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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 10-K
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 1-8957
ALASKA AIR GROUP, INC.

Delaware |  | 91-1292054
(State of Incorporation) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

19300 International Boulevard, Seattle, Washington 98188
Telephone: (206) 392-5040

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value | ALK | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.): Yes ☐ No ☒
As of January 31, 2024, shares of common stock outstanding totaled 126,048,946. The aggregate market value of the shares of common stock of Alaska Air Group, Inc. held by nonaffiliates on June 30, 2023, was approximately $6.7 billion (based on the closing price of $53.18 per share on the New York Stock Exchange on that date).
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Company's 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

ALASKA AIR GROUP, INC.
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I |  | 4
ITEM 1. | BUSINESS | 4
ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS | 20
ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 31
ITEM 1C. | CYBERSECURITY | 31
ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES | 32
ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 33
ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 33
PART II |  | 33
ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES | 34
ITEM 6. | [RESERVED] | 34
ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 34
ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 49
ITEM 8. | CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 50
ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE | 88
ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 88
ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION | 91
ITEM 9C. | DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS | 91
PART III |  | 91
ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 91
ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION | 91
ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT, AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS | 91
ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE | 91
ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 91
PART IV |  | 91
ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES | 91
ITEM 16. | FORM 10-K SUMMARY | 97
| SIGNATURES | 98

As used in this Form 10-K, the terms “Air Group,” the "Company," “our,” “we” and "us" refer to Alaska Air Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise. Alaska Airlines, Inc. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. are referred to as “Alaska” and “Horizon” and together as our "airlines.”
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
In addition to historical information, this Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are those that predict or describe future events or trends and that do not relate solely to historical matters. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical experience or the Company’s present expectations. You should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements because the matters they describe are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other unpredictable factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our forward-looking statements are based
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on the information currently available to us and speak only as of the date on which this report was filed with the SEC. We expressly disclaim any obligation to issue any updates or revisions to our forward-looking statements, even if subsequent events cause our expectations to change regarding the matters discussed in those statements. For a discussion of our risk factors, see Item 1A. "Risk Factors.” Some of these risks include competition, labor costs, relations and availability, general economic conditions including those associated with pandemic recovery, increases in operating costs including fuel, inability to meet cost reduction, ESG and other strategic goals, seasonal fluctuations in demand and financial results, supply chain risks, events that negatively impact aviation safety and security, changes in laws and regulations that impact our business, and risks related to our pending acquisition of Hawaiian Holdings Inc. Please consider our forward-looking statements in light of those risks as you read this report.
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Table of Contents
PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Alaska Air Group (the "Company" or "Air Group") is a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1985 that operates two airlines, Alaska and Horizon. Alaska was organized in 1932 and incorporated in 1937 in the state of Alaska. Horizon is a Washington corporation that was incorporated and began service in 1981, and was acquired by Air Group in 1986. Air Group acquired Virgin America in 2016, then legally merged the entity with Alaska in 2018, at which time the airlines' operating certificates were also combined. The Company also includes McGee Air Services, an aviation services provider that was established as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Alaska in 2016, and other subsidiaries.
Alaska and Horizon operate as separate airlines, with individual business plans, competitive factors and economic risks. We organize the business and review financial operating performance by aggregating our business in three operating segments, which are as follows:
•Mainline - includes scheduled air transportation on Alaska's Boeing 737 (B737) aircraft for passengers and cargo throughout the U.S., and in parts of Mexico, Costa Rica, Belize, the Bahamas, and Guatemala.
•Regional - includes Horizon's and other third-party carriers’ scheduled air transportation on Embraer E175 (E175) aircraft for passengers across a shorter distance network within the U.S., Canada, and Mexico under capacity purchase agreements (CPA). This segment includes the actual revenue and expenses associated with regional flying, as well as an allocation of corporate overhead incurred by Air Group on behalf of the regional operations.
•Horizon - includes the capacity sold to Alaska under a CPA. Expenses include those typically borne by regional airlines such as crew costs, ownership costs and maintenance costs.
Alaska is the fifth largest airline in the United States, offering unparalleled guest service, connectivity, and schedules from our hub markets along the West Coast. With our regional partners, we fly to more than 120 destinations throughout North America. As a member of the oneworld® alliance, Alaska provides our guests with global access to more than 900 destinations in 170 territories. We have operated in a highly competitive and often challenging industry for more than 90 years. Our top priority is ensuring the safety of our guests and employees, an area we continually invest in. Our success over many decades and resilience in difficult times is attributable to the prioritization of safety as our number one value, our people, business model, and commitment to sustainable growth over the long-term.
During 2023, we made progress on our strategic priorities, enhancing our competitive advantages and positioning us for future success. We completed the transition of our Mainline and Regional operations to single fleets of B737 and E175 aircraft, which will enable improvements in productivity and cost efficiency. Focused cost discipline, single fleet efficiencies, and operational excellence throughout the year helped drive a year-over-year improvement of 2.6% in unit costs excluding fuel and special items. Additionally, our premium products and our loyalty program enabled revenue growth and provided great value to our guests. The execution of these priorities enabled Air Group to deliver record-breaking revenue for the year of $10.4 billion, and to produce operating cash flows of $1.1 billion. These financial results place Air Group among the best in the industry, with cost performance that is unmatched.
In December 2023, the Company entered into an agreement to acquire Hawaiian Airlines (Hawaiian) through the acquisition of Hawaiian Holdings Inc., subject to shareholder approval and certain regulatory agency reviews. The deal accelerates Air Group's existing strategy, and drives value creation by bringing together two highly complementary networks, while preserving both the Alaska and Hawaiian brands. Our strong histories, culture, and values will enable clear benefits as we combine workforces and continue investing in the communities we serve. Additionally, the combined entity will expand consumer choice across Hawaii and the West Coast, and will allow us to compete more effectively with the larger airlines in the industry.
AIR GROUP
Our airlines operate different aircraft and missions. Alaska operates a fleet of B737 aircraft on primarily longer stage-length routes. Alaska contracts with Horizon and SkyWest Airlines, Inc. (SkyWest) for short-haul capacity and receives all passenger revenue from those flights. Horizon operates E175 aircraft and sells all of its capacity to Alaska pursuant to a CPA. Given the capabilities of the B737 and E175 fleets, many of our routes can be served by either fleet, which allows us to flexibly manage our network and schedule. The majority of our revenue is generated by transporting passengers.
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The percentage of revenue by category is as follows:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
Passenger revenue | 91 | % |  | 91 | % |  | 89 | % |  |  |  |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 6 | % |  | 6 | % |  | 7 | % |  |  |  |
Cargo and other revenue | 3 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 4 | % |  |  |  |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |

We deploy aircraft in ways that we believe will best optimize our revenue and profitability, and reduce the impacts of seasonality.
The percentage of our capacity by region is as follows:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
West Coast(a) | 26 | % |  | 27 | % |  | 31 | % |  |  |  |
Transcon/midcon | 44 | % |  | 43 | % |  | 37 | % |  |  |  |
Hawaii | 13 | % |  | 13 | % |  | 16 | % |  |  |  |
Alaska | 10 | % |  | 11 | % |  | 11 | % |  |  |  |
Latin America | 7 | % |  | 6 | % |  | 5 | % |  |  |  |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |

(a) Category represents flying within the West Coast. Departures from the West Coast to other regions are captured in other categories.
MAINLINE
Our Mainline operations include B737 service offered by Alaska. We offer extensive passenger service from the western U.S. throughout the contiguous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Mexico, Costa Rica, Belize, the Bahamas, and Guatemala. Our largest concentrations of departures are in Seattle, Portland, and the Bay Area. In 2023, we carried 35 million revenue passengers in our Mainline operations, up from 32 million in 2022.
In 2023, we retired all Airbus aircraft and completed the transition of our Mainline operations to an all-Boeing 737 fleet. At December 31, 2023, our Mainline operating fleet consisted of 231 B737 aircraft.
The percentage of Mainline passenger capacity by region and average stage length is presented below:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
West Coast(a) | 21 | % |  | 22 | % |  | 24 | % |  |  |  |
Transcon/midcon | 47 | % |  | 46 | % |  | 40 | % |  |  |  |
Hawaii | 14 | % |  | 14 | % |  | 18 | % |  |  |  |
Alaska | 11 | % |  | 11 | % |  | 12 | % |  |  |  |
Latin America | 7 | % |  | 7 | % |  | 6 | % |  |  |  |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |
Average Stage Length (miles) | 1,387 |  |  | 1,347 |  |  | 1,324 |  |  |  |  |

(a) Category represents flying within the West Coast. Departures from the West Coast to other regions are captured in other categories.
REGIONAL
Our Regional operations include E175 service operated by Horizon and SkyWest. In 2023, our Regional operations carried approximately nine million revenue passengers, primarily in the states of Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, and Idaho. Horizon is the largest regional airline in the Pacific Northwest and carried approximately 47% of Air Group's Regional passengers. Based on 2023 passenger enplanements on Regional aircraft, our most significant concentration of Regional activity was in Seattle and Portland.
In 2023, we transitioned our Regional operations to an all-Embraer E175 fleet. At December 31, 2023, Horizon’s operating fleet consisted of 41 E175 aircraft. The Regional fleet operated by SkyWest consisted of 42 E175 aircraft. All Bombardier Q400 aircraft were retired from our fleet by January 2023.
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The percentage of Regional passenger capacity by region and average stage length is presented below:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
West Coast | 76 | % |  | 75 | % |  | 74 | % |  |  |  |
Pacific Northwest | 10 | % |  | 8 | % |  | 7 | % |  |  |  |
Canada | 2 | % |  | 2 | % |  | — | % |  |  |  |
Alaska | 5 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 3 | % |  |  |  |
Transcon/midcon | 7 | % |  | 12 | % |  | 16 | % |  |  |  |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |
Average Stage Length (miles) | 470 |  |  | 488 |  |  | 521 |  |  |  |  |

CARGO AND OTHER REVENUE
The Company provides freight and mail services (cargo). We have four dedicated cargo aircraft that operate primarily to and within the state of Alaska. The majority of cargo services are provided to commercial businesses and the United States Postal Service. The Company satisfies cargo service performance obligations and recognizes revenue when the shipment arrives at its final destination, or is transferred to a third-party carrier for delivery. In 2023, Alaska added a B737-800 freighter to the existing fleet of three B737-700 freighters. Alaska expects to add a second B737-800 freighter to its fleet in the first quarter of 2024.
The Company also earns other revenue for lounge memberships, hotel and car commissions, travel insurance, and certain other immaterial items not intrinsically tied to providing air travel to passengers. Revenue is recognized when these services are rendered and recorded as Cargo and other revenue.
FREQUENT FLYER PROGRAM
Alaska Airlines Mileage Plan™ provides members with a comprehensive suite of frequent flyer benefits. Members can earn miles by flying on our airline, which are awarded based on distance traveled. Awarding based on distance, not spend, is unique and serves as a competitive advantage over other airlines' programs, as miles accumulate faster. Miles can also be earned by flying with one of our partner airlines, by using the co-branded credit card, or through other non-airline partners. Miles awarded do not expire and can accumulate until such time a member chooses to redeem. Members can redeem miles earned for flights on our airlines or partner airlines, hotel stays, or for first class upgrades on Alaska Airlines.
For the most frequent flyers, the program offers multiple tiers of MVP status, including MVP Gold, MVP Gold 75K, and MVP Gold 100K, which can be achieved annually by earning qualifying miles or by flying a specified number of segments on Alaska or any of our 30 partner airlines. For those achieving MVP tier status, the program offers benefits, including bonus miles on flown segments, complimentary upgrades, free checked bags, and priority boarding. Members qualifying for higher tiers are offered incremental benefits. As a member of oneworld, Mileage Plan members with tier status are provided reciprocal status and benefits when flying on other oneworld members.
Alaska has an agreement with Bank of America N.A which offers Mileage Plan members in the United States the Alaska Airlines Visa Signature card (co-branded credit card). Cardholders receive miles for spend on the card, as well as an annual companion ticket that allows members to purchase an additional ticket for $99 plus taxes, with no restrictions or black-out dates, and a free first checked bag for up to seven people traveling on the same itinerary. The co-branded credit card agreement provides the Company a material cash inflow on an annual basis, and is an important source of value for Mileage Plan members.
In 2023, Mileage Plan members redeemed miles and companion certificates for seven million award tickets on our airlines and partner airlines. Mileage Plan revenue, including that in the Passenger revenue income statement line item, represented approximately 16% of Air Group's total revenue in 2023. Accounting policies for Mileage Plan are described more fully in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.
AGREEMENTS WITH OTHER AIRLINES
Our marketing agreements with other airlines fall into three categories: frequent flyer, codeshare, and interline.
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•Frequent flyer agreements enable our Mileage Plan members to accrue miles and/or redeem them for flights on partner airlines.
•Codeshare agreements allow one or more marketing carriers to sell seats on a single operating carrier that services passengers under multiple flight numbers. The sale of codeshare seats can vary depending on the sale arrangement. For example, in a free-sale arrangement, the marketing carrier sells the operating carrier's inventory without any restriction; whereas in a block-space arrangement, a fixed amount of seats are sold to the marketing carrier by the operating carrier. The interchangeability of the flight code between carriers provides a greater selection of flights for customers, along with increased flexibility for mileage accrual and redemption.
•Interline agreements allow airlines to jointly offer a competitive, single-fare itinerary to customers traveling via multiple carriers to a final destination. An interline itinerary offered by one airline may not necessarily be offered by the other, and the fares collected from passengers are prorated and distributed to interline partners according to preexisting agreements between the carriers.
Frequent flyer, codeshare, and interline agreements help increase our traffic and revenue by providing a more diverse network and schedule options to our guests.
As a oneworld member, Alaska's elite Mileage Plan members now receive tier status matching across member airlines. Depending on tier status, guests can enjoy a variety of privileges, including access to more than 600 international first and business class lounges, fast track through security, priority baggage benefits, priority check-in desks, upgrades, and priority boarding.
Alliances are an important part of our strategy and enhance our revenue by:
•offering our guests more travel destinations and better mileage credit and redemption opportunities, including elite qualifying miles on U.S. and international airline partners;
•providing a consistent and seamless guest experience whether flying on Alaska or one of our partners;
•giving us access to more connecting traffic from other airlines; and
•providing members of our partners’ frequent flyer programs an opportunity to travel on Alaska and our regional partners while earning mileage credit in our partners’ programs.
Most of our codeshare relationships are free-sale codeshares, where the marketing carrier sells seats on the operating carrier’s flights from the operating carrier’s inventory, but takes no inventory risk. Our marketing agreements have various termination dates, and one or more may be in the process of renegotiation at any time. Our codeshare and interline agreements generated 5%, 5%, and 2% of our total marketed flight revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
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A comprehensive summary of Alaska's alliances with other airlines is as follows:

|  |  | Codeshare
Airline | Frequent Flyer Agreement |  | Alaska Flight # on Flights Operated by Other Airline |  | Other Airline Flight # on Flights Operated by Alaska or CPA Partners
Aer Lingus | Yes |  | No |  | No
Air Tahiti Nui | Yes |  | Yes |  | Yes
American Airlines | Yes |  | Yes |  | Yes
Bahamasair(b) | Yes |  | No |  | No
British Airways | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Cape Air(b) | Yes |  | No |  | No
Cathay Pacific Airways | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Condor Airlines(a) | Yes |  | Yes |  | Yes
EL AL Israel Airlines(c) | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Fiji Airways(a) | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Finnair | Yes |  | Yes |  | Yes
Hainan Airlines | Yes |  | No |  | No
Iberia | Yes |  | Yes |  | Yes
Icelandair | Yes |  | Yes |  | Yes
Japan Airlines | Yes |  | Yes |  | Yes
Kenmore Air(b) | Yes |  | No |  | No
Korean Air | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
LATAM | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Malaysia Airlines | Yes |  | No |  | No
Mokulele Airlines(b) | Yes |  | No |  | No
Porter Airlines | Yes |  | No |  | No
Qantas Airways | Yes |  | Yes |  | Yes
Qatar Airways | Yes |  | Yes |  | Yes
Ravn Alaska | Yes |  | No |  | No
Royal Air Maroc | Yes |  | No |  | No
Royal Jordanian | Yes |  | No |  | No
Singapore Airlines | Yes |  | No |  | Yes
Southern Airways Express(b) | Yes |  | No |  | No
SriLankan Airlines | Yes |  | No |  | No
STARLUX Airlines | Yes |  | No |  | No

(a) These airlines do not have their own frequent flyer program. However, Alaska's Mileage Plan members can earn and redeem miles on these airlines' route systems.
(b) These airline partnerships are limited to earning miles. Alaska's Mileage Plan members can earn miles when purchasing these airlines' flights on alaskaair.com.
(c) Codeshare and frequent flyer agreements with El AL Israel Airlines terminate on August 1, 2024.
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GENERAL
The airline industry is highly competitive and subject to potentially volatile business cycles, resulting from factors such as uncertain economic conditions, volatile fuel prices, supply chain dependencies, pandemics, a largely unionized work force, the need to finance large capital expenditures and the related availability of capital, government regulation - including taxes and fees, and potential aircraft incidents. Airlines have high fixed costs, primarily for wages, aircraft fuel, aircraft ownership, and facilities rents. Because expenses of a flight do not vary significantly based on the number of passengers carried, a relatively small change in the number of passengers or in pricing has a disproportionate effect on an airline’s operating and financial results. In other words, a minor shortfall in expected revenue levels could cause a disproportionately negative impact to our operating and financial results. Passenger demand and ticket prices are, in large measure, influenced by the general state of the economy, current global economic and political events, and total available airline seat capacity.
SAFETY
The safety and well-being of our employees and guests is the foundation of our work at Alaska Air Group. The Company's primary safety objective is to identify, monitor, and mitigate safety risks using our Safety Management System. Safety goals and objectives are regularly reviewed and communicated to employees, and are continually measured to evaluate our progress. Our principles of "Ready, Safe, Go" are critical to empowering employees to stop the operation any time something appears to be unsafe. Our employees are also rewarded for reporting safety concerns and meeting measurable safety targets as both our Performance Based Pay (PBP) and Operational Performance Rewards (OPR) programs include payouts for achievement to stated goals.
Air Group's Board of Directors has a Safety Committee that is responsible for oversight of safety-related risk and management's efforts to ensure the safety of all passengers and employees. The Committee receives regular updates from management throughout the year and provides feedback in order to help create and maintain a strong safety culture.
FUEL
Our business and financial results are highly impacted by the price and the availability of aircraft fuel. Aircraft fuel expense includes raw fuel expense, or the price that we generally pay at the airport, including taxes and fees, plus the effect of mark-to-market adjustments to our fuel hedge portfolio as the value of that portfolio increases and decreases. The cost of aircraft fuel is volatile and outside of our control, and can have a significant and immediate impact on our operating results. Over the past three years, aircraft fuel expense ranged from 23% to 28% of operating expenses. Fuel prices are impacted by changes in both the price of crude oil and refining costs and can vary by region in the U.S.
The price of crude oil on an average annual basis for the past three years has ranged from a low of $68 per barrel in 2021 to a high of $94 in 2022. For us, a $1 per barrel change in the price of oil equates to approximately $20 million of raw fuel expense annually based on 2023 consumption levels. Said another way, a one-cent change in our fuel price per gallon would have impacted our 2023 raw fuel expense by approximately $8 million.
Refining margins, which represent the price of refining crude oil into aircraft fuel, are a smaller portion of the overall price of jet fuel, but have also contributed to the price volatility in recent years. Over the last three years, average annual West Coast refining margin prices have fluctuated from a low of $12 per barrel in 2021 to a high of $48 per barrel in 2022.
Our average raw fuel cost per gallon decreased 14% in 2023, after increasing 73% in 2022 and increasing 37% in 2021.
The cost composition our aircraft fuel expense, as well as the proportion of operating expenses that fuel comprises, are as follows:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
Crude oil | 58 | % |  | 64 | % |  | 84 | % |  |  |  |
Refining margins | 33 | % |  | 35 | % |  | 16 | % |  |  |  |
Other(a) | 9 | % |  | 1 | % |  | — | % |  |  |  |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |
Aircraft fuel expense | 26 | % |  | 28 | % |  | 23 | % |  |  |  |

