliers be unable to manufacture or deliver new aircraft, we may not be able to grow our fleet at intended rates, which could impact our financial position. Boeing has significant production constraints for the 737-9 aircraft, which may impact the timing of deliveries. If we are unable to receive these aircraft and future aircraft in a timely manner, our growth plans could be negatively impacted. Additionally, further consolidation amongst aircraft and aircraft parts manufacturers could further limit the number of suppliers. This could result in an inability to operate our aircraft or instability in the foreign countries in which the aircraft and its parts are manufactured.
We rely on partner airlines for codeshare and frequent flyer marketing arrangements.
Our airlines are parties to marketing agreements with a number of domestic and international air carriers, or “partners," including an expanded relationship with American. These agreements provide that certain flight segments operated by us are held out as partner “codeshare” flights and that certain partner flights are held out for sale as Alaska codeshare flights. Refer to Item 1 above for details regarding these codeshare agreements. In addition, the agreements generally provide that members of Alaska’s Mileage Plan program can earn credit on or redeem credit for partner flights and vice versa. We receive revenue from flights sold under codeshare and from interline arrangements. In addition, we believe that the frequent flyer arrangements are an important part of our loyalty program. The loss of a significant partner through bankruptcy, consolidation, or otherwise, could have a negative effect on our revenues or the attractiveness of our Mileage Plan program, which we believe is a source of competitive advantage.
Our entry into the one world global alliance is expected to provide us with many benefits, including the ability to seamlessly connect our guests to more points around the globe, as well as better serve corporate partners. Entry into the alliance may cause us to lose existing codeshare agreements with partners who are not one world members, and could limit options to bring non-one world carrier partners into our Mileage Plan program. Further, maintaining an alliance with another U.S. airline may expose us to additional regulatory scrutiny. Failure to appropriately manage these partnerships and alliances could negatively impact future growth plans and our financial position.
We routinely engage in analysis and discussions regarding our own strategic position, including alliances, codeshare arrangements, interline arrangements, and frequent flyer program enhancements, and will continue to pursue these commercial activities. If other airlines participate in consolidation or reorganization, those airlines may significantly improve their cost structures or revenue generation capabilities, thereby potentially making them stronger competitors of ours and potentially impairing our ability to realize expected benefits from our own strategic relationships.
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Economic uncertainty, or another recession, would likely impact demand for our product and could harm our financial condition and results of operations.
The airline industry, which is subject to relatively high fixed costs and highly variable and unpredictable demand, is particularly sensitive to changes in economic conditions. We are particularly dependent on U.S. consumer confidence and the health of the U.S. economy. Unfavorable U.S. economic conditions have historically driven changes in travel patterns and have resulted in reduced spending for both leisure and business travel. For some consumers, leisure travel is a discretionary expense, and shorter distance travelers, in particular, have the option to replace air travel with surface travel. Businesses are able to forgo air travel by using communication alternatives such as video conferencing or may be more likely to purchase less expensive tickets to reduce costs, which can result in a decrease in average revenue per seat. Unfavorable economic conditions also hamper the ability of airlines to raise fares to counteract increased fuel, labor and other costs. Unfavorable or even uncertain economic conditions could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.
TECHNOLOGY
We rely heavily on automated systems to operate our business, including expanded reliance on systems managed or hosted by third parties. Failure to invest in new technology or a disruption of our current systems or their operators could harm our business.
We heavily depend on automated systems to operate our business. This includes our airline reservation system, check-in kiosks, website, telecommunication systems, maintenance systems, airline operations control systems, flight deck/route optimization systems, planning and scheduling, mobile applications and devices, and many other systems. These systems require significant investment of employee time and cost for maintenance and upgrades. Failure to appropriately execute these procedures may result in service disruptions or system failures. Additionally, as part of our commitment to innovation and providing an attractive guest travel experience, we invest in new technology to ensure our critical systems are reliable, scalable, and secure.
We also continue to expand our reliance on third party providers for management or hosting of operational and financial systems. Should these providers fail to meet established service requirements or provide inadequate technical support, we could experience disruptions in our operation, ticketing or financial systems. Additionally, all of our automated systems cannot be completely protected against events beyond our control, including natural disasters, computer viruses, cyberattacks, other security breaches, or telecommunications failures.
Substantial or repeated failures or disruptions to any of these critical systems could reduce the attractiveness of our services or cause our guests to do business with another airline. Disruptions, failed implementations, untimely or incomplete recovery, or a breach of these systems or the data centers/cloud infrastructure they run on could result in the loss of important data, an increase in our expenses, loss of revenue, impacts to our operational performance, or a possible temporary cessation of our operations.
We continue to monitor emerging technologies, including technologies which may have disruptive impacts which are out of our control, such as the rollout of 5G wireless service. We will continue to work with regulatory agencies and other air carriers to mitigate potential impacts of these technologies on the safety and security of air travel.
Failure to appropriately comply with evolving and expanding information security rules and regulations or to safeguard our employee or guest data could result in damage to our reputation and cause us to incur substantial legal and regulatory cost.
As part of our core business, we are required to collect, process, store and share personal and financial information from our guests and employees. Under current or future privacy legislation, we are subject to significant legal risk should we not appropriately protect that data. Our entrance into the one world alliance exposes us to incremental global regulation and therefore risk. In addition, we continue to expand our reliance on third-party software providers and data processors, including cloud providers. Unauthorized access of personal and financial data via fraud or other means of deception could result in data loss, theft, modification, or unauthorized disclosure. To the extent that either we or third parties with whom we share information experience a data breach, fail to appropriately safeguard personal data, or are found to be out of compliance with applicable laws, and regulations, we could be subject to additional litigation, regulatory risks and reputational harm. Further, as regulation of the collection and storage of personal and financial information continues to evolve and increase, we may incur significant costs to bring our systems and processes into compliance.
Cyber security threats have and will continue to impact our business. Failure to appropriately mitigate these risks could negatively impact our operations, onboard safety, reputation and financial condition.
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Our sensitive information is securely transmitted over public and private networks. Our systems are subject to increasing and evolving cyber security risks. Unauthorized parties have attempted and continue to attempt to gain access to our systems and information, including through fraudulent misrepresentation and other means of deception. Methods used by unauthorized parties are continually evolving and may be difficult to identify. Because of these ever-evolving risks and regular attacks, we continue to review policies and educate our people on various methods utilized in attempts to gain unauthorized access to bolster awareness and encourage cautionary practices. However, the nature of these attacks means that proper policies, technical controls, and education may not be enough to prevent all unauthorized access. Emerging cybercrime threats include the loss of functionality of critical systems through ransomware, denial of service, or other attacks. A compromise of our systems, the security of our infrastructure or those of other business partners that result in our information being accessed or stolen by unauthorized persons could result in substantial costs for response and remediation, adversely affect our operations and our reputation, and expose us to litigation, regulatory enforcement, or other legal action. A cybersecurity attack impacting our onboard or other operational systems may result in an accident or incident onboard or significant operational disruptions, which could adversely affect our reputation, operation and financial position. Further, a significant portion of our office employees have transitioned to remote work, which increases our exposure to cyberattacks, and could compromise our financial or operational systems.
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND FINANCIAL MARKETS
Our business, financial condition and results of operations are substantially exposed to the volatility of jet fuel prices. Significant increases in jet fuel costs would harm our business.
Fuel costs constitute a significant portion of our total operating expenses. Future increases in the price of jet fuel may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations unless we are able to increase fares and fees or add ancillary services to attempt to recover increasing fuel costs.
We have a significant amount of debt and fixed obligations, and have incurred substantial incremental debt in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. These obligations could lead to liquidity restraints and have a material adverse effect on our financial position.
We carry, and will continue to carry for the foreseeable future, a substantial amount of debt and aircraft operating lease commitments. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we obtained new financing to fund operations through periods of unprecedented low demand, and for the unknown duration of any economic recovery period. Although we aim to keep our leverage low, due to our high fixed costs, including aircraft lease commitments and debt service, a decrease in revenues would result in a disproportionately greater decrease in earnings.
Our outstanding long-term debt and other fixed obligations could have important consequences. For example, they could limit our ability to obtain additional financing to fund our future capital expenditures, working capital or other purposes; require us to dedicate a material portion of our operating cash flow to fund lease payments and interest payments on indebtedness, thereby reducing funds available for other purposes; or limit our ability to withstand competitive pressures and reduce our flexibility in responding to changing business and economic conditions. Further, should we incur incremental obligations, issuers may require future debt agreements to contain more restrictive covenants or require additional collateral beyond historical market terms which may further restrict our ability to successfully access capital.
Although we have historically been able to generate sufficient cash flow from our operations to pay our debt and other fixed obligations when they become due, we cannot ensure we will be able to do so in the future. If we fail to do so, our business could be harmed.
Our maintenance costs will increase as our fleet ages, and we will periodically incur substantial maintenance costs due to the timing of maintenance events of our aircraft.
As of December 31, 2021, the average age of our Next Gen passenger aircraft (B737-700, -800, -900, -900ERs) was approximately 10.9 years, the average age of our B737-9 was approximately 0.4 years, the average age of our operating A320 and A321neo aircraft was approximately 9.3 years, the average age of our owned E175 aircraft was approximately 3.6 years, and the average age of our Q400 aircraft was approximately 13.7 years. Typically, our newer aircraft require less maintenance than they will in the future. Any significant increase in maintenance expenses could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, expenses for aircraft coming off lease could result in incremental maintenance expense as we are required to return leased planes in a contractually specified condition.
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The application of the acquisition method of accounting resulted in us recording goodwill, which could result in significant future impairment charges and negatively affect our financial results.
In accordance with acquisition accounting rules, we recorded goodwill on our consolidated balance sheet to the extent the Virgin America acquisition purchase price exceeded the net fair value of Virgin America’s tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities as of the acquisition date. Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment at least annually. We could record impairment charges in our results of operations as a result of, among other items, extreme fuel price volatility, a significant decline in the fair value of certain tangible or intangible assets, unfavorable trends in forecasted results of operations and cash flows, uncertain economic environment and other uncertainties. We can provide no assurance that a significant impairment charge will not occur in one or more future periods. Any such charges may materially affect our financial results.
BRAND AND REPUTATION
As we evolve our brand we will engage in strategic initiatives that may not be favorably received by all of our guests.`
We continue to focus on strategic initiatives designed to increase our brand appeal to a diverse and evolving demographic of airline travelers. These efforts could include significant enhancements to our in-airport and on-board environments, increasing our direct customer relationships through improvements to our purchasing portals (digital and mobile) and optimization of our customer loyalty programs. In pursuit of these efforts we may negatively affect our reputation with some of our existing customer base.
The Company's brand and reputation could be harmed if it is exposed to significant negative publicity distributed through social media.
We operate in a highly visible industry that has significant exposure to social media. Negative publicity, including as a result of misconduct by our guests or employees, or failure to adhere to COVID-19 related health and safety protocols, can spread rapidly through social media. Should the Company not respond in a timely and appropriate manner to address negative publicity, the Company's brand and reputation may be significantly harmed. Such harm could have a negative impact on our financial results.
LABOR RELATIONS AND LABOR STRATEGY
A significant increase in labor costs, unsuccessful attempts to strengthen our relationships with union employees or loss of key personnel could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Labor costs remain a significant component of our total expenses. In addition to costs associated with represented employee groups, labor costs could also increase for non-unionized employees and via vendor agreements as we work to compete for highly skilled and qualified employees against the major U.S. airlines and other businesses in a thriving job market.
Ongoing and periodic negotiations with labor unions could result in job actions, such as slow-downs, sick-outs, or other actions designed to disrupt normal operations and pressure the employer to acquiesce to bargaining demands during negotiations, although unlawful until after lengthy mediation attempts, the operation could be significantly impacted. Although we have a long track record of fostering good communications, negotiating approaches and developing other strategies to enhance workforce engagement in our long-term vision, unsuccessful attempts to strengthen relationships with union employees or loss of key personnel could divert management’s attention from other projects and issues, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
The inability to attract, retain and train qualified personnel, or maintain our culture, could result in guest impacts and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We compete against other major U.S. airlines for pilots, aircraft technicians and other labor. As more pilots in the industry approach mandatory retirement age, the U.S. airline industry may be affected by a pilot shortage. Attrition beyond normal levels, or the inability to attract new pilots, could negatively impact our operating results. Additionally, the industry, including related vendor partners, has experienced and may continue to experience challenges in hiring and retaining other labor positions, such as aircraft technicians, ground handling and customer service agents and flight attendants. The Company's or our vendor partners' inability to attract and retain personnel for these positions could negatively impact our operating results, which may harm our growth plans. Additionally, we may be required to increase our wage and benefit packages, or pay increased rates to our vendors, to retain these positions. This would result in increased overall costs and may adversely impact our guest experience and financial position.
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Our success is also dependent on cultivating and maintaining a unified culture with cohesive values and goals. Much of our continued success is tied to our guest loyalty. Failure to maintain and grow the Alaska culture could strain our ability to maintain relationships with guests, suppliers, employees and other constituencies. As part of this process, we may continue to incur substantial costs for employee programs.
REGULATION
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for most legal actions involving actions brought against us by stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees.
Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of our company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, or the DGCL, or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction to the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This exclusive forum provision is intended to apply to claims arising under Delaware state law and would not apply to claims brought pursuant to the Exchange Act or the Securities Act, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. The exclusive forum provision in our certificate of incorporation will not relieve us of our duties to comply with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, and our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with these laws, rules and regulations.
This exclusive forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. In addition, stockholders who do bring a claim in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware could face additional litigation costs in pursuing any such claim, particularly if they do not reside in or near Delaware. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments or results may be more favorable to our company than to our stockholders.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

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AIRCRAFT
The following table describes the aircraft we operate and their average age at December 31, 2021:

Aircraft Type (a) | Seats |  | Owned |  | Leased |  | Total |  | Average Age in Years
B737 Freighters | — |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 20.9 |
B737 Next Gen | 124-178 |  | 153 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 10.9 |
B737-9 | 178 |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 0.4 |
A320 | 150 |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 11.2 |
A321neo | 190 |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 3.7 |
Total Mainline Fleet |  |  | 162 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 10.2 |
Q400 | 76 |  | 25 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 13.7 |
E175 | 76 |  | 30 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 4.3 |
Total Regional Fleet |  |  | 55 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 7.5 |
Total |  |  | 217 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 311 |  |  | 9.4 |

(a) The table above does not include 8 leased A319, 13 leased A320 and 2 owned Q400 non-operating aircraft.
“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" discusses future orders and options for additional aircraft. “Liquidity and Capital Resources" provides more information about aircraft that are used to secure long-term debt arrangements or collateralize credit facilities. Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements provides more information regarding leased aircraft as capitalized on our consolidated balance sheets.
Alaska’s leased B737 Next Gen aircraft have lease expiration dates between 2023 and 2028. Alaska's leased B737-9 aircraft have lease expiration dates between 2031 and 2033. Alaska’s leased A319 and A320 aircraft have lease expiration dates between 2022 and 2025, including those aircraft that have been permanently removed from our operating fleet, but have not been returned to lessors. A321neo aircraft have lease expiration dates between 2029 and 2031. Horizon’s leased Q400 aircraft have lease expiration dates between 2022 and 2023. The leased E175 aircraft support Alaska's capacity purchase agreement with SkyWest, and are under agreement through 2030. Alaska has the option to extend some of the leases for additional periods.
GROUND FACILITIES AND SERVICES
In various cities in the state of Alaska, we own terminal buildings and hangars. We also own several buildings located at or near Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (Sea-Tac). These include a multi-bay hangar and shops complex (used primarily for line maintenance), a flight operations and training center, an air cargo facility, an information technology office and data center, and various other commercial office buildings.
At the majority of the airports we serve, we lease ticket counters, gates, cargo and baggage space, ground equipment, office space and other support areas. Airport leases contain provisions for periodic adjustments of lease rates. We are typically responsible for maintenance, insurance and other facility-related expenses and services under these agreements. We also lease operations, training, administrative, and data center facilities in Burlingame, CA; Portland, OR; Quincy, WA; and Spokane, WA, line maintenance stations in Boise, ID; San Jose, CA; Redmond, OR; Seattle, WA; and Spokane, WA, and call center facilities in Phoenix, AZ and Boise, ID, and a multi-bay hangar in Portland, OR.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company is a party to various litigation matters incidental to our business. Other than as described in Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, Management believes the ultimate outcome of these matters is not likely to materially affect our financial position or results of operations.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.
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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

As of December 31, 2021, there were 135,255,808 shares of common stock of Alaska Air Group, Inc. issued, 125,905,864 shares outstanding, and 2,443 shareholders of record. In March 2020, the Company suspended the payment of dividends indefinitely. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (symbol: ALK).
SALES OF NON-REGISTERED SECURITIES
None.
PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
Historically, the Company purchased shares pursuant to a $1 billion repurchase plan authorized by the Board of Directors in August 2015. In March 2020, the Company suspended the share repurchase program indefinitely. The plan has remaining authorization to purchase an additional $456 million in shares.
PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The following graph compares our cumulative total stockholder return since December 31, 2016 with the S&P 500 Index and the Dow Jones U.S. Airlines Index. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common stock and each index (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on December 31, 2016.
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ITEM 6. [RESERVED] |  |  |  |  |  |  |

None.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

OVERVIEW
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to help the reader understand our company, our operations and our present business environment. MD&A is provided as a supplement to – and should be read in conjunction with – our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. All statements in the following discussion that are not statements of historical information or descriptions of current accounting policy are forward-looking statements. Please consider our forward-looking statements in light of the risks referred to in this report’s introductory cautionary note and the risks mentioned in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” This overview summarizes the MD&A, which includes the following sections:
•Year in Review—highlights from 2021 outlining some of the major events that happened during the year and how they affected our financial performance.
•Results of Operations—an in-depth analysis of our revenues by segment and our expenses from a consolidated perspective for the most recent two years presented in our consolidated financial statements. To the extent material to the understanding of segment profitability, we more fully describe the segment expenses per financial statement line item. Financial and statistical data is also included here. This section also includes forward-looking statements regarding our view of 2022.
•Liquidity and Capital Resources—an overview of our financial position, analysis of cash flows, sources and uses of cash, contractual obligations and commitments, and off-balance sheet arrangements.
•Critical Accounting Estimates—a discussion of our accounting estimates that involve significant judgment and uncertainties.
This section of the Form 10-K covers discussion of 2021 and 2020 results, and comparisons between those years. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019, please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
YEAR IN REVIEW
Business Recovery
Our 2021 financial performance demonstrates the strength of our business model and our ability to adapt while facing uneven recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. With the widespread availability of vaccines and the relaxation of local restrictions in many of the markets we serve, customer demand for air travel increased dramatically in late spring 2021. For the full year, we recorded revenues of $6.2 billion, 70% of 2019 levels, on 79% of our 2019 capacity. Despite volatility caused by the rise of new variants, our measured return of capacity, coupled with solid cost control and operational performance enabled us to return to adjusted pre-tax profitability in the third and fourth quarters of 2021. Although we recorded an adjusted net loss for the full year of $256 million, profitability in the second half of the year indicates our approach to recovery has largely been successful.
With our business stabilizing, we generated $138 million in operating cash flow, excluding $892 million in grants received from the CARES Payroll Support Program. With our mid-year return to profitability and early return to positive cash flow generation, we were well positioned to begin utilizing excess on-hand liquidity to pay down debt and repair our balance sheet. In 2021 we repaid $1.3 billion in debt, offset by $363 million in issuances, which lowered our debt-to-capitalization ratio to 49%, marking a 12 point improvement from December 31, 2020. Additionally, we made a $100 million voluntary pension contribution payment to the defined benefit plan for Alaska's pilots, bringing our pension status to 98% funded at year end. Balance sheet strength combined with our operational model has been critical to our past success, and we believe we are well positioned exiting 2021 to again capitalize on these as we prepare for growth.
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See "Results of Operations" below for further discussion.
Outlook
Our improving financial results and well-managed balance sheet provide a strong foundation for the next phase of recovery. We remain committed to returning capacity in a measured way, and will align our ongoing network restoration with the continued return of demand. We expect to be back to 2019 flying levels by summer 2022, and to grow our airlines from there in the back half of the year.
Recent demand setbacks and operational disruptions stemming from the omicron variant are reflected in our first quarter expectations. While January was acutely impacted, bookings for Presidents Day and beyond remain strong. In response to these conditions, we scaled back our first quarter capacity plans. As a result, in Q1 2022 we expect to fly approximately 10% to 13% below the same period in 2019, and expect total revenue to be 14% to 17% below the same period in 2019. Our unit costs for the period are expected to be up 15% to 18% versus 2019, with 7 points of pressure attributable to lower than expected levels of flying given the recent schedule adjustments.
For full year 2022, we expect capacity to increase 2% to 6% versus 2019, dependent on demand. This guidance reflects first half capacity that is flat to slightly up, and second half capacity that could be as much as 10% higher versus 2019.
Throughout the pandemic we have stated our commitment to returning to 2019 unit costs levels even if we were to remain a smaller airline for some time. While we no longer expect to be a smaller airline, as signaled by our growth plans in the back half of the year, we are still fundamentally committed to returning to our pre-COVID cost performance. For the full year, we expect CASMex to be up 3% to 6% versus 2019 levels, which includes the impact of lease return costs associated with our Airbus aircraft. Excluding those costs, we expect CASMex to be up 1% to 3% versus 2019. This guidance implies we will return to our pre-COVID cost levels in the second half of 2022.
The guidance we have provided and our outlook more broadly are sensitive to health trends, exposure to variants of the COVID-19 virus, and regulations and restrictions imposed by state, local and federal authorities. Our plans will be responsive to emerging information and the guidance we have provided is subject to greater uncertainty than we have historically experienced. Our people continue to focus on keeping costs low, running a great operation, and welcoming guests back to travel with Next-Level Care to ensure they are safe and comfortable when they fly. These are competitive advantages we have cultivated over many years that will continue to serve us well in 2022 and beyond. We are confident that we are prepared to meet the challenges ahead and that we will emerge from the pandemic a stronger and more resilient airline.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
ADJUSTED (NON-GAAP) RESULTS AND PER-SHARE AMOUNTS
We believe disclosure of earnings excluding the impact of the Payroll Support Program wage offset, special items, mark-to-market gains or losses or other individual special revenues or expenses is useful information to investors because:
•By excluding fuel expense and certain special items (including the Payroll Support Program wage offset, impairment and restructuring charges and merger-related costs) from our unit metrics, we believe that we have better visibility into the results of operations as we focus on cost-reduction initiatives emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic. Our industry is highly competitive and is characterized by high fixed costs, so even a small reduction in non-fuel operating costs can lead to a significant improvement in operating results. In addition, we believe that all domestic carriers are similarly impacted by changes in jet fuel costs over the long run, so it is important for management (and thus investors) to understand the impact of (and trends in) company-specific cost drivers, such as productivity, airport costs, maintenance costs, etc., which are more controllable by management.
•Cost per ASM (CASM) excluding fuel and certain special items, such as the Payroll Support Program wage offset, impairment and restructuring charges and merger-related costs, is one of the most important measures used by management and by our Board of Directors in assessing quarterly and annual cost performance.
•CASM excluding fuel and certain special items is a measure commonly used by industry analysts and we believe it is an important metric by which they have historically compared our airline to others in the industry. The measure is also the subject of frequent questions from investors.
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•Adjusted income before income tax and other items as specified in our plan documents is an important metric for the employee annual cash incentive plan, which covers the majority of employees within the Alaska Air Group organization.
•Disclosure of the individual impact of certain noted items provides investors the ability to measure and monitor performance both with and without these special items. We believe that disclosing the impact of these items as noted above is important because it provides information on significant items that are not necessarily indicative of future performance. Industry analysts and investors consistently measure our performance without these items for better comparability between periods and among other airlines.
•Although we disclose our unit revenues, we do not (nor are we able to) evaluate unit revenues excluding the impact that changes in fuel costs have had on ticket prices. Fuel expense represents a large percentage of our total operating expenses. Fluctuations in fuel prices often drive changes in unit revenues in the mid-to-long term. Although we believe it is useful to evaluate non-fuel unit costs for the reasons noted above, we would caution readers of these financial statements not to place undue reliance on unit costs excluding fuel as a measure or predictor of future profitability because of the significant impact of fuel costs on our business.
Although we are presenting these non-GAAP amounts for the reasons above, investors and other readers should not necessarily conclude that these amounts are non-recurring, infrequent, or unusual in nature.
2021 COMPARED WITH 2020
Our consolidated net income for 2021 was $478 million, or $3.77 per diluted share, compared to a net loss of $1.3 billion, or $10.72 per share, in 2020.
Excluding the impact of the Payroll Support Program wage offset, special items and mark-to-market fuel hedge adjustments, our adjusted consolidated net loss for 2021 was $256 million, or $2.03 per share, compared to an adjusted consolidated net loss of $1.3 billion, or $10.17 per share, in 2020. The following table reconciles our adjusted net loss per share (EPS) during the full year 2021 and 2020 to amounts as reported in accordance with GAAP.

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020
(in millions, except per-share amounts) | Dollars |  | Diluted EPS |  | Dollars |  | EPS
Reported GAAP net income (loss) and diluted EPS | $ | 478 |  |  | $ | 3.77 |  |  | $ | (1,324) |  |  | $ | (10.72) |
Payroll Support Program wage offset | (914) |  |  | (7.21) |  |  | (782) |  |  | (6.33) |
Mark-to-market fuel hedge adjustments | (47) |  |  | (0.37) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (0.06) |
Special items - impairment charges and other | (1) |  |  | (0.01) |  |  | 627 |  |  | 5.08 |
Special items - restructuring charges | (10) |  |  | (0.08) |  |  | 220 |  |  | 1.78 |
Special items - merger-related costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 0.05 |
Special items - net non-operating | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | 0.21 |
Income tax effect on special items and fuel hedge adjustments | 238 |  |  | 1.87 |  |  | (21) |  |  | (0.18) |
Non-GAAP adjusted net loss and EPS | $ | (256) |  |  | $ | (2.03) |  |  | $ | (1,256) |  |  | $ | (10.17) |

33

CASMex is reconciled to CASM below:

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | % Change
Consolidated: |  |  |  |  |
Total CASM | 10.47 | ¢ |  | 14.39 | ¢ |  | (27)%
Less the following components: |  |  |  |  |
Payroll Support Program wage offset | (1.75) |  |  | (2.11) |  |  | (17)%
Aircraft fuel, including hedging gains and losses | 2.44 |  |  | 1.95 |  |  | 25%
Special items - impairment charges and other | — |  |  | 1.69 |  |  | NM
Special items - restructuring charges | (0.02) |  |  | 0.59 |  |  | (103)%
Special items - merger-related costs | — |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | NM
CASM, excluding fuel and special items | 9.80 | ¢ |  | 12.25 | ¢ |  | (20)%
Mainline: |  |  |  |  |
Total CASM | 9.52 | ¢ |  | 13.66 | ¢ |  | (30)%
Less the following components: |  |  |  |  |
Payroll Support Program wage offset | (1.75) |  |  | (2.17) |  |  | (19)%
Aircraft fuel, including hedging gains and losses | 2.33 |  |  | 1.79 |  |  | 30%
Special items - impairment charges and other | — |  |  | 1.80 |  |  | NM
Special items - restructuring charges | (0.02) |  |  | 0.65 |  |  | (103)%
Special items - merger-related costs | — |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | NM
CASM, excluding fuel and special items | 8.96 | ¢ |  | 11.57 | ¢ |  | (23)%

34

OPERATING STATISTICS SUMMARY (unaudited)
Below are operating statistics we use to measure performance.

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Change |  |  |  |
Consolidated Operating Statistics:(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue passengers (000) | 32,407 |  | 17,927 |  | 80.8% |  |  |  |
RPMs (000,000) "traffic" | 38,598 |  | 20,493 |  | 88.3% |  |  |  |
ASMs (000,000) "capacity" | 52,445 |  | 37,114 |  | 41.3% |  |  |  |
Load factor | 73.6% |  | 55.2% |  | 18.4 pts |  |  |  |
Yield | 14.25¢ |  | 14.73¢ |  | (3.3)% |  |  |  |
RASM | 11.78¢ |  | 9.61¢ |  | 22.6% |  |  |  |
CASM excluding fuel and special items(b) | 9.80¢ |  | 12.25¢ |  | (20.0)% |  |  |  |
Economic fuel cost per gallon(b) | $2.02 |  | $1.58 |  | 27.8% |  |  |  |
Fuel gallons (000,000) | 656 |  | 461 |  | 42.3% |  |  |  |
ASMs per fuel gallon | 79.9 |  | 80.5 |  | (0.7)% |  |  |  |
Average full-time equivalent employees (FTEs) | 19,375 |  | 17,596 |  | 10.1% |  |  |  |
Employee productivity (PAX/FTEs/months) | 139.4 |  | 84.9 |  | 64.2% |  |  |  |
Mainline Operating Statistics: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue passengers (000) | 23,268 |  | 12,280 |  | 89.5% |  |  |  |
RPMs (000,000) "traffic" | 33,755 |  | 17,438 |  | 93.6% |  |  |  |
ASMs (000,000) "capacity" | 45,741 |  | 31,387 |  | 45.7% |  |  |  |
Load factor | 73.8% |  | 55.6% |  | 18.2 pts |  |  |  |
Yield | 13.07¢ |  | 13.48¢ |  | (3.0)% |  |  |  |
RASM | 10.99¢ |  | 9.01¢ |  | 22.0% |  |  |  |
CASM excluding fuel and special items(b) | 8.96¢ |  | 11.57¢ |  | (22.6)% |  |  |  |
Economic fuel cost per gallon(b) | $2.01 |  | $1.59 |  | 26.4% |  |  |  |
Fuel gallons (000,000) | 530 |  | 358 |  | 48.0% |  |  |  |
ASMs per fuel gallon | 86.2 |  | 87.7 |  | (1.7)% |  |  |  |
Average FTEs | 14,366 |  | 13,214 |  | 8.7% |  |  |  |
Aircraft utilization | 9.7 |  | 8.3 |  | 16.9% |  |  |  |
Average aircraft stage length | 1,324 |  | 1,272 |  | 4.1% |  |  |  |
Operating fleet(d) | 217 |  | 197 |  | 20 a/c |  |  |  |
Regional Operating Statistics:(c) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue passengers (000) | 9,139 |  | 5,647 |  | 61.8% |  |  |  |
RPMs (000,000) "traffic" | 4,842 |  | 3,055 |  | 58.5% |  |  |  |
ASMs (000,000) "capacity" | 6,704 |  | 5,727 |  | 17.1% |  |  |  |
Load factor | 72.2% |  | 53.3% |  | 18.9 pts |  |  |  |
Yield | 22.49¢ |  | 21.90¢ |  | 2.7% |  |  |  |
RASM | 17.12¢ |  | 12.82¢ |  | 33.5% |  |  |  |
Operating fleet (d) | 94 |  | 94 |  | — a/c |  |  |  |

(a)Except for FTEs, data includes information related to third-party regional capacity purchase flying arrangements.
(b)See reconciliation of this non-GAAP measure to the most directly related GAAP measure in the accompanying pages.
(c)Data presented includes information related to flights operated by Horizon and third-party carriers.
(d)Excludes all aircraft removed from operating service.
35

Given the unusual nature of 2020, we believe that some analysis of specific financial and operational results compared to 2019 provides meaningful insight. The table below includes comparative results from 2021 to 2019.

FINANCIAL INFORMATION AND OPERATING STATISTICS - 2019 RESULTS (unaudited)
Alaska Air Group, Inc. |  |  |  |  |
| 2021 |  | 2019 |  | Change
Passenger revenue | $ | 5,499 |  |  | $ | 8,095 |  |  | (32) | %
Mileage plan other revenue | 461 |  |  | 465 |  |  | (1) | %
Cargo and other | 216 |  |  | 221 |  |  | (2) | %
Total operating revenues | $ | 6,176 |  |  | $ | 8,781 |  |  | (30) | %
Operating expense, excluding fuel and special items | $ | 5,137 |  |  | $ | 5,796 |  |  | (11) | %
Payroll Support Program wage offset | (914) |  |  | — |  |  | NM
Economic fuel | 1,326 |  |  | 1,884 |  |  | (30) | %
Special items | (58) |  |  | 38 |  |  | NM
Total operating expenses | $ | 5,491 |  |  | $ | 7,718 |  |  | (29) | %
Total nonoperating expense | (56) |  |  | (47) |  |  | 19 | %
Income before income tax | 629 |  |  | $ | 1,016 |  |  | (38) | %
Consolidated Operating Statistics: |  |  |  |  |
Revenue passengers (000) | 32,407 |  | 46,733 |  | (31) | %
RPMs (000,000) "traffic" | 38,598 |  | 56,040 |  | (31) | %
ASMs (000,000) "capacity" | 52,445 |  | 66,654 |  | (21) | %
Load Factor | 73.6% |  | 84.1% |  | (10.5) | pts
Yield | 14.25¢ |  | 14.45¢ |  | (1) | %
RASM | 11.78¢ |  | 13.17¢ |  | (11) | %
CASMex | 9.80¢ |  | 8.70¢ |  | 13 | %
FTEs | 19,375 |  | 22,126 |  | (12) | %

36

OPERATING REVENUES
Total operating revenues increased $2.6 billion, or 73%, during 2021 compared to the same period in 2020. The changes are summarized in the following table:

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | % Change
Passenger revenue | $ | 5,499 |  |  | $ | 3,019 |  |  | 82 | %
Mileage Plan other revenue | 461 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 23 | %
Cargo and other | 216 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 25 | %
Total operating revenues | $ | 6,176 |  |  | $ | 3,566 |  |  | 73 | %

Passenger Revenue
On a consolidated basis, Passenger revenue for 2021 increased by $2.5 billion, or 82%, on a 41% increase in capacity, and an 18 point increase in load factor. Recovery from the pandemic is the driver of these changes as demand for travel increased in 2021, primarily led by leisure travelers. There were setbacks to the improvement late in the fourth quarter as absenteeism driven by the omicron variant and severe winter weather on the West Coast led to canceled flights and lost passenger revenue.
We anticipate Passenger revenue for 2022 will increase as compared to 2021 consistent with our overall growth plan. Although we face headwinds in the first quarter due to continuing impacts of the omicron variant, we anticipate full year capacity will grow 2% to 6% versus 2019.
Mileage Plan Other Revenue
On a consolidated basis, Mileage Plan other revenue increased $87 million, or 23%, as compared to 2020, largely due to an increase in commission revenue from our affinity card partner stemming from growing consumer spend and an increase in cardholders.
Cargo and Other
On a consolidated basis, Cargo and other revenue increased $43 million, or 25%, from 2020. The increase is primarily due to the return of all three freighters back to full capacity in the second quarter of 2021, coupled with increased belly cargo activity on increased scheduled departures.
We expect that our cargo revenues will increase in 2022 as compared to 2021 on a full year of freighter capacity and incremental belly cargo availability as we increase our capacity.
OPERATING EXPENSES
Total operating expenses increased $150 million, or 3%, compared to 2020. We consider it useful to summarize operating expenses as follows, which is consistent with the way expenses are reported internally and evaluated by management:

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | % Change
Fuel expense | $ | 1,279 |  |  | $ | 723 |  |  | 77 | %
Non-fuel operating expenses, excluding special items | 5,137 |  |  | 4,547 |  |  | 13 | %
Payroll Support Program wage offset | (914) |  |  | (782) |  |  | 17 | %
Special items - impairment charges and other | (1) |  |  | 627 |  |  | NM
Special items - restructuring charges | (10) |  |  | 220 |  |  | NM
Special items - merger-related costs | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | NM
Total operating expenses | $ | 5,491 |  |  | $ | 5,341 |  |  | 3 | %

Significant operating expense variances from 2020 are more fully described below.
37

Fuel Expense
Aircraft fuel expense includes raw fuel expense (as defined below) plus the effect of mark-to-market adjustments to our fuel hedge portfolio as the value of that portfolio increases and decreases. Our aircraft fuel expense can be volatile because it includes these gains or losses in the value of the underlying instrument as crude oil prices and refining margins increase or decrease. Raw fuel expense is defined as the price that we generally pay at the airport, or the “into-plane” price, including taxes and fees. Raw fuel prices are impacted by world oil prices and refining costs, which can vary by region in the U.S. Raw fuel expense approximates cash paid to suppliers and does not reflect the effect of our fuel hedges.
Aircraft fuel expense increased $556 million, or 77%, compared to 2020. The elements of the change are illustrated in the following table:

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020
(in millions, except for per gallon amounts) | Dollars |  | Cost/Gal |  | Dollars |  | Cost/Gal
Raw or "into-plane" fuel cost | $ | 1,383 |  |  | $ | 2.11 |  |  | $ | 713 |  |  | $ | 1.54 |
(Gain)/loss on settled hedges | (57) |  |  | (0.09) |  |  | 18 |  |  | 0.04 |
Consolidated economic fuel expense | $ | 1,326 |  |  | $ | 2.02 |  |  | $ | 731 |  |  | $ | 1.58 |
Mark-to-market fuel hedge adjustments | (47) |  |  | (0.07) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (0.01) |
GAAP fuel expense | $ | 1,279 |  |  | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | 723 |  |  | $ | 1.57 |
Fuel gallons |  |  | 656 |  |  |  |  | 461 |

The raw fuel price per gallon increased 37% due to higher West Coast jet fuel prices. West Coast jet fuel prices are impacted by both the price of crude oil, as well as refining margins associated with the conversion of crude oil to jet fuel. Increased fuel costs were also driven by a 42% increase in gallons consumed compared to 2020, consistent with a 41% increase in capacity.
Gains recognized for hedges that settled during the year were $57 million in 2021, compared to losses of $18 million in 2020. These amounts represent cash received from settled hedges, offset by cash paid for the premium cost on related call options.
We expect our economic fuel cost per gallon in the first quarter of 2022 to range between $2.45 and $2.50 per gallon based on current market West Coast jet fuel prices.
Non-fuel Expenses
The table below provides the reconciliation of the operating expense line items, excluding fuel, the Payroll Support Program wage offset and special items. Significant operating expense variances from 2020 are more fully described below.

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | % Change
Wages and benefits | $ | 2,218 |  |  | $ | 2,053 |  |  | 8 | %
Variable incentive pay | 151 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 16 | %
Aircraft maintenance | 364 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 13 | %
Aircraft rent | 254 |  |  | 299 |  |  | (15) | %
Landing fees and other rentals | 555 |  |  | 417 |  |  | 33 | %
Contracted services | 235 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 30 | %
Selling expenses | 173 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 71 | %
Depreciation and amortization | 394 |  |  | 420 |  |  | (6) | %
Food and beverage service | 139 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 54 | %
Third-party regional carrier expense | 147 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 15 | %
Other | 507 |  |  | 407 |  |  | 25 | %
Total non-fuel operating expenses, excluding special items | $ | 5,137 |  |  | $ | 4,547 |  |  | 13 | %

38

Wages and Benefits
Wages and benefits increased during 2021 by $165 million, or 8%, compared to 2020, excluding the impact of the Payroll Support Program wage offset. The primary components of Wages and benefits are shown in the following table:

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | % Change
Wages | $ | 1,643 |  |  | $ | 1,490 |  |  | 10 | %
Pension - Defined benefit plans | 52 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 13 | %
Defined contribution plans | 126 |  |  | 126 |  |  | — | %
Medical and other benefits | 275 |  |  | 288 |  |  | (5) | %
Payroll taxes | 122 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 18 | %
Total wages and benefits | $ | 2,218 |  |  | $ | 2,053 |  |  | 8 | %

Wages and payroll taxes increased by a combined $172 million, or 10%, on a 10% increase in FTEs. Increased FTEs as compared to the prior period are primarily the result of pilots and employees returning from leaves of absence and incentive lines accepted in 2020. Higher wage rates from incentives paid to certain employees in the summer and holiday periods in response to increasing demand were largely offset by a lower average wage rate from the growth in newly hired employees who have a lower wage base than more senior employees.
We expect wages and benefits expense to be higher in 2022 compared to 2021 given our expected growth in overall FTEs needed to support our expected capacity growth. Our guidance does not include the impacts of any future agreements we may reach in 2022, most notably with our mainline pilots whose contract became amendable in April 2020.
Variable Incentive Pay
Variable incentive pay expense increased to $151 million in 2021 from $130 million in 2020. The increase is primarily due to higher payouts achieved under the Performance Based Pay Plan by meeting or exceeding certain cash flow, safety, emissions and productivity targets.
Aircraft Maintenance
Aircraft maintenance costs increased by $43 million compared to 2020. The increase is primarily due to increased component repairs which were deferred in 2020, as well as increased power-by-the-hour expense driven by increased utilization of covered aircraft.
We expect aircraft maintenance expense to be higher in 2022 due to increased aircraft utilization and expected lease return costs that are expected to be incurred over the next 24 to 36 months as we prepare to return Airbus aircraft to lessors.
Aircraft Rent
Aircraft rent expense decreased $45 million, or 15%, compared to 2020, primarily as a result of full impairment taken on certain leased Airbus aircraft in 2020.
We expect aircraft rent to increase in 2022 on the annualization of expense and incremental deliveries of leased 737-9 aircraft as well as incremental SkyWest lease deliveries.
Landing Fees and Other Rentals
Landing fees and other rental expenses increased $138 million, or 33%, compared to 2020, primarily due to a significant increase in departures, combined with increased rates at certain of our hub airports.
We expect landing fees and other rental expense to increase in 2022 as we continue to increase capacity and departures across our network, combined with higher rates at many of our hub airports.
39