(a) Other includes gains and losses on settled fuel hedges, unrealized mark-to-market fuel hedge gains or losses, taxes, and other into-plane costs.
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We have historically used crude oil call options as hedges to limit our exposure to rapid increases in fuel prices. The call options lessen the financial impact from spikes in crude oil prices, and when prices are below our call option strike prices, we only forfeit cash previously paid for hedge premiums. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we suspended purchases of crude oil call options as we reevaluate our fuel and hedge program strategies. Our final crude oil call option position will settle in the first quarter of 2025. We are exploring alternative strategies that will enable fuel cost optimization across our West Coast geographies and mitigate our concentrated reliance on West Coast refineries.
Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is an important part of our long-term strategy to reduce emissions. In 2023, Alaska used limited quantities of SAF on flights departing from San Francisco International Airport and Los Angeles International Airport. SAF prices are generally higher than jet fuel prices as the SAF market is still developing. As of December 31, 2023, Alaska has agreements to purchase approximately 200 million gallons of neat SAF to be delivered through 2030. The demand for SAF within the aviation industry significantly exceeds the current available supply. We are evaluating options for obtaining the volume of SAF that we expect will be necessary to move us toward our long-term sustainability goals. These options include partnerships with alternative fuel companies and industry groups focused on ways to accelerate innovation in this area.
We believe that operating fuel-efficient aircraft and executing on operational best practices are the best strategies to mitigate high fuel prices. Maintaining a young, fuel-efficient fleet helps reduce our fuel consumption rate, as well as the amount of greenhouse gases and other pollutants that our aircraft emit.
COMPETITION
Competition in the airline industry can be intense and unpredictable. Our competitors consist primarily of other airlines and, to a lesser extent, other forms of transportation. Competition can be direct, in the form of another carrier flying the exact non-stop route, or indirect, where a carrier serves the same two cities non-stop from an alternative airport in that city or via an itinerary requiring a connection at another airport. We compete with other domestic airlines and a limited number of international airlines on nearly all of our scheduled routes. Our largest competitor is Delta Air Lines Inc. (Delta). Approximately 75% of our capacity to and from Seattle competes with Delta. In addition to Delta, United Airlines and Southwest Airlines are significant competitors on the West Coast and in the states of Hawaii and Alaska. Our California and transcontinental routes have a higher concentration of competitors when compared to our routes within the Pacific Northwest.
We believe that the following competitive factors matter to guests when making an air travel purchase decision:
•Fares and ancillary services
Ticket and other fee pricing is a significant competitive factor in the airline industry. Travelers are able to easily compare fares and identify competitor promotions and discounts. Pricing is driven by a variety of factors including, but not limited to, market-specific capacity, market share per route/geographic area, cost structure, fare vs. ancillary revenue strategies, and demand.
Airlines often discount fares to drive traffic in new markets or to stimulate traffic when necessary to improve load factors. Historically, markets that faced competition from low-cost and ultra-low-cost carriers were subject to disruptive ticket and fee pricing as the carriers' low cost per available seat mile allowed them to serve markets at very low fares. Post-COVID industry competitive dynamics are evolving. Legacy carriers with expansive networks and diversified product offerings have experienced greater success attracting more price-conscious customers with their basic economy offerings. These factors can reduce our pricing power and that of the airline industry as a whole.
Domestic airline capacity is dominated by four large carriers, representing 78% of total seats. One of our advantages is that we offer low fares and a premium value product and experience. However, given the large concentration of industry capacity, some carriers in our markets may discount their fares substantially to develop or increase market share. Fares that are substantially below our cost to operate can be harmful if sustained over a long period of time. We will defend our position in our core markets and, if necessary, adjust capacity to better match supply with demand. Our strong financial position and low cost advantage have historically enabled us to offer competitive fares while still earning returns for our shareholders.
•Routes served, flight schedules, codesharing and interline relationships, and alliances
We compete with other airlines based on markets served and the frequency of service to those markets. Some airlines have more extensive route structures than we do, and they offer significantly more international routes. In order to expand opportunities for our guests, we enter into codeshare and interline relationships with other airlines. These relationships
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allow us to offer our guests access to more destinations than we can on our own and to gain exposure in markets we do not serve. The agreements also make it more convenient for guests to purchase flights to their final destinations through Alaska's distribution channels.
Alaska's membership in the oneworld alliance provides our guests increased global network utility, and positions us to capture an incremental share of global travelers and corporate accounts. Through oneworld, guests can travel to more than 900 destinations in 170 territories.
•Frequent flyer programs
We compete with other airlines for customer loyalty in order to build long-term relationships with our guests. Our Mileage Plan program offers some of the most valuable benefits in the industry, giving our members the ability to earn and redeem miles when flying with us or our 30 partner carriers. Awarding miles for flights based on distance traveled serves as a competitive advantage when compared to other airlines that award miles based on fares, as customers can accumulate miles faster. The program has multiple tiers of status that offer a variety of benefits including bonus miles, complimentary upgrades, free checked bags, and priority boarding. Mileage Plan members also have access to the Alaska Airlines Visa Signature card as an additional way to accumulate miles and take advantage of additional benefits. The program also gives guests the ability to enjoy privileges on other oneworld airlines by granting reciprocal status and benefits, which include upgrades, lounge access, and priority boarding.
•Product and customer service
We compete with other airlines in areas of customer service such as on-time performance and guest amenities - including first class and other premium seating, quality of on-board products, aircraft type and comfort. Air Group offers first class and premium seats in all Mainline and Regional aircraft. In 2023, we completed our installation of satellite Wi-Fi on aircraft in the Mainline fleet. In 2024, we will begin installing high-speed satellite Wi-Fi on our Regional fleet, becoming the first major airline to do so.
Our employees are a critical element of our reputation. We have a highly engaged workforce that strives to provide genuine and caring service to our guests, both at the airport and onboard. We heavily emphasize our service standards with our employees through training and education programs, and monetary incentives related to operational performance and guest satisfaction.
In addition to domestic or foreign airlines that we compete with on most of our routes, we compete with ground transportation in our short-haul markets. Our airlines also compete with technology, such as video conferencing and internet-based meeting tools. We expect that the advancement and increased utilization of these tools will eliminate the need for some business-related travel.
TICKET DISTRIBUTION
Our tickets are distributed through multiple channels:
•Direct to customer: Selling direct at alaskaair.com and through the Alaska Airlines app are less expensive than other channels. We believe direct sales are preferable from a branding and customer relationship standpoint because we can establish ongoing communication with the guest and tailor offers accordingly. As a result, we prioritize efforts that drive more business to our website. We also have reservation call centers where guests can book reservations for a $15 fee.
•Traditional and online travel agencies: Both traditional and online travel agencies typically use Global Distribution Systems to obtain their fare and inventory data from airlines. Bookings made through these agencies result in a fee that is charged to the airline. Many large corporate customers require us to use these agencies. Some of our competitors rely on this distribution channel to a lesser extent than we do, and, as a result, may have lower ticket distribution costs.
In 2023, direct sales composed approximately 73% of our total sales.
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SEASONALITY AND OTHER FACTORS
Our results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of those for the entire year because our business is subject to seasonal fluctuations. In typical years, our profitability is generally lowest during the first and fourth quarters due principally to fewer departures and passengers. Profitability typically increases in the second and third quarters as a result of vacation travel. In a typical year, some of the impacts of seasonality are offset by travel from the West Coast to leisure destinations and expansion to leisure and business destinations in the mid-continental and eastern U.S. Seasonality and operating fluctuations may have a significant impact on operating results in an interim or annual period, and are not necessarily indicative of future operating results.
In a typical year, in addition to passenger loads, factors that could cause our operating results to vary include:
•pricing initiatives by us or our competitors;
• changes in fuel costs;
•increases in competition at our primary airports;
•general economic conditions and resulting changes in both leisure and business passenger demand;
•increases or decreases in passenger and volume-driven variable costs; and
•air space and Air Traffic Control delays, particularly in Seattle and San Francisco.
Many of the markets we serve experience inclement weather conditions in the winter, causing increased costs associated with deicing aircraft, canceling flights, and accommodating displaced passengers. Due to our geographically concentrated area of operations, we can be more susceptible to adverse weather conditions, particularly in the state of Alaska and the Pacific Northwest, than some of our competitors who may be better able to spread the impact of weather-related risks over larger route systems.
No material part of our business, or that of our subsidiaries, is dependent upon a single customer, or upon a few high-volume customers.
SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVES
Taking responsibility for our impact on the environment is an integral part of delivering value for all those who depend on us – employees, guests, shareholders, and communities. To that end, we are focused on mitigating or reducing our most significant environmental impacts. Our sustainability goals are anchored by our commitment to reduce our carbon emissions. We have both short and long-term goals, with the long-term aim to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2040. Our roadmap for achieving this goal includes the following focus areas:
•Increasing operational efficiency - Alaska and Horizon take pride in consistently delivering top-of-industry operational performance. By having a consistent, top-of-industry operational performance, we are also able to optimize our fuel efficiency. Alaska pioneered the use of Required Navigational Performance, now an industry standard, which provides more direct and fuel-efficient approaches and reduces weather-related diversions. Alaska and Horizon have adopted Flyways AI, a technology which leverages artificial intelligence and machine learning to optimize air traffic and enable more fuel-efficient flight paths. Other initiatives include reducing auxiliary power unit usage and connecting to ground power, taxiing with just one engine where conditions allow, and implementing a new engine wash program.
Reducing emissions from our ground service equipment through the acquisition and use of electrified and other lower-emissions equipment is another aspect of improving operational efficiency. Currently, not all airports have the necessary infrastructure in place to support charging and use of these units to enable their full operational reliability, and we are actively working with our airport partners to make these important improvements.
•Renewing our fleet with more efficient airplanes - Alaska received 29 B737 aircraft in 2023 and has firm commitments to take 80 additional B737 aircraft. Alaska has also secured 105 additional rights for B737 aircraft through 2030. Due to their design, up-gauged capacity, and engines, the new B737 aircraft are between 15% to 25% more efficient on a seat-by-seat basis than the aircraft they replace.
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•Using SAF - Among available technologies, SAF has the greatest potential for enabling near-term progress towards our net-zero emissions goal, as it can be used alongside traditional jet fuel as a drop-in fuel while producing up to 80% lower carbon emissions on a lifecycle basis. Currently, there are supply constraints in the SAF market, including scope, scale, and cost, which we are dependent on in order to expand our use of SAF at the quantities necessary to reach our sustainability goals. Alaska is working with others in the aviation community, companies in the private sector, and governments at the federal and state levels towards advancing the scalability of SAF production and reducing its cost.
Alaska currently offtakes SAF from Neste at San Francisco International Airport and from Shell Aviation at Los Angeles International Airport. Alaska also has agreements to purchase approximately 200 million gallons of neat SAF to be delivered through 2030. Alaska's Fueled Up for the Future program enables collaboration with business travel customers to address their business travel emissions while supporting the development of the SAF market. In 2023, Alaska signed an agreement with Shell Aviation to advance SAF technology and infrastructure throughout the West Coast. Alaska also launched a partnership with CHOOOSE™, a climate technology company, to empower guests to estimate, understand, and address their travel-related carbon emissions by supporting climate solutions, such as SAF and certified climate projects.
•Investing in new technologies - Electric and hybrid-electric aircraft, including those using hydrogen, may be available for regional commercial air service within the next two decades. To identify and enable these and other technologies needed to accelerate our path to net-zero carbon emissions, among other business needs, we established an investment arm in 2021, called Alaska Star Ventures (ASV). Through ASV, we have partnered with ZeroAvia, a company developing hydrogen-electric powertrain technology for regional aircraft. In 2023, Alaska contributed a retired Q400 aircraft to ZeroAvia to support its research and development. As this and other hybrid or zero-emissions technologies develop for regional or shorter-haul aircraft, we will continue seeking opportunities to enable this progress.
Additionally, our net-zero ambitions require technologies not yet fully developed or available at the scale required to decarbonize our industry. In these areas, we are focused on doing our part to aid in their development and growth as well as galvanizing support from both public and private sectors through public policy and capital investment.
•Harnessing credible carbon offset and carbon removal technology - While our preference is for in-sector carbon reductions, the timeline for development and maturation of SAF markets and emerging aircraft technologies is difficult to predict, and we expect it is likely that both nature-based and engineered carbon removals will play some role in meeting our ambitious goals. We have partnered with industry experts to develop criteria for assessing credible, high-quality carbon offsets and carbon removal technologies. The Company does not currently purchase or invest in any carbon offsets or carbon removal technology. We will continue to evaluate various strategies, including these technologies, as we refine our plans to achieving net-zero.
In 2023, we included a carbon emissions metric for the third year in our company-wide Performance-Based Pay program, as we believe it is important to embed these critical targets into the incentives that align all of our employees.
Aside from our commitments to reducing our airlines' carbon footprint, we also recognize the impact our operation has in generating waste. Alaska partners with a third-party firm to conduct quarterly waste audits at our hubs. Specific measures taken in recent years include requiring guests to pre-order meals to reduce food waste and replacing single-use plastic water bottles and cups with plant-based cartons and recyclable paper cups. Alaska continues to evaluate new ways to further reduce inflight waste.
SUSTAINABILITY GOVERNANCE
The Governance, Nominating, and Corporate Responsibility Committee of the Board of Directors oversees Air Group’s Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) program and is responsible for oversight of the strategy, goals, and public disclosures on ESG matters. The Committee regularly reviews performance on publicly reported sustainability goals and climate-related issues. The Board has a dedicated Climate Working Group to oversee management’s climate strategy and path to net-zero. This working group is comprised of four members from the board who bring deep expertise in energy, aviation, finance, and governance. The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors oversees Air Group's financial reporting process, including disclosures on ESG matters within the Company's financial statements.
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We have formalized governance and oversight of ESG at the management level. As a member of the Executive Committee (EC), the Senior Vice President of Public Affairs and Sustainability is responsible for leading ESG strategy and development. The EC is responsible for overseeing the progress toward our climate goals and providing input on Air Group's climate strategy.
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
Alaska and Horizon are dedicated to actively supporting the communities we serve. In 2023, Air Group companies donated $15 million in cash and in-kind travel to approximately 1,300 charitable organizations, and our employees volunteered more than 40,000 hours of community service related to youth and education, medical research, and transportation. Air Group also encourages its guests to play a role in supporting these communities. During the year, Mileage Plan members donated more than 100 million miles through Alaska's Care Miles program.
In 2023, after wildfires devastated parts of West Maui, Air Group provided support to the communities on the island. The Company transported more than 200,000 pounds of relief supplies to impacted communities and sent rescue flights to help evacuees off the island. Alaska also partnered with non-profits to distribute donated miles to those who needed support to travel.
The Alaska Airlines Foundation provides grants to nonprofits that offer educational and career-development programs to young people. Organizations are invited to apply bi-annually for grants ranging from $5,000 to $20,000, with preference given to organizations that can demonstrate partnership and long-term program sustainability. Since inception in 1999, the Foundation has donated more than $4 million in grants, including more than $500,000 in 2023.
HUMAN CAPITAL
OUR PEOPLE
Our business is labor intensive. As of December 31, 2023, we employed 26,043 active employees (20,144 at Alaska, 3,208 at Horizon, and 2,691 at McGee Air Services). Of those employees, 89% are full-time and 11% are part-time. Wages and benefits, including variable incentive pay, represented approximately 44% of our total non-fuel operating expenses in 2023 and 42% in 2022.
Our employees fuel our success. In 2023, we hired over 3,500 employees to support our growth and operations. Aligning our employees' goals with the Company's goals is critical in achieving success. To that end, Alaska and Horizon employees participate in our PBP and OPR programs, which reward employees across all work groups based on metrics related to profitability, safety, sustainability, guest satisfaction, and completion rate. Employees earned $200 million under these incentive programs during the year.
DIVERSITY, EQUITY, AND INCLUSION (DEI)
At Alaska and Horizon, we believe that every person deserves respect regardless of race, ethnicity, capability, age, gender, or sexual orientation. We are committed to advancing equity in all forms, and have set specific and measurable goals to deliver on our commitments to racial equity and diversity by 2025. Our primary goals in this arena are to increase racial diversity in our leadership team and build a culture of inclusion for all employees.
We have several initiatives designed to advance equity within our company and industry. The Ascend Pilot Academy, launched in partnership with the Hillsboro Aero Academy, provides aspiring pilots with a more financially accessible path to become a pilot at Air Group. 200 cadets were enrolled in the program as of December 31, 2023. The True North pilot development program provides students educated at historically Black colleges and universities with the necessary skills to pursue careers as commercial aviation pilots. Our employees have the opportunity to actively engage in our DEI goals through our 13 Business Resource Groups (BRGs), which are voluntary, employee-led professional networks that serve as a resource for its members as well as Alaska and Horizon by fostering a diverse, inclusive workplace aligned with our mission, values, and goals. Internal development programs like ELEVATE and Developing Emerging Leaders are other ways in which we seek to empower the diverse group of employees at Air Group. We have also continued our supplier diversity program to ensure our various suppliers and partners share in our commitments to DEI.
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We were recognized in 2023 for our work in DEI by various organizations. Forbes included Alaska in its lists of Best Employers for Diversity and Best Employers for Women. We scored 100 on the Human Rights Campaign Foundation's Corporate Equity Index in recognition of Alaska's policies and practices supporting LGBTQ+ workplace equality. We also scored 100% for the second year in a row in Disability:IN's Disability Equality Index, which benchmarks companies on their disability inclusion and equality.
EMPLOYEE TRAINING
The Alaska Air Group companies invest in employee programs and training that aid advancement throughout the enterprise. Our Pathways Program provides a clear and direct path for Horizon pilots, flight attendants, technicians, and dispatchers to progress to Mainline. Since inception in 2018, nearly 400 pilots have advanced through the program. Our Leader Academy, which launched in 2022, helps Alaska and Horizon supervisors and managers further develop their leadership and communication skills. Providing meaningful advancement opportunities to employees throughout Air Group is important, and we continue to evaluate new programs which support our people and advance our long-term strategic goals.
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
Most major airlines, including Alaska and Horizon, have employee groups that are covered by collective bargaining agreements (CBA). Airlines with unionized workforces generally have higher labor costs than carriers without unionized workforces. Those with unionized workforces may not have the ability to adjust labor costs downward quickly in response to new competition or slowing demand. At December 31, 2023, labor unions represented 85% of Alaska’s, 41% of Horizon’s, and 88% of McGee Air Services' employees.
Our relations with U.S. labor organizations representing Alaska and Horizon employees are governed by the Railway Labor Act (RLA). Under the RLA, collective bargaining agreements do not expire, but instead become amendable as of a stated date. If either party wishes to modify the terms of any such agreement, it must notify the other party in the manner prescribed by the RLA and/or described in the agreement. After receipt of such notice, the parties must meet for direct negotiations, and if no agreement is reached, either party may request the National Mediation Board to initiate a process including mediation, arbitration, and a potential “cooling off” period that must be followed before either party may engage in self-help. Certain employees located outside the United States are also represented by unions or local representative groups.
Alaska’s union contracts at December 31, 2023 were as follows:

Union |  | Employee Group |  | Number of Employees |  | Contract Status
Air Line Pilots Association, International (ALPA) |  | Pilots |  | 3,473 |  |  | Amendable 10/17/2025
Association of Flight Attendants (AFA)(a) |  | Flight attendants |  | 6,813 |  |  | Amendable 12/17/2022
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM) |  | Ramp service and stock clerks |  | 828 |  |  | Amendable 9/27/2026
IAM |  | Clerical, office and passenger service |  | 4,754 |  |  | Amendable 9/27/2026
Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association (AMFA) |  | Mechanics, inspectors and cleaners |  | 981 |  |  | Amendable 10/17/2023
Transport Workers Union of America (TWU) |  | Dispatchers |  | 105 |  |  | Amendable 3/24/2027

(a) Negotiations with AFA for an updated collective bargaining agreement are ongoing as of the date of this filing.
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Horizon’s union contracts at December 31, 2023 were as follows:

Union |  | Employee Group |  | Number of Employees |  | Contract Status
International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT)(a) |  | Pilots |  | 565 |  |  | Amendable 12/31/2024
AFA(a) |  | Flight attendants |  | 510 |  |  | Amendable 4/30/2024
AMFA(a) |  | Mechanics and related classifications |  | 181 |  |  | Amendable 5/10/2024
TWU |  | Dispatchers |  | 24 |  |  | Amendable 1/29/2026

(a) Negotiations with IBT, AFA, and AMFA for updated collective bargaining agreements have begun of the date of this filing.
McGee Air Services union contract at December 31, 2023 was as follows:

Union |  | Employee Group |  | Number of Employees |  | Contract Status
IAM |  | Fleet and ramp service |  | 2,358 |  |  | Amendable 7/19/2025

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The executive officers of Alaska Air Group, Inc. and its primary subsidiaries, Alaska Airlines, Inc. and Horizon Air Industries, who have significant decision-making responsibilities, their positions and their respective ages are as follows:

Name |  | Position |  | Age |  | Air Group or Subsidiary Officer Since
Benito Minicucci |  | President and Chief Executive Officer of Alaska Air Group, Inc. and Alaska Airlines, Inc. |  | 57 |  | 2004
Shane R. Tackett |  | Executive Vice President/Finance and Chief Financial Officer of Alaska Air Group, Inc. and Alaska Airlines, Inc. |  | 45 |  | 2011
Kyle B. Levine |  | Senior Vice President Legal, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Alaska Air Group, Inc., Alaska Airlines, Inc. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc., and Chief Ethics and Compliance Officer of Alaska Air Group, Inc. |  | 52 |  | 2016
Jason M. Berry |  | President of Horizon Air Industries, Inc. |  | 46 |  | 2023
Joseph A. Sprague |  | Regional President of Hawai'i/Pacific of Alaska Airlines, Inc. |  | 55 |  | 2019
Andrew R. Harrison |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer of Alaska Airlines, Inc. |  | 54 |  | 2008
Constance E. von Muehlen |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Alaska Airlines, Inc. |  | 56 |  | 2018
Andrea L. Schneider |  | Senior Vice President People of Alaska Airlines, Inc. |  | 58 |  | 2003
Diana Birkett-Rakow |  | Senior Vice President Public Affairs and Sustainability of Alaska Airlines, Inc. |  | 46 |  | 2017

Mr. Minicucci was elected President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Alaska Air Group effective March 31, 2021, and has been President of Alaska Airlines since May 2016. Prior to that he was Executive Vice President/Operations of Alaska Airlines from December 2008 to May 2016, and was Alaska’s Chief Operating Officer from December 2008 until November 2019. He was Chief Executive Officer of Virgin America Inc. from December 2016 to July 2018, when Virgin America was
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merged into Alaska. He leads Air Group’s Management Executive Committee, and was elected to the Alaska Air Group Board of Directors in May 2020.
Mr. Tackett was elected Chief Financial Officer in March 2020 and is a member of Air Group’s Management Executive Committee. Mr. Tackett joined Alaska Airlines in 2000 and has served in a number of roles including Managing Director Financial Planning and Analysis (2008-2010), Vice President Labor Relations (2010-2015), Vice President Revenue Management (2016), Senior Vice President Revenue and E-commerce (2017-2018), and Executive Vice President Planning and Strategy (2018-2020).
Mr. Levine was elected Senior Vice President Legal and General Counsel of Alaska Air Group and Alaska Airlines in January 2020 and is a member of Air Group’s Management Executive Committee. Mr. Levine was previously Vice President Legal and General Counsel of Alaska Air Group and Alaska Airlines (January 2016 - January 2020). He was elected Corporate Secretary of Alaska Air Group and Alaska Airlines in August 2017 and of Horizon Air in January 2020. Mr. Levine joined Alaska Airlines in February 2006 as a Senior Attorney. He also served as Associate General Counsel and Managing Director Commercial Law and General Litigation from July 2009 to February 2011 and, subsequently, as Deputy General Counsel and Managing Director of Legal at Alaska Airlines from February 2011 to January 2016.
Mr. Berry was elected President of Horizon Air effective November 2023 and is a member of Air Group’s Management Executive Committee. Mr. Berry previously served as Senior Vice President Operations of Horizon Air from February 2023 – October 2023. Prior to his role at Horizon Air Mr. Berry was Vice President, Cargo at Air Canada from January 2021 – February 2023. Mr. Berry served as President of Alaska Airlines' wholly owned subsidiary McGee Air Services from January 2019 – December 2020. Prior to this Mr. Berry served in several roles at Alaska Airlines including, Managing Director, Cargo from September 2015 – June 2019 and Director, Cargo Operations & Compliance from June 2013 – September 2015.
Mr. Sprague was elected Regional President Hawai’i / Pacific of Alaska Airlines, Inc. in December 2023 and is a member of Air Group’s Management Executive Committee. Prior to this, he was Sr. Advisor to the CEO of Alaska Airlines from November 2023 to December 2023, and served as President of Horizon Air from November 2019 – October 2023. Mr. Sprague previously served as Senior Vice President External Relations of Alaska Airlines from May 2014 until his resignation in September 2017. Mr. Sprague also served Alaska Airlines as Vice President of Marketing from March 2010 to April 2014 and Vice President of Alaska Air Cargo from April 2008 to March 2010.
Mr. Harrison was elected Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer in August 2015. He is a member of Air Group's Management Executive Committee. Mr. Harrison joined Alaska Airlines in 2003 as the Managing Director of Internal Audit and was elected Vice President of Planning and Revenue Management in 2008. He was elected Senior Vice President of Planning and Revenue Management in 2014 and Executive Vice President and Chief Revenue Officer in February 2015.
Ms. von Muehlen was elected Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Alaska Airlines effective April 3, 2021 and is a member of Air Group’s Management Executive Committee. Prior to that she served as Senior Vice President of Maintenance and Engineering of Alaska Airlines from January 2019 to April 2021. Ms. von Muehlen served as Chief Operating Officer at Horizon Air from January 2018 to January 2019, and Managing Director of Airframe, Engine, Components MRO at Alaska Airlines from December 2012 to January 2018.
Ms. Schneider was elected Senior Vice President of People at Alaska Airlines in June 2019 and is a member of Air Group’s Management Executive Committee. Ms. Schneider was previously Vice President of People at Alaska (August 2017-May 2019), Vice President of Inflight Services at Alaska (2011-2017), and later also took responsibility for Call Centers at Alaska (February 2017). She began her career at Alaska as Manager of Financial Accounting in 1989 and she held a number of positions until her election as an officer in 2003.
Ms. Birkett-Rakow was elected Senior Vice President of Public Affairs and Sustainability at Alaska Airlines in November 2021. She was previously elected Vice President of Public Affairs and Sustainability in February 2021 and also served as Vice President of External Relations at Alaska Airlines from September 2017 to February 2021. Ms. Birkett-Rakow is a member of Air Group's Management Executive Committee.
REGULATION
GENERAL
The airline industry is highly regulated, most notably by the federal government. The Department of Transportation (DOT), the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), and the FAA exercise significant regulatory authority over air carriers.
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•DOT: A domestic airline is required to hold a certificate of public convenience and necessity issued by the DOT in order to provide passenger and cargo air transportation in the U.S. Subject to certain individual airport capacity, noise and other restrictions, this certificate permits an air carrier to operate between any two points in the U.S. Certificates do not expire, but may be revoked for failure to comply with federal aviation statutes, regulations, orders or the terms of the certificates. While airlines are permitted to establish their own fares without government regulation, the DOT has jurisdiction over the approval of international codeshare agreements, marketing alliance agreements between major domestic carriers, international and some domestic route authorities, Essential Air Service market subsidies, carrier liability for personal or property damage, and certain airport rates and charges disputes. International treaties may also contain restrictions or requirements for flying outside of the U.S. and impose different carrier liability limits than those applicable to domestic flights. The DOT has been active in implementing a variety of consumer protection regulations and directives, covering subjects such as advertising, passenger communications, denied boarding compensation, tarmac delay response, ticket refunds, family seating requirements, and fee disclosures for ancillary services. Following operational difficulties across the industry, the DOT has increased its review of airline operational performance. Airlines are subject to enforcement actions that are brought by the DOT for alleged violations of consumer protection and other economic regulations. We are not aware of any regulatory investigations or enforcement proceedings that could either materially affect our financial position or impact our authority to operate.
•FAA: The FAA, through Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), generally regulates all aspects of airline operations, including establishing personnel, maintenance and flight operation standards. Domestic airlines are required to hold a valid air carrier operating certificate issued by the FAA. Pursuant to these regulations, we have established, and the FAA has approved, our operations specifications and a maintenance program for each type of aircraft we operate. Each maintenance program provides for the ongoing maintenance of the relevant aircraft type, ranging from frequent routine inspections to major overhauls. Periodically, the FAA issues Airworthiness Directives (ADs) that must be incorporated into our aircraft maintenance program and operations. All airlines are subject to enforcement actions that are brought by the FAA from time to time for alleged violations of FARs or ADs. At this time, we are not aware of any enforcement proceedings that could either materially affect our financial position or impact our authority to operate.
•TSA: Airlines serving the U.S. must operate a TSA-approved Aircraft Operator Standard Security Program (AOSSP), and comply with TSA Security Directives (SDs) and regulations. Under TSA authority, we are required to collect a September 11 Security Fee of $5.60 per one-way trip from passengers and remit that sum to the government to fund aviation security measures. Airlines are subject to enforcement actions that are brought by the TSA for alleged violations of the AOSSP, SDs or security regulations. We are not aware of any enforcement proceedings that could either materially affect our financial position or impact our authority to operate.
The Department of Justice (DOJ) and DOT have jurisdiction over airline competition matters. The DOJ has authority to review Alaska's proposed acquisition of Hawaiian Airlines under the U.S. antitrust laws. The U.S. Postal Service has jurisdiction over certain aspects of the transportation of mail and related services. Labor relations in the air transportation industry are regulated under the RLA. To the extent we continue to fly to foreign countries and pursue alliances with international carriers, we may be subject to certain regulations of foreign agencies and international treaties.
We are also subject to the oversight of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) concerning employee safety and health matters. The OSHA and other federal agencies have been authorized to create and enforce regulations that have an impact on our operations. In addition to these federal activities, various states have been delegated certain authorities under these federal statutes. Many state and local governments have adopted employee safety and health laws and regulations. We maintain our safety and health programs in order to meet or exceed these requirements.
ENVIRONMENTAL
We are also subject to various laws and government regulations concerning environmental matters, both domestically and internationally. Domestic regulations that have an impact to our operations include the Airport Noise and Capacity Act of 1990, the Clean Air Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response and Compensation Liability Act, the National Environmental Policy Act (including Environmental Justice), Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act. Many state and local environmental regulations exceed these federal regulations. We expect there to be continued incremental legislation aimed at further reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, hazardous substances, and additional focus on environmental justice.
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The Airport Noise and Capacity Act recognizes the rights of airport operators with noise problems to implement local noise abatement programs so long as they do not interfere unreasonably with interstate or foreign commerce or the national air transportation system. Authorities in several cities have established aircraft noise reduction programs, including the imposition of nighttime curfews. We believe we have sufficient scheduling flexibility to accommodate local noise restrictions.
The domestic US airline industry committed to carbon neutral growth starting in 2020 for both domestic and international growth. The mechanism to comply with this commitment internationally is through the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), which is a global, market-based measure that allows for eligible emissions offsets or the use of CORSIA-eligible sustainable aviation fuel to mitigate the growth emissions. The program is regulated by the FAA who then affirms compliance to the International Civil Aviation Organization. The FAA has approved both Alaska and Horizon's monitoring, verification, and reporting plans.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the CORSIA growth baseline year was modified and set to 85% of 2019 carbon dioxide emissions. This does not have a direct impact on domestic flights, however the EPA finalized a rule in 2020 on aircraft emission standards which aligns with the international agreements. Additional emissions reporting requirements and potential requirements to decarbonize could have a significant impact on our industry.
The state of California has enacted rules, effective in 2025, that will expand required disclosures discussing the impact of environmental change; agencies within the federal government have proposed similar rules that are not yet finalized. Costs associated with compliance could be significant. Except for these rules, we do not currently anticipate adverse financial impacts from specific existing or pending environmental regulation or reporting requirements, new regulations, related to our existing or past operations, or compliance issues that could harm our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows in future periods.
INSURANCE
We carry insurance of types customary in the airline industry and in amounts deemed adequate to protect our interests and property and to comply both with federal regulations and certain credit and lease agreements. The insurance policies principally provide coverage for airline hull, spares and comprehensive legal liability, war and allied perils, and workers’ compensation. In addition, we currently carry a cyber insurance policy in the event of security breaches from malicious parties.
We believe that our emphasis on safety and our state-of-the-art flight deck safety technology help to control the cost of our insurance.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
Our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports are available on our website at www.alaskaair.com, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after these reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained on our website is not a part of this annual report on Form 10-K.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Adjusted Net Debt - long-term debt, including current portion, plus capitalized operating and finance leases, less cash and marketable securities
Adjusted Net Debt to EBITDAR - represents adjusted net debt divided by EBITDAR (trailing twelve months earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, special items and rent)
Aircraft Utilization - block hours per day; this represents the average number of hours per day our aircraft are in transit
Aircraft Stage Length - represents the average miles flown per aircraft departure
ASMs - available seat miles, or “capacity”; represents total seats available across the fleet multiplied by the number of miles flown
CASM - operating costs per ASM; represents all operating expenses including fuel and special items
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CASMex - operating costs excluding fuel and special items per ASM, or "unit cost"; this metric is used to help track progress toward reduction of non-fuel operating costs since fuel is largely out of our control
Debt-to-Capitalization Ratio - represents adjusted debt (long-term debt plus capitalized operating lease liabilities) divided by total equity plus adjusted debt
Diluted Earnings per Share - represents earnings per share (EPS) using fully diluted shares outstanding
Diluted Shares - represents the total number of shares that would be outstanding if all possible sources of conversion, such as stock options, were exercised
Economic Fuel - best estimate of the cash cost of fuel, net of the impact of our fuel-hedging program
Load Factor - RPMs as a percentage of ASMs; represents the number of available seats that were filled with paying passengers
Mainline - represents flying Boeing 737, Airbus A320, and Airbus A321neo jets and all associated revenue and costs
Productivity - number of revenue passengers per full-time equivalent employee
RASM - operating revenue per ASMs, or "unit revenue"; operating revenue includes all passenger revenue, freight & mail, Mileage Plan and other ancillary revenue; represents the average total revenue for flying one seat one mile
Regional - represents capacity purchased by Alaska from Horizon and SkyWest. Financial results in this segment include actual on-board passenger revenue, less costs such as fuel, distribution costs, and payments made to Horizon and SkyWest under the respective capacity purchased arrangement (CPA). Additionally, Regional includes an allocation of corporate overhead such as IT, finance, and other administrative costs incurred by Air Group and on behalf of Horizon
RPMs - revenue passenger miles, or "traffic"; represents the number of seats that were filled with paying passengers; one passenger traveling one mile is one RPM
Yield - passenger revenue per RPM; represents the average revenue for flying one passenger one mile

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

If any of the following occurs, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be harmed. The trading price of our common stock could also decline. We operate in a continually changing business environment. In this environment, new risks may emerge, and already identified risks may vary significantly in terms of impact and likelihood of occurrence. Management cannot predict such developments, nor can it assess the impact, if any, on our business of such new risk factors or of events described in any forward-looking statements.
We have adopted an enterprise-wide risk analysis and oversight program designed to identify the various risks faced by the organization, assign responsibility for managing those risks to individual executives, and align these risks with Board oversight. These enterprise-wide risks align to the risk factors discussed below.
SAFETY, COMPLIANCE, AND OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE
Our reputation and financial results could be harmed in the event of an airline accident or incident.
An accident or incident involving one of our aircraft or an aircraft operated by one of our commercial partners or CPA carriers could involve loss of life and result in a loss of confidence in our Company by the flying public and/or aviation authorities. We could experience significant claims from injured passengers, bystanders and surviving relatives, as well as costs for the repair or replacement of a damaged aircraft and temporary or permanent loss from service. We maintain liability insurance in amounts and of the type generally consistent with industry practice, as do our commercial partners and CPA carriers. However, the amount of such coverage may not be adequate to fully cover all claims, and we may be forced to bear substantial economic losses from such an event. Substantial claims resulting from an accident in excess of our related insurance coverage would harm our business and financial results. Moreover, any aircraft accident or incident, even if it is fully insured or does not involve one of our aircraft, could cause a public perception that our airlines or the aircraft we or our partners fly are less safe or reliable than other transportation alternatives. This would harm our business.
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Our operations are often affected by factors beyond our control, including delays, cancellations, and other conditions, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
As is the case for all airlines, our operations often are affected by delays, cancellations and other conditions caused by factors largely beyond our control.
Factors that might impact our operations include:
•congestion, construction, space constraints at airports, and/or air traffic control problems, all of which many restrict flow;
•lack of adequate staffing or other resources within critical third parties;
•adverse weather conditions;
•lack of operational approval (e.g. new routes, aircraft deliveries, etc.);
•contagious illness and fear of contagion;
•increased security measures or breaches in security;
•changes in international treaties concerning air rights;
•international or domestic conflicts or terrorist activity;
•random acts of violence on our aircraft or at airports;
•interference by modernized telecommunications equipment with aircraft navigation technology;
•disruption, failure, or inadequacy of systems or infrastructure under the control of third parties, including government entities; and
•other changes in business conditions.
Due to the concentration of our flights in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, we believe a large portion of our operation is more susceptible to adverse weather conditions than other carriers with networks that cover a larger geographic area. A general reduction in airline passenger traffic as a result of any of the above-mentioned factors could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We rely on vendors and third parties for certain critical activities and sourcing, which could expose us to disruptions in our operation or unexpected cost increases.
We rely on vendors for a variety of services and functions critical to our business, including airframe and engine maintenance, regional flying, ground handling, fueling, computer reservation system hosting, telecommunication systems, information technology infrastructure and services, and deicing, among others. We also rely on government-controlled systems such as air traffic control technology that could malfunction for reasons out of our control.
Our use of outside vendors increases our exposure to several risks. Even though we strive to formalize agreements with these vendors that define expected service levels, we may not have the ability to influence change with all vendors. In the event that one or more vendors go into bankruptcy, ceases operation, or fails to perform as promised, for reasons such as supply chain delays, or workforce shortages, replacement services may not be readily available at competitive rates, or at all. If one of our vendors fails to perform adequately, we may experience increased costs, delays, maintenance issues, safety issues, or negative public perception of our airline. Vendor bankruptcies, unionization, regulatory compliance issues, or significant changes in the competitive marketplace among suppliers could adversely affect vendor services or force us to renegotiate existing agreements on less favorable terms. These events could result in disruptions in our operations or increases in our cost structure.
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Impacts of climate change, including physical and transition risks, as well as market responses, may have a material adverse result on our operations and financial position.
Concerns regarding climate change, including the impacts of a gradual increase in global temperatures leading to more severe weather conditions, continue to rise. Increased frequency or duration of extreme weather conditions could cause significant and prolonged impacts to our operation, disrupt our supply chain, and influence consumer travel decisions. These disruptions may result in increased operating costs and lost revenue should we be unable to operate our published schedules. Additionally, we have made commitments to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions which may require us to make significant investments in emerging and yet unproven technologies. Should these technologies not prove ready, not gain approval, or not be sufficiently available for use in our operation, our results of operations may be adversely impacted, and we may be required to direct new investments to different technologies. Public interest in U.S. airlines' response to climate change has continued to grow. Failure to address the concerns of our guests and our shareholders may lead to a reduction in demand for our services, including both leisure and business travel, in favor of competitors that customers perceive to be more sustainable. This could adversely impact our financial position, our results of operations, or our stock price.
The airline industry continues to face potential security concerns and related costs.
Terrorist attacks, the fear of such attacks or other hostilities involving the U.S. could have a significant negative effect on the airline industry, including us, and could:
•significantly reduce passenger traffic and yields as a result of a dramatic drop in demand for air travel;
•significantly increase security and insurance costs;
•make war risk or other insurance unavailable or extremely expensive;
•increase fuel costs and the volatility of fuel prices;
•increase costs from airport shutdowns, flight cancellations, and delays resulting from security breaches and perceived safety threats; and
•result in a grounding of commercial air traffic by the FAA.
The occurrence of any of these events would harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
COMPETITION AND STRATEGY
The airline industry is highly competitive and susceptible to price discounting and changes in capacity, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. If we cannot successfully compete in the marketplace, our business, financial condition, and operating results will be materially adversely affected.
The U.S. airline industry is characterized by substantial competition. Airlines compete for market share through pricing, capacity (supply), route systems and markets served, merchandising, and products and services offered to guests. We have significant capacity overlap with competitors, particularly in our key West Coast markets. This dynamic may be exacerbated by competition among airlines to attract passengers during periods of economic recovery. The resulting increased competition in both domestic and international markets may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity if we are unable to attract and retain guests.
We strive toward maintaining and improving our competitive cost structure by setting aggressive unit cost-reduction goals. This is an important part of our business strategy of offering the best value to our guests through low fares while achieving acceptable profit margins and return on capital. If we are unable to maintain our cost advantage over the long-term and achieve sustained targeted returns on invested capital, we will likely not be able to grow our business in the future or weather industry downturns. Therefore, our financial results may suffer.
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The airline industry may undergo further consolidation or restructuring. In addition, regulatory, policy, and legal developments could impact the extent to which airlines can merge, or form and maintain marketing alliances and joint ventures with other airlines, particularly U.S. carriers. These factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, and results of operations.
We continue to face strong competition, mainly from other U.S. carriers. In many instances, our competitors have been able to grow and increase their competitive influence by merging with other airlines, as Alaska did with Virgin America in 2016. Some competitors have also benefited from the ability to reduce their cost structures through the U.S. bankruptcy process and restructuring laws. Competitors have also improved their competitive positions by entering marketing alliances and/or joint ventures with other airlines. Certain airline joint ventures promote competition by allowing airlines to coordinate routes, pool revenues and costs, and enjoy other mutual benefits that can be extended to consumers, achieving many of the benefits of consolidation.
In recent years, the U.S. antitrust authorities have been increasingly reluctant to approve airline mergers, cooperative marketing arrangements, and joint ventures. The continuation of merger-adverse antitrust policy and/or the finality of legal rulings limiting airline mergers, joint marketing activities, and joint ventures could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our concentration in certain markets could cause us to be disproportionately impacted by adverse changes in circumstances in those locations.
Our strategy involves a high concentration of our business in key West Coast markets. A significant portion of our flights occur to and from our stations in Seattle, Portland, and the Bay Area. In 2023, passengers to and from these locations accounted for 82% of our total guests.
We believe that concentrating our service offerings in this way allows us to maximize our investment in personnel, aircraft and ground facilities, as well as to gain greater advantage from sales and marketing efforts in those regions. As a result, we remain highly dependent on our key markets. Our business could be harmed by any circumstances causing a reduction in demand for air transportation in our key markets. An increase in competition in our key markets could also cause us to reduce fares or take other competitive measures that, if sustained, could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We are dependent on a limited number of suppliers for aircraft and parts.
Alaska is dependent on Boeing as its sole supplier for mainline aircraft and many aircraft parts. Horizon is similarly dependent on Embraer. Additionally, each carrier is dependent on sole suppliers for aircraft engines for each aircraft type. As a result, we are vulnerable to issues associated with the supply of those aircraft and parts including design or manufacturing defects, mechanical problems, contractual performance by the manufacturers, or adverse perception by the public about safety that would result in customer avoidance or actions by the FAA. Should we be unable to resolve known issues with certain aircraft or engine suppliers, it may result in the inability to operate our aircraft for extended periods. Additionally, if effects of ongoing supply chain constraints cause our limited vendors to have performance problems, reduced or ceased operations, bankruptcies, workforce shortages, or other events causing them to be unable to fulfill their commitments to us, our operations and business could be materially adversely affected.
Should these suppliers be unable to manufacture, obtain certification for, and deliver new aircraft, we may not be able to grow our fleet at intended rates, which could impact our financial position. Boeing has significant production constraints and regulatory delays for the B737 family of aircraft, which may impact the timing of deliveries. If we are unable to receive these aircraft or future aircraft in a timely manner, our growth plans could be negatively impacted. Given Alaska's size relative to its competitors, these challenges may have a disproportionate impact on Alaska. Additionally, further consolidation among aircraft and aircraft parts manufacturers could further limit the number of suppliers. This could result in production instability in the locations in which the aircraft and its parts are manufactured or an inability to operate our aircraft.
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We rely on partner airlines for codeshare and frequent flyer marketing arrangements.
Our airlines are parties to marketing agreements with a number of domestic and international air carriers, or “partners," including an expanded relationship with American and other oneworld carriers. These agreements provide that certain flight segments operated by us are held out as partner “codeshare” flights and that certain partner flights are held out for sale as Alaska codeshare flights. Refer to Item 1 above for details regarding these codeshare agreements. In addition, the agreements generally provide that members of Alaska’s Mileage Plan program can earn credit on or redeem credit for partner flights and vice versa. We receive revenue from flights sold under codeshare and from interline arrangements. In addition, we believe that the frequent flyer arrangements are an important part of our loyalty program. The loss of a significant partner through bankruptcy, consolidation, or otherwise, could have a negative effect on our revenue or the attractiveness of our Mileage Plan program, which we believe is a source of competitive advantage.
Our membership in the oneworld global alliance may limit options to bring non-oneworld carrier partners into our Mileage Plan program. Further, maintaining an alliance with another U.S. airline may expose us to additional regulatory scrutiny. Failure to appropriately manage these partnerships and alliances could negatively impact future growth plans and our financial position.
We routinely engage in analysis and discussions regarding our own strategic position, including alliances, codeshare arrangements, interline arrangements, and frequent flyer program enhancements, and will continue to pursue these commercial activities. If other airlines participate in consolidation or reorganization, those airlines may significantly improve their cost structures or revenue generation capabilities, thereby potentially making them stronger competitors of ours and potentially impairing our ability to realize expected benefits from our own strategic relationships.
As we evolve our brand we will engage in strategic initiatives that may not be favorably received by all of our guests.
We continue to focus on strategic initiatives designed to increase our brand appeal to a diverse and evolving demographic of airline travelers. These efforts could include significant enhancements to our in-airport and on-board environments, increasing our direct customer relationships through improvements to our purchasing portals (digital and mobile), and management of our customer loyalty programs. In pursuit of these efforts we may negatively affect our reputation with some of our existing customer base.
The Company's reputation could be harmed if it is exposed to significant negative publicity.
We operate in a highly visible industry that has significant exposure to social media and other media channels. Negative publicity, including as a result of misconduct by our guests or employees, failures by our suppliers and other vendors, failure to address our environmental, social, and governance goals, or other circumstances, can spread rapidly through such channels. Should the Company not respond in a timely and appropriate manner to address negative publicity, the Company's reputation may be significantly harmed. Such harm could have a negative impact on our operating results.
FINANCIAL CONDITION
We have a significant amount of debt and fixed obligations. These obligations could lead to liquidity restraints and have a material adverse effect on our financial position. Additionally, increases in interest rates may mean that future borrowings are more costly for the Company, which could harm our future financial results.
We carry, and will continue to carry for the foreseeable future, a substantial amount of debt and aircraft operating lease commitments. Although we aim to keep our leverage low, due to our high fixed costs, including aircraft lease commitments and debt service, a decrease in revenue could result in a disproportionately greater decrease in earnings. Similarly, a material increase in market interest rates could mean future borrowings are more costly for the Company.
Our outstanding long-term debt and other fixed obligations could have important consequences. For example, they could limit our ability to obtain additional financing to fund our future capital expenditures or working capital; require us to dedicate a material portion of our operating cash flow to fund lease payments and interest payments on indebtedness, thereby reducing funds available for other purposes; or limit our ability to withstand competitive pressures and reduce our flexibility in responding to changing business and economic conditions. Further, should we incur incremental obligations, issuers may require future debt agreements to contain more restrictive covenants or require additional collateral beyond historical market terms which may further restrict our ability to successfully access capital.
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Although we have historically been able to generate sufficient cash flow from our operations to pay our debt and other fixed obligations when they become due, we cannot ensure we will be able to do so in the future. If we fail to do so, our business could be harmed.
Our business, financial condition, and results of operations are substantially exposed to the volatility of jet fuel prices. Significant increases in jet fuel costs or significant disruptions in the supply of jet fuel would harm our business.
Fuel costs constitute a significant portion of our total operating expenses. Future increases in the price of jet fuel may harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations unless we are able to increase fares and fees or add ancillary services to attempt to recover increasing fuel costs. The price of jet fuel can be dependent on geography and may have a disproportionate impact on our operating results due to our concentration on the West Coast.
We are unable to predict the future supply of jet fuel, which may be impacted by various factors, included but not limited to geopolitical conflict, economic sanctions against oil-producing countries, natural disasters, or staffing and equipment shortages in the oil industry. Any of these factors could adversely impact our operations and financial results.
Economic uncertainty, including a recession, would likely impact demand for our product and could harm our financial condition and results of operations.
The airline industry, which is subject to relatively high fixed costs and highly variable and unpredictable demand, is particularly sensitive to changes in economic conditions. We are dependent on U.S. consumer confidence and the health of the U.S. economy. Unfavorable U.S. economic conditions have historically resulted in reduced consumer spending and led to decreases in both leisure and business travel. For some consumers, leisure travel is a discretionary expense, and shorter distance travelers, in particular, have the option to replace air travel with surface travel. Businesses are able to forgo air travel by using communication alternatives such as video conferencing or may be more likely to purchase less expensive tickets to reduce costs, which can result in a decrease in average revenue per seat. Unfavorable economic conditions also hamper the ability of airlines to raise fares to counteract increased fuel, labor, and other costs. Additionally, reduced consumer spending would adversely impact revenue and cash flows from our co-branded credit card agreements. Unfavorable or even uncertain economic conditions could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our maintenance costs will increase as our fleet ages, and we will periodically incur substantial maintenance costs due to the timing of maintenance events of our aircraft.
As of December 31, 2023, the average age of our Boeing Next Gen passenger aircraft (B737-700, -800, -900, -900ER) was approximately 12.8 years, the average age of our Boeing MAX aircraft (B737-8, -9) was approximately 1.2 years, and the average age of our owned E175 aircraft was approximately 4.3 years. Typically, our newer aircraft require less maintenance than they will in the future. Any significant increase in maintenance expenses could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
Our financial condition or results of operations may be negatively affected by increases in expenses related to the airports in which we operate.
Almost all commercial service airports are owned and/or operated by units of local or state governments. Airlines are largely dependent on these governmental entities to provide adequate airport facilities and capacity at an affordable cost. Many airports have increased their rates and charges to air carriers to reflect higher costs of security, updates to infrastructure, and other expenses. Additional laws, regulations, taxes, airport rates, and airport charges may be occasionally proposed that could significantly increase the cost of airline operations or reduce the demand for air travel. Although lawmakers may impose these additional fees and view them as “pass-through” costs, a higher total ticket price could influence consumer purchase and travel decisions and may result in an overall decline in passenger traffic, which would harm our business. Additionally, we have engaged in various redevelopment projects at the airports in which we operate to improve or add to existing infrastructure our company uses. While the airport authority may reimburse costs associated with these projects, we may be required to commit significant resources of our own to finance construction and design. Delays and cost overruns associated with these projects could have a negative impact on our financial condition or results of operations.
The application of the acquisition method of accounting resulted in us recording goodwill, which could result in significant future impairment charges and negatively affect our financial results.
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In accordance with acquisition accounting rules, we recorded goodwill on our consolidated balance sheet to the extent the Virgin America acquisition purchase price exceeded the net fair value of Virgin America’s tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities as of the acquisition date. Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment at least annually. We could record impairment charges in our results of operations as a result of, among other items, extreme fuel price volatility, a significant decline in the fair value of certain tangible or intangible assets, unfavorable trends in forecasted results of operations and cash flows, uncertain economic environment and other uncertainties. We can provide no assurance that a significant impairment charge will not occur in one or more future periods. Any such charges may materially affect our financial results.
PEOPLE AND LABOR
A significant increase in labor costs or unsuccessful attempts to strengthen our relationships with union employees could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Labor costs remain a significant component of our total expenses. In addition to costs associated with represented employee groups, labor costs could also increase for non-unionized employees and via vendor agreements as we work to compete for highly skilled and qualified employees against the major U.S. airlines and other businesses in a competitive job market. Labor costs have recently increased significantly driven by inflationary pressure on wages.
Ongoing and periodic negotiations with labor unions could result in job actions, such as slow-downs, sick-outs, or other actions designed to disrupt normal operations and pressure the employer to acquiesce to bargaining demands during negotiations. Although unlawful until after lengthy mediation attempts, the operation could be significantly impacted. Although we have a long track record of fostering good communications, negotiating approaches, and developing other strategies to enhance workforce engagement in our long-term vision, unsuccessful attempts to strengthen relationships with union employees could divert management’s attention from other projects and issues and negatively impact the business. In addition, our bargained-for labor agreement terms for flight crew are increasingly coming into conflict with state and local laws purporting to govern benefits and duties.
The inability to attract, retain, and train qualified personnel, or maintain our culture, could result in guest impacts and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We compete against other major U.S. airlines for pilots, aircraft technicians and other labor. Recently, there have been shortages of pilots for hire in the regional market and more pilots in the industry are approaching mandatory retirement age. Attrition beyond normal levels, or the inability to attract new pilots, could negatively impact our results of operations. The shortage of pilots and opportunities at other carriers could mean that our captains and first officers leave our airlines more often than forecasted. Additionally, the industry, including related vendor partners, has experienced and may continue to experience challenges in hiring and retaining other labor positions, such as aircraft technicians, ground handling and customer service agents, and flight attendants. The Company's or our vendor partners' inability to attract and retain personnel for these positions could negatively impact our results of operations, which may harm our growth plans. Additionally, we may be required to increase our wage and benefit packages, or pay increased rates to our vendors, to retain these positions. This would result in increased overall costs and may adversely impact our guest experience and financial position.
Our executive officers and other senior management personnel are critical to the long-term success of our business. If we experience significant turnover and loss of key personnel, and fail to find suitable replacements with comparable skills, our performance could be adversely impacted.
Our success is also dependent on cultivating and maintaining a unified culture with cohesive values and goals. Much of our continued success is tied to our guest loyalty. Failure to maintain and grow the Alaska culture could strain our ability to maintain relationships with guests, suppliers, employees and other constituencies. As part of this process, we may continue to incur substantial costs for employee programs.
TECHNOLOGY
We rely heavily on automated systems to operate our business, including expanded reliance on systems managed or hosted by third parties. Failure to invest in new technology or a disruption of our current systems or their operators could harm our business.
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We heavily depend on automated systems to operate our business. This includes our airline reservation system, website, telecommunication systems, maintenance systems, airline operations control systems, flight deck/route optimization systems, planning and scheduling, mobile applications and devices, and many other systems. These systems require significant investment of employee time and cost for maintenance and upgrades. Some of these systems are operated by government authorities, which limits our ability to switch vendors if issues arise. Failure to appropriately maintain and upgrade these systems may result in service disruptions or system failures. Additionally, as part of our commitment to innovation and providing an attractive guest travel experience, we invest in new technology to ensure our critical systems are reliable, scalable, and secure.
We continue to expand our reliance on third party providers for management or hosting of operational and financial systems. Should these providers fail to meet established service requirements or provide inadequate technical support, we could experience disruptions in our operation, ticketing or financial systems. All of our automated systems cannot be completely protected against events beyond our control, including natural disasters, computer viruses, cyberattacks, other security breaches, or telecommunications failures.
Substantial or repeated failures or disruptions to any of these critical systems could reduce the attractiveness of our services or cause our guests to do business with another airline. Disruptions, failed implementations, untimely or incomplete recovery, or a breach of these systems or the data centers/cloud infrastructure they run on could result in the loss of important data, an increase in our expenses, loss of revenue, impacts to our operational performance, or a possible temporary cessation of our operations.
Additionally, we rely on the FAA and its systems for critical aspects of flight operations. The failure of these systems could lead to increased delays and inefficiencies in flight operations, resulting in an adverse impact to our financial condition and results of operations.
We continue to monitor emerging technologies, including technologies which may have disruptive impacts which are out of our control. We will continue to work with regulatory agencies and other air carriers to mitigate potential impacts of these technologies on the safety and security of air travel.
Failure to appropriately comply with evolving and expanding information security rules and regulations or to safeguard our employee or guest data could result in damage to our reputation and cause us to incur substantial legal and regulatory cost.
As part of our core business, we are required to collect, process, store and share personal and financial information from our guests and employees. Under current or future privacy legislation, we are subject to significant legal risk should we not appropriately protect that data. Our membership in the oneworld alliance exposes us to incremental global regulation and therefore risk. In addition, we continue to expand our reliance on third-party software providers and data processors, including cloud providers. Unauthorized access of personal and financial data via fraud or other means of deception could result in data loss, theft, modification, or unauthorized disclosure. To the extent that either we or third parties with whom we share information experience a data breach, fail to appropriately safeguard personal data, or are found to be out of compliance with applicable laws, and regulations, we could be subject to additional litigation, regulatory risks and reputational harm. Further, as regulation of the collection and storage of personal and financial information continues to evolve and increase, we may incur significant costs to bring our systems and processes into compliance.
Cybersecurity threats have and will continue to impact our business. Failure to appropriately mitigate these risks could negatively impact our operations, onboard safety, reputation and financial condition.
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Our sensitive information is securely transmitted over public and private networks. Our systems are subject to increasing and evolving cybersecurity risks. Unauthorized parties have attempted and continue to attempt to gain access to our systems and information, including through fraudulent misrepresentation and other means of deception. Methods used by unauthorized parties are continually evolving and may be difficult to identify. Because of these ever-evolving risks and regular attacks, we continue to review policies and educate our people on various methods utilized in attempts to gain unauthorized access to bolster awareness and encourage cautionary practices. However, the nature of these attacks means that proper policies, technical controls, and education may not be enough to prevent all unauthorized access. Emerging cybercrime threats include the loss of functionality of critical systems through ransomware, denial of service, or other attacks. A compromise of our systems, the security of our infrastructure, or those of our vendors or other business partners that result in our information being accessed or stolen by unauthorized persons could result in substantial costs for response and remediation, adversely affect our operations and our reputation, and expose us to litigation, regulatory enforcement, or other legal action. A cybersecurity attack impacting our onboard or other operational systems may result in an accident or incident onboard or significant operational disruptions, which could adversely affect our reputation, operation and financial position. The continued evolution and increased usage of artificial intelligence technologies may further increase our cybersecurity risks. Further, a significant portion of our office employees have maintained remote work arrangements, which increases our exposure to cyberattacks, and could compromise our financial or operational systems.
REGULATION
Changes in government regulation imposing additional requirements and restrictions on our operations and business model could negatively impact our revenue and operating costs and result in service delays and disruptions.
Airlines are subject to extensive regulatory and legal requirements, both domestically and internationally, that involve substantial operational impacts and compliance costs. In recent years, U.S. regulators have issued regulations or mandates concerning airline operations or consumer rights that have increased the cost and complexity of our business and involve greater civil enforcement and legal liability exposure. Regulators have also proposed legislation that could negatively impact revenue associated with our loyalty program.
Similarly, legislative and regulatory initiatives and reforms at the federal, state, and local levels include increasingly stringent environmental, governance, and workers’ benefits laws. In some instances, it is impossible for us to comply with federal, state, and local laws simultaneously, exposing us to greater liability and operational complexity. These laws also affect our relationship with our workforce and the vendors that serve our airlines and cause our expenses to increase without an ability to pass through these costs. New employee health and welfare initiatives with employer-funded costs, specifically those impacting Washington state, could disproportionately increase our cost structure as compared to our competitors. In recent years, the airline industry has experienced an increase in litigation over the application of state and local employment laws, particularly in California. Application of these laws may result in operational disruption, increased litigation risk and expense, and undermining of negotiated labor agreements.
In recent years, the state of California and the federal government have enacted and proposed, respectively, rules that significantly expand required disclosures discussing the impact of environmental change. Increased governmental regulation involving aircraft emissions and environmental remediation costs may be difficult to implement and the cost of compliance, or failure to comply, could adversely impact our operations and financial position.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for most legal actions involving actions brought against us by stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees.
Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of our company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, or the DGCL, or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction to the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This exclusive forum provision is intended to apply to claims arising under Delaware state law and would not apply to claims brought pursuant to the Exchange Act or the Securities Act, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. The exclusive forum provision in our certificate of incorporation will not relieve us of our duties to comply with the federal
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securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, and our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with these laws, rules and regulations.
This exclusive forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. In addition, stockholders who do bring a claim in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware could face additional litigation costs in pursuing any such claim, particularly if they do not reside in or near Delaware. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments or results may be more favorable to our company than to our stockholders.
PENDING ACQUISITION OF HAWAIIAN HOLDINGS INC.
The acquisition is subject to a number of conditions to our and Hawaiian's obligations, which, if not fulfilled, may result in termination of the acquisition agreement.
The acquisition agreement contains a number of customary conditions to complete the acquisition, including that certain representations and warranties be accurate, that certain covenants be fulfilled, that certain regulatory approvals have been obtained, that there are no legal prohibitions against completion of the acquisition, and that Hawaiian stockholders have adopted the agreement. Many of the conditions to complete the acquisition are not within either Hawaiian’s or our control and neither of us can predict when or if these conditions will be satisfied. If any of these conditions are not satisfied or waived prior to June 2, 2025, which may be extended to December 2, 2025 in certain circumstances, it is possible that the acquisition will not be completed in the expected time frame or that the agreement may be terminated.
The regulatory approvals required in connection with our pending acquisition of Hawaiian may not be obtained or may contain materially burdensome conditions. The pending acquisition may also be subject to litigation that could negatively impact our ability to complete the acquisition.
Our ability to close the pending acquisition of Hawaiian is conditioned upon the receipt of certain regulatory approvals, and we cannot provide assurance that these approvals will be obtained. If any conditions or changes to the proposed structure of the acquisition are required to obtain these regulatory approvals, they may have the effect of jeopardizing or delaying completion of the pending acquisition or reducing the anticipated benefits of the pending acquisition. If we agree to any material conditions in order to obtain any approvals required to complete the pending acquisition, the business and results of operations of our company following the closing may be adversely affected. Our ability to secure regulatory approval may be subject to litigation, the results of which we cannot guarantee.
The pending acquisition may also be subject to litigation from state attorneys generals or other private challengers, which could jeopardize or delay completion of the pending acquisition. As a result, we may not be able to fully achieve the anticipated benefits of the pending acquisition, and our results of operations and financial position may be negatively impacted.
Failure to complete the acquisition could negatively impact our stock price and our future business and financial results.
As described above, our and Hawaiian’s obligations to consummate our pending acquisition of Hawaiian are subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain customary conditions. We cannot provide assurance that the conditions to the completion of the pending acquisition of Hawaiian will be satisfied in a timely manner or at all. If our pending acquisition of Hawaiian is not completed, our share price could fall to the extent that our current price reflects an assumption that we will complete the pending acquisition. Furthermore, if the acquisition is not completed, our ongoing business may be adversely affected, and we will be subject to several risks, including the following:
•we will be required to pay certain costs relating to the acquisition, whether or not it is completed, such as legal, accounting, and financial advisers, which could be substantial;
•in certain circumstances as described in the agreement, we may be required to pay a termination fee to Hawaiian Holdings Inc. of $100 million if regulatory approval of the acquisition is not obtained;
•our management will have focused its attention on negotiating and preparing for the acquisition instead of on pursuing other opportunities that could have been beneficial to us;
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•the failure to consummate the acquisition may result in negative publicity and a negative impression of us in the investment community; and
•any disruptions to our business resulting from the announcement of the acquisition, including any adverse changes in our relationships with our customers, partners, and employees, may continue or intensify in the event the acquisition is not consummated.
We may be unable to integrate Hawaiian’s business with ours successfully and realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, which could negatively impact our stock price and our future business and financial results.
The anticipated benefits we expect from the pending acquisition are, necessarily, based on projections and assumptions about the combined businesses of our company and Hawaiian, which may not materialize as expected or which may prove to be inaccurate. Our stock price could be negatively impacted after the proposed acquisition is completed if we are unable to realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition on a timely basis or at all. Achieving the benefits of the pending acquisition of Hawaiian will depend, in part, on our ability to integrate the business and operations of Hawaiian successfully and efficiently with our business. The challenges involved in this integration, which will be complex and time-consuming, include the following:
•successfully managing relationships with our combined customer base and retaining Hawaiian’s customers;
•the ability to successfully integrate Hawaiian's business with ours in a manner that permits us to achieve the synergies and other benefits anticipated to result from the acquisition;
•integrating complex systems, operating procedures, regulatory compliance programs, technology, aircraft fleets, networks, and other assets of the two companies in a manner that minimizes any adverse impact on customers, suppliers, employees, and other constituencies;
•managing Alaska Airlines and Hawaiian Airlines as two distinct brands under one operating certificate, a strategy that has not been implemented in the U.S. commercial airline industry;
•diversion of the attention of our and Hawaiian's management and other key employees;
•integrating the workforces of the two companies while maintaining focus on providing consistent, high quality customer service and running a safe and efficient operation;
•disruption of, or the loss of momentum in, our ongoing business;
•liabilities that are significantly larger than we currently anticipate and unforeseen increased expenses or delays associated with the acquisition, including transition costs to integrate the two businesses that may exceed the costs that we currently anticipate;
•maintaining productive and effective employee relationships and, in particular, successfully and promptly integrating seniority lists and achieving cost-competitive collective bargaining agreements that cover the combined union-represented work groups;
•limitations prior to the completion of the acquisition on the ability of management of our company and of Hawaiian to conduct planning regarding the integration of the two companies;
•the increased scale of our operations resulting from the acquisition;
•retaining key employees of our company and Hawaiian; and
•obligations that we will have to counterparties of Hawaiian that arise as a result of the change in control of Hawaiian.
If we do not successfully manage these issues and the other challenges inherent in integrating an acquired business the size of Hawaiian, then we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition of Hawaiian and our revenue, expenses, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
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Each of our and Hawaiian’s indebtedness and other obligations are, and our indebtedness and other obligations following the completion of the acquisition will continue to be, substantial and could adversely affect our business and liquidity.
We and Hawaiian have, and we expect to continue to have following the completion of the acquisition, significant amounts of indebtedness and other obligations, including pension obligations, obligations to make future payments on aircraft equipment and leases, and obligations under aircraft purchase agreements. We expect to incur substantial additional debt in the future specifically as it relates to our payment of the approximately $1 billion aggregate consideration and to our assumption of Hawaiian's indebtedness. Substantial indebtedness and other obligations could have important consequences. For example, they may:
•limit our ability to obtain additional funding for capital expenditures, investments, integration costs, and general corporate purposes, and adversely affect the terms on which such funding can be obtained;
•require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness and other obligations, thereby reducing the funds available for other purposes;
•make us more vulnerable to economic downturns and catastrophic external events;
•contain restrictive covenants that could:
◦limit our ability to merge, consolidate, sell assets, incur additional indebtedness, make investments and pay dividends; and
◦significantly constrain our ability to respond, or respond quickly, to unexpected disruptions in our operations, the U.S. or global economy, or the businesses in which we operate, or to take advantage of opportunities that would improve our business, operations, or competitive position versus other airlines; and
•limit our ability to withstand competitive pressures and reduce its flexibility in responding to changing business and economic conditions.
In addition, increases in the cost of financing could adversely affect our liquidity, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Air Group’s management and Board consider cybersecurity to be a critical component of the Company’s risk management plan. Our systems are subject to increasing and evolving cybersecurity risks. Unauthorized parties have attempted and continue to attempt to gain access to our systems and information, including through fraudulent misrepresentation and other means of deception. The systems of our suppliers, vendors, and other business partners are also at risk. The threat of cybersecurity incidents is included within our company’s annual enterprise risk management (ERM) program that assesses the most significant risks to the enterprise.
Because of the industry in which we operate, we are subject to extensive regulatory requirements connected to cybersecurity, including but not limited to those overseen by the FAA, TSA, and DOT. As a result, it is imperative our cybersecurity risk management is well-planned and sufficiently robust to maintain compliance with these regulations.
The Company’s Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) is responsible for management of material risks from cybersecurity threats. The CISO has multiple years of experience working in information and network security management, and has in-depth knowledge of compliance requirements and standards set by various regulatory agencies. The CISO leads a team dedicated to the prevention, mitigation, detection, and remediation of any cybersecurity incidents. If a potential incident is identified, the CISO is notified and engages the cybersecurity incident response team (CyberSIRT). This team is responsible for declaring a cybersecurity incident and is comprised of individuals from multiple relevant departments. In the event the CyberSIRT declares an incident, the CISO provides overall direction for the response and mitigation of the threat. This response includes actions
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taken to protect our data and networks, evaluation of the potential materiality of the incident, and the communication of the incident to critical parties, including senior leadership and the Board of Directors.
As part of our annual review of our cybersecurity risk management, we engage third-parties for a variety of processes including external audits, vulnerability assessments, and penetration tests. These processes help ensure our overarching strategy remains effective over time.
The Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing management’s processes to identify and mitigate risks, including cybersecurity risks. The Board’s Audit Committee leads the review and discussion of cybersecurity threats with management and receives updates from the CISO each quarter. Senior management, including the CISO, are available to address questions or concerns from the Audit Committee related to our risk management plan.
In 2023, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our organization. For additional discussion related to the Company’s consideration of cybersecurity risks and their potential impact on our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, please refer to Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this document.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