Contracted Services
Contracted services increased by $54 million, or 30%, compared to 2020, primarily driven by increased departures and passengers at stations where we outsource our ground operations.
We expect contracted services to increase in 2022 as we continue to increase capacity and departures throughout our network.
Selling Expenses
Selling expenses increased by $72 million, or 71%, compared to 2020 primarily driven by a significant increase in distribution costs and credit card commissions stemming from increased revenues. Increased marketing spend and sponsorship costs related to the return of professional sports and events also contributed to the year-over-year increase.
We expect selling expense to increase in 2022, due primarily to higher sales as demand for air travel returns and an increase in marketing costs as we expand our network.
Food and Beverage Service
Food and beverage service increased by $49 million, or 54%, compared to 2020, consistent with the overall increase in revenue passengers, as well as the return and expansion of many of our on-board products in 2021.
We expect food and beverage service to increase in 2022 as we continue to increase capacity and departures throughout our network and return to full service aboard our aircraft.
Third-party Regional Carrier Expense
Third-party regional carrier expense, which represents payments made to SkyWest under our CPA agreements, increased $19 million, or 15%, in 2021 compared to 2020. The increase in expense is primarily due to increases in departures flown by SkyWest as compared to the prior-year period, offset by the final pass through of CARES Act PSP funding for SkyWest pilot and flight attendant wages.
We expect third-party regional carrier expense to be higher in 2022 on the addition of 10 aircraft flown by SkyWest under a CPA.
Other Expense
Other expense increased $100 million, or 25%, compared to 2020 primarily driven by incremental crew hotel stays and per diem, consistent with the overall increase in departures and capacity, as well as additional expense for professional services.
We expect other expense to increase in 2022 as we increase departures and hire more employees, resulting in incremental crew costs.
Special Items - Impairment charges
We recorded an impairment benefit of $1 million in 2021. The benefit consisted of adjustments associated with leased aircraft that have been retired and removed from the operating fleet but not yet returned to the lessor. We continue to evaluate total estimated costs to return these permanently parked aircraft, and make updates to total expense when necessary.
Special Items - Restructuring charges
We recorded a restructuring benefit of $10 million in 2021 primarily as a result of issuing recall notices to pilots on incentive lines for periods earlier than were previously anticipated. As all employees expected to return to work have been recalled, we do not anticipate further restructuring charges in 2022.
ADDITIONAL SEGMENT INFORMATION
Refer to Note 13 of the consolidated financial statements for a detailed description of each segment. Below is a summary of each segment's profitability.
40

Mainline
Mainline adjusted pretax loss was $179 million in 2021 compared to adjusted pretax loss of $1.4 billion in 2020. The $1.2 billion improvement in pretax loss was driven by a $2.2 billion increase in Mainline operating revenue, offset by a $471 million increase in Mainline non-fuel operating expense and a $496 million increase in Mainline fuel expense.
As compared to the prior year, higher Mainline revenues are primarily attributable to a 94% increase in traffic on a 46% increase in capacity, driven by the recovery seen in demand in 2021. Non-fuel operating expenses and fuel expenses rose given the increase in traffic and capacity, as well as higher raw fuel prices.
Regional
Regional adjusted pretax loss was $210 million in 2021 compared to an adjusted pretax loss of $421 million in 2020. The $211 million improvement in pretax loss was primarily attributable to a $413 million increase in Regional operating revenues, offset by a $103 million increase in Regional non-fuel operating expense and a $99 million increase in Regional fuel expense.
As compared to the prior year, higher Regional revenues are primarily attributable to a 59% increase in traffic on a 17% increase in capacity, driven by the recovery seen in demand in 2021. Non-fuel operating expenses and fuel expenses rose given the increase in traffic and capacity, as well as higher raw fuel prices.
Horizon
Horizon achieved an adjusted pretax profit of $12 million in 2021 compared to $41 million in 2020, primarily as a result of higher operating expenses in 2021. The increased expenses were primarily related to flight operations and maintenance costs as the business began to recover during the year.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Improved results and increased demand in 2021 allowed us to begin the process of returning our balance sheet and available liquidity to pre-pandemic levels. During the year, we made the following meaningful progress:
•Generated positive operating cash flow in excess of $1 billion, bolstered by improved advance bookings as demand returns, and the receipt of $892 million in Payroll Support Program funding from the U.S. Treasury under extensions of CARES Act programs;
•Repaid $1.3 billion in debt, including the termination of the CARES Act secured loan, full repayment of two outstanding lines of credit, and prepayment of the $425 million 364-day term loan facility;
•Decreased debt-to-capitalization ratio to 49% at December 31, 2021 from 61% at December 31, 2020;
•Made a $100 million voluntary contribution to the defined benefit plan for Alaska's pilots, boosting estimated combined funded status of all defined benefit plans to 98%, and;
•Restored pool of unencumbered aircraft in the operating fleet to 42 as of December 31, 2021, which could be financed, if necessary.
As the business continues to recover to sustained profitability, reducing outstanding debt, normalizing our on-hand liquidity, and strengthening our balance sheet remain high priorities. We anticipate funding our planned 2022 capital expenditures of $1.5 billion to $1.6 billion with cash on-hand.
We believe that our current cash and marketable securities balance, combined with available sources of liquidity, will be sufficient to fund our operations, meet our debt payment obligations, and remain in compliance with the financial debt covenants in existing financing arrangements for the foreseeable future.
In our cash and marketable securities portfolio, we invest only in securities that meet our primary investment strategy of maintaining and securing investment principal. The portfolio is managed by reputable firms that adhere to our investment policy that sets forth investment objectives, approved and prohibited investments, and duration and credit quality guidelines. Our policy, and the portfolio managers, are continually reviewed to ensure that the investments are aligned with our strategy.
41

The table below presents the major indicators of our financial condition and liquidity:

(in millions) | December 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  | Change
Cash and marketable securities | $ | 3,116 |  |  | $ | 3,346 |  |  | $ | (230) |
Cash, marketable securities, and unused lines of credit as a percentage of trailing twelve months revenue | 57 | % |  | 94 | % |  | (37) | pts
Long-term debt, net of current portion | $ | 2,173 |  |  | $ | 2,357 |  |  | $ | (184) |
Shareholders’ equity | $ | 3,801 |  |  | $ | 2,988 |  |  | $ | 813 |

Debt-to-capitalization, adjusted for operating leases

(in millions) | December 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  | Change
Long-term debt, net of current portion | $ | 2,173 |  |  | $ | 2,357 |  |  | (8)%
Capitalized operating leases | 1,547 |  |  | 1,558 |  |  | (1)%
COVID-19 related borrowings(a) | — |  |  | 734 |  |  | (100)%
Adjusted debt | $ | 3,720 |  |  | $ | 4,649 |  |  | (20)%
Shareholders' equity | 3,801 |  |  | 2,988 |  |  | 27%
Total invested capital | $ | 7,521 |  |  | $ | 7,637 |  |  | (2)%
Debt-to-capitalization, including operating leases | 49% |  | 61% |  |

(a) To best reflect our leverage at December 31, 2020, we included the short-term borrowings stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic which were classified as current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.
Adjusted net debt to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, special items and rent

(in millions) | December 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Current portion of long-term debt | $ | 366 |  |  | $ | 1,138 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities | 268 |  |  | 290 |
Long-term debt | 2,173 |  |  | 2,357 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities, net of current portion | 1,279 |  |  | 1,268 |
Total adjusted debt | 4,086 |  |  | 5,053 |
Less: Cash and marketable securities | (3,116) |  |  | (3,346) |
Adjusted net debt | $ | 970 |  |  | $ | 1,707 |
(in millions) | December 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
GAAP Operating Income (Loss) | $ | 685 |  |  | $ | (1,775) |
Adjusted for: |  |  |
Payroll Support Program wage offset and special items | (925) |  |  | 71 |
Mark-to-market fuel hedge adjustments | (47) |  |  | (8) |
Depreciation and amortization | 394 |  |  | 420 |
Aircraft rent | 254 |  |  | 299 |
EBITDAR | $ | 361 |  |  | $ | (993) |
Adjusted net debt to EBITDAR | 2.7x |  | (1.7x)

42

The following discussion summarizes the primary drivers of the increase in our cash and marketable securities balance and our expectation of future cash requirements.
ANALYSIS OF OUR CASH FLOWS
Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $1 billion in 2021 compared to net cash used of $234 million in 2020. Cash provided by ticket sales is the primary source of our operating cash flow. In 2021, we also had material cash inflows of $892 million from the receipt of PSP grants. Our primary use of operating cash flow is for operating expenses, including payments for employee wages and benefits, payments to suppliers for goods and services and payments to lessors and airport authorities for rents and landing fees. Operating cash flow also includes payments to, or refunds from, federal, state and local taxing authorities. Changes in demand that resulted from the pandemic recovery and the changes we made to our operations in response had a dramatic impact on our operating cash flows in 2021.
In 2021, revenues increased $2.6 billion when compared to 2020, driven by improved demand described more fully below, and incremental cash from our affinity card partners on increased miles purchased. Operating expenses increased $150 million versus prior year, driven by significantly higher fuel costs and increased operating costs as we returned capacity to meet demand, offset by a reduction of $858 million in non-cash impairment and restructuring charges recorded in 2020.
In 2021, Air Traffic Liability (ATL) increased $90 million, driven by new ticket purchases primarily at the end of the year, offset by credits redeemed for travel. Although ATL was a source of working capital in 2021, as of December 31, 2021 the balance includes $234 million in travel credits issued to guests. These credits are expected to be redeemed by guests for travel in future periods and will represent a working capital headwind.
Cash Used in Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities was $1 billion during 2021 compared to $593 million in 2020. Increased cash used in investing activities is primarily driven by the 2020 sale-leaseback transaction for ten owned A320 aircraft, with no comparative transaction in 2021. Cash used also increased due to a $70 million increase in capital expenditures, as well as net purchases of marketable securities of $706 million in 2021, compared to net purchases of $644 million in 2020. Increased net purchases are primarily driven by additional cash on hand from borrowings and the PSP, which allowed the Company to invest additional funds.
Cash Used in Financing Activities
Cash used in financing activities was $914 million during 2021, compared to net cash provided of $2 billion in 2020. During the year, we utilized cash on hand to make $1.3 billion in debt payments, compared to $565 million in the prior year. These payments were offset by proceeds from debt issuances of $363 million, compared to $2.6 billion issued in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
MATERIAL CASH COMMITMENTS
Material cash requirements include the following contractual and other obligations:
Aircraft Commitments
As of December 31, 2021, Alaska has firm orders to purchase 74 Boeing 737-9 aircraft with deliveries in 2022 through 2024 and firm commitments to lease eight Boeing 737-9 aircraft with deliveries between 2023 and 2034. Alaska also has an agreement with SkyWest Airlines to expand our long-term capacity purchase agreement by three aircraft in 2022 and two aircraft in 2023. Horizon also has commitments to purchase seven E175 aircraft with deliveries in 2023 through 2025. Alaska has options to acquire up to 52 additional 737-9 aircraft and Horizon has options to acquire 15 E175 aircraft. Options will be exercised only if we believe return on invested capital targets can be met over the long term.
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The following table summarizes our anticipated fleet count by year, as of the date of this filing:

| Actual Fleet Count |  | Anticipated Fleet Activity(a)
Aircraft | Dec 31, 2020 |  | Dec 31, 2021 |  | 2022 Changes |  | Dec 31, 2022 |  | 2023 Changes |  | Dec 31, 2023 |  | 2024 Changes |  | Dec 31, 2024
B737 Freighters | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
B737-700 | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
B737-800 | 61 |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |
B737-900 | 12 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
B737-900ER | 79 |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |
B737-9 | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 93 |
A319/A320(b) | 21 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 24 |  |  | (24) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
A321 NEO | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Total Mainline Fleet | 197 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 243 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 269 |
Q400 operated by Horizon(c) | 32 |  |  | 32 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 31 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |
E175 operated by Horizon | 30 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |
E175 operated by third party | 32 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 42 |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |
Total Regional Fleet(d) | 94 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 106 |  |  | — |  |  | 106 |  |  | — |  |  | 106 |
Total | 291 |  |  | 311 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 349 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 357 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 375 |

(a)Anticipated fleet activity reflects intended early retirement and extensions or replacement of certain leases, not all of which have been contracted yet.
(b)Actual fleet at December 31, 2021, excluding Airbus aircraft that were removed from operating service in 2020 in response to COVID-19 capacity reductions. Of these, nine have since been returned to service in 2021 and three are planned to return in 2022.
(c)Retirements in 2022 and 2023 are contractual lease expirations of Horizon Q400 aircraft in each respective year.
(d)Aircraft are either owned or leased by Horizon or operated under a capacity purchase agreement with a third party. Under the terms of our capacity purchase agreement with a third party, in 2023 an additional spare aircraft will be leased to support the operational integrity of the network.
For future firm orders and option exercises, we may finance the aircraft through cash flow from operations or long-term debt.
Future Fuel Hedge Positions
All of our future oil positions are call options, which are designed to effectively cap the cost of the crude oil component of our jet fuel purchases. With call options, we are hedged against volatile crude oil price increases and, during a period of decline in crude oil prices, we only forfeit cash previously paid for hedge premiums. Our crude oil positions are as follows:

| Approximate % of Expected Fuel Requirements |  | Weighted-Average Crude Oil Price per Barrel |  | Average Premium Cost per Barrel
First Quarter 2022 | 50% |  | $69 |  | $3
Second Quarter 2022 | 50% |  | $71 |  | $3
Third Quarter 2022 | 40% |  | $74 |  | $3
Fourth Quarter 2022 | 30% |  | $74 |  | $4
Total 2022 | 40% |  | $72 |  | $3
First Quarter 2023 | 20% |  | $75 |  | $5
Second Quarter 2023 | 10% |  | $80 |  | $6
Total 2023 | 10% |  | $76 |  | $5

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Contractual Obligations
The following table provides a summary of our obligations as of December 31, 2021. For agreements with variable terms, amounts included reflect our minimum obligations. Discussion of these obligations follow the table below.

(in millions) | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | Beyond |  | Total
Debt obligations | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 334 |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | 261 |  |  | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | 1,177 |  |  | $ | 2,559 |
Aircraft lease commitments(a) | 305 |  |  | 242 |  |  | 185 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 602 |  |  | 1,686 |
Facility lease commitments | 14 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 129 |
Aircraft-related commitments(b) | 1,339 |  |  | 1,686 |  |  | 389 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,506 |
Interest obligations(c) | 85 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 469 |
Other obligations(d) | 184 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 705 |  |  | 1,662 |
Total | $ | 2,298 |  |  | $ | 2,554 |  |  | $ | 1,087 |  |  | $ | 772 |  |  | $ | 611 |  |  | $ | 2,689 |  |  | $ | 10,011 |

(a)Future minimum lease payments for aircraft includes commitments for aircraft which have been removed from operating service, as we have remaining obligations under existing terms.
(b)Includes non-cancelable contractual commitments for aircraft and engines, buyer furnished equipment, and contractual aircraft maintenance obligations.
(c)For variable-rate debt, future obligations are shown above using LIBOR forward curve as of December 31, 2021.
(d)Primarily comprised of non-aircraft lease costs associated with capacity purchase agreements.
Debt Obligations and Interest Obligations
The Company primarily issues debt to fund purchases of aircraft or other capital expenditures. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in 2020, we issued $2.6 billion in debt to withstand the downturn and prepare for recovery. In 2021, we repaid $1.3 billion in debt, including prepayments of $923 million, which was partially offset by issuances of $363 million. At December 31, 2021, our debt portfolio carries a weighted average interest rate of 3.3%. Interest is paid with regular debt service. Debt service obligations in 2022 is expected to be $456 million, inclusive of interest and principal. Refer to Note 6 to the consolidated financial statement for further discussion of our debt and interest balances.
Leased Aircraft Return Costs
For many of our leased aircraft, we are required under the contractual terms to return the aircraft in a specified state. As a result of these contractual terms, we may incur significant costs at the termination of the lease. Costs of returning leased aircraft are accrued when the costs are probable and reasonably estimable, usually beginning at least 12 months prior to the lease return, unless the leased asset is removed from operation. If the leased aircraft is removed from the operating fleet, the estimated cost of return is accrued at the time of removal. Such estimates are based on the time remaining on the lease, planned aircraft usage and the provisions included in the lease agreement, although the actual amount due to any lessor upon return may not be known with certainty until lease termination. We anticipate recording material expenses and cash outflows to return aircraft beginning in 2022, as all Airbus A319 and A320 aircraft are expected to be removed from operating service by 2023.
Credit Card Agreements
We have agreements with a number of credit card companies to process the sale of tickets and other services. Under these agreements, there are material adverse change clauses that, if triggered, could result in the credit card companies holding back a reserve from our credit card receivables. Under one such agreement, we could be required to maintain a reserve if our credit rating is downgraded to or below a rating specified by the agreement or our cash and marketable securities balance fell below $500 million. Under another such agreement, we could be required to maintain a reserve if our cash and marketable securities balance fell below $500 million. We are not currently required to maintain any reserve under these agreements, but if we were, our financial position and liquidity could be materially harmed.
Deferred Income Taxes
For federal income tax purposes, the majority of our assets are fully depreciated over a seven-year life using an accelerated depreciation method or bonus depreciation, if available. For financial reporting purposes, the majority of our assets are depreciated over 15 to 25 years to an estimated salvage value using the straight-line basis. This difference has created a significant deferred tax liability. At some point in the future the depreciation basis will reverse, potentially resulting in an increase in income taxes paid.
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While it is possible that we could have material cash obligations for this deferred liability at some point in the future, we cannot estimate the timing of long-term cash flows with reasonable accuracy. Taxable income and cash taxes payable in the short term are impacted by many items, including the amount of book income generated (which can be volatile depending on revenue and fuel prices), usage of net operating losses, whether bonus depreciation provisions are available, any future tax reform efforts at the federal level, as well as other legislative changes that are beyond our control.
In 2021, we made tax payments, net of refunds, totaling $48 million. The Company had an effective tax rate of 24%. We believe that we have the liquidity available to make our future tax payments.
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
The discussion and analysis of our financial position and results of operations in this MD&A are based upon our consolidated financial statements. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our financial position and results of operations. See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for a description of our significant accounting policies.
Critical accounting estimates are defined as those that reflect significant management judgment and uncertainties and that potentially may lead to materially different results under varying assumptions and conditions. Management has identified the following critical accounting estimate and has discussed the development, selection and disclosure of these policies with our audit committee.
FREQUENT FLYER PROGRAMS
Alaska's Mileage Plan loyalty program awards mileage credits, referred to as miles, to members who fly on our airlines and our airline partners. We also sell services, including miles for transportation, Companion Fare™ certificates, bag fee waivers, and access to our brand and customer lists to major banks that offer Alaska co-brand credit cards. To a lesser extent, miles for transportation are also sold to other non-airline partners, such as hotels, and car rental agencies. Outstanding miles may be redeemed for travel on our airlines or eligible airline partners, and for non-airline products such as hotels. As long as Mileage Plan is in existence, we have an obligation to provide future travel.
Mileage credits and the various other services we sell under our loyalty program represent performance obligations that are part of a multiple deliverable revenue arrangement. Accounting guidance requires that we use a relative standalone selling price model to allocate consideration received to the material performance obligations in these contracts. Our relative standalone selling price models are refreshed when contracts originate or are materially modified. We also update our model annually based on observed volumes.
At December 31, 2021, we had approximately 301 billion miles outstanding, resulting in an aggregate deferred revenue balance of $2.4 billion. The deferred revenue resulting from our relative selling price allocations requires significant management judgment. There are uncertainties inherent in these estimates. Therefore, different assumptions could affect the amount and/or timing of revenue recognition or expenses. The most significant assumptions are described below.
1.The rate at which we defer sales proceeds related to services sold:
We estimate the standalone selling price for each performance obligation, including mileage credits, by considering multiple inputs and methods, including but not limited to, the estimated selling price of comparable travel, discounted cash flows, brand value, published selling prices, number of miles awarded, and the number of miles redeemed. We estimate the selling prices and volumes over the terms of the agreements in order to determine the allocation of proceeds to each of the multiple deliverables.
2.The number of miles that will not be redeemed for travel (breakage):
We estimate how many miles will be used per award. For example, our members may redeem mileage credits for award travel to various locations or choose between a highly restricted award and an unrestricted award. Our estimates are based on the current requirements in our Mileage Plan program and historical and future award redemption patterns.
We review significant Mileage Plan assumptions on an annual basis, or more frequently should circumstances indicate a need, and change our assumptions if facts and circumstances indicate that a change is necessary. Any such change in assumptions could have a significant effect on our financial position and results of operations.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We have interest rate risk on our variable rate debt obligations and our available-for-sale marketable investment portfolio, and commodity-price risk in jet fuel required to operate our aircraft fleet. We purchase the majority of our jet fuel at prevailing market prices and seek to manage market risk through execution of our hedging strategy and other means. We have market-sensitive instruments in the form of fixed rate debt instruments and financial derivative instruments used to hedge our exposure to jet fuel price increases and interest rate increases. We do not purchase or hold any derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.
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Aircraft Fuel
Currently, our fuel hedging portfolio consists of crude oil call options. Call options effectively cap our pricing for the crude oil component of jet fuel, limiting our exposure to increasing fuel prices for about half of our planned fuel consumption. With call options, we are hedged against volatile crude oil price increases, and, during a period of decline in crude oil prices, we only forfeit cash paid for hedge premiums. We believe there is risk in not hedging against fuel price increases. We estimate that a hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in the forward curve for crude oil prices as of December 31, 2021 would change the fair value of our crude oil hedge portfolio to approximately $132 million or $44 million.
The portfolio value of our fuel hedge contracts was $81 million at December 31, 2021 compared to a portfolio value of $15 million at December 31, 2020. We did not have any collateral held by counterparties on these agreements as of December 31, 2021.
We continue to believe that our fuel hedge program is an important part of our strategy to reduce our exposure to volatile fuel prices. We expect to enter into these types of contracts prospectively, although significant changes in market conditions could affect our decisions. For more discussion, see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements.
Interest Rates
We have exposure to market risk associated with changes in interest rates related primarily to our debt obligations and short-term investment portfolio. Our debt obligations include variable rate instruments, which have exposure to changes in interest rates. In order to mitigate the risk of interest rate fluctuations, we have a number of interest rate swaps that fix the interest rates on certain variable rate debt agreements. A hypothetical 10% change in the average interest rates incurred on average variable rate debt held during 2021 would have correspondingly changed our net earnings and cash flows associated with these items by less than $3 million. Our variable rate debt represents approximately 29% and 53% of our total long-term debt as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Approximately $469 million of the Company's total variable rate notes payable were effectively fixed via interest rate swaps at December 31, 2021.
Our exposure to interest rate variability is further mitigated through our variable rate investment portfolio. We also have investments in marketable securities, which are exposed to market risk associated with changes in interest rates. If short-term interest rates were to average one point more than they did in 2021, interest income would increase by approximately $23 million.
Our variable rate instruments, including long-term debt, interest rate swaps, and credit facilities, all make reference to the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) as the interest rate benchmark. It is expected that in June 2023, LIBOR will be discontinued as a reference rate. In the event of the discontinuance of LIBOR, we will need to transition our LIBOR-based contracts to a mutually agreed-upon alternate benchmark rate, which effectively places the Lenders and the Company in the same economic position that existed immediately prior to the discontinuation of LIBOR. At this time, we do not anticipate that the discontinuance of LIBOR will materially impact our liquidity or financial position.
Inflationary Risk
Inflation in the United States in late 2021 was among the highest it has been in the past 30 years. Although a large portion of our operating costs are contractual with escalation clauses, a portion of our costs are subject to inflationary pressures. Examples include fuel costs, goods and services for which we do not have existing contracts, wages for employees, airport costs based on cost recovery models, and certain vendor costs that include wage increase clauses, among others. Elevated inflation rates for a prolonged period of time, without the ability to increase our fares at a similar rate, may have a significant impact to our financial results.