AIRCRAFT
The following table describes the aircraft we operate and their average age at December 31, 2023:

Aircraft Type | Seats |  | Owned |  | Leased |  | Total |  | Average Age in Years
B737-700F | — |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 22.9 |
B737-800F | — |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 16.3 |
B737-700 | 124 |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 23.7 |
B737-800 | 159 |  | 49 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 15.7 |
B737-900 | 178 |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | 21.4 |
B737-900ER | 178 |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | 7.9 |
B737-8 | 159 |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
B737-9 | 178 |  | 51 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 1.2 |
Total Mainline Fleet |  |  | 206 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 9.7 |
E175 | 76 |  | 41 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 5.0 |
Total Regional Fleet |  |  | 41 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 5.0 |
Total |  |  | 247 |  | 67 |  | 314 |  | 8.4

“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" discusses future orders and options for additional aircraft. “Liquidity and Capital Resources" provides more information about aircraft that are used to secure long-term debt arrangements or collateralize credit facilities. Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements provides more information regarding leased aircraft as capitalized on our consolidated balance sheets.
The lease for the B737-800F expires in 2033. The leases for the B737-800 aircraft expire between 2026 and 2028. The leases for the B737-9 aircraft expire between 2031 and 2035. The leased E175 aircraft support Alaska's capacity purchase agreement with SkyWest, and are under agreement through 2034. Alaska has the option to extend some of the leases for additional periods.
GROUND FACILITIES AND SERVICES
In various cities in the state of Alaska, we own terminal buildings and hangars. We also own or lease several buildings located at or near Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (Sea-Tac). These include a multi-bay hangar and shops complex (used primarily for line maintenance), a flight operations and training center, an air cargo facility, a data center, and various other commercial office buildings.
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At the majority of the airports we serve, we lease ticket counters, gates, cargo and baggage space, ground equipment, office space, and other support areas. Airport leases contain provisions for periodic adjustments of lease rates. We are typically responsible for maintenance, insurance and other facility-related expenses and services under these agreements. We also lease operations, training, administrative, and data center facilities in Burlingame, CA; Long Beach, CA; Portland, OR; Puyallup, WA; Quincy, WA; Renton, WA; Seattle, WA; and Spokane, WA, call center facilities in Seattle, WA; Phoenix, AZ; and Boise, ID, and hangars in Portland, OR, Everett, WA, and Spokane, WA.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company is a party to various litigation matters incidental to our business. Other than as described in Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, Management believes the ultimate outcome of these matters is not likely to materially affect our financial position or results of operations.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.
PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

As of December 31, 2023, there were 138,960,830 shares of common stock of Alaska Air Group, Inc. issued, 126,090,353 shares outstanding, and 2,349 shareholders of record. In March 2020, the Company suspended the payment of dividends indefinitely. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (symbol: ALK).
SALES OF NON-REGISTERED SECURITIES
None.
PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

| Total Number of Shares Purchased(a) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares (or units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum remaining dollar value of shares that can be purchased under the plan (in millions)
October 1, 2023 - October 31, 2023 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
November 1, 2023 - November 30, 2023 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
December 1, 2023 - December 31, 2023 | 1,986,004 |  |  | $ | 37.76 |  |  | 1,986,004 |  |  |
Total | 1,986,004 |  |  | $ | 37.76 |  |  | 1,986,004 |  |  | $ | 312 |

(a) Purchased pursuant to the $1 billion repurchase plan authorized by the Board of Directors in August 2015.
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PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The following Performance Graph and related information shall not be deemed "soliciting material" or "filed" with the Securities and Exchange Commission, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
The following graph compares our cumulative total stockholder return since December 31, 2018 with the S&P 500 Index and the NYSE ARCA Airline Index. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common stock and each index (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on December 31, 2018.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED] |  |  |  |  |  |  |

None.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

OVERVIEW
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to help the reader understand our company, our operations and our present business environment. MD&A is provided as a supplement to – and should be read in conjunction with – our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. All statements in the following discussion that are not statements of historical information or descriptions of current accounting policy are forward-looking statements. Please consider our forward-looking statements in light of the risks referred to in this report’s introductory cautionary note and the risks mentioned in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” This overview summarizes the MD&A, which includes the following sections:
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•Year in Review—highlights from 2023 outlining some of the major events that happened during the year and how they affected our financial performance.
•Results of Operations—an in-depth analysis of our revenue by segment and our expenses from a consolidated perspective for the most recent two years presented in our consolidated financial statements. To the extent material to the understanding of segment profitability, we more fully describe the segment expenses per financial statement line item. Financial and statistical data is also included here. This section also includes forward-looking statements regarding our view of 2024.
•Liquidity and Capital Resources—an overview of our financial position, analysis of cash flows, sources and uses of cash, contractual obligations and commitments, and off-balance sheet arrangements.
•Critical Accounting Estimates—a discussion of our accounting estimates that involve significant judgment and uncertainties.
This section of the Form 10-K covers discussion of 2023 and 2022 results, and comparisons between those years. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
YEAR IN REVIEW
2023 Results
In 2023, Air Group recorded operating revenue of $10.4 billion, the highest in company history, and exceeded pre-pandemic capacity for the first time. Our 2023 consolidated pretax income under GAAP was $323 million compared to $79 million in 2022. The improvement is due to $780 million in increased operating revenue, partially offset by $456 million in increased operating expenses and $80 million in increased non-operating expenses. Increased operating revenue and operating expenses were primarily driven by the continued recovery in air travel demand.
See “Results of Operations” below for further discussion of changes in revenue and operating expenses as compared to 2022, and our reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measure. A glossary of financial terms can be found at the end of Item 1.
Flight 1282 and B737-9 Updates
On January 5, 2024, Alaska temporarily grounded its fleet of 65 B737-9 aircraft in response to an accident in which a plug door detached from the fuselage en-route from Portland, Oregon to Ontario, California. On January 24, 2024, the FAA provided detailed instructions to operators to inspect each aircraft before returning them to service. These inspections were completed by Alaska maintenance technicians, and all aircraft, excluding the aircraft involved in the accident, were returned to service by early February. We also completed inspections of plug doors on our B737-900ER aircraft in accordance with FAA recommendations and identified one minor issue which was immediately resolved.
The accident remains under investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) to determine the root cause of the plug door failure. The NTSB has issued a preliminary report indicating that certain critical parts were not installed at the time the aircraft was delivered to Alaska. In response to the accident, Alaska has since announced that it will audit Boeing's production quality and control systems, as well as enhance quality oversight of aircraft destined for Alaska's fleet from the Boeing production line. Alaska believes these steps will help ensure quality and safety of every new aircraft delivered. The FAA has also announced increased oversight of Boeing's production facilities, including capping expanded production lines for the B737 MAX aircraft type. We anticipate delivery delays as a result of these actions, however, at this time have not received information regarding updated timelines.
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Labor Update
In 2023, McGee fleet and ramp service employees, represented by IAM, ratified a new contract which is next amendable in 2025. Also in 2023, Alaska executed certain Letters of Agreement (LOA) with its Mainline pilots, represented by ALPA. One LOA increased payouts of unused sick leave upon retirement. As a result of this change, we recorded a one-time special charge of $51 million. Refer to the 'Results of Operations' section below for additional details. The other LOAs provided increased wage rates to certain Airbus pilots and other quality-of-life enhancements through the end of Alaska's operation of Airbus aircraft, and other enhanced pay policies.
Alaska is in negotiations with its flight attendants, represented by AFA, for an updated CBA. A mediator from the National Railway Labor Board has been assigned and is involved in the negotiations. Horizon has begun negotiations with certain labor groups for updated CBAs, including its pilots, represented by IBT; its flight attendants, represented by AFA; and its mechanics, represented by AMFA.
Subsequent to year end, Alaska reached a tentative agreement with its mechanics, represented by AMFA, on a new, 5-year CBA. Voting by Alaska employees on the agreement is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2024.
Outlook
Absent the B737-9 impacts described above, the Company anticipated modest capacity growth of 3% to 5% when compared to 2023. With the current lack of insight into delivery delays that may result from the capped production lines at Boeing, we now anticipate our capacity growth could be at or below the lower end of this range. The company also estimates the grounding of the B737-9 fleet through early February negatively impacted results by at least $150 million. Inclusive of this impact, we expect full year 2024 adjusted earnings per share to range between $3.00 and $5.00.
Our top priority is to safely return our B737-9 fleet back into service, and to restore our schedule to 100%. Additionally, our audits and enhanced quality oversight of Boeing’s production line will mean we take an active role in ensuring every airplane delivered to us meets the highest quality and safety standards. We expect to hold Boeing fully accountable for the impacts of the Flight 1282 accident and the ensuing grounding. As of the date of this filing, we have received initial compensation for the estimated financial losses related to Flight 1282 and the B737-9 grounding, however the terms of a complete settlement have not been finalized. Compensation up to the amounts of lost profits due to short term performance issues in the first quarter of 2024 will be accounted for in 2024 earnings, with any remaining compensation to be accounted for as a reduction of the cost basis in certain aircraft. The terms of the initial compensation and to-be-finalized settlement are confidential, but are intended to address the financial damages associated with the accident and grounding.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
ADJUSTED (NON-GAAP) RESULTS AND PER-SHARE AMOUNTS
We believe disclosure of earnings excluding the impact of aircraft fuel and special items is useful information to investors because:
•By excluding fuel expense and special items from our unit metrics, we believe that we have better visibility into the results of operations as we focus on cost-reduction and productivity initiatives. Our industry is highly competitive and is characterized by high fixed costs, so even a small reduction in non-fuel operating costs can lead to a significant improvement in operating results. In addition, we believe that all domestic carriers are similarly impacted by changes in jet fuel costs over the long run, so it is important for management (and thus investors) to understand the impact of (and trends in) company-specific cost drivers, such as productivity, airport costs, maintenance costs, etc., which are more controllable by management.
•Cost per ASM (CASM) excluding fuel and special items is one of the most important measures used by management and by our Board of Directors in assessing quarterly and annual cost performance.
•CASM excluding fuel and special items is a measure commonly used by industry analysts and we believe it is an important metric by which they have historically compared our airline to others in the industry. The measure is also the subject of frequent questions from investors.
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•Adjusted income before income tax (and other items as specified in our plan documents) is an important metric for the employee annual incentive plan, which covers the majority of employees within the Alaska Air Group organization.
•Disclosure of the individual impact of certain noted items provides investors the ability to measure and monitor performance both with and without these special items. We believe that disclosing the impact of these items as noted above is important because it provides information on significant items that are not necessarily indicative of future performance. Industry analysts and investors consistently measure our performance without these items for better comparability between periods and among other airlines.
•Although we disclose our unit revenue, we do not, nor are we able to, evaluate unit revenue excluding the impact that changes in fuel costs have had on ticket prices. Fuel expense represents a large percentage of our total operating expenses. Fluctuations in fuel prices often drive changes in unit revenue in the mid-to-long term. Although we believe it is useful to evaluate non-fuel unit costs for the reasons noted above, we would caution readers of these financial statements not to place undue reliance on unit costs excluding fuel as a measure or predictor of future profitability because of the significant impact of fuel costs on our business.
Although we are presenting these non-GAAP amounts for the reasons above, investors and other readers should not necessarily conclude that these amounts are nonrecurring, infrequent, or unusual in nature.
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OPERATING STATISTICS SUMMARY (unaudited)
Below are operating statistics we use to measure performance.

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  |  |  |
Consolidated Operating Statistics:(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue passengers (000) | 44,557 |  | 41,468 |  | 7% |  |  |  |
RPMs (000,000) "traffic" | 57,362 |  | 51,330 |  | 12% |  |  |  |
ASMs (000,000) "capacity" | 68,524 |  | 60,773 |  | 13% |  |  |  |
Load factor | 83.7% |  | 84.5% |  | (0.8) pts |  |  |  |
Yield | 16.61¢ |  | 17.16¢ |  | (3)% |  |  |  |
RASM | 15.21¢ |  | 15.87¢ |  | (4)% |  |  |  |
CASMex(b) | 10.14¢ |  | 10.41¢ |  | (3)% |  |  |  |
Economic fuel cost per gallon(b) | $3.21 |  | $3.42 |  | (6)% |  |  |  |
Fuel gallons (000,000) | 824 |  | 758 |  | 9% |  |  |  |
ASMs per gallon | 83.2 |  | 80.2 |  | 4% |  |  |  |
Departures (000) | 414 |  | 404 |  | 2% |  |  |  |
Average full-time equivalent employees (FTEs) | 23,319 |  | 22,564 |  | 3% |  |  |  |
Mainline Operating Statistics: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue passengers (000) | 35,307 |  | 31,795 |  | 11% |  |  |  |
RPMs (000,000) "traffic" | 52,975 |  | 46,812 |  | 13% |  |  |  |
ASMs (000,000) "capacity" | 63,292 |  | 55,224 |  | 15% |  |  |  |
Load factor | 83.7% |  | 84.8% |  | (1.1) pts |  |  |  |
Yield | 15.28¢ |  | 15.92¢ |  | (4)% |  |  |  |
RASM | 14.12¢ |  | 14.91¢ |  | (5)% |  |  |  |
CASMex(b) | 9.23¢ |  | 9.45¢ |  | (2)% |  |  |  |
Economic fuel cost per gallon(b) | $3.18 |  | $3.40 |  | (6)% |  |  |  |
Fuel gallons (000,000) | 713 |  | 646 |  | 10% |  |  |  |
ASMs per gallon | 88.8 |  | 85.5 |  | 4% |  |  |  |
Departures (000) | 268 |  | 244 |  | 10% |  |  |  |
Average full-time equivalent employees (FTEs) | 18,129 |  | 17,224 |  | 5% |  |  |  |
Aircraft utilization | 11.4 |  | 9.9 |  | 15% |  |  |  |
Average aircraft stage length | 1,387 |  | 1,347 |  | 3% |  |  |  |
Operating fleet(d) | 231 |  | 225 |  | 6 a/c |  |  |  |
Regional Operating Statistics:(c) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue passengers (000) | 9,250 |  | 9,673 |  | (4)% |  |  |  |
RPMs (000,000) "traffic" | 4,387 |  | 4,518 |  | (3)% |  |  |  |
ASMs (000,000) "capacity" | 5,232 |  | 5,549 |  | (6)% |  |  |  |
Load factor | 83.8% |  | 81.4% |  | 2.4 pts |  |  |  |
Yield | 32.57¢ |  | 29.97¢ |  | 9% |  |  |  |
RASM | 28.26¢ |  | 25.34¢ |  | 12% |  |  |  |
Departures (000) | 146 |  | 160 |  | (9)% |  |  |  |
Operating fleet (d) | 83 |  | 86 |  | (3) a/c |  |  |  |

(a) Except for FTEs, data includes information related to third-party regional capacity purchase flying arrangements.
(b) See reconciliation of this non-GAAP measure to the most directly related GAAP measure in the accompanying pages.
(c) Data presented includes information related to flights operated by Horizon and third-party carriers.
(d) Excludes all aircraft removed from operating service.
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2023 COMPARED WITH 2022
Our consolidated net income for 2023 was $235 million, or $1.83 per share, compared to consolidated net income of $58 million, or $0.45 per share, in 2022.
Excluding the impact of special items and mark-to-market fuel adjustments, our adjusted consolidated net income for 2023 was $583 million, or $4.53 per share, compared to adjusted consolidated net income of $556 million, or $4.35 per share, in 2022. The following table reconciles our adjusted net income per share (EPS) to amounts as reported in accordance with GAAP:

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
(in millions, except per share amounts) | Dollars |  | Diluted EPS |  | Dollars |  | Diluted EPS
GAAP net income per share | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 1.83 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |
Mark-to-market fuel hedge adjustments | (2) |  |  | (0.02) |  |  | 76 |  |  | 0.60 |
Special items - fleet transition and other | 392 |  |  | 3.05 |  |  | 496 |  |  | 3.88 |
Special items - labor and related | 51 |  |  | 0.40 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 0.66 |
Special items - net non-operating | 18 |  |  | 0.14 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Income tax effect of reconciling items above | (111) |  |  | (0.87) |  |  | (158) |  |  | (1.24) |
Non-GAAP adjusted net income per share | $ | 583 |  |  | $ | 4.53 |  |  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | 4.35 |

CASM excluding fuel and special items reconciliation is summarized below:

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
(in cents) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change
Consolidated: |  |  |  |  |
CASM | 14.64 | ¢ |  | 15.76 | ¢ |  | (7)%
Less the following components: |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft fuel, including hedging gains and losses | 3.85 |  |  | 4.39 |  |  | (12)%
Special items - fleet transition and other | 0.57 |  |  | 0.82 |  |  | (30)%
Special items - labor and related | 0.08 |  |  | 0.14 |  |  | (43)%
CASM excluding fuel and special items | 10.14 | ¢ |  | 10.41 | ¢ |  | (3)%
Mainline: |  |  |  |  |
CASM | 13.51 | ¢ |  | 14.42 | ¢ |  | (6)%
Less the following components: |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft fuel, including hedging gains and losses | 3.57 |  |  | 4.11 |  |  | (13)%
Special items - fleet transition and other | 0.63 |  |  | 0.71 |  |  | (11)%
Special items - labor and related | 0.08 |  |  | 0.15 |  |  | (47)%
CASM excluding fuel and special items | 9.23 | ¢ |  | 9.45 | ¢ |  | (2)%

OPERATING REVENUE
Total operating revenue increased $780 million, or 8%, during 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The changes are summarized in the following table:

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change
Passenger revenue | $ | 9,526 |  |  | $ | 8,808 |  |  | 8 | %
Mileage Plan other revenue | 648 |  |  | 590 |  |  | 10 | %
Cargo and other revenue | 252 |  |  | 248 |  |  | 2 | %
Total Operating Revenue | $ | 10,426 |  |  | $ | 9,646 |  |  | 8 | %

Passenger revenue
On a consolidated basis, Passenger revenue for 2023 increased by $718 million, or 8%, on a 12% increase in passenger traffic, partially offset by a 3% decrease in yield. The increase in traffic was driven by greater capacity compared to 2022, as
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incremental departures were primarily operated by larger aircraft in our Mainline fleet. On the product side, revenue generated by first and premium cabins grew 12% as compared to 2022. This growth was offset by softening of yields as a result of excess capacity in domestic markets as demand shifted to international destinations during the summer months.
Mileage Plan other revenue
On a consolidated basis, Mileage Plan other revenue increased $58 million, or 10%, compared to 2022, primarily driven by higher commissions from our bank card partners due to increased spend levels, annual membership fees, and credit card acquisitions.
OPERATING EXPENSES
Total operating expenses increased $456 million, or 5%, compared to 2022. We believe it is useful to summarize operating expenses as follows, which is consistent with the way expenses are reported internally and evaluated by management:

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change
Aircraft fuel, including hedging gains and losses | $ | 2,641 |  |  | $ | 2,668 |  |  | (1) | %
Non-fuel operating expenses, excluding special items | 6,948 |  |  | 6,328 |  |  | 10 | %
Special items - fleet transition and other | 392 |  |  | 496 |  |  | (21) | %
Special items - labor and related | 51 |  |  | 84 |  |  | (39) | %
Total Operating Expenses | $ | 10,032 |  |  | $ | 9,576 |  |  | 5 | %

Aircraft fuel
Aircraft fuel expense includes raw fuel expense (as defined below) plus the effect of mark-to-market adjustments to our fuel hedge portfolio as the value of that portfolio increases and decreases. Our aircraft fuel expense can be volatile because it includes these gains or losses in the value of the underlying instrument as crude oil prices and refining margins increase or decrease. Raw fuel expense is defined as the price that we generally pay at the airport, or the “into-plane” price, including taxes and fees. Raw fuel prices are impacted by world oil prices and refining costs, which can vary by region in the U.S. Raw fuel expense approximates cash paid to suppliers and does not reflect the effect of our fuel hedges.
Aircraft fuel expense decreased $27 million, or 1%, compared to 2022. The elements of the change are illustrated in the following table:

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
(in millions, except for per gallon amounts) | Dollars |  | Cost/Gal |  | Dollars |  | Cost/Gal
Raw or "into-plane" fuel cost | $ | 2,579 |  |  | $ | 3.13 |  |  | $ | 2,761 |  |  | $ | 3.64 |
(Gain)/loss on settled hedges | 64 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | (169) |  |  | (0.22) |
Consolidated economic fuel expense | $ | 2,643 |  |  | $ | 3.21 |  |  | $ | 2,592 |  |  | $ | 3.42 |
Mark-to-market fuel hedge adjustments | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | 76 |  |  | 0.10 |
GAAP fuel expense | $ | 2,641 |  |  | $ | 3.21 |  |  | $ | 2,668 |  |  | $ | 3.52 |
Fuel gallons |  |  | 824 |  |  |  |  | 758 |