ITEM 8. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Alaska Air Group, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Alaska Air Group, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 11, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Assessment of Mileage Plan model
As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has a Mileage Plan loyalty program which provides frequent flyer travel awards to program members based upon accumulated loyalty mileage credits. The Company utilizes a complex model to account for the Mileage Plan program, which involves numerous inputs and assumptions. Deferred revenues related to the Mileage Plan program were $2.4 billion as of December 31, 2021. Associated Mileage Plan revenues recognized from deferred revenue and recorded in passenger revenue were $639 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
We identified the assessment of the Mileage Plan model as a critical audit matter. This was due to the high degree of auditor judgment required to assess that sufficient audit evidence was obtained over the model as well as the key inputs
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and assumptions used to develop the estimates of Mileage Plan revenue and deferred revenue due to the complex design of the model. Key inputs include miles credited and miles redeemed and key assumptions include estimated breakage and the standalone selling price of a mile.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s Mileage Plan model. This included controls related to the integrity of the model as well as the key inputs and key assumptions utilized in the model. We checked the accuracy of key calculations utilized in the Mileage Plan model. We tested the completeness and accuracy of information technology system data used to determine the miles credited and miles redeemed inputs. We inspected the Company’s methodology to develop key assumptions was consistent with historical methods. We assessed the breakage rate assumption by comparing it to historical breakage and breakage rates used by others in the airline industry. We considered changes in the Mileage Plan program terms and customer behavior for potential changes in the breakage rate. We evaluated the fluctuation in the standalone selling price of a mile assumption by comparing it to changes in passenger ticket fares. We compared the standalone selling price of a mile assumption to other data points including miles sold on the Company’s website and the contractual rates that miles are sold to other airlines and bank partners. We evaluated fluctuations in Mileage Plan balances in relation to program changes, economic conditions, and observed industry trends and events.
In addition, we evaluated the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained over the Mileage Plan model by assessing the results of procedures performed.
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2004.
Seattle, Washington
February 11, 2022
/s/ KPMG LLP
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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

As of December 31 (in millions) | 2021 |  | 2020
ASSETS |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 470 |  |  | $ | 1,370 |
Marketable securities | 2,646 |  |  | 1,976
Total cash and marketable securities | 3,116 |  |  | 3,346
Receivables - net | 546 |  |  | 480
Inventories and supplies - net | 62 |  |  | 57
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 196 |  |  | 123
Total Current Assets | 3,920 |  |  | 4,006
Property and Equipment |  |  |
Aircraft and other flight equipment | 8,127 |  |  | 7,761
Other property and equipment | 1,489 |  |  | 1,398
Deposits for future flight equipment | 384 |  |  | 583
| 10,000 |  |  | 9,742
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | 3,862 |  |  | 3,531
Total Property and Equipment - Net | 6,138 |  |  | 6,211
Other Assets |  |  |
Operating lease assets | 1,453 |  |  | 1,400 |
Goodwill and intangible assets | 2,044 |  |  | 2,050 |
Other noncurrent assets | 396 |  |  | 379
Total Other Assets | 3,893 |  |  | 3,829
Total Assets | $ | 13,951 |  |  | $ | 14,046 |

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (continued)

As of December 31 (in millions except share amounts) | 2021 |  | 2020
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 108 |
Accrued wages, vacation and payroll taxes | 457 |  |  | 527
Air traffic liability | 1,163 |  |  | 1,073
Other accrued liabilities | 625 |  |  | 424
Deferred revenue | 912 |  |  | 733
Current portion of operating lease liabilities | 268 |  |  | 290 |
Current portion of long-term debt | 366 |  |  | 1,138
Total Current Liabilities | 3,991 |  |  | 4,293
Long-Term Debt, Net of Current Portion | 2,173 |  |  | 2,357
Noncurrent Liabilities |  |  |
Long-term operating lease liabilities, net of current portion | 1,279 |  |  | 1,268 |
Deferred income taxes | 578 |  |  | 407
Deferred revenue | 1,446 |  |  | 1,544
Obligation for pension and post-retirement medical benefits | 305 |  |  | 665
Other liabilities | 378 |  |  | 524
Total Noncurrent Liabilities | 3,986 |  |  | 4,408
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 10) |  |  |
Shareholders' Equity |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, Authorized: 5,000,000 shares, none issued or outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, Authorized: 400,000,000 shares, Issued: 2021 - 135,255,808 shares; 2020 - 133,567,534 shares, Outstanding: 2021 - 125,905,864 shares; 2020 - 124,217,590 shares | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Capital in excess of par value | 494 |  |  | 391 |
Treasury stock (common), at cost: 2021 - 9,349,944 shares; 2020 - 9,349,944 shares | (674) |  |  | (674)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (262) |  |  | (494)
Retained earnings | 4,242 |  |  | 3,764
| 3,801 |  |  | 2,988
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity | $ | 13,951 |  |  | $ | 14,046 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

Year Ended December 31 (in millions, except per share amounts) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Operating Revenues |  |  |  |  |
Passenger revenue | $ | 5,499 |  |  | $ | 3,019 |  |  | $ | 8,095 |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 461 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 465 |
Cargo and other | 216 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 221 |
Total Operating Revenues | 6,176 |  |  | 3,566 |  |  | 8,781 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |
Wages and benefits | 2,218 |  |  | 2,053 |  |  | 2,370 |
Variable incentive pay | 151 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 163 |
Payroll Support Program wage offset | (914) |  |  | (782) |  |  | — |
Aircraft fuel, including hedging gains and losses | 1,279 |  |  | 723 |  |  | 1,878 |
Aircraft maintenance | 364 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 437 |
Aircraft rent | 254 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 331 |
Landing fees and other rentals | 555 |  |  | 417 |  |  | 531 |
Contracted services | 235 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 289 |
Selling expense | 173 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 313 |
Depreciation and amortization | 394 |  |  | 420 |  |  | 423 |
Food and beverage service | 139 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 214 |
Third-party regional carrier expense | 147 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 166 |
Other | 507 |  |  | 407 |  |  | 559 |
Special items - impairment charges and other | (1) |  |  | 627 |  |  | — |
Special items - restructuring charges | (10) |  |  | 220 |  |  | — |
Special items - merger-related costs | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 44 |
Total Operating Expenses | 5,491 |  |  | 5,341 |  |  | 7,718 |
Operating Income (Loss) | 685 |  |  | (1,775) |  |  | 1,063 |
Non-operating Income (Expense) |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 25 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 42 |
Interest expense | (128) |  |  | (98) |  |  | (78) |
Interest capitalized | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 15 |
Special charges - net non-operating | — |  |  | (26) |  |  | — |
Other - net | 36 |  |  | 17 |  |  | (26) |
Total Non-operating Expense | (56) |  |  | (65) |  |  | (47) |
Income (Loss) Before Income Tax | 629 |  |  | (1,840) |  |  | 1,016 |
Income tax (benefit) expense | 151 |  |  | (516) |  |  | 247 |
Net Income (Loss) | $ | 478 |  |  | $ | (1,324) |  |  | $ | 769 |
Basic Earnings (Loss) Per Share | $ | 3.82 |  |  | $ | (10.72) |  |  | $ | 6.24 |
Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share | $ | 3.77 |  |  | $ | (10.72) |  |  | $ | 6.19 |
Shares used for computation: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 125.063 |  |  | 123.450 |  |  | 123.279 |
Diluted | 126.775 |  |  | 123.450 |  |  | 124.289 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE OPERATIONS

Year Ended December 31 (in millions) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net Income (Loss) | $ | 478 |  |  | $ | (1,324) |  |  | $ | 769 |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): |  |  |  |  |
Related to marketable securities: |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period | (30) |  |  | 33 |  |  | 31 |
Reclassification of (gains) into Other-net non-operating income (expense) | (6) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (5) |
Income tax benefit (expense) | 9 |  |  | (5) |  |  | (6) |
Total | (27) |  |  | 14 |  |  | 20 |
Related to employee benefit plans: |  |  |  |  |
Actuarial gains (losses) related to pension and other post-retirement benefit plans | 294 |  |  | (69) |  |  | (71) |
Reclassification of net pension expense into Wages and benefits and Other-net non-operating income | 33 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 32 |
Income tax benefit (expense) | (81) |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Total | 246 |  |  | (29) |  |  | (29) |
Related to interest rate derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period | 17 |  |  | (21) |  |  | (13) |
Reclassification of losses into Aircraft rent | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Income tax benefit (expense) | (4) |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |
Total | 13 |  |  | (14) |  |  | (8) |
Other Comprehensive Income ( Loss) | 232 |  |  | (29) |  |  | (17) |
Comprehensive Income (Loss) | $ | 710 |  |  | $ | (1,353) |  |  | $ | 752 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
54

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

(in millions) | Common Stock Outstanding |  | Common Stock |  | Capital in Excess of Par Value |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Retained Earnings |  | Total
Balances at December 31, 2018 | 123.194 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 232 |  |  | $ | (568) |  |  | $ | (448) |  |  | $ | 4,534 |  |  | $ | 3,751 |
Cumulative effect of accounting changes(a) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
2019 net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 769 |  |  | 769 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |
Common stock repurchases | (1.193) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (75) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (75) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |
Cash dividend declared ($1.40 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (173) |  |  | (173) |
Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan | 0.785 |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |
Stock issued under stock plans | 0.214 |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |
Balances at December 31, 2019 | 123.000 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 305 |  |  | $ | (643) |  |  | $ | (465) |  |  | $ | 5,133 |  |  | $ | 4,331 |
2020 net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,324) |  |  | (1,324) |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29) |  |  | — |  |  | (29) |
Common stock repurchases | (0.538) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |
CARES Act warrant issuances | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |
Cash dividend declared ($0.375 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45) |  |  | (45) |
Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan | 1.524 |  |  | — |  |  | 41 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41 |
Stock issued under stock plans | 0.231 |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |
Balances at December 31, 2020 | 124.217 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 391 |  |  | $ | (674) |  |  | $ | (494) |  |  | $ | 3,764 |  |  | $ | 2,988 |
2021 net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 478 |  |  | 478 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 232 |  |  | — |  |  | 232 |
Stock-based compensation | 0.010 |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |
CARES Act warrant issuances | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan | 1.255 |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |
Stock issued under stock plans | 0.424 |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |
Balances at December 31, 2021 | 125.906 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 494 |  |  | $ | (674) |  |  | $ | (262) |  |  | $ | 4,242 |  |  | $ | 3,801 |

(a)Represents the opening balance sheet adjustment recorded as a result of the adoption of the new lease accounting standard.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

Year Ended December 31 (in millions) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 478 |  |  | $ | (1,324) |  |  | $ | 769 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 394 |  |  | 420 |  |  | 423 |
Stock-based compensation and other | 51 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 29 |
Special items - impairment charges and other | (1) |  |  | 627 |  |  | — |
Special items - restructuring charges | (10) |  |  | 220 |  |  | — |
Changes in certain assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Changes in deferred tax provision | 104 |  |  | (300) |  |  | 209 |
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable | (66) |  |  | (160) |  |  | 43 |
Increase in air traffic liability | 90 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 112 |
Increase in deferred revenue | 81 |  |  | 288 |  |  | 116 |
Pension contribution | (100) |  |  | — |  |  | (65) |
Other - net | 9 |  |  | (202) |  |  | 86 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 1,030 |  |  | (234) |  |  | 1,722 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Property and equipment additions: |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft and aircraft purchase deposits | (68) |  |  | (64) |  |  | (356) |
Other flight equipment | (126) |  |  | (55) |  |  | (178) |
Other property and equipment | (98) |  |  | (103) |  |  | (162) |
Total property and equipment additions | (292) |  |  | (222) |  |  | (696) |
Purchases of marketable securities | (4,301) |  |  | (2,962) |  |  | (1,810) |
Sales and maturities of marketable securities | 3,595 |  |  | 2,318 |  |  | 1,674 |
Proceeds from disposition of assets | 2 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 28 |
Other investing activities | (12) |  |  | (6) |  |  | 13 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (1,008) |  |  | (593) |  |  | (791) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net of issuance costs | 363 |  |  | 2,564 |  |  | 450 |
Long-term debt payments | (1,334) |  |  | (565) |  |  | (1,058) |
Common stock repurchases | — |  |  | (31) |  |  | (75) |
Cash dividend paid | — |  |  | (45) |  |  | (173) |
Other financing activities | 57 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 43 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (914) |  |  | 1,981 |  |  | (813) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (892) |  |  | 1,154 |  |  | 118 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year | 1,386 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 114 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of year | $ | 494 |  |  | $ | 1,386 |  |  | $ | 232 |
Supplemental disclosure: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |
Interest, net of amount capitalized | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 60 |
Income taxes, net of refunds received | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 470 |  |  | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | 221 |
Restricted cash included in Other noncurrent assets | 24 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 11 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the period | $ | 494 |  |  | $ | 1,386 |  |  | $ | 232 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1. GENERAL AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Organization and Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Alaska Air Group (Air Group, or the Company), and its primary subsidiaries, Alaska Airlines, Inc. (Alaska) and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. (Horizon). Our consolidated financial statements also include McGee Air Services, a ground services subsidiary of Alaska. The Company conducts substantially all of its operations through these subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. These financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and their preparation requires the use of management’s estimates. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year financial statements to conform to classifications used in the current year.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, such as money market funds, commercial paper and certificates of deposit. They are carried at cost, which approximates market value. The Company reduces cash balances when funds are disbursed. Due to the time delay in funds clearing the banks, the Company normally maintains a negative balance in its cash disbursement accounts, which is reported as a current liability. The amount of the negative cash balance was $7 million and $5 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, and is included in accounts payable, with the change in the balance during the year included in other financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
The Company's restricted cash balances are not material and are classified as Other noncurrent assets. Restricted cash balances are primarily used to guarantee various letters of credit, self-insurance programs or other contractual rights. They consist of highly liquid securities with original maturities of three months or less. They are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.
Marketable Securities
Investments with original maturities of greater than three months and remaining maturities of less than one year are classified as short-term investments. Investments with maturities beyond one year may be classified as short-term based on their highly liquid nature and because such marketable securities represent the investment of cash that is available for current operations. All cash equivalents and short-term investments are classified as available-for-sale and realized gains and losses are recorded using the specific identification method. Changes in market value are reflected in accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL).
The Company evaluates the investment portfolio on a quarterly basis for expected credit losses. The Company uses a systematic methodology that groups assets by relevant market sector, and considers available quantitative and qualitative evidence in evaluating potential allowances for credit losses. If the cost of an investment exceeds its fair value, management evaluates, among other factors, general market conditions, credit quality of debt instrument issuers, the duration and extent to which the fair value is less than cost, the Company's intent and ability to hold, or plans to sell, the investment. Once a decline in fair value is determined to be the result of an expected credit loss, an allowance is recorded to Other—net in the consolidated statements of operations.
Receivables—net
Receivables primarily consist of amounts due from taxing authorities, credit card processors, and the Company's affinity card partner stemming from income tax returns, sales of tickets to customers and bank purchased miles. Given the nature of these receivables, reserves are immaterial to the overall balance.
Inventories and Supplies—net
Expendable aircraft parts, materials and supplies are stated at average cost and are included in Inventories and supplies—net. An obsolescence allowance for expendable parts is accrued based on estimated lives of the corresponding fleet type and salvage values. The allowance for expendable inventories was $49 million and $46 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020. Removals from the reserve in 2021 were immaterial. Inventory and supplies—net also includes fuel inventory of $21 million and $15 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020. Repairable and rotable aircraft parts inventories are included in flight equipment.
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Property, Equipment and Depreciation
Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives less an estimated salvage value, which are as follows:

| Estimated Useful Life | Estimated Salvage Value
Aircraft and other flight equipment: |  |
Boeing 737 and E175 aircraft | 20 to 25 years | 10%
Bombardier Q400 aircraft | 15 years | 5%
Buildings | 25 to 40 years | 10%
Minor building and land improvements | 10 years | —%
Capitalized leases and leasehold improvements | Generally shorter of lease term or estimated useful life | —%
Computer hardware and software | 3 to 10 years | —%
Other furniture and equipment | 5 to 10 years | —%