Raw fuel expense decreased 7% in 2023 compared to 2022, due to lower per gallon costs, partially offset by increased fuel consumption. Raw fuel expense per gallon decreased 14% due to lower all-in jet fuel prices. Jet fuel prices are impacted by the price of crude oil and refining margins associated with the conversion of crude oil to jet fuel, both of which have decreased in 2023 compared to 2022. Fuel gallons consumed increased 9%, driven by a 13% increase in capacity.
We also evaluate economic fuel expense, which we define as raw fuel expense adjusted for the cash we receive from hedge counterparties for hedges that settle during the period and for the premium expense that we paid for those contracts. A key difference between aircraft fuel expense and economic fuel expense is the timing of gain or loss recognition on our hedge portfolio. Economic fuel expense includes gains and losses only when they are realized for those contracts that were settled during the period based on their original contract terms. We believe this is the best measure of the effect that fuel prices are currently having on our business as it most closely approximates the net cash outflow associated with purchasing fuel for our
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operations. Accordingly, many industry analysts evaluate our results using this measure, and it is the basis for most internal management reporting and incentive pay plans.
Losses recognized for hedges that settled during the year were $64 million in 2023, compared to gains of $169 million in 2022. These amounts represent cash paid for premium expense, offset by any cash received from those hedges at settlement.
In the fourth quarter of 2023, we suspended our crude oil hedge program. Our final option position will settle in the first quarter of 2025.
We expect our economic fuel cost per gallon in the first quarter of 2024 to range between $2.85 and $2.95 per gallon.
Non-fuel expenses

| Twelve Months Ended December 31, |  |
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change |  |
Wages and benefits | $ | 3,041 |  |  | $ | 2,640 |  |  | 15 | % |  |
Variable incentive pay | 200 |  |  | 257 |  |  | (22) | % |  |
Aircraft maintenance | 488 |  |  | 424 |  |  | 15 | % |  |
Aircraft rent | 208 |  |  | 291 |  |  | (29) | % |  |
Landing fees and other rentals | 680 |  |  | 581 |  |  | 17 | % |  |
Contracted services | 389 |  |  | 329 |  |  | 18 | % |  |
Selling expenses | 303 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 3 | % |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 451 |  |  | 415 |  |  | 9 | % |  |
Food and beverage service | 241 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 22 | % |  |
Third-party regional carrier expense | 218 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 20 | % |  |
Other | 729 |  |  | 717 |  |  | 2 | % |  |
Total non-fuel operating expenses, excluding special items | $ | 6,948 |  |  | $ | 6,328 |  |  | 10 | % |  |

Wages and benefits
Wages and benefits expense increased during 2023 by $401 million, or 15%, compared to 2022. The primary components of wages and benefits are shown in the following table:

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Change
Wages | $ | 2,333 |  |  | $ | 2,024 |  |  | 15 | %
Payroll taxes | 162 |  |  | 148 |  |  | 9 | %
Medical and other benefits | 314 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 19 | %
Defined contribution plans | 203 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 27 | %
Pension - Defined benefit plans | 29 |  |  | 45 |  |  | (36) | %
Total Wages and benefits | $ | 3,041 |  |  | $ | 2,640 |  |  | 15 | %

Wages increased $309 million, or 15%, on 3% growth in FTEs. When combined with FTE increases, higher wage rates drove incremental year-over-year expense for wages and payroll taxes. Annual step increases, as well as a market rate adjustment for Mainline pilots per the terms of the current CBA, were the primary drivers of higher wage rates. Higher stock-based compensation also contributed to the increase in wages, driven by additional stock award grants within the period.
Increased expense for medical and other benefits was primarily driven by an increase in claims compared to the prior year and incremental FTEs. Incremental expense for defined contribution plans was driven by the change in wages as well as higher matching contributions for several labor groups. Decreased defined benefit expense was driven by changes in actuarial assumptions.
We expect wages and benefits expense to be higher in 2024 due to increases in wage rates. Wages and benefits could also increase further in 2024 due to future agreements we may reach with represented labor groups.
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Variable incentive pay
Variable incentive pay expense decreased $57 million, or 22%, compared to 2022. The decrease is driven by reduced payouts under the Performance-Based Pay Plan due to decreased achievement of certain targets, partially offset by a higher overall employee wage base.
Aircraft maintenance
Aircraft maintenance expense increased $64 million, or 15%, compared to 2022. The increase was primarily driven by the new power-by-the-hour contract for B737-900ER engines and increased aircraft utilization, partially offset by $35 million of lease return costs in the first quarter of 2022 that did not recur in 2023 as all lease return costs associated with the Company's fleet transition have been recorded to Special items - fleet transition and other since the announcement of our fleet transition plan in the second quarter of 2022.
We expect aircraft maintenance expense to be higher in 2024 due to fleet growth and a new contract effective in 2024 for certain E175 engines.
Aircraft rent
Aircraft rent expense decreased $83 million, or 29%, compared to 2022. The decrease was driven by the retirement of all Airbus aircraft from our operating fleet by the third quarter of 2023. These decreases were partially offset by delivery of four leased B737-9 aircraft in 2023.
We expect aircraft rent to decrease in 2024 driven by a reduction in leased aircraft as a result of exiting the Airbus fleet, partially offset by the annualization of expense for leased aircraft deliveries in 2023.
Landing fees and other rentals
Landing fees and other rental expense increased $99 million, or 17%, compared to 2022. The increase was primarily driven by higher terminal rent costs resulting from both rate and volume increases at many airports. Landing fees also increased due to higher rates and larger landing weights due a shift in the mix of flying from Regional to Mainline and upgauging our fleet.
We expect landing fees and other rentals to increase in 2024 as we continue to increase capacity and departures across our network.
Contracted services
Contracted services expense increased by $60 million, or 18%, compared to 2022, primarily driven by higher rates charged by vendors for services as well as an increase in passengers.
We expect contracted services to increase in 2024 as we continue to increase capacity and departures throughout our network.
Food and beverage service
Food and beverage service expense increased by $44 million, or 22%, compared to 2022, primarily driven by a combination of a 7% increase in passengers and higher costs for food, food service supplies, and transportation.
We expect food and beverage service to increase in 2024 as we continue to increase capacity and departures throughout our network.
Third-party regional carrier expense
Third-party regional carrier expense, which represents payments made to SkyWest under our CPA, increased $36 million, or 20%, in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase in third-party regional carrier expense is driven by incremental SkyWest-operated departures. SkyWest departures have risen due to the annualization of ten E175 aircraft operating under the CPA which were delivered during the first half of 2022. Higher wage rates for flight crews have also contributed to the increase.
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Special items
We recorded expenses associated with fleet transition activities of $392 million in 2023. Refer to Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.
We also recorded a nonrecurring expense of $51 million in 2023 due to a Letter of Agreement with Alaska pilots, represented by ALPA. The charge is a one-time adjustment of accrued benefits related to expected future cash payments of pilots' unused sick leave upon retirement.
ADDITIONAL SEGMENT INFORMATION
Refer to Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements for a detailed description of each segment. Below is a summary of each segment's profitability.
Mainline
Mainline operations reported an adjusted pretax income of $820 million in 2023, compared to an adjusted pretax income of $855 million in 2022. The $35 million decrease was driven by a $625 million increase in non-fuel operating expense, a $69 million increase in fuel expense, and a $45 million increase in non-operating expense, partially offset by a $704 million increase in operating revenue.
Compared to the prior year, non-fuel operating expenses increased due largely to higher wage rates and higher variable costs consistent with growth in capacity and departures. Additional gallons consumed and losses from settled hedges compared to gains in the prior year drove the increase in fuel expense. Non-operating expense increased primarily driven by increases to certain components of pension expense. Higher operating revenue was primarily attributable to a 13% increase in traffic consistent with growth in capacity, as well as continued strength in the Mileage Plan program.
Regional
Regional operations reported an adjusted pretax loss of $22 million in 2023, compared to an adjusted pretax loss of $76 million in 2022. Improved results were driven by a $72 million increase in operating revenue, attributable to a higher yield compared to the prior year, as well as decreased fuel expense on a lower price per gallon.
Horizon
Horizon reported an adjusted pretax loss of $11 million in 2023, compared to an adjusted pretax loss of $46 million in 2022. Improved results were attributable to decreased operating expenses consistent with less flying and other cost savings following Horizon’s transition to a single fleet, as well as updates to internal rates under Horizon’s CPA with Alaska. These improvements were partially offset by higher interest expense associated with debt financing of new E175 deliveries in 2023.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our primary sources of liquidity are:
•Existing cash and marketable securities of $1.8 billion;
•Cash flows from operations of $1.1 billion;
•Our Mileage Plan program and 69 unencumbered aircraft which could be financed, if necessary;
•Combined bank line-of-credit facilities, with no outstanding borrowings, of $550 million.
In 2023, we took free and clear delivery of 24 owned B737-9 and one owned B737-8 aircraft. We incurred new debt of $595 million and made debt payments totaling $282 million. We ended the year with a debt-to-capitalization ratio of 46%, within our target range of 40% to 50%. We also resumed share repurchases during the year, spending $145 million in 2023, pursuant to the $1 billion repurchase plan authorized by the Board of Directors in August 2015.
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We believe that our current cash and marketable securities balance, combined with available sources of liquidity, will be sufficient to fund our operations, meet our debt payment obligations, and remain in compliance with the financial debt covenants in existing financing arrangements for the foreseeable future. As our operation normalized in 2023, we made intentional reductions to our outstanding cash and marketable securities balance to move closer to our target liquidity range of $2 billion to $2.4 billion, inclusive of undrawn lines of credit.
In our cash and marketable securities portfolio, we invest only in securities that meet our primary investment strategy of maintaining and securing investment principal. The portfolio is managed by reputable firms that adhere to our investment policy that sets forth investment objectives, approved and prohibited investments, and duration and credit quality guidelines. Our policy, and the portfolio managers, are continually reviewed to ensure that the investments are aligned with our strategy.
The table below presents the major indicators of our financial condition and liquidity:

(in millions) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | Change
Cash and marketable securities | $ | 1,791 |  |  | $ | 2,417 |  |  | (26)%
Cash, marketable securities, and unused lines of credit as a percentage of trailing twelve months' revenue | 22 | % |  | 29 | % |  | (7) pts
Long-term debt, net of current portion | $ | 2,182 |  |  | $ | 1,883 |  |  | 16%
Shareholders’ equity | $ | 4,113 |  |  | $ | 3,816 |  |  | 8%

Debt-to-capitalization, including operating and finance leases

(in millions) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | Change
Long-term debt, net of current portion | $ | 2,182 |  |  | $ | 1,883 |  |  | 16%
Capitalized operating leases | 1,283 |  |  | 1,621 |  |  | (21)%
Capitalized finance leases(a) | 64 |  |  | — |  |  | NM
Adjusted debt, net of current portion of long-term debt | $ | 3,529 |  |  | $ | 3,504 |  |  | 1%
Shareholders' equity | 4,113 |  |  | 3,816 |  |  | 8%
Total invested capital | $ | 7,642 |  |  | $ | 7,320 |  |  | 4%
Debt-to-capitalization, including operating and finance leases | 46% |  | 48% |  |

(a) To best reflect our leverage at December 31, 2023, we included our capitalized finance leases balance, which is recognized within the Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases line in the consolidated balance sheets.
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Adjusted net debt to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, special items, and rent

(in millions) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases | $ | 353 |  |  | $ | 276 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities | 158 |  |  | 228 |
Long-term debt | 2,182 |  |  | 1,883 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities, net of current portion | 1,125 |  |  | 1,393 |
Total adjusted debt | 3,818 |  |  | 3,780 |
Less: Cash and marketable securities | (1,791) |  |  | (2,417) |
Adjusted net debt | $ | 2,027 |  |  | $ | 1,363 |
(in millions) | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
GAAP Operating Income | $ | 394 |  |  | $ | 70 |
Adjusted for: |  |  |
Special items | 443 |  |  | 580 |
Mark-to-market fuel hedge adjustments | (2) |  |  | 76 |
Depreciation and amortization | 451 |  |  | 415 |
Aircraft rent | 208 |  |  | 291 |
EBITDAR | $ | 1,494 |  |  | $ | 1,432 |
Adjusted net debt to EBITDAR | 1.4x |  | 1.0x

The following discussion summarizes the primary drivers of the decrease in our cash and marketable securities balance and our expectation of future cash requirements.
ANALYSIS OF OUR CASH FLOWS
Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities was $1.1 billion in 2023 compared to $1.4 billion in 2022. Cash provided by ticket sales and from our co-branded credit card agreement are the primary sources of our operating cash flow. Our primary use of operating cash flow is for operating expenses, including payments for employee wages and benefits, payments to suppliers for goods and services, and payments to lessors and airport authorities for rents and landing fees. Operating cash flow also includes payments to, or refunds from, federal, state and local taxing authorities.
The $368 million net decrease in our operating cash flows is due to a combination of factors. 2022 operating cash flows included federal income tax refunds of $295 million. Additionally, the Company had increased uses of cash in 2023 on higher operating expenses and on the settlement of certain A321neo operating leases. These amounts were partially offset by an improved net income compared to the prior year.
Cash Used in Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities was $1.0 billion in 2023 compared to $1.2 billion in 2022. The decrease in cash used is primarily driven by reduced capital expenditures for aircraft purchase deposits and other property and equipment, which were $1.5 billion in 2023 compared to $1.7 billion in 2022.
Cash Used in Financing Activities
Cash used in financing activities was $147 million in 2023 compared to $325 million in 2022. The decrease in cash used is driven by a combination of factors. We had debt proceeds in 2023 of $411 million, net of issuance costs, compared to none in the prior year. We made $282 million in debt payments compared to $385 million in the prior year. These changes were partially offset by the resumption of our share repurchase program and other financing activities, which resulted in net cash outflows of $137 million and $139 million, respectively. Other financing activities were largely comprised of settlements of certain A321neo finance leases.
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MATERIAL CASH COMMITMENTS
Material cash requirements include the following contractual and other obligations:
Aircraft Commitments
As of December 31, 2023, Alaska has firm orders to purchase 80 B737 aircraft with deliveries between 2024 and 2027. Alaska also has rights for 105 additional B737 aircraft through 2030.
In January 2024, the FAA ordered the grounding of B737-9 aircraft and mandated inspections to address safety concerns with the aircraft. The FAA has also announced increased oversight of Boeing's production facilities, including capping expanded production lines for the B737 MAX aircraft type. At this time, we are unable to estimate the impact of these events on the timing of contractual deliveries of B737 aircraft. The tables below outlining our expected fleet count by year and anticipated fleet counts are based on contractual terms with Boeing and do not incorporate the impact of potential delivery delays.
As of December 31, 2023, Horizon has commitments to purchase nine E175 aircraft with deliveries between 2024 and 2026. Horizon has options to acquire ten E175 aircraft between 2025 and 2026. The E175 deliveries expected through the end of 2024 are covered under a financing agreement executed in 2023. Capital expenditures for the deliveries in 2024, which are included within aircraft-related commitments in the contractual obligations table below, will be reflected as non-cash transaction in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Subsequent to year end, two of Horizon's ten E175 options expired.
Options will be exercised only if we believe return on invested capital targets can be met over the long term.
The following table summarizes our anticipated fleet count by year, as of December 31, 2023:

| Actual Fleet Count |  | Anticipated Fleet Activity
Aircraft | Dec 31, 2022 |  | Dec 31, 2023 |  | 2024 Changes |  | Dec 31, 2024 |  | 2025 Changes |  | Dec 31, 2025 |  | 2026 Changes |  | Dec 31, 2026
B737-700 Freighters | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
B737-800 Freighters | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
B737-700 | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
B737-800 | 61 |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |
B737-900 | 12 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
B737-900ER | 79 |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |
B737-8 | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |
B737-9 | 37 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | 81 |
B737-10 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 30 |
A320 | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
A321neo | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total Mainline Fleet | 225 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 255 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 278 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 297 |
E175 operated by Horizon | 33 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 50 |
E175 operated by third party | 42 |  |  | 42 |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | 43 |
Q400 operated by Horizon | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total Regional Fleet | 86 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 93 |
Total | 311 |  |  | 314 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 341 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 368 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 390 |

We intend to finance future aircraft deliveries and option exercises using cash flow from operations or long-term debt.
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Fuel Hedge Positions
In the fourth quarter of 2023, we suspended our crude oil hedge program. Existing positions entered into before suspension of the program will settle through the first quarter of 2025. All future oil positions are call options, which are designed to effectively cap the cost of the crude oil component of our jet fuel purchases. With call options, we are hedged against volatile crude oil price increases and, during a period of decline in crude oil prices, we only forfeit cash previously paid for hedge premiums. We have historically hedged up to 50% of our expected consumption. Our crude oil positions are as follows:

| Approximate % of Expected Fuel Requirements |  | Weighted-Average Crude Oil Price per Barrel |  | Average Premium Cost per Barrel
First Quarter 2024 | 50% |  | $90 |  | $5
Second Quarter 2024 | 40% |  | $90 |  | $5
Third Quarter 2024 | 30% |  | $88 |  | $5
Fourth Quarter 2024 | 20% |  | $87 |  | $5
Full Year 2024 | 35% |  | $89 |  | $5
First Quarter 2025 | 10% |  | $92 |  | $5
Full Year 2025 | 2% |  | $92 |  | $5

Contractual Obligations
The following table provides a summary of our obligations as of December 31, 2023. For agreements with variable terms, amounts included reflect our minimum obligations. Discussion of these obligations follow the table below.

(in millions) | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | Beyond |  | Total
Debt obligations | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 351 |  |  | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 630 |  |  | $ | 114 |  |  | $ | 790 |  |  | $ | 2,486 |
Lease commitments(a) | 289 |  |  | 199 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 186 |  |  | 703 |  |  | 1,775 |
Aircraft-related commitments(b) | 1,252 |  |  | 1,366 |  |  | 1,097 |  |  | 600 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 716 |  |  | 5,182 |
Interest obligations(c) | 125 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 542 |
CPA and other obligations | 235 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 224 |  |  | 220 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 515 |  |  | 1,647 |
Total | $ | 2,195 |  |  | $ | 2,249 |  |  | $ | 1,926 |  |  | $ | 1,733 |  |  | $ | 717 |  |  | $ | 2,812 |  |  | $ | 11,632 |

(a) Lease commitments include minimum payments for aircraft operated under operating leases and aircraft removed from operating service which remain under operating and finance leases, as we have remaining cash obligations under existing terms. It also includes minimum lease payments for facilities.
(b) Includes contractual commitments for aircraft, engines, and aircraft maintenance. Option deliveries are excluded from minimum commitments until exercise.
(c) For variable-rate debt, future obligations are shown above using interest rates forecast as of December 31, 2023.
Debt Obligations and Interest Obligations
The Company primarily issues debt to fund purchases of aircraft or other capital expenditures. In 2023, the Company incurred new debt of $595 million and repaid $282 million in existing debt. At December 31, 2023 and inclusive of the impact of our interest rate swaps, our debt portfolio carries a weighted average interest rate of 4.4%. Interest is paid with regular debt service. Refer to Note 6 to the consolidated financial statement for further discussion of our debt and interest balances.
CPA and Other Obligations
We have obligations primarily associated with our capacity purchase agreements between Alaska and SkyWest, as well as other various sponsorship agreements and investment commitments.
Leased Aircraft Return Costs
For many of our leased aircraft, contractual terms require us to return the aircraft in a specified state. As a result of these contractual terms, we may incur significant costs to return aircraft at the termination of the lease. Costs to return leased aircraft are accrued when the costs are probable and reasonably estimable, usually over the twelve months prior to the lease return, unless a determination is made to remove the leased asset from operation. If the leased aircraft is removed from the operating
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fleet, the estimated cost to return is accrued at the time of removal. If a leased aircraft has a known early retirement date in the future, the estimated cost to return is accrued through the retirement date. Lease return accrual estimates are based on the time remaining on the lease, planned aircraft usage, and the provisions included in the lease agreement, although the actual amount due to any lessor upon return may not be known with certainty until lease termination. A total of $112 million is accrued for lease returns at December 31, 2023, including costs recorded in prior year periods, and the full balance is included within Other accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.
Credit Card Agreements
Alaska has agreements with a number of credit card companies to process the sale of tickets and other services. Under these agreements, there are material adverse change clauses that, if triggered, could result in the credit card companies holding back a reserve from our credit card receivables. Under one such agreement, we could be required to maintain a reserve if our credit rating is downgraded to or below a rating specified by the agreement or our cash and marketable securities balance fell below $500 million. Under another such agreement, we could be required to maintain a reserve if our cash and marketable securities balance fell below $500 million. We are not currently required to maintain any reserve under these agreements, but if we were, our financial position and liquidity could be materially harmed.
Sustainability Commitments
As part of our efforts to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2040, we have outlined a five-part path that includes operational efficiency, fleet renewal, sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), investing in new technologies, and using credible offsetting and removal technologies to close the gaps to our emissions target in future years. We anticipate these efforts will require cash outlays, not all of which are reflected in our contractual commitments. Finding and establishing relationships with suppliers to meet these commitments is in process. Currently, Alaska has agreements to purchase approximately 200 million gallons of neat SAF to be delivered through 2030. These agreements are dependent on suppliers' ability to obtain all required governmental and regulatory approvals, achieve commercial operation, and produce sufficient quantities of SAF. Financial commitments that have been contractually established and have defined minimum obligations, including those related to Alaska Star Ventures, are included within the CPA and other obligations row in the above table.
Income Taxes
For federal income tax purposes, the majority of our property and equipment are fully depreciated over a seven-year life using an accelerated depreciation method or bonus depreciation, if available. For financial reporting purposes, the majority of our assets are depreciated over 15 to 25 years to an estimated salvage value using the straight-line basis. This difference has created a significant deferred tax liability. At some point in the future, the property and equipment difference will reverse into taxable income, potentially resulting in an increase in income taxes payable.
While it is possible that we could have material cash obligations for this deferred liability at some point in the future, we cannot estimate the timing of long-term cash flows with reasonable accuracy. Taxable income and cash taxes payable in the short term are impacted by many items, including the amount of book income generated (which can be volatile depending on revenue and fuel prices, among other factors out of our control), whether bonus depreciation provisions are available, as well as other legislative changes beyond our control. We believe we have the liquidity to make our future tax payments.
Proposed Acquisition of Hawaiian Holdings Inc.
On December 2, 2023, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Hawaiian Holdings, Inc. (Hawaiian). The Company has agreed to pay Hawaiian's shareholders $18.00 per share, or approximately $1.0 billion, in cash for the outstanding shares of Hawaiian Holdings, Inc. In addition, the Company expects to assume Hawaiian's debt and lease obligations on the date of acquisition. The acquisition is subject to approval by Hawaiian's shareholders and various regulatory bodies, among other customary closing conditions. The Company expects to fund this acquisition through a combination of existing cash and marketable securities, new debt, as well as other available sources of liquidity.
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
The discussion and analysis of our financial position and results of operations in this MD&A are based upon our consolidated financial statements. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our financial position and results of operations. See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for a description of our significant accounting policies.
Critical accounting estimates are defined as those that reflect significant management judgment and uncertainties and that potentially may lead to materially different results under varying assumptions and conditions. Management has identified the following critical accounting estimate and has discussed the development, selection and disclosure of these policies with our audit committee.
FREQUENT FLYER PROGRAMS
Alaska's Mileage Plan loyalty program awards mileage credits, referred to as miles, to members who fly on our airlines and our airline partners. We also sell services, including miles for transportation, Companion Fare™ certificates, priority boarding, bag fee waivers, and access to our brand and customer lists to major banks that offer Alaska co-branded credit cards. To a lesser extent, miles for transportation are also sold to other non-airline partners, such as hotels, and car rental agencies. Outstanding miles may be redeemed for travel on our airlines or eligible airline partners, and for non-airline products such as hotels. The existence of outstanding miles held by Mileage Plan members represents an obligation to provide future travel.
Mileage credits and the various other services we sell under our loyalty program represent performance obligations that are part of a multiple deliverable revenue arrangement. Accounting guidance requires that we use a relative standalone selling price model to allocate consideration received to the material performance obligations in these contracts. Our relative standalone selling price models are refreshed when contracts originate or are materially modified.
At December 31, 2023, we had approximately 341 billion miles outstanding, resulting in an aggregate deferred revenue balance of $2.6 billion. The deferred revenue resulting from our relative selling price allocations requires significant management judgment. There are uncertainties inherent in these estimates. Therefore, different assumptions could affect the amount and/or timing of revenue recognition or expenses. The most significant assumptions are described below.
1. The rate at which we defer sales proceeds related to services sold:
We estimate the standalone selling price for each performance obligation, including mileage credits, by considering multiple inputs and methods, including but not limited to, the estimated selling price of comparable travel, discounted cash flows, brand value, published selling prices, number of miles awarded, and the number of miles redeemed. We estimate the selling prices and volumes over the terms of the agreements in order to determine the allocation of proceeds to each of the multiple deliverables.
2. The number of miles that will not be redeemed for travel (breakage):
We estimate how many miles will be used per award by employing a relative selling price method to allocate revenue from passenger ticket sales between air transportation and earned mileage credits. The portion attributed to mileage credits is deferred initially and recognized in passenger revenue upon redemption. We determine the estimated value of mileage credits using an equivalent ticket approach, considering historical data on award redemption patterns.
Our estimates are based on the current requirements in our Mileage Plan program and historical and future award redemption patterns.
We review significant Mileage Plan assumptions on an annual basis, or more frequently should circumstances indicate a need, and change our assumptions if facts and circumstances indicate that a change is necessary. The Company regularly updates breakage estimates for the portion of loyalty mileage credits not expected to be redeemed. These estimates are based upon statistical analyses of historical data. A hypothetical 1% change in the amount of outstanding miles estimated to be redeemed would result in an approximately $10 million impact on annual revenue recognized.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We have interest rate risk on our variable rate debt obligations and our available-for-sale marketable investment portfolio, and commodity-price risk in jet fuel required to operate our aircraft fleet. We purchase the majority of our jet fuel at prevailing market prices and have historically sought to manage market risk through execution of our hedging strategy and other means.
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We have market-sensitive instruments in the form of fixed rate debt instruments and financial derivative instruments used to hedge our exposure to crude oil price increases and interest rate increases. We do not purchase or hold any derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.
Aircraft Fuel
Currently, our fuel hedging portfolio consists of crude oil call options. Call options are designed to cap our pricing for the crude oil component of jet fuel, limiting our exposure to increasing fuel prices for about half of our planned fuel consumption. With call options, we are hedged against volatile crude oil price increases, and, during a period of decline in crude oil prices, we only forfeit cash paid for hedge premiums. We estimate that a hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in the forward curve for crude oil prices as of December 31, 2023 would change the fair value of our crude oil hedge portfolio to approximately $26 million or $4 million.
The portfolio value of our fuel hedge contracts was $11 million at December 31, 2023 compared to a portfolio value of $44 million at December 31, 2022. We did not have any collateral held by counterparties on these agreements as of December 31, 2023.
In the fourth quarter of 2023, we suspended our fuel hedge program. Existing positions entered into before the suspension will settle through the first quarter of 2025. We believe refining margins represent a significant source of our fuel expense volatility, particularly given our geographic concentration on the West Coast. We are exploring alternative strategies that will enable fuel cost optimization and mitigate our concentrated reliance on West Coast refineries.
Interest Rates
We have exposure to market risk associated with changes in interest rates related primarily to our debt obligations, which include variable rate instruments, as well as our short-term investment portfolio. In order to mitigate the risk of interest rate fluctuations, we have a number of interest rate swaps that fix the interest rates on certain variable rate debt agreements. A hypothetical 10% change in the average interest rates incurred on average variable rate debt held during 2023 would have correspondingly changed our net earnings and cash flows associated with these items by less than $5 million. Our variable rate debt represents approximately 39% and 24% of our total long-term debt as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Approximately $253 million of the Company's total variable rate notes payable were effectively fixed via interest rate swaps at December 31, 2023.
Our exposure to interest rate variability is further mitigated through our variable rate investment portfolio. We also have investments in marketable securities, which are exposed to market risk associated with changes in interest rates. If short-term interest rates were to average one point more than they did in 2023, interest income would increase by approximately $18 million.
Inflationary Risk
Inflation in the United States remained elevated throughout 2023. Although a portion of our operating costs are subject to contractual escalation caps, a portion are not, and are therefore subject to a greater degree of inflationary pressures. Examples include fuel costs, goods and services for which we do not have existing contracts, wages for employees, airport costs based on cost recovery models, and certain vendor costs that include wage increase clauses, among others. Elevated inflation rates for a prolonged period of time, without a contemporaneous increase our fares at a similar rate, may have a negative impact to our financial results.

ITEM 8. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

50

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Alaska Air Group, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Alaska Air Group, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 14, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Assessment of Mileage Plan model
As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has a Mileage Plan loyalty program which provides frequent flyer travel awards to program members based upon accumulated loyalty mileage credits. The Company utilizes a complex model to account for the Mileage Plan program, which involves numerous inputs and assumptions. Deferred revenues related to the Mileage Plan program were $2.6 billion as of December 31, 2023. Associated Mileage Plan revenues recognized from deferred revenue and recorded in passenger revenue were $1.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023.
We identified the assessment of the Mileage Plan model as a critical audit matter. This was due to the high degree of auditor judgment required to assess that sufficient audit evidence was obtained over the model as well as the key inputs
51

and assumptions used to develop the estimates of Mileage Plan revenue and deferred revenue due to the complex design of the model. Key inputs include miles credited via the co-branded credit card and miles redeemed and key assumptions include estimated breakage and the relative standalone selling prices for performance obligations in a co-branded affinity agreement.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s Mileage Plan model. This included controls related to the integrity of the model as well as the key inputs and key assumptions utilized in the model. We checked the accuracy of key calculations utilized in the Mileage Plan model. We tested the completeness and accuracy of information technology system data used to determine the miles credited via the co-branded credit card and miles redeemed inputs. We considered changes in the Mileage Plan program terms, economic conditions and customer behavior for potential changes in the breakage rate or the relative selling prices for performance obligations in a co-branded affinity agreement. We evaluated fluctuations in Mileage Plan balances in relation to program changes, economic conditions, and observed industry trends and events.
In addition, we evaluated the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained over the Mileage Plan model by assessing the results of procedures performed.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2004.
Seattle, Washington
February 14, 2024
52

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

As of December 31 (in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022
ASSETS |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 281 |  |  | $ | 338 |
Marketable securities | 1,510 |  |  | 2,079
Total cash and marketable securities | 1,791 |  |  | 2,417
Receivables - net | 383 |  |  | 296
Inventories and supplies - net | 116 |  |  | 104
Prepaid expenses | 176 |  |  | 163
Other current assets | 239 |  |  | 60 |
Total Current Assets | 2,705 |  |  | 3,040
Property and Equipment |  |  |
Aircraft and other flight equipment | 10,425 |  |  | 9,053
Other property and equipment | 1,814 |  |  | 1,661
Deposits for future flight equipment | 491 |  |  | 670
| 12,730 |  |  | 11,384
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | 4,342 |  |  | 4,127
Total Property and Equipment - Net | 8,388 |  |  | 7,257
Other Assets |  |  |
Operating lease assets | 1,195 |  |  | 1,471 |
Goodwill and intangible assets | 2,033 |  |  | 2,038 |
Other noncurrent assets | 292 |  |  | 380
Total Other Assets | 3,520 |  |  | 3,889
Total Assets | $ | 14,613 |  |  | $ | 14,186 |

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (continued)

As of December 31 (in millions except share amounts) | 2023 |  | 2022
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 221 |
Accrued wages, vacation and payroll taxes | 584 |  |  | 619
Air traffic liability | 1,136 |  |  | 1,180
Other accrued liabilities | 800 |  |  | 846
Deferred revenue | 1,221 |  |  | 1,123
Current portion of operating lease liabilities | 158 |  |  | 228 |
Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases | 353 |  |  | 276
Total Current Liabilities | 4,459 |  |  | 4,493
Long-Term Debt, Net of Current Portion | 2,182 |  |  | 1,883
Noncurrent Liabilities |  |  |
Long-term operating lease liabilities, net of current portion | 1,125 |  |  | 1,393 |
Deferred income taxes | 695 |  |  | 574
Deferred revenue | 1,382 |  |  | 1,374
Obligation for pension and post-retirement medical benefits | 362 |  |  | 348
Other liabilities | 295 |  |  | 305
Total Noncurrent Liabilities | 3,859 |  |  | 3,994
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 10) |  |  |
Shareholders' Equity |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, Authorized: 5,000,000 shares, none issued or outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, Authorized: 400,000,000 shares, Issued: 2023 - 138,960,830 shares; 2022 - 136,883,042 shares, Outstanding: 2023 - 126,090,353 shares; 2022 - 127,533,916 shares | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Capital in excess of par value | 695 |  |  | 577 |
Treasury stock (common), at cost: 2023 - 12,870,477 shares; 2022 - 9,349,944 shares | (819) |  |  | (674)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (299) |  |  | (388)
Retained earnings | 4,535 |  |  | 4,300
| 4,113 |  |  | 3,816
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity | $ | 14,613 |  |  | $ | 14,186 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

Year Ended December 31 (in millions, except per share amounts) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating Revenue |  |  |  |  |
Passenger revenue | $ | 9,526 |  |  | $ | 8,808 |  |  | $ | 5,499 |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 648 |  |  | 590 |  |  | 461 |
Cargo and other revenue | 252 |  |  | 248 |  |  | 216 |
Total Operating Revenue | 10,426 |  |  | 9,646 |  |  | 6,176 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |
Wages and benefits | 3,041 |  |  | 2,640 |  |  | 2,218 |
Variable incentive pay | 200 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 151 |
Payroll Support Program grant wage offset | — |  |  | — |  |  | (914) |
Aircraft fuel, including hedging gains and losses | 2,641 |  |  | 2,668 |  |  | 1,279 |
Aircraft maintenance | 488 |  |  | 424 |  |  | 364 |
Aircraft rent | 208 |  |  | 291 |  |  | 254 |
Landing fees and other rentals | 680 |  |  | 581 |  |  | 555 |
Contracted services | 389 |  |  | 329 |  |  | 235 |
Selling expenses | 303 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 173 |
Depreciation and amortization | 451 |  |  | 415 |  |  | 394 |
Food and beverage service | 241 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 139 |
Third-party regional carrier expense | 218 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 147 |
Other | 729 |  |  | 717 |  |  | 507 |
Special items - fleet transition and other | 392 |  |  | 496 |  |  | (1) |
Special items - labor and related | 51 |  |  | 84 |  |  | (10) |
Total Operating Expenses | 10,032 |  |  | 9,576 |  |  | 5,491 |
Operating Income | 394 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 685 |
Non-operating Income (Expense) |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 80 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 25 |
Interest expense | (121) |  |  | (108) |  |  | (128) |
Interest capitalized | 27 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 11 |
Special items - net non-operating | (18) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other - net | (39) |  |  | 50 |  |  | 36 |
Total Non-operating Income (Expense) | (71) |  |  | 9 |  |  | (56) |
Income Before Income Tax | 323 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 629 |
Income tax expense | 88 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 151 |
Net Income | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 478 |
Basic Earnings Per Share | $ | 1.84 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |  |  | $ | 3.82 |
Diluted Earnings Per Share | $ | 1.83 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 3.77 |
Shares used for computation: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 127.375 |  |  | 126.657 |  |  | 125.063 |
Diluted | 128.708 |  |  | 127.899 |  |  | 126.775 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
55

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE OPERATIONS

Year Ended December 31 (in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net Income | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 478 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  |
Marketable securities | 46 |  |  | (76) |  |  | (27) |
Employee benefit plans | 48 |  |  | (67) |  |  | 246 |
Interest rate derivative instruments | (5) |  |  | 17 |  |  | 13 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 89 |  |  | (126) |  |  | 232 |
Total Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | (68) |  |  | $ | 710 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

(in millions) | Common Stock Outstanding |  | Common Stock |  | Capital in Excess of Par Value |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2020 | 124.217 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 391 |  |  | $ | (674) |  |  | $ | (494) |  |  | $ | 3,764 |  |  | $ | 2,988 |
2021 net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 478 |  |  | 478 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 232 |  |  | — |  |  | 232 |
Stock-based compensation | 0.010 |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |
CARES Act warrant issuances | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan | 1.255 |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |
Stock issued under stock plans | 0.424 |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 125.906 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 494 |  |  | $ | (674) |  |  | $ | (262) |  |  | $ | 4,242 |  |  | $ | 3,801 |
2022 net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | 58 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (126) |  |  | — |  |  | (126) |
Stock-based compensation | 0.017 |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |
Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan | 1.293 |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |
Stock issued under stock plans | 0.318 |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 127.534 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 577 |  |  | $ | (674) |  |  | $ | (388) |  |  | $ | 4,300 |  |  | $ | 3,816 |
2023 net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 235 |  |  | 235 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 89 |  |  | — |  |  | 89 |
Common stock repurchase | (3.521) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (145) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (145) |
Stock-based compensation | 0.017 |  |  | — |  |  | 60 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 60 |
Stock issued for employee stock purchase plan | 1.855 |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |
Stock issued under stock plans | 0.205 |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 126.090 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 695 |  |  | $ | (819) |  |  | $ | (299) |  |  | $ | 4,535 |  |  | $ | 4,113 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
57

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

Year Ended December 31 (in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 478 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 451 |  |  | 415 |  |  | 394 |
Stock-based compensation and other | 85 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 51 |
Special items - fleet transition and other | 371 |  |  | 496 |  |  | (1) |
Special items - labor and related | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Special items - restructuring charges | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10) |
Changes in certain assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Changes in deferred income taxes | 81 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 104 |
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable | (19) |  |  | (45) |  |  | (69) |
Increase (decrease) in air traffic liability | (44) |  |  | 17 |  |  | 90 |
Increase in deferred revenue | 106 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 81 |
Pension contribution | — |  |  | — |  |  | (100) |
Federal income tax refund | — |  |  | 295 |  |  | 3 |
Other - net | (267) |  |  | (21) |  |  | 9 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 1,050 |  |  | 1,418 |  |  | 1,030 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Property and equipment additions |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft and aircraft purchase deposits | (1,055) |  |  | (1,272) |  |  | (68) |
Other flight equipment | (197) |  |  | (208) |  |  | (126) |
Other property and equipment | (242) |  |  | (191) |  |  | (98) |
Total property and equipment additions | (1,494) |  |  | (1,671) |  |  | (292) |
Purchases of marketable securities | (536) |  |  | (1,797) |  |  | (4,301) |
Sales and maturities of marketable securities | 1,152 |  |  | 2,252 |  |  | 3,595 |
Proceeds from disposition of assets | 32 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |
Other investing activities | (118) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (12) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (964) |  |  | (1,218) |  |  | (1,008) |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net of issuance costs | 411 |  |  | — |  |  | 363 |
Long-term debt payments | (282) |  |  | (385) |  |  | (1,334) |
Common stock repurchases | (137) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other financing activities | (139) |  |  | 60 |  |  | 57 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (147) |  |  | (325) |  |  | (914) |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (61) |  |  | (125) |  |  | (892) |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period | 369 |  |  | 494 |  |  | 1,386 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | 369 |  |  | $ | 494 |

58

Year Ended December 31 (in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Supplemental disclosure: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |
Interest, net of amount capitalized | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 109 |
Income taxes, net of refunds received | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |
Non-cash transactions: |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets acquired through operating leases | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | 461 |  |  | $ | 273 |
Operating leases converted to finance leases | 505 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Property and equipment acquired through the issuance of debt | 179 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 281 |  |  | $ | 338 |  |  | $ | 470 |
Restricted cash included in Other noncurrent assets | 27 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 24 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | 369 |  |  | $ | 494 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
59

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1. GENERAL AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Organization and Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Alaska Air Group (Air Group, or the Company), and its primary subsidiaries, Alaska Airlines, Inc. (Alaska) and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. (Horizon). Our consolidated financial statements also include McGee Air Services, a ground services subsidiary of Alaska. The Company conducts substantially all of its operations through these subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. These financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and their preparation requires the use of management’s estimates. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Certain rows, columns, figures, or percentages may not recalculate due to rounding.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, such as money market funds, commercial paper and certificates of deposit. They are carried at cost, which approximates market value. The Company reduces cash balances when funds are disbursed. Due to the time delay in funds clearing the banks, the Company normally maintains a negative balance in its cash disbursement accounts, which is reported as a current liability. The amount of the negative cash balance was $14 million and $9 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and is included in accounts payable, with the change in the balance during the year included in other financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
The Company's restricted cash balances are not material and are classified as Other noncurrent assets. Restricted cash balances are primarily used to guarantee various letters of credit, self-insurance programs, or other contractual rights. They consist of highly liquid securities with original maturities of three months or less. They are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.
Marketable Securities
Investments with original maturities of greater than three months and remaining maturities of less than one year are classified as short-term investments. Investments with maturities beyond one year may be classified as short-term based on their highly liquid nature and because such marketable securities represent the investment of cash that is available for current operations. All cash equivalents and short-term investments are classified as available-for-sale and realized gains and losses are recorded using the specific identification method. Changes in market value are reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
The Company evaluates the investment portfolio on a quarterly basis for expected credit losses. The Company uses a systematic methodology that groups assets by relevant market sector, and considers available quantitative and qualitative evidence in evaluating potential allowances for credit losses. If the cost of an investment exceeds its fair value, management evaluates, among other factors, general market and industry conditions, credit quality of debt instrument issuers, the duration and extent to which the fair value is less than cost, the Company's intent and ability to hold, or plans to sell, the investment. Once a decline in fair value is determined to be the result of an expected credit loss, an allowance is recorded to Other—net in the consolidated statements of operations.
Receivables - net
Receivables primarily consist of amounts due from credit card processors for the sale of passenger tickets, from the Company's affinity card partner for the purchase of miles under our loyalty program, and from taxing authorities for certain tax receivables. Given the nature of these receivables, reserves are immaterial to the overall balance. In 2023, certain A321neos were sold to a third-party with full payment for the aircraft occurring in January 2024. The balance owed to Alaska as of December 31, 2023 for these transactions was classified within Receivables - net.
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Inventories and Supplies - net
Expendable aircraft parts, materials and supplies are stated at average cost and are included in Inventories and supplies - net. An obsolescence allowance for expendable parts is accrued based on estimated lives of the corresponding fleet type and salvage values. The allowance for expendable inventories was $60 million and $55 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Removals from the reserve in 2023 were immaterial. Inventory and supplies - net also includes fuel inventory of $31 million and $38 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Repairable and rotable aircraft parts inventories are included in flight equipment.
Property, Equipment, and Depreciation
Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives less an estimated salvage value, which are as follows:

| Estimated Useful Life | Estimated Salvage Value
Aircraft and other flight equipment: |  |
B737 and E175 aircraft | 20 to 25 years | 10%
Buildings | 25 to 40 years | 10%
Minor building and land improvements | 10 years | —%
Capitalized leases and leasehold improvements | Generally shorter of lease term or estimated useful life | —%
Computer hardware and software | 3 to 10 years | —%
Other furniture and equipment | 5 to 10 years | —%

Near the end of an asset's estimated useful life, management updates the salvage value estimates based on current market conditions and expected use of the asset. Repairable and rotable aircraft parts are included in Aircraft and other flight equipment, and are depreciated over the associated fleet life.
Capitalized interest, based on the Company’s weighted-average borrowing rate, is added to the cost of the related asset, and is depreciated over the estimated useful life of the asset.
The Company evaluates long-lived assets to be held and used for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the total carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. The Company groups assets for purposes of such reviews at the lowest level at which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities, which is generally the fleet level. An impairment loss is considered when estimated future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset or asset group and its eventual disposition are less than its carrying amount. If the asset or asset group is not considered recoverable, a write-down equal to the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value will be recorded. For these purposes, the fair value is estimated using a combination of Level 2 inputs, including published market value estimates for the assets being assessed, and Level 3 inputs, including Company-specific and asset-specific indicators.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of the related net assets acquired in the Company's acquisition of Virgin America and is not amortized. The total balance of goodwill is associated with the Mainline reporting unit. The Company reviews goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an impairment may exist. The assessment utilizes either a qualitative or quantitative approach. The qualitative approach considers factors such as Alaska Air Group market capitalization and other market trends, and unobservable inputs, including Company specific cash flow and performance information. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the asset may be impaired, management utilizes a quantitative approach to assess the asset's fair value and the amount of impairment and a charge may be recorded. In 2023, the fair value of the Mainline reporting unit exceeded its carrying value.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets are comprised primarily of indefinite-lived airport slots recorded in conjunction with the acquisition of Virgin America. Indefinite-lived intangibles were recorded at fair value upon acquisition and are not amortized, but are tested at least annually for impairment using a similar methodology to goodwill, as described above.
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Aircraft Maintenance Deposits
Certain Airbus leases include contractually required maintenance deposit payments to the lessor, which collateralize the lessor for future maintenance events should the Company not perform required maintenance. Most of the lease agreements provide that maintenance deposits are reimbursable upon completion of the major maintenance event in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) the amount qualified for reimbursement from maintenance deposits held by the lessor associated with the specific major maintenance event or (ii) the qualifying costs related to the specific major maintenance event. The Company establishes accounting maintenance deposits as assets on the balance sheet using estimates of the anticipated timing and cost of the specific major maintenance events, such that the accounting deposits do not exceed the amount qualified for reimbursement. Aircraft maintenance deposits recorded on the consolidated balance sheets were $70 million and $140 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, all maintenance deposits are presented within Other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
Any expense associated with aircraft maintenance deposits which may not ultimately be claimable in the standard course of operating the aircraft is included in Aircraft maintenance in the consolidated statements of operations. Following the Company's decision in early 2022 to exit the Airbus fleet before contractual return timelines, expense associated with aircraft maintenance deposits, including impairment of those deposits which will not be claimed, was recognized ratably over the remaining operating period of the respective aircraft, and classified within Special items - fleet transition and other in the consolidated statement of operations. See Note 2 for further discussion of these special items.
Leased Aircraft Return Costs
Costs to return leased aircraft are accrued when the costs are probable and reasonably estimable, usually over the twelve months prior to the lease return, unless a determination is made to remove the leased asset from operation. If the leased aircraft is removed from the operating fleet, the estimated cost to return is accrued at the time of removal. If a leased aircraft has a known early retirement date in the future, the estimated cost to return is accrued through the retirement date. Any accrual is based on the time remaining on the lease, planned aircraft usage, and the provisions included in the lease agreement, although the actual amount due to any lessor upon return may not be known with certainty until lease termination.
As leased aircraft are returned, payments made reduce the outstanding lease return liability. As of December 31, 2023, the total outstanding liability is $112 million and is included in Other accrued liabilities, compared to $186 million included in Other accrued liabilities and $91 million included in Other liabilities as of December 31, 2022.
Expense associated with lease returns in the standard course of operating the aircraft is included in Aircraft maintenance in the consolidated statements of operations. Expense associated with lease returns when aircraft are permanently parked or anticipated to be removed from the fleet before its contractual return date is recorded as a charge at the date the aircraft is permanently parked, regardless of contractual return date, and is classified within Special items - fleet transition and other in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 2 for further discussion of these special items.
Airframe and Engine Maintenance Expense
Maintenance and repairs on our aircraft, other than engine maintenance on certain engines, are expensed when incurred. Major modifications that extend the life or improve the usefulness of aircraft are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated period of use. Maintenance on B737-800, B737-900ER, and E175 engines are covered under power-by-the-hour agreements with third parties, whereby the Company pays a determinable amount, and transfers risk, to a third party. For these agreements, the Company expenses the contract amounts based on engine usage.
Advertising Expenses
The Company's advertising expenses include advertising, sponsorship and promotional costs. Advertising production costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense was $78 million, $85 million, and $63 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company's operations are significantly impacted by changes in aircraft fuel prices and interest rates. In an effort to manage exposure to these risks, the Company has entered into fuel and interest rate derivative instruments. These derivative instruments are recognized at fair value on the balance sheet and changes in the fair value are recognized in AOCL or in the consolidated
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statements of operations, depending on the nature of the instrument. Cash flows related to these derivative instruments are classified as operating cash flows within the consolidated statements of cash flows.
The Company does not apply hedge accounting to its derivative fuel hedge contracts, nor does it hold or issue them for trading purposes. For cash flow hedges related to interest rate swaps, the effective portion of the derivative represents the change in fair value of the hedge that offsets the change in fair value of the hedged item. To the extent the change in the fair value of the hedge does not perfectly offset the change in the fair value of the hedged item, the ineffective portion of the hedge is immediately recognized in interest expense.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company has suspended its crude oil hedge program. Our final position will settle in the first quarter of 2025.
Income Taxes
The Company uses the asset and liability approach for accounting for and reporting income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities, and their respective tax bases and for operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance would be established, if necessary, for the amount of any tax benefits that, based on available evidence, are not expected to be realized. As of December 31, 2023, there is a partial valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets. The Company accounts for unrecognized tax benefits in accordance with the applicable accounting standards.
See Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements for more discussion of income taxes.
Stock-Based Compensation
Accounting standards require companies to recognize expense over the service period based on the fair value of stock options and other equity-based compensation issued to employees estimated as of the grant date. These standards apply to all stock awards that the Company grants to employees as well as the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), which features a look-back provision and allows employees to purchase stock at a 15% discount. All stock-based compensation expense is recorded in wages and benefits in the consolidated statements of operations.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), which requires public entities to disclose information about their reportable segments’ significant expenses and other segment items on an interim and annual basis. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2023-07.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740), which requires public entities to provide disclosure of specific categories in the rate reconciliation, as well as disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction on an annual basis. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2023-09.
NOTE 2. FLEET TRANSITION
In 2022, the Company announced plans to accelerate the transition of its mainline operations to an all-Boeing fleet. It also announced plans to transition its regional operations to an all-Embraer fleet. The removal of all A320 and Q400 aircraft from operating service was completed in January 2023. The removal of all A321neo aircraft from operating service was completed in September 2023. During 2023, Alaska reached agreements with multiple lessors to exit its ten A321neo operating leases and purchase the aircraft. Alaska also reached an agreement to subsequently sell the ten aircraft to a third party. Nine aircraft purchases and eight sales closed by December 31, 2023. The remaining purchase and sales closed in January 2024. As a result of the purchase agreement with the lessor, the operating lease associated with the aircraft that was not purchased by December 31, 2023 was considered modified, and upon evaluation was reclassified as a finance lease.
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Valuation of Long-Lived Assets
The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the total carrying value of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. In 2023, the Company recorded impairment charges of $278 million related to the A321neo fleet, reflecting the amount by which carrying value exceeded fair value of the aircraft. This charge was included within Special items - fleet transition and other in the consolidated statements of operations.
Other Fleet Related Disclosure
As of December 31, 2023, the finance lease associated with the one A321neo that had not been purchased was included within Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases in the consolidated balance sheets. The two A321neo aircraft that had not been sold to the third party as of the balance sheet date were included within Other current assets.
There were also two A321neo aircraft sales to the third party that transacted in 2023 but were not paid in full until January 2024. The receivable balance associated with these transactions was included within Receivables - net on the consolidated balance sheets.
Special charges were also recognized during the year for other fleet transition costs, including accelerated aircraft ownership expenses, certain aircraft maintenance work performed as a result of the fleet retirements, adjustments to estimated costs to return the A320 fleet, and penalty rent for Airbus aircraft which have not yet been returned to the lessor as of the lease expiration date. Interest expense associated with the finance leases of $18 million for 2023 was recognized within Special items - net non-operating in the consolidated statements of operations.
The following table summarizes our special charges for fleet transition costs related to our Airbus and Q400 fleets for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  |  |  | Twelve Months Ended December 31,
(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Impairment of long-lived assets(a) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 268 |  |  | $ | 70 |
Other costs(b) |  |  |  |  |  | 124 |  |  | 426 |
Special items - fleet transition and other |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 392 |  |  | $ | 496 |

(a) Net of immaterial gains associated with the sale of certain Q400 aircraft in 2023 that were previously impaired in 2022.
(b) Inclusive of immaterial activity associated with the agreement to acquire Hawaiian Airlines recorded in 2023 and $15 million associated with certain incremental litigation accrual costs recorded in 2022.
NOTE 3. REVENUE
Ticket revenue is recorded as Passenger revenue, and represents the primary source of the Company's revenue. Also included in Passenger revenue is passenger ancillary revenue such as checked-bag fees, on-board food and beverage, and certain revenue from the frequent flyer program. Mileage Plan other revenue includes brand and marketing revenue from our co-branded credit card and other partners and certain interline frequent flyer revenue, net of commissions. Cargo and other revenue includes freight and mail revenue, and to a lesser extent, other ancillary revenue products such as lounge membership and certain commissions.
The Company disaggregates revenue by segment in Note 14. The level of detail within the Company’s consolidated statements of operations, segment disclosures, and in this footnote depict the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and how cash flows are affected by economic and other factors.
Passenger Ticket and Ancillary Services Revenue
The primary performance obligation on a typical passenger ticket is to provide air travel to the passenger. Ticket revenue is collected in advance of travel and recorded as air traffic liability on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes ticket revenue for each flight segment when the transportation is provided.
Ancillary passenger revenue relates to items such as checked-bag fees and on-board food and beverage sales, all of which are provided at time of flight. As such, the obligation to perform these services is satisfied at the time of travel and is recorded with ticket revenue in Passenger revenue.
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Revenue is also recognized for tickets that are expected to expire unused, a concept referred to as “passenger ticket breakage.” Passenger ticket breakage is recorded at the intended travel date using estimates made at the time of sale based on the Company’s historical experience of expired tickets, and other facts such as program changes and modifications. Differences between advance passenger ticket breakage estimates and actual expirations are recognized as revenue when changes to estimate assumptions are observed or when tickets are no longer valid.
In addition to selling tickets on its own marketed flights, Alaska has interline agreements with partner airlines under which it sells multi-city tickets with one or more segments of the trip flown by a partner airline, or it operates a connecting flight sold by a partner airline. Each segment in a connecting flight represents a separate performance obligation. Revenue on segments sold and operated by the Company is recognized as Passenger revenue in the gross amount of the allocated ticket price when the travel occurs, while the commission paid to the partner airline is recognized as a selling expense when the related transportation is provided. Revenue on segments operated by a partner airline is deferred for the full amount of the consideration received at the time the ticket is sold and, once the segment has been flown the Company records the net amount, after compensating the partner airline, as Cargo and other revenue.
A portion of revenue from the Mileage Plan program is recorded in Passenger revenue. As members are awarded mileage credits on flown tickets, these credits become a distinct performance obligation to the Company. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in a passenger ticket contract on a relative standalone selling price basis. The standalone selling price for loyalty mileage credits issued is discussed in the Loyalty mileage credits section of this Note below. The amount allocated to the mileage credits is deferred on the balance sheet. Once a member travels using a travel award redeemed with mileage credits on one of the Company's airline carriers, the revenue associated with those mileage credits is recorded as Passenger revenue.
Taxes collected from passengers, including transportation excise taxes, airport and security fees, and other fees, are recorded on a net basis within Passenger revenue in the consolidated statements of operations.
Passenger revenue recognized in the consolidated statements of operations (in millions):

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Passenger ticket revenue, net of taxes and fees | $ | 8,016 |  |  | $ | 7,430 |  |  | $ | 4,533 |
Passenger ancillary revenue | 476 |  |  | 447 |  |  | 327 |
Mileage Plan passenger revenue | 1,034 |  |  | 931 |  |  | 639 |
Total Passenger revenue | $ | 9,526 |  |  | $ | 8,808 |  |  | $ | 5,499 |