Near the end of an asset's estimated useful life, management updates the salvage value estimates based on current market conditions and expected use of the asset. Repairable and rotable aircraft parts are included in Aircraft and other flight equipment, and are depreciated over the associated fleet life.
Capitalized interest, based on the Company’s weighted-average borrowing rate, is added to the cost of the related asset, and is depreciated over the estimated useful life of the asset.
Maintenance and repairs, other than engine maintenance on B737-800 engines, are expensed when incurred. Major modifications that extend the life or improve the usefulness of aircraft are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated period of use. Maintenance on B737-800 engines is covered under a power-by-the-hour agreement with a third party, whereby the Company pays a determinable amount, and transfers risk, to a third party. Beginning in 2022, maintenance on owned E175 aircraft will also be covered under a power-by-the-hour agreement with a third party. For these agreements, the Company expenses the contract amounts based on engine usage.
The Company evaluates long-lived assets to be held and used for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the total carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. The Company groups assets for purposes of such reviews at the lowest level at which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities, which is generally the fleet level. An impairment loss is considered when estimated future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset or asset group and its eventual disposition are less than its carrying amount. If the asset or asset group is not considered recoverable, a write-down equal to the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value will be recorded. For these purposes, the fair value is estimated using a combination of Level 2 inputs, including published market value estimates for the assets being assessed, and Level 3 inputs, including Company-specific and asset-specific indicators.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of the related net assets acquired in the Company's acquisition of Virgin America and is not amortized. The total balance of goodwill is associated with the Mainline reporting unit. The Company reviews goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate than an impairment may exist. The assessment utilizes either a qualitative or quantitative approach. The qualitative approach considers factors such as Alaska Air Group market capitalization and other market trends, and unobservable inputs, including Company specific cash flow and performance information. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the asset may be impaired, management utilizes a quantitative approach to assess the asset's fair value and the amount of impairment and a charge may be recorded. In 2021, the fair value of the Mainline reporting unit substantially exceeded its carrying value.
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Intangible Assets
Intangible assets are comprised primarily of indefinite-lived airport slots and finite-lived customer relationships recorded in conjunction with the acquisition of Virgin America. Finite-lived intangibles were recorded at fair value upon acquisition and are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Indefinite-lived intangibles were recorded at fair value upon acquisition and are not amortized, but are tested at least annually for impairment using a similar methodology to goodwill, as described above.
Aircraft Maintenance Deposits
Certain Airbus leases include contractually required maintenance deposit payments to the lessor, which collateralize the lessor for future maintenance events should the Company not perform required maintenance. Most of the lease agreements provide that maintenance deposits are reimbursable upon completion of the major maintenance event in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) the amount qualified for reimbursement from maintenance deposits held by the lessor associated with the specific major maintenance event or (ii) the qualifying costs related to the specific major maintenance event. The Company establishes accounting maintenance deposits as assets on the balance sheet using estimates of the anticipated timing and cost of the specific major maintenance events, such that the accounting deposits do not exceed the amount qualified for reimbursement. Aircraft maintenance deposits recorded on the consolidated balance sheets were $175 million and $242 million as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
Leased Aircraft Return Costs
Costs of returning leased aircraft are accrued when the costs are probable and reasonably estimable, usually beginning at least twelve months prior to the lease return, unless a determination is made that the leased asset is removed from operation. If the leased aircraft is removed from the operating fleet, the estimated cost of return is accrued at the time of removal. Any accrual is based on the time remaining on the lease, planned aircraft usage and the provisions included in the lease agreement, although the actual amount due to any lessor upon return may not be known with certainty until lease termination.
As leased aircraft are returned, payments made reduce the outstanding lease return liability. Of the total outstanding liability, $53 million is included in Other accrued liabilities and $114 million is included in Other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021, compared to $54 million included in Other accrued liabilities and $246 million included in Other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2020 . Expense associated with lease returns in the standard course of operating the aircraft is included in Aircraft maintenance in the consolidated statements of operations. Expense associated with lease returns when aircraft are permanently parked is recorded as a charge at the date the aircraft is permanently parked, regardless of contractual return date, and is classified as Special items - impairment charges and other in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 2 for further discussion of these special items.
Advertising Expenses
The Company's advertising expenses include advertising, sponsorship and promotional costs. Advertising production costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense was $63 million, $41 million and $72 million during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company's operations are significantly impacted by changes in aircraft fuel prices and interest rates. In an effort to manage exposure to these risks, the Company periodically enters into fuel and interest rate derivative instruments. These derivative instruments are recognized at fair value on the balance sheet and changes in the fair value are recognized in AOCL or in the consolidated statements of operations, depending on the nature of the instrument.
The Company does not apply hedge accounting to its derivative fuel hedge contracts, nor does it hold or issue them for trading purposes. For cash flow hedges related to interest rate swaps, the effective portion of the derivative represents the change in fair value of the hedge that offsets the change in fair value of the hedged item. To the extent the change in the fair value of the hedge does not perfectly offset the change in the fair value of the hedged item, the ineffective portion of the hedge is immediately recognized in interest expense.
Fair Value Measurements
Accounting standards define fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market
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participants on the measurement date. The standards also establish a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 - Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
The Company has elected not to use the fair value option provided in the accounting standards for non-financial instruments. Accordingly, those assets and liabilities, including property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangible assets and certain other assets and liabilities are carried at amortized cost. For financial instruments, the assets and liabilities are carried at fair value, which is determined based on the market approach or income approach, depending upon the level of inputs used. The leveling of inputs for financial and non-financial instruments are disclosed in this note, and Note 5.
Income Taxes
The Company uses the asset and liability approach for accounting for and reporting income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities, and their respective tax bases and for operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance would be established, if necessary, for the amount of any tax benefits that, based on available evidence, are not expected to be realized. As of December 31, 2021, there is a partial valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets. The Company accounts for unrecognized tax benefits in accordance with the applicable accounting standards.
See Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements for more discussion of income taxes.
Stock-Based Compensation
Accounting standards require companies to recognize expense over the service period based on the fair value of stock options and other equity-based compensation issued to employees estimated as of the grant date. These standards apply to all stock awards that the Company grants to employees as well as the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), which features a look-back provision and allows employees to purchase stock at a 15% discount. All stock-based compensation expense is recorded in wages and benefits in the consolidated statements of operations.
Earnings Per Share (EPS)
Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing net income by the average common shares outstanding plus additional common shares that would have been outstanding assuming the exercise of in-the-money stock options and restricted stock units, using the treasury-stock method. In 2021 anti-dilutive stock options excluded from the calculation of EPS were not material.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)," which provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the current guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burden related to the expected market transition from LIBOR to alternative reference rates. In January 2021, the FASB updated Topic 848, providing additional clarification and scope relating to transition to alternative reference rates. The guidance was effective upon issuance and generally can be applied to applicable contract modifications through December 31, 2022. The Company is not expected to transition to alternative rates prior to fiscal year 2023. The Company does not expect adoption and transition to alternative reference rates will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
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NOTE 2. SPECIAL ITEMS
The public health and economic crisis resulting from the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 continues to have a significant impact on the Company. Although the relaxation of restrictions by state and local governments and the rollout of vaccination programs have allowed for the return of demand, passenger enplanements remain below pre-pandemic levels and variants continue to drive volatility in recovery. As a result, the Company continues to fly less capacity than it had pre-pandemic.
Beginning in 2020, the Company implemented various cost-saving initiatives, including permanently parking aircraft, restructuring the workforce through early-out and incentive leave programs, and obtaining funding available under programs offered by the Treasury. As demand has improved and the business has grown back toward pre-pandemic flying levels, these programs have been adjusted to meet the needs of the airlines. The impacts of these programs for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are described further below.
Lease Return Costs
Alaska removed 40 leased Airbus aircraft from operating service in 2020, and recorded an estimate of the expected future lease return costs for the aircraft of $209 million to Special items - impairment charges and other in the consolidated statements of operations. In 2021, the Company recorded a net benefit of $1 million associated with changes in these estimates. Lease return costs also include the write off of associated maintenance deposits when the Company no longer expects to perform maintenance events covered by those deposits. The Company continues to evaluate the estimated costs to return leased aircraft. The lease return cost estimates are based on the Company's best estimate of costs to return aircraft as of the date of this filing.
In 2021, Alaska initiated a plan to reactivate up to 12 previously parked Airbus aircraft to support Alaska's plan for restoring capacity to pre-pandemic levels by summer 2022. Nine of these reactivated aircraft returned to the operating fleet in 2021, with three more expected to be reactivated in early 2022. The Company currently anticipates all twelve aircraft temporarily returned to service will be removed again from operating service by the end of 2023. At this time, the Company does not anticipate the return to service of these aircraft will materially change estimated lease return costs previously recorded, as leases for aircraft returning to service generally expire within a near-term window.
Workforce restructuring
The Company's subsidiaries reduced their operating workforce in 2020 to better align with the expected size of the business. To mitigate the need for involuntary furloughs, various early-out and voluntary leave programs were made available to all frontline work groups, in addition to incentive leave programs made available to Alaska pilots and mechanics. Through these programs over 600 employees took permanent early-outs, and over 3,300 employees took voluntary or incentive leaves. All employees on these temporary leave programs were called back to work by October 1, 2021.
In 2020, as a result of these programs, the Company recorded $220 million in wage expense to Special items - restructuring charges in the consolidated statement of operations for those pilots and mechanics on incentive leaves, ongoing medical benefit coverage and lump-sum termination payments. Throughout 2021, the Company continued to refine and update capacity expectations and training schedules, which resulted in changes to anticipated leave lengths. As a result, the Company recorded a net benefit of $10 million during the year ended December 31, 2021.
The table below presents a roll forward of the outstanding voluntary leave liability (in millions):

|  | Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2021
Total voluntary leave liability balance at January 1 |  | $ | 127 |
Cash payments |  | (105) |
Charges and adjustments |  | (10) |
Total voluntary leave liability balance at December 31 |  | $ | 12 |

The outstanding accrual at December 31, 2021 is for final payments to participants on a retirement incentive leave who will not return to active employment. The balance is reflected in accrued wages, benefits and payroll taxes on the consolidated balance sheet.
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Impairment charges
In 2020, the Company temporarily and permanently parked certain aircraft in response to the loss of demand driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. At that time, the Company performed impairment tests on certain long-lived and intangible assets, as well as receivable balances to evaluate recoverability. These impairment tests indicated impairment on the Q400 fleet, permanently parked Airbus aircraft, and related capital improvements, resulting in impairment charges of $363 million. The Company also identified certain intangible assets, purchase deposits, and receivable balances deemed unrecoverable, and recorded an additional $30 million in charges for those balances. The total of these special charges, lease return costs summarized above, the recognition of a legal settlement and other immaterial charges comprise the $627 million recorded as Special items - impairment charges and other on the consolidated statement of operations for the period ending December 31, 2020. In 2021, the Company did not identify any indicators of impairment of long-lived assets, goodwill, intangibles or receivables.
CARES Act Funding
In 2020, Alaska, Horizon, and McGee finalized agreements with the Treasury through the Payroll Support Program (PSP) under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act, made available under the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (PSP 1). Under PSP 1 and associated agreements, Alaska, Horizon, and McGee received total funds of approximately $1.1 billion in 2020.
In 2021, Alaska, Horizon and McGee finalized agreements with the Treasury through an extension of the PSP, made available under the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (PSP 2) and received an additional $626 million.
Alaska, Horizon and McGee also finalized additional agreements with the Treasury under a third round of the PSP, made available under the American Rescue Plan of 2021 (PSP 3), and received total funds of $585 million.
Total funds contracted from the Treasury under the Payroll Support Programs are allocated as follows (in millions):

| Grants |  | Loans |  | Warrants |  | Total Proceeds
PSP 1 | $ | 757 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 1,059 |
PSP 2 | 457 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 626 |
PSP 3 | 431 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 585 |
Total | $ | 1,645 |  |  | $ | 600 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 2,270 |

Funds were exclusively used for payment of employee salaries, wages and benefits. In 2021 and 2020, $892 million and $753 million in PSP grant funds were recorded as an offset to wages, salaries and benefits as eligible expenses were incurred. Also included within the annual total offset are employee retention credits as provided for in the CARES Act of $21 million in 2021 and $29 million in 2020. The Company does not expect to record additional wage offsets in 2022.
Upon receipt of the funds issued under PSP 3, certain conditions and restrictions were extended. These conditions include, but are not limited to, refraining from conducting involuntary furloughs or reducing employee pay rates of pay through September 30, 2021, and placing limits on executive compensation through April 1, 2023. The conditions also included suspension of dividends and share repurchases through September 30, 2022.
NOTE 3. REVENUE
Ticket revenue is recorded as Passenger revenue, and represents the primary source of the Company's revenue. Also included in Passenger revenue are passenger ancillary revenues such as bag fees, on-board food and beverage, ticket change fees, and certain revenue from the frequent flyer program. In 2020, the Company eliminated ticket change fees indefinitely from main cabin and first class fares. Mileage Plan other revenue includes brand and marketing revenue from our co-branded credit card and other partners and certain interline frequent flyer revenue, net of commissions. Cargo and other revenue includes freight and mail revenue, and to a lesser extent, other ancillary revenue products such as lounge membership and certain commissions.
The Company disaggregates revenue by segment in Note 13. The level of detail within the Company’s consolidated statements of operations, segment disclosures, and in this footnote depict the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and how cash flows are affected by economic and other factors.
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Passenger Ticket and Ancillary Services Revenue
The primary performance obligation on a typical passenger ticket is to provide air travel to the passenger. Ticket revenue is collected in advance of travel and recorded as ATL on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes ticket revenue for each flight segment when the transportation is provided.
Ancillary passenger revenues relate to items such as checked-bag fees, ticket change fees (prior to 2021), and on-board food and beverage sales, all of which are provided at time of flight. As such, the obligation to perform these services is satisfied at the time of travel and is recorded with ticket revenue in Passenger revenue.
Revenue is also recognized for tickets that are expected to expire unused, a concept referred to as “passenger ticket breakage.” Passenger ticket breakage is recorded at the intended travel date using estimates made at the time of sale based on the Company’s historical experience of expired tickets, and other facts such as program changes and modifications. Differences between advance passenger ticket breakage estimates and actual expirations are recognized as revenue when changes to estimate assumptions are observed or when tickets are no longer valid.
In addition to selling tickets on its own marketed flights, Alaska has interline agreements with partner airlines under which it sells multi-city tickets with one or more segments of the trip flown by a partner airline, or it operates a connecting flight sold by a partner airline. Each segment in a connecting flight represents a separate performance obligation. Revenue on segments sold and operated by the Company is recognized as Passenger revenue in the gross amount of the allocated ticket price when the travel occurs, while the commission paid to the partner airline is recognized as a selling expense when the related transportation is provided. Revenue on segments operated by a partner airline is deferred for the full amount of the consideration received at the time the ticket is sold and, once the segment has been flown the Company records the net amount, after compensating the partner airline, as Cargo and other revenue.
A portion of revenue from the Mileage Plan program is recorded in Passenger revenue. As members are awarded mileage credits on flown tickets, these credits become a distinct performance obligation to the Company. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in a passenger ticket contract on a relative standalone selling price basis. The standalone selling price for loyalty mileage credits issued is discussed in the Loyalty Mileage Credits section of this Note below. The amount allocated to the mileage credits is deferred on the balance sheet. Once a member travels using a travel award redeemed with mileage credits on one of the Company's airline carriers, the revenue associated with those mileage credits is recorded as Passenger revenue.
Taxes collected from passengers, including transportation excise taxes, airport and security fees and other fees, are recorded on a net basis within Passenger revenue in the consolidated statements of operations.
Passenger revenue recognized in the consolidated statements of operations (in millions):

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Passenger ticket revenue, including ticket breakage and net of taxes and fees | $ | 4,533 |  |  | $ | 2,428 |  |  | $ | 6,824 |
Passenger ancillary revenue | 327 |  |  | 245 |  |  | 567 |
Mileage Plan passenger revenue | 639 |  |  | 346 |  |  | 704 |
Total Passenger revenue | $ | 5,499 |  |  | $ | 3,019 |  |  | $ | 8,095 |

As passenger tickets and related ancillary services are primarily sold via credit cards, certain amounts due from credit card processors are recorded as airline traffic receivables. These credit card receivables and receivables from our affinity credit card partner represent $167 million and $83 million on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
For performance obligations with performance periods of less than one year, GAAP provides a practical expedient that allows the Company not to disclose the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations and the timing of related revenue recognition. As passenger tickets expire one year from ticketing, if unused or not exchanged, the Company elected to apply this practical expedient.
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Mileage Plan Loyalty Program
Loyalty mileage credits
The Company’s Mileage Plan loyalty program provides frequent flyer travel awards to program members based upon accumulated loyalty mileage credits. Mileage credits are earned through travel, purchases using the Mileage Plan co-branded credit card and purchases from other participating partners. The program has a 24-month expiration period for unused mileage credits from the month of last account activity. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company suspended expiry of outstanding mileage credits through June 30, 2022. The Company offers redemption of mileage credits through free, discounted or upgraded air travel on flights operated by Alaska and its regional partners or on one of its 23 partners, as well as redemption at partner hotels.
The Company uses a relative standalone selling price to allocate consideration to material performance obligations in contracts with customers that include loyalty mileage credits. As directly observable selling prices for mileage credits are not available, the Company determines the standalone selling price of mileage credits primarily using actual ticket purchase prices for similar tickets flown, adjusted for the likelihood of redemption, or breakage. In determining similar tickets flown, the Company considers current market prices, class of service, type of award, and other factors. For mileage credits accumulated through travel on partner airlines, the Company uses actual consideration received from the partners.
Revenue related to air transportation is deferred in the amount of the relative standalone selling price allocated to the loyalty mileage credits as they are issued. The Company satisfies its performance obligation when the mileage credits are redeemed and the related air transportation is delivered.
The Company estimates breakage for the portion of loyalty mileage credits not expected to be redeemed using a statistical analysis of historical data, including actual mileage credits expiring, slow-moving and low-credit accounts, among other factors. The breakage rate for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was 17.4%. The Company reviews the breakage rate used on an annual basis.
Co-brand credit card agreements and other
In addition to mileage credits, the co-brand credit card agreements, referred to herein as the Agreements, also include performance obligations for waived bag fees, Companion Fare™ offers to purchase an additional ticket at a discount, marketing, and the use of intellectual property including the brand (unlimited access to the use of the Company’s brand and frequent flyer member lists), which is the predominant element in the Agreement. The co-brand card bank partners are the customer for some elements, including the brand and marketing, while the Mileage Plan member is the customer for other elements such as mileage credits, bag waivers, and companion fares.
At the inception of the Agreement, management estimated the selling price of each of the performance obligations. The objective was to determine the price at which a sale would be transacted if the product or service was sold on a stand-alone basis. The Company determined its best estimate of selling price for each element by considering multiple inputs and methods including, but not limited to, the estimated selling price of comparable travel, discounted cash flows, brand value, published selling prices, number of miles awarded, and number of miles redeemed. The Company estimated the selling prices and volumes over the term of the Agreement in order to determine the allocation of proceeds to each of the multiple deliverables. The estimates of the standalone selling prices of each element do not change subsequent to the original valuation of the contract unless the contract is materially modified, but the allocation between elements may change based upon the actual and updated projected volumes of each element delivered during the term of the contract.
Consideration received from the banks is variable and is primarily from consumer spend on the card, among other items. The Company allocates consideration to each of the performance obligations, including mileage credits, waived bag fees, companion fares, and brand and marketing, using their relative standalone selling price. Because the performance obligation related to providing use of intellectual property including the brand is satisfied over time, it is recognized in Mileage Plan other revenue in the period that those elements are sold. The Company records passenger revenue related to the air transportation and certificates for discounted companion travel when the transportation is delivered.
In contracts with non-bank partners, the Company has identified two performance obligations in most cases - travel and brand. The travel performance obligation is deferred until the transportation is provided in the amount of the estimated standalone selling price of the ticket, less breakage, and the brand performance obligation is recognized using the residual method as commission revenue when the brand element is sold. Mileage credit sales recorded under the residual approach are immaterial to the overall program.
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Partner airline loyalty
Alaska has interline arrangements with certain airlines whereby its members may earn and redeem Mileage Plan credits on those airlines, and members of a partner airline’s loyalty program may earn and redeem frequent flyer program credits on flights operated by Alaska and its regional partners. When a Mileage Plan member earns credits on a partner airline, the partner airline remits a contractually-agreed upon fee to the Company which is deferred until credits are redeemed. When a Mileage Plan member redeems credits on a partner airline, the Company pays a contractually agreed upon fee to the other airline, which is netted against the revenue recognized associated with the award travel. When a member of a partner airline redeems frequent flyer credits on Alaska, the partner airline remits a contractually-agreed upon amount to the Company, recognized as Passenger revenue upon travel. If the partner airline’s member earns frequent flyer program credits on an Alaska flight, the Company remits a contractually-agreed upon fee to the partner airline and records a commission expense.
Mileage Plan revenue included in the consolidated statements of operations (in millions):

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Passenger revenue | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | 346 |  |  | $ | 704 |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 461 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 465 |
Total Mileage Plan revenue | $ | 1,100 |  |  | $ | 720 |  |  | $ | 1,169 |

Mileage Plan other revenue is primarily brand and marketing revenue from our affinity card products.
Cargo and Other
The Company provides freight and mail services (cargo). The majority of cargo services are provided to commercial businesses and the United States Postal Service. The Company satisfies cargo service performance obligations and recognizes revenue when the shipment arrives at its final destination, or is transferred to a third-party carrier for delivery.
The Company also earns other revenue for lounge memberships, hotel and car commissions, and certain other immaterial items not intrinsically tied to providing air travel to passengers. Revenue is recognized when these services are rendered and recorded as Cargo and other revenue. The transaction price for Cargo and other revenue is the price paid by the customer.
Cargo and other revenue included in the consolidated statements of operations (in millions):

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Cargo revenue | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 133 |
Other revenue | 92 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 88 |
Total Cargo and other revenue | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 221 |

Air Traffic Liability and Deferred Revenue
Passenger ticket and ancillary services liabilities
The Company recognized Passenger revenue of $703 million and $502 million from the 2020 and 2019 year-end air traffic liability balance during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Included within the air traffic liability on the consolidated balance sheets is an outstanding liability for travel credits that guests may utilize for future travel. A high volume of credits were issued in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and issuance levels in 2021 normalized, though remain above pre-pandemic levels. In April 2021, as part of the Company's COVID-19 relief measures, travel credits that were set to expire at any point in 2021 were extended through December 31, 2021 for possible travel through November 30, 2022. Of these credits, those not redeemed for travel by December 31, 2021 expired and were recognized as revenue in 2021.
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Mileage Plan liabilities
The total deferred revenue liability included on the consolidated balance sheets represents the remaining transaction price that has been allocated to Mileage Plan performance obligations not yet satisfied by the Company. In general, the current amounts will be recognized as revenue within 12 months and the long-term amounts will be recognized as revenue over a period of approximately three to four years. This period of time represents the average time that members have historically taken to earn and redeem miles.
The Company records a receivable for amounts due from the affinity card partner and from other partners as mileage credits are sold until the payments are collected. The Company had $62 million and $48 million of such receivables as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
Mileage credits are combined into one homogeneous pool and are not specifically identifiable. As such, loyalty revenues disclosed earlier in this Note are comprised of miles that were part of the deferred revenue and liabilities balances at the beginning of the period and miles that were issued during the period. The table below presents a roll forward of the total frequent flyer liability (in millions):

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020
Total Deferred Revenue balance at January 1 | $ | 2,277 |  |  | $ | 1,990 |
Travel miles and companion certificate redemption - Passenger revenue | (639) |  |  | (346) |
Miles redeemed on partner airlines - Other revenue | (43) |  |  | (23) |
Increase in liability for mileage credits issued | 763 |  |  | 656 |
Total Deferred Revenue balance at December 31 | $ | 2,358 |  |  | $ | 2,277 |

Selling Costs
Certain costs such as credit card fees, travel agency and other commissions paid, as well as Global Distribution Systems booking fees, are incurred when the Company sells passenger tickets and ancillary services in advance of the travel date. The Company defers such costs and recognizes them as expenses when the travel occurs. Prepaid expense recorded on the consolidated balance sheets for such costs was $37 million and $24 million as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The Company recorded related expense on the consolidated statements of operations of $90 million, $43 million and $208 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.
NOTE 4. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Fuel Hedge Contracts
The Company’s operations are inherently dependent upon the price and availability of aircraft fuel. To manage economic risks associated with fluctuations in aircraft fuel prices, the Company periodically enters into call options for crude oil. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had outstanding fuel hedge contracts covering approximately 425 million gallons of crude oil that will be settled from January 2022 to June 2023.
Interest Rate Swap Agreements
The Company is exposed to market risk from adverse changes in variable interest rates on long-term debt. To manage this risk, the Company periodically enters into interest rate swap agreements. As of December 31, 2021, the Company has 12 interest rate swap agreements with third parties designed to hedge the volatility of the underlying variable interest rates on $469 million of debt. All of the interest rate swap agreements stipulate that the Company pay a fixed interest rate and receive a floating interest rate over the term of the underlying contracts. All significant terms of the swap agreements match the terms of the underlying hedged items and have been designated as qualifying hedging instruments, which are accounted for as cash flow hedges.
As qualifying cash flow hedges, the interest rate swaps are recognized at fair value on the balance sheet, and changes in the fair value are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The effective portion of the derivative represents the change in fair value of the hedge that offsets the change in fair value of the hedged item. To the extent the change in fair value of the hedge does not perfectly offset the change in the fair value of the hedged item, the ineffective portion of the hedge is recognized in interest expense, if material.
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Fair Values of Derivative Instruments
Fair values of derivative instruments on the consolidated balance sheet (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020
Fuel hedge contracts (not designated as hedges) |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Other assets | 10 |  |  | 4 |
Interest rate swaps (designated as hedges) |  |  |
Other accrued liabilities | (6) |  |  | (10) |
Other liabilities | (3) |  |  | (15) |
Gains (losses) in accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) | 17 |  |  | (21) |

The net cash received from settlements offset by cash paid for new fuel hedge positions was $38 million during 2021, compared to net cash paid of $14 million and $19 million during 2020 and 2019.
Pretax effect of derivative instruments on earnings and AOCL (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Fuel hedge contracts (not designated as hedges) |  |  |  |  |
Gains (losses) recognized in Aircraft fuel | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | (10) |
Interest rate swaps (designated as hedges) |  |  |  |  |
Losses recognized in Aircraft rent | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | (3) |
Gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI) | 17 |  |  | (21) |  |  | (13) |

The amounts shown as recognized in aircraft rent for cash flow hedges (interest rate swaps) represent the realized losses transferred out of AOCL to aircraft rent. Losses related to interest rate swaps on variable rate debt of $10 million were recognized in interest expense during 2021. The amounts shown as recognized in OCI are prior to the losses recognized in aircraft rent during the period. The Company expects to reclassify from OCI $6 million in interest expense within the next twelve months.
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NOTE 5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
In determining fair value, there is a three-level hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs used. Level 1 refers to fair values based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 refers to fair values estimated using significant other observable inputs and Level 3 refers to fair values estimated using significant unobservable inputs.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments on a Recurring Basis
As of December 31, 2021, total cost basis for marketable securities was $2.6 billion. There were no significant differences between the cost basis and fair value of any individual class of marketable securities.
Fair values of financial instruments on the consolidated balance sheet (in millions):

| December 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | $ | 331 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 331 |  |  | $ | 407 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 407 |
Equity mutual funds | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Foreign government bonds | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | 20 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 311 |  |  | 311 |  |  | — |  |  | 224 |  |  | 224 |
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 232 |  |  | 232 |  |  | — |  |  | 290 |  |  | 290 |
Corporate notes and bonds | — |  |  | 1,663 |  |  | 1,663 |  |  | — |  |  | 978 |  |  | 978 |
Municipal securities | — |  |  | 65 |  |  | 65 |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |  |  | 50 |
Total Marketable securities | 337 |  |  | 2,309 |  |  | 2,646 |  |  | 414 |  |  | 1,562 |  |  | 1,976
Derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel hedge contracts - call options | — |  |  | 81 |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |
Total Assets | $ | 337 |  |  | $ | 2,390 |  |  | $ | 2,727 |  |  | $ | 414 |  |  | $ | 1,577 |  |  | $ | 1,991 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap agreements | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | (25) |  |  | (25) |
Total Liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (25) |  |  | $ | (25) |

The Company uses the market and income approach to determine the fair value of marketable securities. U.S. government securities and equity mutual funds are Level 1 as the fair value is based on quoted prices in active markets. The remaining marketable securities instruments are Level 2 as the fair value is based on standard valuation models that calculate values from observable inputs such as quoted interest rates, yield curves, credit ratings of the security and other observable market information.
The Company uses the market and income approaches to determine the fair value of derivative instruments. The fair value for fuel hedge call options is determined utilizing an option pricing model that uses inputs that are readily available in active markets or can be derived from information available in active markets. In addition, the fair value considers exposure to credit losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties. Interest rate swap agreements are Level 2 as the fair value of these contracts is determined based on the difference between the fixed interest rate in the agreements and the observable LIBOR-based interest forward rates at period end, multiplied by the total notional value.
Activity and Maturities for Marketable Securities
Unrealized losses from marketable securities are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates. Management does not believe any unrealized losses are the result of expected credit losses based on the Company's evaluation of available evidence as of December 31, 2021.
Proceeds from sales of marketable securities were $3.6 billion, $2.3 billion and $1.7 billion in 2021, 2020, and 2019.
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Maturities for marketable securities (in millions):

December 31, 2021 | Cost Basis |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | 1,064 |  |  | $ | 1,065 |
Due after one year through five years | 1,537 |  |  | 1,532 |
Due after five years | 44 |  |  | 42 |
Total | $ | 2,645 |  |  | $ | 2,639 |

As of December 31, 2021, $6 million of total marketable securities do not have a maturity date and are therefore excluded from the total fair value of maturities for marketable securities above.
Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments
The Company uses the following methods and assumptions to determine the fair value of financial instruments that are not recognized at fair value as described below.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash: Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, such as money market funds, commercial paper and certificates of deposit. They are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.
The Company's restricted cash balances are primarily used to guarantee various letters of credit, self-insurance programs or other contractual rights. Restricted cash consists of highly liquid securities with original maturities of three months or less. They are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.
Debt: To estimate the fair value of all fixed-rate debt as of December 31, 2021, the Company uses the income approach by discounting cash flows or estimation using quoted market prices, utilizing borrowing rates for comparable debt over the remaining life of the outstanding debt. The estimated fair value of the fixed-rate Enhanced Equipment Trust Certificate debt is Level 2, as it is estimated using observable inputs, while the estimated fair value of $763 million of other fixed-rate debt, including PSP notes payable, is classified as Level 3, as it is not actively traded and is valued using discounted cash flows which is an unobservable input.
Fixed-rate debt on the consolidated balance sheet and the estimated fair value of long-term fixed-rate debt (in millions):

| December 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Total fixed rate debt | $ | 1,821 |  |  | $ | 1,662 |
Estimated fair value | $ | 1,919 |  |  | $ | 1,778 |

NOTE 6. LONG-TERM DEBT
Long-term debt obligations on the consolidated balance sheet (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020
Fixed-rate notes payable due through 2029 | $ | 163 |  |  | $ | 198 |
Fixed-rate PSP note payable due through 2031 | 600 |  |  | 290 |
Fixed-rate EETC payable due through 2025 & 2027 | 1,058 |  |  | 1,174 |
Variable-rate notes payable due through 2029 | 738 |  |  | 1,866 |
Less debt issuance costs and unamortized debt discount | (20) |  |  | (33) |
Total debt | 2,539 |  |  | 3,495 |
Less current portion | 366 |  |  | 1,138 |
Long-term debt, less current portion | $ | 2,173 |  |  | $ | 2,357 |
Weighted-average fixed-interest rate | 3.7 | % |  | 4.3 | %
Weighted-average variable-interest rate | 1.3 | % |  | 1.9 | %

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Approximately $469 million of the Company's total variable-rate notes payable are effectively fixed via interest rate swaps at December 31, 2021, bringing the weighted-average interest rate for the full debt portfolio to 3.3%.
During 2021, the Company's total debt decreased $956 million, the result of payments of $1.3 billion, including $923 million in prepayments. Payments were offset by issuances of $363 million, including $311 million of unsecured loans from the PSP and $54 million in proceeds from issuance of debt.
CARES Act Loan
In 2020, the Company finalized an agreement with the Treasury to obtain up to $1.9 billion via a secured term loan facility. In 2020, the Company drew $135 million under the agreement, which was used for general corporate purposes and certain operating expenses in accordance with the terms and conditions of the loan agreement and the applicable provisions of the CARES Act. The full balance was repaid in the second quarter of 2021. In accordance with the related agreement, the facility terminated at the time of repayment.
Debt Maturity
At December 31, 2021, long-term debt principal payments for the next five years and thereafter are as follows (in millions):

| Total
2022 | $ | 371 |
2023 | 334 |
2024 | 240 |
2025 | 261 |
2026 | 176 |
Thereafter | 1,177 |
Total principal payments | $ | 2,559 |

Bank Lines of Credit
Alaska has three credit facilities totaling $486 million as of December 31, 2021. One of the credit facilities for $150 million expires in March 2025 and is secured by certain accounts receivable, spare engines, spare parts and ground service equipment. A second credit facility for $250 million expires in June 2024 and is secured by aircraft. Both facilities have variable interest rates based on LIBOR plus a specified margin. A third credit facility for $86 million expires in June 2022 and is secured by aircraft.
Alaska has secured letters of credit against the third facility, but has no plans to borrow using either of the two facilities. All credit facilities have a requirement to maintain a minimum unrestricted cash and marketable securities balance of $500 million. Alaska was in compliance with this covenant at December 31, 2021.
NOTE 7. LEASES
The Company leases property and equipment through operating leases and categorizes these leases into five asset classes: aircraft, capacity purchase arrangements for aircraft operated by third-party carriers (CPA aircraft), airport and terminal facilities, corporate real estate and other equipment. All capitalized lease assets have been recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 as Operating lease assets, with the corresponding liabilities recorded as Operating lease liabilities. Operating rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
The Company has elected the practical expedient under ASC 842 - Leases, allowing a policy election to exclude from recognition short-term lease assets and lease liabilities for leases with an initial term of twelve months or less. Such expense was not material for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019.
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Operating lease assets balance by asset class was as follows (in millions):

| December 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Aircraft | $ | 782 |  |  | $ | 750 |
CPA Aircraft | 600 |  |  | 579 |
Airport and terminal facilities | 16 |  |  | 16 |
Corporate real estate and other | 55 |  |  | 55 |
Total Operating lease assets | $ | 1,453 |  |  | $ | 1,400 |

Aircraft
At December 31, 2021, Alaska had operating leases for ten Boeing 737-800, five Boeing 737-9, and 61 Airbus aircraft, and Horizon had operating leases for seven Bombardier Q400 aircraft. Remaining lease terms for these aircraft extend up to 12 years, some with options to extend, subject to negotiation at the end of the term. As extension is not certain, and rates are highly likely to be renegotiated, the extended term is only capitalized when it is reasonably determinable. While aircraft rent is primarily fixed, certain leases contain rental adjustments throughout the lease term which would be recognized as variable expense as incurred. Variable lease expense for aircraft for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was $5 million, $1 million, and $4 million.
Capacity purchase agreements with aircraft (CPA aircraft)
At December 31, 2021, Alaska had CPAs with two carriers, including the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Horizon. Horizon sells 100% of its capacity under a CPA with Alaska. Alaska also has a CPA with SkyWest covering 32 E175 aircraft to fly certain routes in the Lower 48 and Canada. Under these agreements, Alaska pays the carriers an amount which is based on a determination of their cost of operating those flights and other factors intended to approximate market rates for those services. As Horizon is a wholly-owned subsidiary, intercompany leases between Alaska and Horizon have not been recognized under the standard.
Remaining lease terms for CPA aircraft extend up to nine years. Financial arrangements of the CPAs include a fixed component, representing the costs to operate each aircraft which is capitalized. CPAs also include variable rent based on actual levels of flying, which is expensed as incurred. Variable lease expense for CPA aircraft for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was not material.
Airport and terminal facilities
The Company leases ticket counters, gates, cargo and baggage space, office space and other support areas at numerous airports. For this asset class, the Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components. The majority of airport and terminal facility leases are not capitalized because they do not meet the definition of controlled assets under the standard, or because the lease payments are entirely variable. For airports where leased assets are identified, and where the contract includes fixed lease payments, operating lease assets and lease liabilities have been recorded. The Company is also commonly responsible for maintenance, insurance and other facility-related expenses and services under these agreements. These costs are recognized as variable expense in the period incurred. Airport and terminal facilities variable lease expense for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was $377 million, $286 million, and $322 million.
Starting in 2018, the Company leased twelve airport slots at LaGuardia Airport and eight airport slots at Reagan National Airport to a third party. For these leases, the Company recorded $16 million, $14 million, and $13 million of lease income during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019.
Corporate real estate and other leases
Leased corporate real estate is primarily for office space in hub cities, data centers, land leases, and reservation centers. For this asset class, the Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components under the standard. Other leased assets are comprised of other ancillary contracts and items including leased flight simulators, ground equipment, and spare engines. Variable lease expense related to corporate real estate and other leases for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was $17 million, $12 million, and $10 million.
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Sale-leaseback transaction
In 2020, Alaska entered into a transaction to sell ten owned Airbus A320 aircraft and replace those aircraft with 13 new leased Boeing 737-9 aircraft. Also included in the transaction is the leaseback of all ten Airbus aircraft in the interim period between the sale of those aircraft and delivery of the first ten 737-9 aircraft. Of these deliveries, five were received in 2021, with the remaining eight scheduled in 2022.
Components of Lease Expense
The impact of leases, including variable lease cost, was as follows (in millions):

| Classification | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft | Aircraft rent | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 246 |
CPA Aircraft | Aircraft rent | 80 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 79 |
Airport and terminal facilities | Landing fees and other rentals | 379 |  |  | 288 |  |  | 324 |
Corporate real estate and other | Landing fees and other rentals | 21 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 19 |
Total lease expense |  | $ | 654 |  |  | $ | 602 |  |  | $ | 668 |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease income | Cargo and other revenues | (16) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (13) |
Net lease impact |  | $ | 638 |  |  | $ | 588 |  |  | $ | 655 |

Supplemental Cash Flow Information
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company paid $359 million for capitalized operating leases. The Company also acquired $273 million of operating lease assets in exchange for assumption of the same total of operating lease liabilities, inclusive of lease extensions.
Lease Term and Discount Rate
As most leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, the Company generally utilizes the incremental borrowing rate (IBR) based on information available at the commencement date of the lease to determine the present value of lease payments. The weighted average IBR and weighted average remaining lease term (in years) for all asset classes were as follows at December 31, 2021.

| Weighted Average IBR |  | Weighted Average Remaining Lease term
Aircraft | 3.9 | % |  | 7.2
CPA Aircraft | 3.3 | % |  | 8.6
Airports and terminal facilities | 4.1 | % |  | 8.6
Corporate real estate and other | 4.1 | % |  | 29.6

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Maturities of Lease Liabilities
Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2021 (in millions):

| Aircraft(a) |  | CPA Aircraft |  | Airport and Terminal Facilities |  | Corporate Real Estate and Other
2022 | $ | 221 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 11 |
2023 | 158 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |
2024 | 101 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 7 |
2025 | 95 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |
2026 | 89 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |
Thereafter | 311 |  |  | 291 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 75 |
Total Lease Payments | $ | 975 |  |  | $ | 711 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 110 |
Less: Imputed interest | (127) |  |  | (91) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (52) |
Total | $ | 848 |  |  | $ | 620 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 58 |

(a) - Future minimum lease payments for aircraft includes commitments for aircraft which have been removed from operating service as the Company remains obligated under existing terms.
(b) - Future minimum lease payments in the table above are inclusive of incentive credits related to leased Boeing 737-9 aircraft. As a result, the operating lease liabilities presented on the consolidated balance sheet exceed total future payments. This difference will exist until all leased 737-9 aircraft are delivered.
As of December 31, 2021, we have entered into but not yet commenced leases for Boeing 737-9 and E175 aircraft, as well as other non-aircraft equipment. The liabilities associated with these leases are expected to be approximately $730 million. These leases will commence in 2022 and 2023 with lease terms ranging from 2023 to 2035.
NOTE 8. INCOME TAXES
Deferred Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts for tax purposes. The Company has a net deferred tax liability, primarily due to differences in depreciation rates for federal income tax purposes and for financial reporting purposes.
Deferred tax (assets) and liabilities comprise the following (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020
Excess of tax over book depreciation | $ | 1,145 |  |  | $ | 1,126 |
Intangibles - net | 19 |  |  | 15 |
Operating lease assets | 351 |  |  | 342 |
Other - net | 76 |  |  | 106 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 1,591 |  |  | 1,589 |
Mileage Plan | (416) |  |  | (385) |
Inventory obsolescence | (17) |  |  | (17) |
Employee benefits | (127) |  |  | (215) |
Net operating losses | (25) |  |  | (27) |
Operating lease liabilities | (374) |  |  | (381) |
Leasehold maintenance | (40) |  |  | (73) |
Other - net | (34) |  |  | (103) |
Deferred tax assets | (1,033) |  |  | (1,201) |
Valuation allowance | 20 |  |  | 19 |
Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | 578 |  |  | $ | 407 |

At December 31, 2021, the Company has paid gross taxes of $52 million and expect to pay $21 million more for the tax year 2021. The Company is also awaiting payment of a $285 million federal tax refund receivable as a result of carrying back losses
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from the 2020 tax year and other various amendments of prior year tax returns. The Company also has gross state NOLs of approximately $413 million that expire beginning in 2023 and continuing through 2041.
Virgin America experienced multiple “ownership changes” as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), the most recent being its acquisition by the Company. Section 382 of the Code imposes an annual limitation on the utilization of pre-ownership change NOLs. Any unused annual limitation may, subject to certain limits, be carried over to later years. During 2021, all remaining NOLs acquired through the acquisition of Virgin America were utilized to offset federal taxable income.
Valuation allowances are provided to reduce the related deferred income tax assets to an amount which will, more likely than not, be realized. The Company has determined it is more likely than not that a portion of the state NOL carryforward will not be realized and, therefore, has provided a valuation allowance of $20 million for that portion as of December 31, 2021. The Company has likewise concluded it is more likely than not that all of its federal and the remaining state deferred income tax assets will be realized and thus no additional valuation allowance has been recorded. The Company reassesses the need for a valuation allowance each reporting period.
Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
The components of income tax expense (benefit) are as follows (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Current income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | (212) |  |  | $ | 26 |
State | 16 |  |  | (11) |  |  | 13 |
Total current income tax expense (benefit) | 56 |  |  | (223) |  |  | 39 |
Deferred income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 80 |  |  | (246) |  |  | 175 |
State | 15 |  |  | (47) |  |  | 33 |
Total deferred income tax expense (benefit) | 95 |  |  | (293) |  |  | 208 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | (516) |  |  | $ | 247 |