As passenger tickets and related ancillary services are primarily sold via credit cards, certain amounts due from credit card processors are recorded as airline traffic receivables. These credit card receivables and receivables from our affinity credit card partner represent $243 million and $201 million on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
For performance obligations with performance periods of less than one year, GAAP provides a practical expedient that allows the Company not to disclose the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations and the timing of related revenue recognition. As passenger tickets expire one year from ticketing, if unused or not exchanged, the Company elected to apply this practical expedient.
Mileage Plan Loyalty Program
Loyalty mileage credits
The Company’s Mileage Plan loyalty program provides frequent flyer travel awards to program members based upon accumulated loyalty mileage credits. Mileage credits are earned through travel, purchases using the Mileage Plan co-branded credit card and purchases from other participating partners. Outstanding mileage credits have no expiry date. The Company offers redemption of mileage credits through free, discounted, or upgraded air travel on flights operated by Alaska and its regional partners or on one of its 30 partners, as well as redemption at partner hotels.
The Company uses a relative standalone selling price to allocate consideration to material performance obligations in contracts with customers that include loyalty mileage credits. As directly observable selling prices for mileage credits are not available, the Company determines the standalone selling price of mileage credits primarily using actual ticket purchase prices for similar tickets flown, adjusted for the likelihood of redemption, or breakage. In determining similar tickets flown, the
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Company considers current market prices, class of service, type of award, and other factors. For mileage credits accumulated through travel on partner airlines, the Company uses actual consideration received from the partners.
Revenue related to air transportation is deferred in the amount of the relative standalone selling price allocated to the loyalty mileage credits as they are issued. The Company satisfies its performance obligation when the mileage credits are redeemed and the related air transportation is delivered.
The Company estimates breakage for the portion of loyalty mileage credits not expected to be redeemed using a statistical analysis of historical data, including source of mileage credit earned, slow-moving, and low-credit accounts, among other factors. The Company recognizes breakage proportionally as mileage credits are redeemed. The Company reviews the breakage rate used on an annual basis.
Co-branded credit card agreements and other
In addition to mileage credits, the co-branded credit card agreement, referred to herein as the Agreement, also includes performance obligations for waived bag fees, Companion Fare offers to purchase an additional ticket at a discount, marketing, priority boarding, and the use of intellectual property including the brand (unlimited access to the use of the Company’s brand and frequent flyer member lists), which is the predominant element in the Agreement. The co-branded card bank partner is the customer for some elements, including the brand and marketing, while the Mileage Plan member is the customer for other elements such as mileage credits, bag waivers, priority boarding and companion fares.
At the inception of the Agreement, management estimated the selling price of each of the performance obligations. The objective was to determine the price at which a sale would be transacted if the product or service was sold on a stand-alone basis. The Company determined its best estimate of selling price for each element by considering multiple inputs and methods including, but not limited to, the estimated selling price of comparable travel, discounted cash flows, brand value, published selling prices, number of miles awarded, and number of miles redeemed. The Company estimated the selling prices and volumes over the term of the Agreement in order to determine the allocation of proceeds to each of the multiple deliverables. The estimates of the standalone selling prices of each element do not change subsequent to the original valuation of the contract unless the contract is materially modified, but the allocation between elements may change based upon the actual and updated projected volumes of each element delivered during the term of the contract.
Consideration received from the bank is variable and is primarily from consumer spend on the card, among other items. The Company allocates consideration to each of the performance obligations, including mileage credits, waived bag fees, companion fares, and brand and marketing, using their relative standalone selling price. Because the performance obligation related to providing use of intellectual property including the brand is satisfied over time, it is recognized in Mileage Plan other revenue in the period that those elements are sold. The Company records passenger revenue related to the air transportation and certificates for discounted companion travel when the transportation is delivered.
In contracts with non-bank partners, the Company has identified two performance obligations in most cases - travel and brand. The travel performance obligation is deferred until the transportation is provided in the amount of the estimated standalone selling price of the ticket, less breakage, and the brand performance obligation is recognized using the residual method as commission revenue when the brand element is sold. Mileage credit sales recorded under the residual approach are immaterial to the overall program.
Partner airline loyalty
Alaska has interline arrangements with certain airlines whereby its members may earn and redeem Mileage Plan credits on those airlines, and members of a partner airline’s loyalty program may earn and redeem frequent flyer program credits on flights operated by Alaska and its regional partners. When a Mileage Plan member earns credits on a partner airline, the partner airline remits a contractually-agreed upon fee to the Company which is deferred until credits are redeemed. When a Mileage Plan member redeems credits on a partner airline, the Company pays a contractually agreed upon fee to the other airline, which is netted against the revenue recognized associated with the award travel. When a member of a partner airline redeems frequent flyer credits on Alaska, the partner airline remits a contractually-agreed upon amount to the Company, recognized as Passenger revenue upon travel. If the partner airline’s member earns frequent flyer program credits on an Alaska flight, the Company remits a contractually-agreed upon fee to the partner airline and records a commission expense.
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Mileage Plan revenue included in the consolidated statements of operations (in millions):

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Passenger revenue | $ | 1,034 |  |  | $ | 931 |  |  | $ | 639 |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 648 |  |  | 590 |  |  | 461 |
Total Mileage Plan revenue | $ | 1,682 |  |  | $ | 1,521 |  |  | $ | 1,100 |

Mileage Plan other revenue is primarily brand and marketing revenue from our affinity card products.
Cargo and Other Revenue
The Company provides freight and mail services (cargo). The majority of cargo services are provided to commercial businesses and the United States Postal Service. The Company satisfies cargo service performance obligations and recognizes revenue when the shipment arrives at its final destination, or is transferred to a third-party carrier for delivery.
The Company also earns other revenue for lounge memberships, hotel and car commissions, travel insurance, and certain other immaterial items not intrinsically tied to providing air travel to passengers. Revenue is recognized when these services are rendered and recorded as Cargo and other revenue. The transaction price for Cargo and other revenue is the price paid by the customer.
Cargo and other revenue included in the consolidated statements of operations (in millions):

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cargo revenue | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 124 |
Other revenue | 124 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 92 |
Total Cargo and other revenue | $ | 252 |  |  | $ | 248 |  |  | $ | 216 |

Air Traffic Liability and Deferred Revenue
Passenger ticket and ancillary services liabilities
The Company recognized Passenger revenue of $823 million and $700 million from the 2022 and 2021 year-end air traffic liability balance during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Mileage Plan liabilities
The total deferred revenue liability included on the consolidated balance sheets represents the remaining transaction price that has been allocated to Mileage Plan performance obligations not yet satisfied by the Company. In general, the current amounts will be recognized as revenue within 12 months and the long-term amounts will be recognized as revenue over a period of approximately three to four years. This period of time represents the average time that members have historically taken to earn and redeem miles.
The Company records a receivable for amounts due from the affinity card partner and from other partners as mileage credits are sold until the payments are collected. The Company had $102 million and $83 million of such receivables as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
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Mileage credits are combined into one homogeneous pool and are not specifically identifiable once deposited. As such, loyalty revenue disclosed earlier in this Note are comprised of miles that were part of the deferred revenue and liabilities balances at the beginning of the period and miles that were issued during the period. The table below presents a roll forward of the total frequent flyer liability (in millions):

| Twelve Months Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Total Deferred Revenue balance at January 1 | $ | 2,497 |  |  | $ | 2,358 |
Travel miles and companion certificate redemption - Passenger revenue | (974) |  |  | (878) |
Miles redeemed on partner airlines - Other revenue | (117) |  |  | (65) |
Increase in liability for mileage credits issued | 1,197 |  |  | 1,082 |
Total Deferred Revenue balance at December 31 | $ | 2,603 |  |  | $ | 2,497 |

Selling Costs
Certain costs such as credit card fees, travel agency and other commissions paid, as well as Global Distribution Systems booking fees, are incurred when the Company sells passenger tickets and ancillary services in advance of the travel date. The Company defers such costs and recognizes them as expenses when the travel occurs. Prepaid expense recorded on the consolidated balance sheets for such costs was $35 million and $33 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company recorded related expense on the consolidated statements of operations of $334 million, $311 million and $90 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
NOTE 4. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND RISK MANAGEMENT
Fuel Hedge Contracts
The Company’s operations are dependent upon the price and availability of aircraft fuel. To manage economic risks associated with fluctuations in aircraft fuel prices, the Company has historically entered into call options for crude oil. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding fuel hedge contracts covering approximately 324 million gallons of crude oil that will be settled between January 2024 and March 2025. The hedge program was suspended in the fourth quarter of 2023.
Interest Rate Swap Agreements
The Company is exposed to market risk from adverse changes in variable interest rates on long-term debt. To manage this risk, the Company periodically enters into interest rate swap agreements. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had interest rate swap agreements with third parties designed to hedge the volatility of the underlying variable interest rates on $253 million of debt. All of the interest rate swap agreements stipulate that the Company pay a fixed interest rate and receive a floating interest rate over the term of the underlying contracts. All significant terms of the swap agreements match the terms of the underlying hedged items and have been designated as qualifying hedging instruments, which are accounted for as cash flow hedges.
As qualifying cash flow hedges, the interest rate swaps are recognized at fair value on the balance sheet, and changes in the fair value are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The effective portion of the derivative represents the change in fair value of the hedge that offsets the change in fair value of the hedged item. To the extent the change in fair value of the hedge does not perfectly offset the change in the fair value of the hedged item, the ineffective portion of the hedge is recognized in interest expense, if material.
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Fair Values of Derivative Instruments
Fair values of derivative instruments on the consolidated balance sheet (in millions):

| 2023 |  | 2022
Fuel hedge contracts (not designated as hedges) |  |  |
Other current assets | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 33 |
Other assets | 1 |  |  | 11 |
Interest rate swaps (designated as hedges) |  |  |
Other current assets | 6 |  |  | 8 |
Other noncurrent assets | 2 |  |  | 7 |
(Losses)/gains in accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) | (7) |  |  | 23 |

The net cash paid for fuel hedge positions was $29 million during 2023, compared to net cash received of $130 million during 2022 and net cash received of $38 million during 2021.
Pretax effect of derivative instruments on earnings and AOCL (in millions):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Fuel hedge contracts (not designated as hedges) |  |  |  |  |
(Losses)/gains recognized in Aircraft fuel | $ | (62) |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 104 |
Interest rate swaps (designated as hedges) |  |  |  |  |
(Losses)/gains recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI) | (7) |  |  | 23 |  |  | 17 |

Gains related to interest rate swaps on variable rate debt of $8 million were recognized in interest expense during 2023. The amounts shown as recognized in OCI are prior to the losses recognized in aircraft rent during the period. The Company expects to reclassify from OCI $6 million in interest income within the next twelve months.
NOTE 5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Accounting standards define fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The standards also establish a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 - Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
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Fair Value of Financial Instruments on a Recurring Basis
Fair values of financial instruments on the consolidated balance sheet (in millions):

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | $ | 387 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 387 |  |  | $ | 505 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 505 |
Equity mutual funds | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Foreign government bonds | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 25 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 192 |  |  | 192 |  |  | — |  |  | 261 |  |  | 261 |
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 115 |  |  | 115 |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |  |  | 196 |
Corporate notes and bonds | — |  |  | 763 |  |  | 763 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,025 |  |  | 1,025 |
Municipal securities | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |  |  | 62 |
Total Marketable securities | 392 |  |  | 1,118 |  |  | 1,510 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 1,569 |  |  | 2,079
Derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel hedge contracts - call options | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |  |  | 44 |
Interest rate swap agreements | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |
Total Assets | $ | 392 |  |  | $ | 1,137 |  |  | $ | 1,529 |  |  | $ | 510 |  |  | $ | 1,628 |  |  | $ | 2,138 |

The Company uses the market and income approach to determine the fair value of marketable securities. U.S. government securities and equity mutual funds are Level 1 as the fair value is based on quoted prices in active markets. Foreign government bonds, asset-backed securities, mortgage-backed securities, corporate notes and bonds, and municipal securities are Level 2 as the fair value is based on standard valuation models that are calculated based on observable inputs such as quoted interest rates, yield curves, credit ratings of the security and other observable market information.
The Company uses the market approach and the income approach to determine the fair value of derivative instruments. The fair value for fuel hedge call options is determined utilizing an option pricing model based on inputs that are readily available in active markets or can be derived from information available in active markets. In addition, the fair value considers the exposure to credit losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties. Interest rate swap agreements are Level 2 as the fair value of these contracts are determined based on the difference between the fixed interest rate in the agreements and the observable interest SOFR-based forward rates at period end multiplied by the total notional value.
Activity and Maturities for Marketable Securities
As of December 31, 2023, total cost basis for marketable securities was $1.6 billion, compared to a fair value of $1.5 billion. Unrealized losses from marketable securities are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates.
The Company completes an analysis of the marketable securities portfolio using both quantitative and qualitative methods to identify potential expected credit losses. Management does not believe any unrealized losses are the result of expected credit losses based on the Company's evaluation of available evidence as of December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 1 for additional information about this analysis.
Proceeds from sales of marketable securities were $1.2 billion, $2.3 billion, and $3.6 billion in 2023, 2022, and 2021.
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Maturities for marketable securities (in millions):

December 31, 2023 | Cost Basis |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | 372 |  |  | $ | 366 |
Due after one year through five years | 1,126 |  |  | 1,091 |
Due after five years through nine years | 36 |  |  | 33 |
Due after 10 years | 17 |  |  | 15 |
No maturity date | 4 |  |  | 5 |
Total | $ | 1,555 |  |  | $ | 1,510 |

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments
The Company uses the following methods and assumptions to determine the fair value of financial instruments that are not recognized at fair value as described below.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash: Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, such as money market funds, commercial paper and certificates of deposit. They are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.
The Company's restricted cash balances are primarily used to guarantee various letters of credit, self-insurance programs or other contractual rights. Restricted cash consists of highly liquid securities with original maturities of three months or less. They are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.
Debt: To estimate the fair value of all fixed-rate debt as of December 31, 2023, the Company uses the income approach by discounting cash flows or estimation using quoted market prices, utilizing borrowing rates for comparable debt over the remaining life of the outstanding debt. The estimated fair value of the fixed-rate Enhanced Equipment Trust Certificate (EETC) debt is Level 2, as it is estimated using observable inputs, while the estimated fair value of $571 million of other fixed-rate debt, including PSP notes payable, is classified as Level 3, as it is not actively traded and is valued using discounted cash flows which is an unobservable input.
Fixed-rate debt on the consolidated balance sheet and the estimated fair value of long-term fixed-rate debt (in millions):

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Fixed-rate debt | $ | 1,515 |  |  | $ | 1,660 |
Estimated fair value | $ | 1,382 |  |  | $ | 1,473 |

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Certain assets and liabilities are recognized or disclosed at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, including property, plant and equipment, operating lease assets, goodwill, and intangible assets. These assets are subject to fair valuation when there is evidence of impairment. Refer to Note 2 for discussion regarding impairment charges recorded in the year.
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NOTE 6. LONG-TERM DEBT
Long-term debt obligations on the consolidated balance sheet (in millions):

| 2023 |  | 2022
Fixed-rate notes payable due through 2029 | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 113 |
Fixed-rate PSP note payable due through 2031 | 600 |  |  | 600 |
Fixed-rate EETC payable due through 2025 & 2027 | 835 |  |  | 947 |
Variable-rate notes payable due through 2035 | 971 |  |  | 514 |
Less debt issuance costs | (15) |  |  | (15) |
Total debt | 2,471 |  |  | 2,159 |
Less current portion(a) | 289 |  |  | 276 |
Long-term debt, less current portion | $ | 2,182 |  |  | $ | 1,883 |
Weighted-average fixed-interest rate | 3.4 | % |  | 3.5 | %
Weighted-average variable-interest rate | 6.8 | % |  | 5.8 | %

(a) Excludes finance lease liabilities recognized within Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023.
Approximately $253 million of the Company's total variable-rate notes payable are effectively fixed via interest rate swaps at December 31, 2023, resulting in an effective weighted-average interest rate for the full debt portfolio of 4.4%.
During 2023, the Company incurred debt of $595 million from multiple lenders and sources. New debt includes proceeds of $416 million which is secured by aircraft. Additionally, $179 million was incurred as part of an agreement to finance certain E175 deliveries. Debt from this agreement is reflected as a non-cash transaction within the supplemental disclosures in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company made debt payments of $282 million in 2023.
Debt Maturity
At December 31, 2023, long-term debt principal payments for the next five years and thereafter are as follows (in millions):

| Total
2024 | $ | 294 |
2025 | 351 |
2026 | 307 |
2027 | 630 |
2028 | 114 |
Thereafter | 790 |
Total Principal Payments | $ | 2,486 |

Bank Lines of Credit
Alaska has three credit facilities totaling $626 million as of December 31, 2023. One credit facility is for $150 million, expires in March 2025, and is secured by certain accounts receivable, spare engines, spare parts, and ground service equipment. A second credit facility is for $400 million, expires in June 2026, and is secured by aircraft. Both facilities have variable interest rates based on SOFR plus a specified margin. A third credit facility is for $76 million, expires in June 2024, and is secured by aircraft.
Alaska has secured letters of credit against the third facility, but has no plans to borrow using either of the other two facilities. All credit facilities have a requirement to maintain a minimum unrestricted cash and marketable securities balance of $500 million. Alaska was in compliance with this covenant at December 31, 2023.
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NOTE 7. LEASES
The Company leases property and equipment through operating leases and categorizes these leases into four asset classes: aircraft, capacity purchase arrangements for aircraft operated by third-party carriers (CPA aircraft), airport and terminal facilities, and corporate real estate and other equipment. Except for one finance lease described more fully below, all capitalized lease assets have been recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 as Operating lease assets, with the corresponding liabilities recorded as Operating lease liabilities. Operating rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
The Company has elected the practical expedient under ASC 842 - Leases, allowing a policy election to exclude from recognition short-term lease assets and lease liabilities for leases with an initial term of twelve months or less. Such expense was not material for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
Operating lease assets balance by asset class was as follows (in millions):

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Aircraft | $ | 468 |  |  | $ | 701 |
CPA Aircraft | 622 |  |  | 683 |
Airport and terminal facilities | 29 |  |  | 21 |
Corporate real estate and other | 76 |  |  | 66 |
Total Operating Lease Assets | $ | 1,195 |  |  | $ | 1,471 |

Aircraft
Alaska had operating leases for ten B737-800, one B737-800 freighter, and 14 B737-9 aircraft that were operating as of December 31, 2023. Alaska also had operating leases for 16 non-operating A320 aircraft that are still awaiting lease return in 2024, for which no asset balance remains. Remaining lease terms for B737 passenger aircraft extend up to 12 years and the remaining lease term for the B737 freighter aircraft extends for 11 years. Some leases have options to extend, subject to negotiation at the end of the term. As extension is not certain, and rates are highly likely to be renegotiated, the extended term is only capitalized when it is reasonably determinable. While aircraft rent is primarily fixed, certain leases contain rental adjustments throughout the lease term which would be recognized as variable expense as incurred. Variable lease expense for aircraft for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $10 million, $10 million, and $5 million.
Alaska also had one finance lease for a non-operating A321neo aircraft as of December 31, 2023 that Alaska subsequently purchased and then sold in January 2024. Refer to Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for additional discussion of this lease.
Capacity purchase agreements with aircraft (CPA aircraft)
At December 31, 2023, Alaska had a CPA with SkyWest covering 42 E175 aircraft. Under this agreement, Alaska pays the carrier an amount which is based on a determination of their cost of operating those flights and other factors intended to approximate market rates for those services. Alaska's CPA with Horizon, a wholly owned subsidiary, does not involve any leased aircraft.
Remaining lease terms for CPA aircraft extend up to 11 years. Financial arrangements of the CPA include a fixed component, representing the costs to operate each aircraft which is capitalized. The CPA also includes variable rent based on actual levels of flying, which is expensed as incurred. Variable lease expense for CPA aircraft for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was not material.
Airport and terminal facilities
The Company leases ticket counters, gates, cargo and baggage space, lounge space, office space and other support areas at numerous airports. For this asset class, the Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components. The majority of airport and terminal facility leases are not capitalized because they do not meet the definition of controlled assets under the standard, or because the lease payments are entirely variable. For airports where leased assets are identified, and where the contract includes fixed lease payments, operating lease assets and lease liabilities have been recorded. The Company is also commonly responsible for maintenance, insurance and other facility-related expenses and services under these agreements.
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These costs are recognized as variable expense in the period incurred. Airport and terminal facilities variable lease expense for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $447 million, $381 million, and $377 million.
Starting in 2018, the Company leased twelve airport slots at LaGuardia Airport and eight airport slots at Reagan National Airport to a third party. Starting in 2022, the Company leased one airport gate at Dallas Love Field Airport to a third party. For these leases, the Company recorded $15 million, $15 million, and $16 million of lease revenue during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
Corporate real estate and other leases
Leased corporate real estate is primarily for office space in hub cities, training centers, land leases, and reservation centers. For this asset class, the Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components under the standard. Other leased assets are comprised of other ancillary contracts and items including leased flight simulators, ground equipment, and spare engines. Variable lease expense related to corporate real estate and other leases for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $15 million, $27 million, and $17 million.
Components of Lease Expense
The impact of leases, including variable lease cost, was as follows (in millions):

| Classification | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Aircraft(a) | Aircraft rent | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 174 |
CPA Aircraft | Aircraft rent | 108 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 80 |
Airport and terminal facilities | Landing fees and other rentals | 451 |  |  | 384 |  |  | 379 |
Corporate real estate and other | Landing fees and other rentals | 31 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 21 |
Total lease expense |  | $ | 690 |  |  | $ | 708 |  |  | $ | 654 |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease revenue | Cargo and other revenue | (15) |  |  | (15) |  |  | (16) |
Net lease impact |  | $ | 675 |  |  | $ | 693 |  |  | $ | 638 |

(a) Aircraft lease expense excludes the portion of aircraft rent that was accelerated due to the fleet transition and recorded to Special items - fleet transition and other, as well as interest expense associated with certain A321neo finance leases recorded to Special items - net non-operating within the consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company paid $348 million for capitalized operating leases and $211 million for capitalized finance leases.
Lease Term and Discount Rate
As most leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, the Company generally utilizes the incremental borrowing rate (IBR) based on information available at the commencement date of the lease to determine the present value of lease payments. The weighted average IBR and weighted average remaining lease term (in years) for all asset classes were as follows at December 31, 2023.

| Weighted Average IBR |  | Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term
Aircraft | 5.5 | % |  | 9.3
CPA Aircraft | 7.0 | % |  | 7.8
Airport and terminal facilities | 5.3 | % |  | 6.7
Corporate real estate and other | 5.4 | % |  | 26.6

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Maturities of Lease Liabilities
Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2023 (in millions):

| Aircraft(a) |  | CPA Aircraft |  | Airport and Terminal Facilities |  | Corporate Real Estate and Other
2024 | $ | 162 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 10 |
2025 | 72 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 9 |
2026 | 75 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 9 |
2027 | 71 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 8 |
2028 | 64 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 7 |
Thereafter | 306 |  |  | 276 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 112 |
Total Lease Payments(b) | $ | 750 |  |  | $ | 834 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 155 |
Less: Imputed interest | (145) |  |  | (191) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (74) |
Total | $ | 605 |  |  | $ | 643 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 81 |

(a) Future minimum lease payments include payments for aircraft operated under operating leases and aircraft removed from operating service which remain under operating and finance leases, as we have remaining cash obligations under existing terms.
(b) Future minimum lease payments in the table reflect incentive credits related to leased B737-9 aircraft. As a result, the operating lease liabilities presented on the consolidated balance sheet will not agree to this table.
As of December 31, 2023, we have entered into but not yet commenced leases for one B737-800 freighter aircraft, one E175 aircraft, real estate, and other non-aircraft equipment. The liabilities associated with these leases are expected to be approximately $47 million. These leases will commence between 2024 and 2027 with lease terms ranging from 2030 to 2042.
NOTE 8. INCOME TAXES
Deferred Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts for tax purposes. The Company has a net deferred tax liability, primarily due to differences in depreciation rates for federal income tax purposes and for financial reporting purposes.
Deferred tax (assets) and liabilities comprise the following (in millions):

| 2023 |  | 2022
Excess of tax over book depreciation | $ | 1,605 |  |  | $ | 1,312 |
Intangibles - net | 16 |  |  | 17 |
Operating lease assets | 292 |  |  | 356 |
Other - net | 3 |  |  | 49 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 1,916 |  |  | 1,734 |
Mileage Plan | (455) |  |  | (436) |
Inventory obsolescence | (23) |  |  | (21) |
Employee benefits | (159) |  |  | (145) |
Net operating losses | (166) |  |  | (28) |
Operating lease liabilities | (329) |  |  | (392) |
Leasehold maintenance | (28) |  |  | (67) |
Other - net | (77) |  |  | (88) |
Deferred tax assets | (1,237) |  |  | (1,177) |
Valuation allowance | 16 |  |  | 17 |
Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | 695 |  |  | $ | 574 |

At December 31, 2023, the Company has paid taxes of $16 million and does not expect to pay any additional tax for 2023. The Company is also awaiting payment of a $4 million federal tax refund receivable as a result of carrying back capital losses and credits to previous tax years. The Company also has gross state and local NOLs of approximately $467 million that expire
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beginning in 2025 and continuing through 2043. Current federal NOLs in the amount of $684 million will be carried forward and have an indefinite life.
Valuation allowances are provided to reduce the related deferred income tax assets to an amount which will, more likely than not, be realized. The Company has determined it is more likely than not that a portion of the federal capital loss carryforward and state NOL carryforward will not be realized and, therefore has provided a valuation allowance of $16 million for that portion as of December 31, 2023. The Company has likewise concluded it is more likely than not that all of its federal and the remaining state deferred income tax assets will be realized and thus no additional valuation allowance has been recorded. The Company reassesses the need for a valuation allowance each reporting period.
Components of Income Tax Expense
The components of income tax expense are as follows (in millions):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current income tax (benefit) expense: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | 40 |
State | (4) |  |  | (3) |  |  | 16 |
Total current income tax (benefit) expense | (7) |  |  | (14) |  |  | 56 |
Deferred income tax expense: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 82 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 80 |
State | 13 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 15 |
Total deferred income tax expense | 95 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 95 |
Income tax expense | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 151 |

Income Tax Rate Reconciliation
Income tax expense reconciles to the amount computed by applying the 2023 U.S. federal rate of 21% to income before income tax and for deferred taxes as follows (in millions):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Income before income tax | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 629 |
Expected tax expense | 68 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 132 |
Nondeductible expenses | 14 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 10 |
State income tax expense | 17 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 20 |
Tax law changes | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14) |
State income sourcing | (5) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |
Valuation allowance | (1) |  |  | (4) |  |  | 1 |
Tax credits | (3) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (2) |
Uncertain tax positions | (5) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 3 |
Other - net | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Actual tax expense | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 151 |
Effective tax rate(a) | 27.1 | % |  | 26.2 | % |  | 24.0 | %

(a) Figures in the table above are rounded to the nearest million. As a result, a manual recalculation of the effective tax rate using these rounded figures may not agree directly to the Company's actual effective tax rate shown in the table.
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Uncertain Tax Positions
The Company has identified its federal tax return and its state tax returns in Alaska, Oregon and California as “major” tax jurisdictions. A summary of the Company's jurisdictions and the periods that are subject to examination are as follows:

Jurisdiction | Period
Federal | 2020 to 2022
Alaska | 2018 to 2022
California | 2007 to 2022
Oregon | 2015 to 2022

Certain tax years are open to the extent of net operating loss carryforwards.
Changes in the liability for gross unrecognized tax benefits during 2023, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (in millions):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance at January 1 | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 35 |
Additions related to prior years | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Releases related to prior years | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Additions related to current year activity | 9 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Releases due to settlements | (3) |  |  | (20) |  |  | — |
Releases due to lapse of statute of limitations | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31 | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 41 |

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $25 million of accrued tax contingencies, of which $20 million, if fully recognized, would decrease the effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company has accrued interest and penalties, net of federal income tax benefit, of $2 million, $3 million, and $8 million. In 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company recognized an immaterial benefit, a benefit of $5 million, and expense of $2 million for interest and penalties, net of federal income tax benefit. At December 31, 2023, the Company has unrecognized tax benefits recorded as a liability. These uncertain tax positions could change because of the Company's ongoing audits, settlement of issues, new audits, and status of other taxpayer court cases. The Company cannot predict the timing of these actions.
NOTE 9. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
Four qualified defined-benefit plans, one non-qualified defined-benefit plan, and eight defined-contribution retirement plans cover various employee groups of Alaska, Horizon, and McGee Air Services.
The defined-benefit plans provide benefits based on an employee’s term of service and average compensation for a specified period of time before retirement. The qualified defined-benefit pension plans are closed to new entrants.
Accounting standards require recognition of the overfunded or underfunded status of an entity’s defined-benefit pension and other post-retirement plan as an asset or liability in the consolidated financial statements and requires recognition of the funded status in AOCL.
Qualified Defined-Benefit Pension Plans
The Company’s four qualified defined-benefit pension plans are funded as required by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. The defined-benefit plan assets consist primarily of marketable equity and fixed-income securities. The work groups covered by qualified defined-benefit pension plans include salaried employees, pilots, clerical, office, passenger service employees, mechanics, and related craft employees. The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for these plans. All plans are closed to new entrants.
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Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations:
The rates below vary by plan and related work group.

| 2023 |  | 2022
Discount rates | 5.14% to 5.16% |  | 5.41% to 5.42%
Rate of compensation increases | 2.01% to 2.34% |  | 2.01% to 2.35%

Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost:
The rates below vary by plan and related work group.