Income Tax Rate Reconciliation
Income tax expense (benefit) reconciles to the amount computed by applying the 2021 U.S. federal rate of 21% to income (loss) before income tax and for deferred taxes as follows (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Income (loss) before income tax | $ | 629 |  |  | $ | (1,840) |  |  | $ | 1,016 |
Expected tax expense (benefit) | 132 |  |  | (386) |  |  | 213 |
Nondeductible expenses | 10 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
State income taxes | 20 |  |  | (62) |  |  | 36 |
Tax law changes | (14) |  |  | (93) |  |  | (9) |
Valuation allowance | 1 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |
Other - net | 2 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |
Actual tax expense (benefit) | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | (516) |  |  | $ | 247 |
Effective tax rate | 24.0 | % |  | 28.0 | % |  | 24.3 | %

The Company recorded a current tax benefit of $14 million in 2021 as a result of provisions outlined in the CARES Act. As a result of tax changes signed into law during 2017, with final regulations issued in 2019, the Company recorded a current tax benefit of $93 million in 2020.
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Uncertain Tax Positions
The Company has identified its federal tax return and its state tax returns in Alaska, Oregon and California as “major” tax jurisdictions. A summary of the Company's jurisdictions and the periods that are subject to examination are as follows:

Jurisdiction | Period
Federal | 2007 to 2020
Alaska | 2015 to 2020
California | 2007 to 2020
Oregon | 2003 to 2020

Certain tax years are open to the extent of net operating loss carryforwards.
Changes in the liability for gross unrecognized tax benefits during 2021, 2020 and 2019 are as follows (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Balance at January 1, | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 40 |
Additions related to prior years | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Releases related to prior years | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Additions related to current year activity | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Releases due to settlements | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |
Releases due to lapse of statute of limitations | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Balance at December 31, | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 40 |

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $41 million of accrued tax contingencies, of which $34 million, if fully recognized, would increase the effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company has accrued interest and penalties, net of federal income tax benefit, of $8 million, $6 million, and $7 million. In 2021, the Company recognized an expense of $2 million, compared to a benefit of $1 million in 2020, and expense of $1 million in 2019, for interest and penalties, net of federal income tax benefit. At December 31, 2021, the Company has unrecognized tax benefits recorded as a liability. The Company increased its reserves for uncertain tax positions in 2021 by $6 million, primarily due to current year activity and amended returns. These uncertain tax positions could change as a result of the Company's ongoing audits, settlement of issues, new audits and status of other taxpayer court cases. The Company cannot predict the timing of these actions. Due to the positions being taken in various jurisdictions, the amounts currently accrued are the Company's best estimate as of December 31, 2021.
NOTE 9. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
Four qualified defined-benefit plans, one non-qualified defined-benefit plan, and seven defined-contribution retirement plans cover various employee groups of Alaska, Horizon and McGee Air Services.
The defined-benefit plans provide benefits based on an employee’s term of service and average compensation for a specified period of time before retirement. The qualified defined-benefit pension plans are closed to new entrants.
Accounting standards require recognition of the overfunded or underfunded status of an entity’s defined-benefit pension and other post-retirement plan as an asset or liability in the consolidated financial statements and requires recognition of the funded status in AOCL.
Qualified Defined-Benefit Pension Plans
The Company’s four qualified defined-benefit pension plans are funded as required by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. The defined-benefit plan assets consist primarily of marketable equity and fixed-income securities. The work groups covered by qualified defined-benefit pension plans include salaried employees, pilots, clerical, office, passenger service employees, mechanics and related craft employees. The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for these plans. All plans are closed to new entrants.
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Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations:
The rates below vary by plan and related work group.

| 2021 |  | 2020
Discount rates | 2.82% to 2.90% |  | 2.43% to 2.58%
Rate of compensation increases | 2.02% to 2.38% |  | 2.02% to 2.43%

Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost:
The rates below vary by plan and related work group.

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Discount rates | 2.43% to 2.58% |  | 3.33% to 3.47% |  | 4.37% to 4.46%
Expected return on plan assets | 3.00% to 5.50% |  | 3.25% to 5.50% |  | 4.25% to 5.50%
Rate of compensation increases | 2.02% to 2.43% |  | 2.11% to 5.44% |  | 2.11% to 3.50%

The discount rates are determined using current interest rates earned on high-quality, long-term bonds with maturities that correspond with the estimated cash distributions from the pension plans. At December 31, 2021, the Company selected discount rates for each of the plans using a pool of higher-yielding bonds estimated to be more reflective of settlement rates, as management has taken steps to ultimately terminate or settle plans that are frozen and move toward freezing benefits in active plans in the future. In determining the expected return on plan assets, the Company assesses the current level of expected returns on risk-free investments (primarily government bonds), the historical level of the risk premium associated with the other asset classes in which the portfolio is invested and the expectations for future returns of each asset class. The expected return for each asset class is then weighted based on the target asset allocation to develop the expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption for the portfolio.
Plan assets are invested in common commingled trust funds invested in equity and fixed income securities and in certain real estate assets. The target and actual asset allocation of the funds in the qualified defined-benefit plans, by asset category, are as follows:

| Salaried Plan(a) |  | All Other Plans
| Target |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Target |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Asset category: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic equity securities | 2%-12% |  | 7 | % |  | 7 | % |  | 32%-42% |  | 38 | % |  | 44 | %
Non-U.S. equity securities | —%-8% |  | 3 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 11%-21% |  | 16 | % |  | 18 | %
Fixed income securities | 85%-95% |  | 90 | % |  | 90 | % |  | 32%-52% |  | 42 | % |  | 33 | %
Real estate | —% |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | —%-5% |  | 4 | % |  | 5 | %
Plan assets |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

(a)As our Salaried Plan is frozen and fully funded, our investment strategies differ significantly from that of our other outstanding plans. Investments are in lower-risk securities, with earnings designed to maintain a fully-funded status.
The Company’s investment policy focuses on achieving maximum returns at a reasonable risk for pension assets over a full market cycle. The Company determines the strategic allocation between equities, fixed income and real estate based on current funded status and other characteristics of the plans. As the funded status improves, the Company increases the fixed income allocation of the portfolio and decreases the equity allocation. Actual asset allocations are reviewed regularly and periodically rebalanced as appropriate.
Plan assets invested in common commingled trust funds are fair valued using the net asset values of these funds to determine fair value as allowed using the practical expedient method outlined in the accounting standards. Fair value estimates for real estate are calculated using the present value of expected future cash flows based on independent appraisals, local market conditions and current and projected operating performance.
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Plan assets by fund category (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Fair Value Hierarchy
Fund type: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. equity market fund | $ | 885 |  |  | $ | 914 |  |  | 1
Non-U.S. equity fund | 370 |  |  | 384 |  |  | 1
Credit bond index fund | 1,342 |  |  | 1,088 |  |  | 1
Plan assets in common commingled trusts | $ | 2,597 |  |  | $ | 2,386 |  |  |
Real estate | 92 |  |  | 96 |  |  | (a)
Cash equivalents | 6 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1
Total plan assets | $ | 2,695 |  |  | $ | 2,488 |  |  |

(a)In accordance with Subtopic 820-10, certain investments that are measured at net asset value per share (or its equivalent) have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.
The following table sets forth the status of the qualified defined-benefit pension plans (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020
Projected benefit obligation (PBO) |  |  |
Beginning of year | $ | 2,934 |  |  | $ | 2,602 |
Service cost | 56 |  |  | 52 |
Interest cost | 56 |  |  | 75 |
Actuarial (gain)/loss | (171) |  |  | 339 |
Benefits paid | (117) |  |  | (134) |
End of year | $ | 2,758 |  |  | $ | 2,934 |
Plan assets at fair value |  |  |
Beginning of year | $ | 2,488 |  |  | $ | 2,239 |
Actual return on plan assets | 224 |  |  | 383 |
Employer contributions | 100 |  |  | — |
Benefits paid | (117) |  |  | (134) |
End of year | $ | 2,695 |  |  | $ | 2,488 |
Unfunded status | $ | (63) |  |  | $ | (446) |
Percent funded | 98 | % |  | 85 | %

The accumulated benefit obligation for the combined qualified defined-benefit pension plans was $2.7 billion and $2.8 billion at December 31, 2021 and 2020. During 2021 actuarial gains decreased the benefit obligation primarily due to the increase in discount rates.
The amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020
Accrued benefit liability-long term | $ | (155) |  |  | $ | (502) |
Plan assets-long term (within Other noncurrent assets) | 92 |  |  | 51 |
Total liability recognized | $ | (63) |  |  | $ | (451) |

The amounts not yet reflected in net periodic benefit cost and included in AOCL (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020
Prior service credit | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | (5) |
Net loss | 316 |  |  | 626 |
Amount recognized in AOCL (pretax) | $ | 312 |  |  | $ | 621 |

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Defined benefit plans with projected benefit obligations and accumulated benefit obligations exceeding fair value of plan assets are as follows (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020
Projected benefit obligation | $ | 1,750 |  |  | $ | 2,207 |
Accumulated benefit obligation | 1,685 |  |  | 2,057 |
Fair value of plan assets | 1,595 |  |  | 1,710 |

Net pension expense for the qualified defined-benefit plans included the following components (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Service cost | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 42 |
Interest cost | 56 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 89 |
Restructuring charges(a) | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |
Expected return on assets | (122) |  |  | (110) |  |  | (95) |
Amortization of prior service credit | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Recognized actuarial loss | 37 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 37 |
Net pension expense | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 72 |

(a)In conjunction with the workforce reductions stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company recorded additional expense for employees accepting incentive leaves of absence. Such expense is included in Special items - restructuring charges on the consolidated statement of operations for the year-ended December 31, 2020.
There are no current statutory funding requirements for the Company’s plans in 2022.
Future benefits expected to be paid over the next ten years under the qualified defined-benefit pension plans from the assets of those plans (in millions):

| Total
2022 | $ | 119 |
2023 | 128 |
2024 | 133 |
2025 | 149 |
2026 | 151 |
2027– 2031 | 830 |

Nonqualified Defined-Benefit Pension Plan
Alaska also maintains an unfunded, noncontributory defined-benefit plan for certain elected officers. This plan uses a December 31 measurement date. The assumptions used to determine benefit obligations and the net period benefit cost for the nonqualified defined-benefit pension plan are similar to those used to calculate the qualified defined-benefit pension plan. The plan's unfunded status, PBO and accumulated benefit obligation are immaterial. The net pension expense in prior year and expected future expense is also immaterial.
Post-retirement Medical Benefits
The Company allows certain retirees to continue their medical, dental and vision benefits by paying all or a portion of the active employee plan premium until eligible for Medicare, currently age 65. This results in a subsidy to retirees, because the premiums received by the Company are less than the actual cost of the retirees’ claims. The accumulated post-retirement benefit obligation for this subsidy is unfunded. The accumulated post-retirement benefit obligation was $125 million and $138 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020. The net periodic benefit cost was not material in 2021 or 2020.
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Defined-Contribution Plans
The seven defined-contribution plans are deferred compensation plans under section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. All of these plans require Company contributions. Total expense for the defined-contribution plans was $125 million, $126 million and $132 million in 2021, 2020, and 2019.
The Company also has a noncontributory, unfunded defined-contribution plan for certain elected officers of the Company who are ineligible for the nonqualified defined-benefit pension plan. Amounts recorded as liabilities under the plan are not material to the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Pilot Long-term Disability Benefits
Alaska maintains a long-term disability plan for its pilots. The long-term disability plan does not have a service requirement. Therefore, the liability is calculated based on estimated future benefit payments associated with pilots that were assumed to be disabled on a long-term basis as of December 31, 2021 and does not include any assumptions for future disability. The liability includes the discounted expected future benefit payments and medical costs. The total liability was $77 million and $61 million, which was recorded net of a prefunded trust account of $8 million and $7 million, and included in long-term other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.
Employee Incentive-Pay Plans
The Company has employee incentive plans that pay employees based on certain financial and operational metrics. These metrics are set and approved annually by the Compensation and Leadership Development Committee of the Board of Directors. The aggregate expense under these plans in 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $151 million, $130 million and $163 million. The incentive plans are summarized below.
•Performance-Based Pay (PBP) is a program that rewards the majority of Alaska and Horizon employees. The program is based on various metrics that adjust periodically, including those related to Air Group profitability, cash flow metrics, safety, and sustainability.
•The Operational Performance Rewards Program (OPR) entitles the majority of Alaska and Horizon employees to quarterly payouts of up to $450 per person if certain monthly operational and customer service objectives are met.
NOTE 10. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Future minimum payments for commitments as of December 31, 2021 (in millions):

|  | Aircraft Commitments(a) |  | Capacity Purchase Agreements(b)
2022 |  | $ | 1,339 |  |  | $ | 173 |
2023 |  | 1,686 |  |  | 178 |
2024 |  | 389 |  |  | 183 |
2025 |  | 79 |  |  | 188 |
2026 |  | 13 |  |  | 189 |
Thereafter |  | — |  |  | 688 |
Total |  | $ | 3,506 |  |  | $ | 1,599 |

(a)Includes non-cancelable contractual commitments for aircraft and engines, aircraft maintenance and parts management.
(b)Includes all non-aircraft lease costs associated with capacity purchase agreements.
Aircraft Commitments
Aircraft purchase commitments include non-cancelable contractual commitments for aircrafts and engines. As of December 31, 2021, Alaska had commitments to purchase 74 Boeing 737-9 aircraft with deliveries in 2022 through 2024. Horizon also has commitments to purchase seven E175 aircraft with deliveries in 2023 through 2025. Subsequent to December 31, 2021, Horizon added an additional five commitments with deliveries in 2022 and 2023. Alaska has options to purchase 52 737-9 aircraft and Horizon has options to purchase 15 E175 aircraft. Option payments are not reflected in the table above.
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Aircraft Maintenance and Parts Management
Through its acquisition of Virgin America, the Company has a separate maintenance-cost-per-hour contract for management and repair of certain rotable parts to support Airbus airframe and engine maintenance and repair. In 2017, Alaska entered into a similar contract for maintenance on its B737-800 aircraft engines. These agreements require monthly payments based upon utilization, such as flight hours, cycles and age of the aircraft, and, in turn, the agreement transfers certain risks to the third-party service provider. There are minimum payments under both agreements, which are reflected in the table above. Accordingly, payments could differ materially based on actual aircraft utilization.
Aircraft Maintenance Deposits
Certain Airbus leases include contractually required maintenance deposit payments to the lessor, which collateralize the lessor for future maintenance events should the Company not perform required maintenance. Payments of such deposits follow contractual terms and timing, regardless of operating status of the respective aircraft. Most of the lease agreements provide that maintenance deposits are reimbursable upon completion of the major maintenance event in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) the amount qualified for reimbursement from maintenance deposits held by the lessor associated with the specific major maintenance event or (ii) the qualifying costs related to the specific major maintenance event.
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) Construction
In May 2019, we executed an amended lease agreement with Los Angeles World Airports, which includes an agreement to renovate and upgrade the fuel system, jet bridges and concourse facilities at Terminal 6 of LAX. Project terms and pre-construction readiness was approved and finalized in 2020. We expect construction will be completed by mid 2024. Under the terms of the agreement, we expect to have total reimbursable cash outlays for the project of approximately $230 million. To date, we have made total cash outlays of $71 million and have received reimbursement for $8.7 million of that total.
Contingencies
The Company is a party to routine litigation matters incidental to its business and with respect to which no material liability is expected. Liabilities for litigation related contingencies are recorded when a loss is determined to be probable and estimable.
In 2015, three flight attendants filed a class action lawsuit seeking to represent all Virgin America flight attendants for damages based on alleged violations of California and City of San Francisco wage and hour laws. The court certified a class of approximately 1,800 flight attendants in November 2016. The Company believes the claims in this case are without factual and legal merit.
In July 2018, the Court granted in part Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment, finding Virgin America, and Alaska Airlines, as a successor-in-interest to Virgin America, responsible for various damages and penalties sought by the class members. On February 4, 2019, the Court entered final judgment against Virgin America and Alaska Airlines in the amount of approximately $78 million. It did not award injunctive relief against Alaska Airlines. In February 2021, an appellate court reversed portions of the lower court decision and significantly reduced the judgment, again without awarding injunctive relief against Alaska. The determination of total judgment has not been completed as of the date of this filing. Based on the facts and circumstances available, the Company believes the range of potential loss to be between $0 and $22 million, and holds an accrual for $22 million in Other accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
The Company has asked the U.S. Supreme Court to review the case on the basis that the California laws on which the judgment is based are invalid as applied to airlines pursuant to the U.S. Constitution and provisions of federal law that were enacted to shield inter-state common carriers from a patchwork of state and local wage and hour regulations such as those at issue in this case. If appeal efforts are unsuccessful, compliance with the California laws may have an adverse impact on the Company's operations and financial position, and collective bargaining agreements.
The Company is involved in other litigation around the application of state and local employment laws, like many air carriers. Our defenses are similar to those identified above, including that the state and local laws are preempted by federal law and are unconstitutional because they impede interstate commerce. None of these additional disputes are material.
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NOTE 11. SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Dividends
In March 2020, the Company suspended the payment of dividends indefinitely. The Company is barred by its CARES Act agreements from resuming any payment of dividends until October 1, 2022. Prior to the suspension, the Company paid dividends of $45 million and $173 million to shareholders of record during 2020 and 2019.
Common Stock Repurchase
In August 2015, the Board of Directors authorized a $1 billion share repurchase program. As of December 31, 2021, the Company has repurchased 7.6 million shares for $544 million under this program. In March 2020, the Company suspended the share repurchase program indefinitely. The Company is barred by its CARES Act agreements from resuming share repurchases until October 1, 2022. Prior to the suspension, the Company repurchased $31 million, or 538,078 shares, in 2020 and $75 million, or 1,192,820 shares, in 2019.
At December 31, 2021, the Company held 9,349,944 shares in treasury. Management does not anticipate retiring common shares held in treasury for the foreseeable future.
CARES Act Warrant Issuance
As additional taxpayer protection required under the PSP programs, during 2021, the Company granted the Treasury a total of 539,508 warrants to purchase common stock. The warrants are non-voting, freely transferable, may be settled as net shares or in cash at the Company's option, and have a five-year term.
In addition, in conjunction with the October 2020 draw on the CARES Act Loan, the Company granted the Treasury 427,080 warrants to purchase Alaska Air Group (ALK) common stock. The value of the warrants was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the relative fair value of the warrants of $6 million was recorded in stockholders' equity.
Total warrants outstanding are as follows as of December 31, 2021:

| Number of shares of ALK common stock |  | Strike Price
PSP 1 | 928,127 |  |  | 31.61
CARES Act loan warrants | 427,080 |  |  | 31.61
PSP 2 | 305,499 |  |  | 52.25
PSP 3 | 221,812 |  |  | 66.39
Outstanding December 31, 2021 | 1,882,518 |  |  |

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (AOCL)
Components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020
Related to marketable securities | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 23 |
Related to employee benefit plans | (252) |  |  | (498) |
Related to interest rate derivatives | (6) |  |  | (19) |
| $ | (262) |  |  | $ | (494) |

NOTE 12. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS
The Company has various equity incentive plans under which it may grant stock awards to directors, officers and employees. The Company also has an employee stock purchase plan (ESPP).
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The table below summarizes the components of total stock-based compensation (in millions):

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Stock options | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Stock awards | 20 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 21 |
Deferred stock awards | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Employee stock purchase plan | 18 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 11 |
Stock-based compensation | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 36 |
Tax benefit related to stock-based compensation | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 9 |

Unrecognized stock-based compensation for non-vested options and awards and the weighted-average period the expense will be recognized (dollars in millions):

| Amount |  | Weighted-Average Period
Stock options | $ | 4 |  |  | 0.8
Stock awards | 20 |  |  | 1.3
Unrecognized stock-based compensation | $ | 24 |  |  | 1.3

The Company is authorized to issue 20 million shares of common stock under these plans, of which 6,990,817 shares remain available for future grants of either options or stock awards as of December 31, 2021.
Stock Options
Stock options to purchase common stock are granted at the fair market value of the stock on the date of grant. The stock options granted have terms of up to ten years.
The fair value of each option grant was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions used for grants:

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Expected volatility | 43 | % |  | 34 | % |  | 30 | %
Expected term | 6 years |  | 6 years |  | 6 years
Risk-free interest rate | 0.68 | % |  | 1.03 | % |  | 2.41 | %
Expected dividend yield | — | % |  | 1.73 | % |  | 2.09 | %
Weighted-average grant date fair value per share | $ | 23.66 |  |  | $ | 14.11 |  |  | $ | 16.84 |
Estimated fair value of options granted (millions) | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 4 |

The expected market price volatility and expected term are based on historical results. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant. The expected dividend yield is based on the estimated weighted average dividend yield over the expected term. The expected forfeiture rates are based on historical experience.
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The tables below summarize stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2021:

| Shares |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share |  | Weighted- Average Contractual Life (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding, December 31, 2020 | 1,110,870 |  |  | $ | 60.54 |  |  | 6.8 |  | $ | 4 |
Granted | 164,010 |  |  | 58.59 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (87,778) |  |  | 34.33 |  |  |  |  |
Canceled | (6,860) |  |  | 79.69 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited or expired | (1,015) |  |  | 55.74 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, December 31, 2021 | 1,179,227 |  |  | $ | 62.11 |  |  | 6.7 |  | $ | 3 |
Exercisable, December 31, 2021 | 556,790 |  |  | $ | 65.51 |  |  | 5.4 |  | $ | 1 |
Vested or expected to vest, December 31, 2021 | 1,178,425 |  |  | $ | 62.11 |  |  | 6.7 |  | $ | 3 |

(in millions) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Intrinsic value of option exercises | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Fair value of options vested | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |

Cash received from stock option exercises were not material for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Stock Awards
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) are awarded to eligible employees and entitle the grantee to receive shares of common stock at the end of the vesting period. The fair value of the RSUs is based on the stock price on the date of grant. Generally, RSUs “cliff vest” after three years, or the period from the date of grant to the employee’s retirement eligibility, and expense is recognized accordingly. Performance Share Units (PSUs) are awarded to certain executives to receive shares of common stock if specific performance goals and market conditions are achieved. There are several tranches of PSUs which vest when performance goals and market conditions are met.
The following table summarizes information about outstanding stock awards:

| Number of Units |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Weighted- Average Contractual Life (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Non-vested, December 31, 2020 | 967,044 |  |  | $ | 51.85 |  |  | 1.7 |  | $ | 50 |
Granted | 387,541 |  |  | 65.42 |  |  |  |  |
Vested | (547,725) |  |  | 55.77 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (260,380) |  |  | 53.76 |  |  |  |  |
Non-vested, December 31, 2021 | 546,480 |  |  | $ | 52.81 |  |  | 1.3 |  | $ | 36 |

Deferred Stock Awards
Deferred Stock Units (DSUs) are awarded to members of the Board of Directors as part of their retainers. The underlying common shares are issued upon retirement from the Board, but require no future service period. As a result, the entire intrinsic value of the awards is expensed on the date of grant.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The ESPP allows employees to purchase common stock at 85% of the stock price on the first day of the offering period or the specified purchase date, whichever is lower. Employees may contribute up to 10% of their base earnings during the offering period to purchase stock. Employees purchased 1,254,393, 1,524,194 and 784,786 shares in 2021, 2020 and 2019 under the ESPP.
NOTE 13. OPERATING SEGMENT INFORMATION
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Alaska Air Group has two operating airlines—Alaska and Horizon. Each is regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Aviation Administration. Alaska has CPAs for regional capacity with Horizon and SkyWest, under which Alaska receives all passenger revenues.
Under GAAP, operating segments are defined as components of a business for which there is discrete financial information that is regularly assessed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) in making resource allocation decisions. Financial performance for the operating airlines and CPAs is managed and reviewed by the Company's CODM as part of three reportable operating segments:
•Mainline - includes scheduled air transportation on Alaska's Boeing or Airbus jet aircraft for passengers and cargo throughout the U.S., and in parts of Canada, Mexico, Costa Rica and Belize.
•Regional - includes Horizon's and other third-party carriers’ scheduled air transportation for passengers across a shorter distance network within the U.S. and Canada under a CPA. This segment includes the actual revenues and expenses associated with regional flying, as well as an allocation of corporate overhead incurred by Air Group on behalf of the regional operations.
•Horizon - includes the capacity sold to Alaska under a CPA. Expenses include those typically borne by regional airlines such as crew costs, ownership costs and maintenance costs.
The CODM makes resource allocation decisions for these reporting segments based on flight profitability data, aircraft type, route economics and other financial information.
The "Consolidating and Other" column reflects parent company activity, McGee Air Services, consolidating entries and other immaterial business units of the company. The “Air Group Adjusted” column represents a non-GAAP measure that is used by the Company CODM to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Adjustments are further explained below in reconciling to consolidated GAAP results.
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Operating segment information is as follows (in millions):

| Year Ended December 31, 2021
| Mainline |  | Regional |  | Horizon |  | Consolidating & Other(a) |  | Air Group Adjusted(b) |  | Special Items(c) |  | Consolidated
Operating Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passenger revenues | 4,411 |  |  | 1,088 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,499 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,499 |
CPA revenues | — |  |  | — |  |  | 406 |  |  | (406) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 402 |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 461 |  |  | — |  |  | 461 |
Cargo and other | 212 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 216 |  |  | — |  |  | 216 |
Total Operating Revenues | 5,025 |  |  | 1,147 |  |  | 406 |  |  | (402) |  |  | 6,176 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,176 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses, excluding fuel | 4,101 |  |  | 1,096 |  |  | 373 |  |  | (433) |  |  | 5,137 |  |  | (925) |  |  | 4,212 |
Fuel expense | 1,065 |  |  | 261 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,326 |  |  | (47) |  |  | 1,279 |
Total Operating Expenses | 5,166 |  |  | 1,357 |  |  | 373 |  |  | (433) |  |  | 6,463 |  |  | (972) |  |  | 5,491 |
Non-operating Income (Expense) | (38) |  |  | — |  |  | (21) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (56) |  |  | — |  |  | (56) |
Income (Loss) Before Income Tax | $ | (179) |  |  | $ | (210) |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | (343) |  |  | $ | 972 |  |  | $ | 629 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2020
| Mainline |  | Regional |  | Horizon |  | Consolidating & Other(a) |  | Air Group Adjusted(b) |  | Special Items(c) |  | Consolidated
Operating Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passenger revenues | 2,350 |  |  | 669 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,019 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,019 |
CPA revenues | — |  |  | — |  |  | 386 |  |  | (386) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 309 |  |  | 65 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 374 |  |  | — |  |  | 374 |
Cargo and other | 170 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 173 |  |  | — |  |  | 173 |
Total Operating Revenues | 2,829 |  |  | 734 |  |  | 386 |  |  | (383) |  |  | 3,566 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,566 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses, excluding fuel | 3,630 |  |  | 993 |  |  | 323 |  |  | (399) |  |  | 4,547 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 4,618 |
Fuel expense | 569 |  |  | 162 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 731 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 723 |
Total Operating Expenses | 4,199 |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | 323 |  |  | (399) |  |  | 5,278 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 5,341 |
Non-operating Income (Expense) | (19) |  |  | — |  |  | (22) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (39) |  |  | (26) |  |  | (65) |
Income (Loss) Before Income Tax | $ | (1,389) |  |  | $ | (421) |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | (1,751) |  |  | $ | (89) |  |  | $ | (1,840) |

| Year Ended December 31, 2019
| Mainline |  | Regional |  | Horizon |  | Consolidating & Other(a) |  | Air Group Adjusted(b) |  | Special Items(c) |  | Consolidated
Operating Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passenger revenues | 6,750 |  |  | 1,345 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,095 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,095 |
CPA revenues | — |  |  | — |  |  | 450 |  |  | (450) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 419 |  |  | 46 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 465 |  |  | — |  |  | 465 |
Cargo and other | 212 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 221 |  |  | — |  |  | 221 |
Total Operating Revenues | 7,381 |  |  | 1,394 |  |  | 451 |  |  | (445) |  |  | 8,781 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,781 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses, excluding fuel | 4,778 |  |  | 1,097 |  |  | 385 |  |  | (464) |  |  | 5,796 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 5,840 |
Fuel expense | 1,589 |  |  | 295 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,884 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 1,878 |
Total Operating Expenses | 6,367 |  |  | 1,392 |  |  | 385 |  |  | (464) |  |  | 7,680 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 7,718 |
Non-operating Income (Expense) | (21) |  |  | — |  |  | (28) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (47) |  |  | — |  |  | (47) |
Income (Loss) Before Income Tax | $ | 993 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 1,054 |  |  | $ | (38) |  |  | $ | 1,016 |

(a)Includes consolidating entries, Air Group parent company, McGee Air Services, and other immaterial business units.
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(b)The Air Group Adjusted column represents the financial information that is reviewed by management to assess performance of operations and determine capital allocations and excludes certain income and charges.
(c)Includes Payroll Support Program wage offsets, special items, and mark-to-market fuel-hedge accounting adjustments.

| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Depreciation and amortization: |  |  |  |  |
Mainline | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 346 |  |  | $ | 337 |
Horizon | 71 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 86 |
Consolidated | $ | 394 |  |  | $ | 420 |  |  | $ | 423 |
Capital expenditures: |  |  |  |  |
Mainline | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 605 |
Horizon | 56 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 91 |
Consolidated | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 222 |  |  | $ | 696 |
Total assets at end of period: |  |  |  |  |
Mainline | $ | 19,258 |  |  | $ | 19,754 |  |  |
Horizon | 1,212 |  |  | 1,170 |  |  |
Consolidating & Other | (6,519) |  |  | (6,878) |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 13,951 |  |  | $ | 14,046 |  |  |

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Company’s management, with the participation of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
There have been no changes in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2021, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.
Our internal control over financial reporting is based on the 2013 framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO Framework).
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MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the 2013 framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO Framework). Based on our evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021.
We intend to review and evaluate the design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting on an ongoing basis, improve these controls and procedures over time, and correct any deficiencies that we may discover in the future. While we believe the present design of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are effective, future events affecting our business may cause us to modify our controls and procedures.
The Company's independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report regarding its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Alaska Air Group, Inc.:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Alaska Air Group, Inc. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 11, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Seattle, Washington
February 11, 2022
/s/ KPMG LLP
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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

Explanatory Note
On November 9, 2020, Alaska Air Group, Inc. (the Company) filed a Current Report on Form 8-K with the Securities and Exchange Commission announcing, as part of a long-planned leadership succession process, the transition of Bradley Tilden from the role of Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Company to non-executive Chairman of the Company's Board of Directors and the appointment of Benito Minicucci to the role of CEO effective March 31, 2021.
On February 26, 2021, the Company filed a Current Report on Form 10-K clarifying that Mr. Tilden would continue to serve as executive Chairman of the Board following his retirement as CEO on March 31, 2021.
Executive and Board Transitions
On February 8, 2022, Mr. Tilden informed the Board of his intention to retire from the role of executive Chairman and to step down as a Director of the Company and its airline subsidiaries at the conclusion of the annual meeting of stockholders on May 5, 2022.
Upon the recommendation of the Board’s Governance, Nominating and Corporate Responsibility Committee (Committee), the Board elected Patricia Bedient to assume the role of non-executive Board Chair upon Mr. Tilden’s retirement. Ms. Bedient has served on the Board since 2004, as Lead Independent Director since May 2016, and as the Chair of the Committee since May 2020.
The Board also elected Kathleen Hogan to succeed Ms. Bedient as Chair of the Committee, effective May 6, 2022. Ms. Hogan, chief people officer and executive vice president of human resources for Microsoft Corporation, has served on the Board since 2019 and also sits on the Compensation and Leadership Development committee.
Board Size
In connection with Mr. Tilden’s retirement announcement and effective at the close of the 2022 annual meeting of stockholders, the number of seats on the Company’s and its airline subsidiaries’ boards of directors was decreased by actions of each board from 14 to 13.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.
PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

See “Executive Officers” under Item 1, “Our Business,” in Part I of this Form 10-K for information on the executive officers of Air Group and its subsidiaries. Except as provided herein, the remainder of the information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the definitive Proxy Statement for Air Group's 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 (hereinafter referred to as our “2022 Proxy Statement”).

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from our 2022 Proxy Statement.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from our 2022 Proxy Statement.
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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from our 2022 Proxy Statement.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Our independent registered public accounting firm is KPMG LLP, Seattle, WA, Auditor Firm ID: 185.
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from our 2022 Proxy Statement.
PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS

The following documents are filed as part of this report:
1.Exhibits: See Exhibit Index.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

ALASKA AIR GROUP, INC. |  |  |
By: | /s/ BENITO MINICUCCI |  | Date: | February 11, 2022
| Benito Minicucci |  |  |
| President and Chief Executive Officer |  |  |

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on February 11, 2022 on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.

/s/ BENITO MINICUCCI |  | President and CEO Alaska Air Group, Inc. and Alaska Airlines, Inc.
Benito Minicucci |
/s/ SHANE R. TACKETT |  | Executive Vice President/Finance and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
Shane R. Tackett |
/s/ CHRISTOPHER M. BERRY |  | Vice President Finance and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)
Christopher M. Berry |
/s/ BRADLEY D. TILDEN |  | Chairman, Alaska Air Group, Inc; Chairman, Alaska Airlines; Chairman, Horizon Air Industries, Inc
Bradley D. Tilden |
/s/ PATRICIA M. BEDIENT |  | Director
Patricia M. Bedient |  |
/s/ JAMES A. BEER |  | Director
James A. Beer |  |
/s/ RAYMOND L. CONNER |  | Director
Raymond L. Conner |  |
/s/ DANIEL K. ELWELL |  | Director
Daniel K. Elwell |  |
/s/ DHIREN R. FONSECA |  | Director
Dhiren R. Fonseca |  |
/s/ KATHLEEN T. HOGAN |  | Director
Kathleen T. Hogan |  |
/s/ JESSE J. KNIGHT, JR. |  | Director
Jesse J. Knight, Jr. |  |
/s/ SUSAN J. LI |  | Director
Susan J. Li |  |
/s/ ADRIENNE R. LOFTON |  | Director
Adrienne R. Lofton |  |
/s/ HELVI K. SANDVIK |  | Director
Helvi K. Sandvik |  |
/s/ J. KENNETH THOMPSON |  | Director
J. Kenneth Thompson |  |
/s/ ERIC K. YEAMAN |  | Director
Eric K. Yeaman |  |

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EXHIBIT INDEX
Certain of the following exhibits have been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are incorporated by reference from the documents below. Certain others are filed with this Form 10-K. The exhibits are numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Date of First Filing | Exhibit Number | File Number
3.1 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant | 10-Q | August 3, 2017 | 3.1 |
4.1* | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated January 15, 2021 | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 4.1 |
4.2* | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated February 5, 2021 | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 4.2 |
4.3* | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated February 5, 2021 | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 4.3 |
4.4* | Amended and Restated Promissory Note, dated February 5, 2021 by Alaska Airlines, Inc., issuer, and each of Alaska Air Group, Inc. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc., as guarantors | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 4.4 |
4.5 | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated April 8, 2021 | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 4.1 |
4.6 | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated April 29, 2021 | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 4.2 |
4.7 | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated April 29, 2021 | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 4.3 |
4.8 | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated April 29, 2021 | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 4.4 |
4.9 | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated June 3, 2021 | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 4.5 |
4.10 | Promissory note, dated April 29, 2021, by Alaska Airlines, Inc., issuer, and each of Alaska Air Group, Inc. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc., as guarantors | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 4.6 |
10.1 | Form of Alaska Air Group, Inc. Change of Control Agreement for named executive officers, as amended August 3, 2021 | 10-Q | November 4, 2021 | 10.1 |
10.2# | Aircraft General Terms Agreement, dated June 15, 2005, between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines, Inc. | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 10.1 |
10.3# | Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between The Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines, Inc. | 10-K | February 14, 2013 | 10.2 |
10.4#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 1 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.5#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 2 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.6#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 3 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.7#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 4 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.8#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 5 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.9#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 6 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.10#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 7 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.11#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 8 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.12# | Supplemental Agreement No. 9 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-Q | May 4, 2018 | 10.3 |
10.13#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 10 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.14#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 11 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.15#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 12 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.16#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 13 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.17#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 14 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.18# | Supplemental Agreement No. 15 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-Q | May 6, 2021 | 10.1 |

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10.19# | Supplemental Agreement No. 16 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 10.3 |
10.20# | Supplemental Agreement No. 17 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 10.4 |
10.21# | Supplemental Agreement No. 18 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-Q | November 4, 2021 | 10.3 |
10.22# | Purchase Agreement, dated April 11, 2016, between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-Q | May 9, 2016 | 10.1 |
10.23#† | Amendment No. 1 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.24#† | Amendment No. 2 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.25#† | Amendment No. 3 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.26#† | Amendment No. 4 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.27#† | Amendment No. 5 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.28#† | Amendment No. 6 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.29#† | Amendment No. 7 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.30#† | Amendment No. 8 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.31#† | Amendment No. 9 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.32#† | Amendment No. 10 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.33#† | Amendment No. 11 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.34#† | Amendment No. 12 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.35#† | Amendment No. 13 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.36#† | Amendment No. 14 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.37# | Amendment No. 15 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 10.5 |
10.38# | Amendment No. 16 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-Q | November 4, 2021 | 10.2 |
10.39#† | Amendment No. 17 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.40#† | Amendment No. 18 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.41* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2008 Performance Incentive Plan, Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement | 10-Q | August 4, 2011 | 10.3 |
10.42* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2008 Performance Incentive Plan, Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement | 10-Q | August 4, 2011 | 10.4 |
10.43* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2008 Performance Incentive Plan, Amended for Stock-Split | 10-K | February 11, 2016 | 10.10 |
10.44* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2016 Performance Incentive Plan | 8-K | May 18, 2016 | 10.1 |
10.45*† | Alaska Air Group, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as Amended for the Offering Period Commencing S eptember 1, 2019 | 10-K |  |  |
10.46* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. Stock Deferral Plan for Non-Employee Directors | 10-K | February 11, 2016 | 10.12 |
10.47* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended | 10-Q | August 4, 2011 | 10.1 |
10.48* | 1995 Elected Officers Supplementary Retirement Plan, as amended | 10-Q | August 4, 2011 | 10.2 |
10.49*† | Alaska Air Group Performance Based Pay Plan, Amended and Restated November 4, 2021 | 10-K |  |  |
10.50* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. Non-Employee Director Form of Deferred Stock Unit Agreement | 10-K | February 12, 2020 | 10.24 |

93

10.51* | Alaska Air Group Operational Performance Rewards Plan Description, adopted January 3, 2005; Amended May 6, 2021 | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 10.7 |
10.52* | Payroll Support Program Extension Agreement, dated January 15, 2021, between Alaska Airlines, Inc. and the United States Department of the Treasury | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 10.19 |
10.53* | Payroll Support Program 3 Agreement, dated April 29, 2021, between Alaska Airlines, Inc., and the United States Department of the Treasury | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 10.1 |
10.54* | Warrant Agreement, dated April 29, 2021, between Alaska Air Group, Inc. and the United States Department of the Treasury | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 10.2 |
10.55* | Joinder Agreement to the Payroll Support Program Extension Agreement, dated January 15, 2021, between Horizon Air Industries, Inc. and the United States Department of the Treasury | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 10.20 |
10.56* | Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement, dated February 5, 2021, between Alaska Air Group, Inc. and the United States Department of the Treasury | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 10.21 |
10.57*† | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2016 Performance Incentive Plan, Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement | 10-K |  |  |
10.58*† | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2016 Performance Incentive Plan, Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement | 10-K |  |  |
10.59*† | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2016 Performance Incentive Plan, Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement | 10-K |  |  |
10.60*† | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2016 Performance Incentive Plan, Form of Stock Unit Award Agreement | 10-K |  |  |
21† | Subsidiaries of Registrant | 10-K |  |  |
23.1† | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (KPMG LLP) | 10-K |  |  |
31.1† | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | 10-K |  |  |
31.2† | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | 10-K |  |  |
32.1† | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | 10-K |  |  |
32.2† | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | 10-K |  |  |
101.INS† | XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document. | 10-K |  |  |
101.SCH† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | 10-K |  |  |
101.CAL† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | 10-K |  |  |
101.DEF† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | 10-K |  |  |
101.LAB† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document | 10-K |  |  |
101.PRE† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document | 10-K |  |  |
† | Filed herewith |  |  |  |
* | Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. |  |  |  |
# | Pursuant to 17 CFR 240.24b-2, confidential information has been omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to a Confidential Treatment Application filed with the Commission.

94