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Discount rates | 5.41% to 5.42% |  | 2.82% to 2.90% |  | 2.43% to 2.58%
Expected return on plan assets | 5.00% to 6.50% |  | 3.00% to 5.25% |  | 3.00% to 5.50%
Rate of compensation increases | 2.01% to 2.35% |  | 2.02% to 2.38% |  | 2.02% to 2.43%

The discount rates are determined using current interest rates earned on high-quality, long-term bonds with maturities that correspond with the estimated cash distributions from the pension plans. At December 31, 2023, the Company selected discount rates for each of the plans using a pool of higher-yielding bonds estimated to be more reflective of settlement rates, as management has taken steps to ultimately terminate or settle plans that are frozen and move toward freezing benefits in active plans in the future. In determining the expected return on plan assets, the Company assesses the current level of expected returns on risk-free investments (primarily government bonds), the historical level of the risk premium associated with the other asset classes in which the portfolio is invested and the expectations for future returns of each asset class. The expected return for each asset class is then weighted based on the target asset allocation to develop the expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption for the portfolio.
Plan assets are invested in common commingled trust funds invested in equity and fixed income securities and in certain real estate assets. The target and actual asset allocation of the funds in the qualified defined-benefit plans, by asset category, are as follows:

| Salaried Plan(a) |  | All Other Plans
| Target |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Target |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Asset category: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic equity securities | 2%-12% |  | 7 | % |  | 7 | % |  | 29%-39% |  | 36 | % |  | 35 | %
Non-U.S. equity securities | 0%-8% |  | 3 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 9%-19% |  | 15 | % |  | 15 | %
Fixed income securities | 85%-95% |  | 90 | % |  | 90 | % |  | 37%-57% |  | 45 | % |  | 45 | %
Real estate | 0% |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 0%-10% |  | 4 | % |  | 5 | %
Plan assets |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

(a) As our Salaried Plan is frozen and fully funded, our investment strategies differ significantly from that of our other outstanding plans. Investments are in lower-risk securities, with earnings designed to maintain a fully-funded status.
The Company’s investment policy focuses on achieving maximum returns at a reasonable risk for pension assets over a full market cycle. The Company determines the strategic allocation between equities, fixed income and real estate based on current funded status and other characteristics of the plans. As the funded status improves, the Company increases the fixed income allocation of the portfolio and decreases the equity allocation. Actual asset allocations are reviewed regularly and periodically rebalanced as appropriate.
Plan assets invested in common commingled trust funds are fair valued using the net asset values of these funds to determine fair value as allowed using the practical expedient method outlined in the accounting standards. Fair value estimates for real estate are calculated using the present value of expected future cash flows based on independent appraisals, local market conditions and current and projected operating performance.
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Plan assets by fund category (in millions):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Fair Value Hierarchy
Fund type: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. equity market fund | $ | 634 |  |  | $ | 568 |  |  | 2
Non-U.S. equity fund | 261 |  |  | 242 |  |  | 2
Credit bond index fund | 1,061 |  |  | 1,001 |  |  | 2
Plan assets in common commingled trusts | $ | 1,956 |  |  | $ | 1,811 |  |  |
Real estate | 60 |  |  | 76 |  |  | (a)
Cash equivalents | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 1
Total plan assets | $ | 2,023 |  |  | $ | 1,894 |  |  |

(a) In accordance with Subtopic 820-10, certain investments that are measured at net asset value per share (or its equivalent) have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.
The following table sets forth the status of the qualified defined-benefit pension plans (in millions):

| 2023 |  | 2022
Projected benefit obligation (PBO) |  |  |
Beginning of year | $ | 2,079 |  |  | $ | 2,758 |
Service cost | 29 |  |  | 46 |
Interest cost | 108 |  |  | 66 |
Plan amendments(a) | — |  |  | 9 |
Actuarial (gain)/loss | 83 |  |  | (628) |
Benefits paid | (116) |  |  | (172) |
End of year | $ | 2,183 |  |  | $ | 2,079 |
Plan assets at fair value |  |  |
Beginning of year | $ | 1,894 |  |  | $ | 2,695 |
Actual return on plan assets | 245 |  |  | (629) |
Benefits paid | (116) |  |  | (172) |
End of year | $ | 2,023 |  |  | $ | 1,894 |
Unfunded status | $ | (160) |  |  | $ | (185) |
Percent funded | 93 | % |  | 91 | %

(a) In conjunction with the 2022 collective bargaining agreement with ALPA, certain participants had credited service restored for leave periods which were previously ineligible for accrual.
The accumulated benefit obligation for the combined qualified defined-benefit pension plans was $2.1 billion and $2.0 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022. During 2023 actuarial losses increased the benefit obligation primarily due to decreases in discount rates, partially offset by changes in demographic assumptions. Plan assets increased in 2023 driven primarily by positive market returns on the portfolio.
The amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets (in millions):

| 2023 |  | 2022
Accrued benefit liability-long term | $ | (245) |  |  | $ | (240) |
Plan assets-long term (within Other noncurrent assets) | 85 |  |  | 55 |
Total liability recognized | $ | (160) |  |  | $ | (185) |

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The amounts not yet reflected in net periodic benefit cost and included in AOCL (in millions):

| 2023 |  | 2022
Prior service cost (credit) | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 6 |
Net loss | 367 |  |  | 438 |
Amount recognized in AOCL (pretax) | $ | 373 |  |  | $ | 444 |

Defined benefit plans with projected benefit obligations and accumulated benefit obligations exceeding fair value of plan assets are as follows (in millions):

| 2023 |  | 2022
Projected benefit obligation | $ | 1,403 |  |  | $ | 1,332 |
Accumulated benefit obligation | 1,327 |  |  | 1,267 |
Fair value of plan assets | 1,158 |  |  | 1,092 |

Net pension expense for the qualified defined-benefit plans included the following components (in millions):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Service cost | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 52 |
Interest cost | 108 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 56 |
Expected return on assets | (114) |  |  | (128) |  |  | (122) |
Amortization of prior service credit | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Recognized actuarial loss | 23 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 37 |
Net pension expense (benefit) | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | 22 |

Alaska expects to have approximately $30 million in estimated required contributions for its plans in 2024.
Future benefits expected to be paid over the next ten years under the qualified defined-benefit pension plans from the assets of those plans (in millions):

| Total
2024 | $ | 113 |
2025 | 131 |
2026 | 139 |
2027 | 154 |
2028 | 163 |
2029-2033 | 854 |

Nonqualified Defined-Benefit Pension Plan
Alaska also maintains an unfunded, noncontributory defined-benefit plan for certain elected officers. This plan uses a December 31 measurement date. The assumptions used to determine benefit obligations and the net periodic benefit cost for the nonqualified defined-benefit pension plan are similar to those used to calculate the qualified defined-benefit pension plan. The plan's unfunded status, PBO, and accumulated benefit obligation are immaterial. The net pension expense in prior year and expected future expense is also immaterial.
Post-retirement Medical Benefits
The Company allows certain retirees to continue their medical, dental and vision benefits by paying all or a portion of the active employee plan premium until eligible for Medicare, currently age 65. This results in a subsidy to retirees, because the premiums received by the Company are less than the actual cost of the retirees’ claims. The accumulated post-retirement benefit obligation for this subsidy is unfunded. The accumulated post-retirement benefit obligation was $98 million and $89 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The net periodic benefit cost was not material in 2023 or 2022.
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Defined-Contribution Plans
The eight defined-contribution plans are deferred compensation plans under section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. All of these plans require Company contributions. Total expense for the defined-contribution plans was $203 million, $160 million and $125 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021.
The Company also has a noncontributory, unfunded defined-contribution plan for certain elected officers of the Company who are ineligible for the nonqualified defined-benefit pension plan. Amounts recorded as liabilities under the plan are not material to the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Pilot Long-term Disability Benefits
Alaska maintains a long-term disability plan for its pilots. The long-term disability plan does not have a service requirement. Therefore, the liability is calculated based on estimated future benefit payments associated with pilots that were assumed to be disabled on a long-term basis as of December 31, 2023 and does not include any assumptions for future disability. The liability includes the discounted expected future benefit payments and medical costs. The total liability was $72 million and $69 million, which was recorded net of a prefunded trust account of $10 million and $11 million, and included in long-term other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Employee Incentive-Pay Plans
The Company has employee incentive plans that pay employees based on certain financial and operational metrics. These metrics are set and approved annually by the Compensation and Leadership Development Committee of the Board of Directors. The aggregate expense under these plans in 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $200 million, $257 million and $151 million. The incentive plans are summarized below.
•Performance-Based Pay (PBP) is a program that rewards the majority of Alaska and Horizon employees. The program is based on various metrics that adjust periodically, including those related to Air Group profitability, safety, guest experience, and sustainability. The program also includes the potential for additional payout if Air Group profitability finishes among the highest in the industry.
•The Operational Performance Rewards Program (OPR) entitles the majority of Alaska and Horizon employees to quarterly payouts of up to $450 per person if certain operational and safety objectives are met.
NOTE 10. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Future minimum payments for commitments as of December 31, 2023 (in millions):

|  | Aircraft-Related Commitments(a) |  | Capacity Purchase Agreements and Other Obligations(b)
2024 |  | $ | 1,252 |  |  | $ | 235 |
2025 |  | 1,366 |  |  | 230 |
2026 |  | 1,097 |  |  | 224 |
2027 |  | 600 |  |  | 220 |
2028 |  | 151 |  |  | 223 |
Thereafter |  | 716 |  |  | 515 |
Total |  | $ | 5,182 |  |  | $ | 1,647 |

(a) Includes contractual commitments for aircraft, engines, and aircraft maintenance. Option deliveries are excluded from minimum commitments until exercise.
(b) Primarily comprised of non-lease costs associated with capacity purchase agreements, as well as other various sponsorship agreements and investment commitments.
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Aircraft Commitments
Aircraft purchase commitments include contractual commitments for aircrafts and engines. Details for contractual aircraft commitments as of December 31, 2023 are outlined below:

| Firm Orders |  | Options and Other Rights |  | Total
Aircraft Type | 2024-2027 |  | 2025-2030 |  | 2024-2030
B737 | 80 |  | 105 |  | 185
E175 | 9 |  | 10 |  | 19
Total | 89 |  | 115 |  | 204

Alaska had a contractual agreement as of December 31, 2023 to purchase one remaining leased A321neo aircraft. The transaction closed in January 2024. The obligation for this aircraft is reflected within Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and is not reflected in the tables above. Refer to Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.
Aircraft Maintenance
Aircraft maintenance commitments include contractual commitments for engine maintenance agreements requiring monthly payments based upon utilization, such as flight hours, cycles, and age of the aircraft. In turn, these maintenance agreements transfer certain risks to the third-party service provider. Alaska has contracts for maintenance on its B737-800 and B737-900ER aircraft engines through 2026 and 2032, respectively. Horizon has contracts for maintenance on its E175 aircraft engines through 2033 and 2038.
Contingencies
The Company is a party to routine litigation matters incidental to its business and with respect to which no material liability is expected. Liabilities for litigation related contingencies are recorded when a loss is determined to be probable and estimable.
As part of the 2016 acquisition of Virgin America, Alaska assumed responsibility for the Virgin trademark license agreement with the Virgin Group. In 2019, pursuant to that agreement's venue provision, the Virgin Group sued Alaska in England, alleging that the agreement requires Alaska to pay $8 million per year as a minimum annual royalty through 2039, adjusted annually for inflation and irrespective of Alaska's actual use (or non-use) of the mark. The possible range of contractual liability is between $10 million and $160 million. Alaska stopped making royalty payments in 2019 after ending all use of the Virgin brand. On February 16, 2023, the commercial court issued a ruling adopting Virgin Group’s interpretation of the license agreement. The Company has appealed the decision and believes the claims in the case are without factual and legal merit, a position supported by Virgin America’s representations during pre-merger due diligence. Alaska also commenced a separate claim for breach of the agreement against the Virgin Group that may affect the Company’s total liability in the matter.
NOTE 11. SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Common Stock Repurchase
In August 2015, the Board of Directors authorized a $1 billion share repurchase program. In March 2020, the Company suspended the share repurchase program as required by the CARES Act. These restrictions ended on October 1, 2022. The Company restarted the share repurchase program in February 2023, pursuant to the existing repurchase program. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has repurchased 11.1 million shares for $688 million under this program. The program has remaining authorization of $312 million. No shares were repurchased in 2022.
Share purchase activity (in millions, except share amounts):

| Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |
| Shares |  | Amount(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2015 Repurchase Program—$1 billion | 3,520,533 |  |  | $ | 145 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(a) Due to the timing difference between trade date and settlement date, certain repurchases had not settled in cash as of December 31, 2023, and may not agree directly to the consolidated statements of cash flows.
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CARES Act Warrant Issuance
As taxpayer protection required under the Payroll Support Program (PSP) under the CARES Act, the Company granted the U.S. government a total of 1,455,437 warrants to purchase ALK common stock in 2020 and 2021. An additional 427,080 warrants were issued in conjunction with a draw on the CARES Act Loan in 2020. These warrants are non-voting, freely transferable, may be settled as net shares or in cash at the Company's option, and have a five-year term.
As of December 31, 2023, there are 1,882,517 total warrants outstanding, with a weighted average strike price of 39.06. The value of the warrants was estimated using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. The total fair value of the warrants of $30 million, recorded in stockholders' equity at issuance.
NOTE 12. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
A roll forward of the amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive loss is shown below for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

| Marketable Securities |  | Employee Benefit Plan |  | Interest Rate Derivatives |  | Tax Effect |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | (659) |  |  | $ | (25) |  |  | $ | 160 |  |  | $ | (494) |
Reclassifications into earnings | (6) |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | 21 |
Change in value | (29) |  |  | 294 |  |  | 17 |  |  | (71) |  |  | 211 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | (332) |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | (262) |
Reclassifications into earnings | 9 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | 8 |
Change in value | (108) |  |  | (92) |  |  | 23 |  |  | 43 |  |  | (134) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | (104) |  |  | $ | (421) |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | (388) |
Reclassifications into earnings | 13 |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | 25 |
Change in value | 45 |  |  | 44 |  |  | (7) |  |  | (18) |  |  | 64 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | (46) |  |  | $ | (358) |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | (299) |

NOTE 13. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS
The Company has various equity incentive plans under which it may grant stock awards to directors, officers and employees. The Company also has an employee stock purchase plan (ESPP).
The table below summarizes the components of total stock-based compensation (in millions):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Stock options | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Stock awards(a) | 39 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 20 |
Deferred stock awards | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Employee stock purchase plan | 17 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 18 |
Stock-based compensation | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 44 |
Tax benefit related to stock-based compensation | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 11 |

(a) In 2023, the Company, with approval by the Compensation and Leadership Development Committee of the Board of Directors, granted additional stock awards to address equity value forfeited by certain executives due to the compensation limitations of the CARES Act.
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Unrecognized stock-based compensation for non-vested options and awards and the weighted-average period the expense will be recognized (dollars in millions):

| Amount |  | Weighted-Average Period
Stock options | $ | 1 |  |  | 0
Stock awards | 26 |  |  | 1.6
Unrecognized stock-based compensation | $ | 27 |  |  | 1.6

The Company is authorized to issue 20 million shares of common stock under these plans, of which 9 million shares remain available for future grants of either options or stock awards as of December 31, 2023.
Stock Options
Stock options to purchase common stock are granted at the fair market value of the stock on the date of grant. The stock options granted have terms of up to ten years.
The fair value of each option grant was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions used for grants:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Expected volatility | 46 | % |  | 44 | % |  | 43 | %
Expected term | 6 years |  | 6 years |  | 6 years
Risk-free interest rate | 3.64 | % |  | 1.91 | % |  | 0.68 | %
Expected dividend yield | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Weighted-average grant date fair value per share | $ | 16.77 |  |  | $ | 23.36 |  |  | $ | 23.66 |
Estimated fair value of options granted (millions) | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |

The expected market price volatility and expected term are based on historical results. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant. The expected dividend yield is based on the estimated weighted average dividend yield over the expected term. The expected forfeiture rates are based on historical experience.
The tables below summarize stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2023:

| Shares |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share |  | Weighted- Average Contractual Life (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding, December 31, 2022 | 1,230,757 |  |  | $ | 61.45 |  |  | 5.6 |  | $ | 1 |
Granted | 50,120 |  |  | 58.54 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (24,996) |  |  | 35.44 |  |  |  |  |
Canceled | (86,475) |  |  | 68.95 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited or expired | (7,976) |  |  | 56.37 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, December 31, 2023 | 1,161,430 |  |  | $ | 61.36 |  |  | 5.1 |  | $ | — |
Exercisable, December 31, 2023 | 883,061 |  |  | $ | 62.84 |  |  | 4.5 |  | $ | — |
Vested or expected to vest, December 31, 2023 | 1,161,430 |  |  | $ | 61.36 |  |  | 5.1 |  | $ | — |

(in millions) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Intrinsic value of option exercises | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |
Fair value of options vested | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |

Cash received from stock option exercises was not material for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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Stock Awards
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) are awarded to eligible employees and entitle the grantee to receive shares of common stock at the end of the vesting period. The fair value of the RSUs is based on the stock price on the date of grant. Generally, RSUs “cliff vest” after three years, or the period from the date of grant to the employee’s retirement eligibility, and expense is recognized accordingly. Performance Share Units (PSUs) are awarded to certain executives to receive shares of common stock if specific performance goals and market conditions are achieved. There are several tranches of PSUs which vest when performance goals and market conditions are met.
The following table summarizes information about outstanding stock awards:

| Number of Units |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Weighted- Average Contractual Life (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Non-vested, December 31, 2022 | 106,760 |  |  | $ | 53.97 |  |  | 2.9 |  | $ | 11 |
Granted | 1,245,008 |  |  | 51.99 |  |  |  |  |
Vested | (389,231) |  |  | 51.03 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (93,753) |  |  | 61.97 |  |  |  |  |
Non-vested, December 31, 2023 | 868,784 |  |  | $ | 51.95 |  |  | 1.7 |  | $ | 34 |

Deferred Stock Awards
Deferred Stock Units (DSUs) are awarded to members of the Board of Directors as part of their retainers. The underlying common shares are issued upon retirement from the Board, but require no future service period. As a result, the entire intrinsic value of the awards is expensed on the date of grant.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The ESPP allows employees to purchase common stock at 85% of the stock price on the first day of the offering period or the specified purchase date, whichever is lower. Employees may contribute up to 10% of their base earnings during the offering period to purchase stock. Employees purchased 1,855,608, 1,292,489 and 1,254,393 shares in 2023, 2022 and 2021 under the ESPP.
NOTE 14. OPERATING SEGMENT INFORMATION
Alaska Air Group has two operating airlines—Alaska and Horizon. Each is regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Aviation Administration. Alaska has CPAs for regional capacity with Horizon and SkyWest, under which Alaska receives all passenger revenue.
Under GAAP, operating segments are defined as components of a business for which there is discrete financial information that is regularly assessed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) in making resource allocation decisions. Financial performance for the operating airlines and CPAs is managed and reviewed by the Company's CODM as part of three reportable operating segments:
•Mainline - includes scheduled air transportation on Alaska's Boeing jet aircraft for passengers and cargo throughout the U.S., and in parts of Canada, Mexico, Costa Rica, Belize, Guatemala, and the Bahamas.
•Regional - includes Horizon's and other third-party carriers’ scheduled air transportation for passengers across a shorter distance network within the U.S., Canada, and Mexico under a CPA. This segment includes the actual revenue and expenses associated with regional flying, as well as an allocation of corporate overhead incurred by Air Group on behalf of the regional operations.
•Horizon - includes the capacity sold to Alaska under a CPA. Expenses include those typically borne by regional airlines such as crew costs, ownership costs and maintenance costs.
The CODM makes resource allocation decisions for these reporting segments based on flight profitability data, aircraft type, route economics and other financial information.
The "Consolidating and Other" column reflects parent company activity, McGee Air Services, consolidating entries and other immaterial business units of the company. The “Air Group Adjusted” column represents a non-GAAP measure that is used by
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the Company CODM to evaluate performance and allocate resources. Adjustments are further explained below in reconciling to consolidated GAAP results.
Operating segment information is as follows (in millions):

| Year Ended December 31, 2023
| Mainline |  | Regional |  | Horizon |  | Consolidating & Other(a) |  | Air Group Adjusted(b) |  | Special Items(c) |  | Consolidated
Operating Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passenger revenue | $ | 8,097 |  |  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,526 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,526 |
CPA revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  | 374 |  |  | (374) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 599 |  |  | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 648 |  |  | — |  |  | 648 |
Cargo and other revenue | 244 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 252 |  |  | — |  |  | 252 |
Total Operating Revenue | 8,940 |  |  | 1,478 |  |  | 374 |  |  | (366) |  |  | 10,426 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,426 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses, excluding fuel | 5,841 |  |  | 1,121 |  |  | 344 |  |  | (358) |  |  | 6,948 |  |  | 443 |  |  | 7,391 |
Fuel expense | 2,264 |  |  | 379 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,643 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 2,641 |
Total Operating Expenses | 8,105 |  |  | 1,500 |  |  | 344 |  |  | (358) |  |  | 9,591 |  |  | 441 |  |  | 10,032 |
Non-operating Income (Expense) | (15) |  |  | — |  |  | (41) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (53) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (71) |
Income (Loss) Before Income Tax | $ | 820 |  |  | $ | (22) |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | 782 |  |  | $ | (459) |  |  | $ | 323 |
Pretax Margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.5 | % |  |  |  | 3.1 | %

| Year Ended December 31, 2022
| Mainline |  | Regional |  | Horizon |  | Consolidating & Other(a) |  | Air Group Adjusted(b) |  | Special Items(c) |  | Consolidated
Operating Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passenger revenue | $ | 7,454 |  |  | $ | 1,354 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,808 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,808 |
CPA revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  | 359 |  |  | (359) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 538 |  |  | 52 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 590 |  |  | — |  |  | 590 |
Cargo and other revenue | 244 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 248 |  |  | — |  |  | 248 |
Total Operating Revenue | 8,236 |  |  | 1,406 |  |  | 359 |  |  | (355) |  |  | 9,646 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,646 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses, excluding fuel | 5,216 |  |  | 1,085 |  |  | 383 |  |  | (356) |  |  | 6,328 |  |  | 580 |  |  | 6,908 |
Fuel expense | 2,195 |  |  | 397 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,592 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 2,668 |
Total Operating Expenses | 7,411 |  |  | 1,482 |  |  | 383 |  |  | (356) |  |  | 8,920 |  |  | 656 |  |  | 9,576 |
Non-operating Income (Expense) | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | (22) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Income (Loss) Before Income Tax | $ | 855 |  |  | $ | (76) |  |  | $ | (46) |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 735 |  |  | $ | (656) |  |  | $ | 79 |
Pretax Margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.6 | % |  |  |  | 0.8 | %

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| Year Ended December 31, 2021
| Mainline |  | Regional |  | Horizon |  | Consolidating & Other(a) |  | Air Group Adjusted(b) |  | Special Items(c) |  | Consolidated
Operating Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Passenger revenue | $ | 4,411 |  |  | $ | 1,088 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,499 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,499 |
CPA revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  | 406 |  |  | (406) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mileage Plan other revenue | 402 |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 461 |  |  | — |  |  | 461 |
Cargo and other revenue | 212 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 216 |  |  | — |  |  | 216 |
Total Operating Revenue | 5,025 |  |  | 1,147 |  |  | 406 |  |  | (402) |  |  | 6,176 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,176 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses, excluding fuel | 4,101 |  |  | 1,096 |  |  | 373 |  |  | (433) |  |  | 5,137 |  |  | (925) |  |  | 4,212 |
Fuel expense | 1,065 |  |  | 261 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,326 |  |  | (47) |  |  | 1,279 |
Total Operating Expenses | 5,166 |  |  | 1,357 |  |  | 373 |  |  | (433) |  |  | 6,463 |  |  | (972) |  |  | 5,491 |
Non-operating Income (Expense) | (38) |  |  | — |  |  | (21) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (56) |  |  | — |  |  | (56) |
Income (Loss) Before Income Tax | $ | (179) |  |  | $ | (210) |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | (343) |  |  | $ | 972 |  |  | $ | 629 |
Pretax Margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5.6) | % |  |  |  | 10.2 | %

(a) Includes consolidating entries, Air Group parent company, McGee Air Services, and other immaterial business units.
(b) The Air Group Adjusted column represents the financial information that is reviewed by management to assess performance of operations and determine capital allocations and excludes certain charges.
(c) Includes special items and mark-to-market fuel-hedge accounting adjustments.

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Depreciation and amortization: |  |  |  |  |
Mainline | $ | 403 |  |  | $ | 351 |  |  | $ | 323 |
Horizon | 48 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 71 |
Consolidated | $ | 451 |  |  | $ | 415 |  |  | $ | 394 |
Capital expenditures: |  |  |  |  |
Mainline | $ | 1,473 |  |  | $ | 1,544 |  |  | $ | 236 |
Horizon(a) | 200 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 56 |
Consolidated | $ | 1,673 |  |  | $ | 1,671 |  |  | $ | 292 |
Total assets at end of period: |  |  |  |  |
Mainline | $ | 19,937 |  |  | $ | 19,733 |  |  |
Horizon | 1,352 |  |  | 1,157 |  |  |
Consolidating & Other | (6,676) |  |  | (6,704) |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 14,613 |  |  | $ | 14,186 |  |  |

(a) 2023 includes non-cash capital expenditures of $179 million in debt financing related to certain E175 deliveries.
NOTE 15. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, including potential dilution from the exercise of in-the-money stock options, stock awards, the employee stock purchase plan, and warrants issued under various federal payroll support programs using the treasury stock method. Anti-dilutive common stock equivalents excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share were 1.9 million, 1.7 million, and 1.4 million during the years ending December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
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(in millions, except per share amounts) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 478 |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 127.375 |  |  | 126.657 |  |  | 125.063 |
Dilutive effect of share-based instruments | 1.333 |  |  | 1.242 |  |  | 1.712 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 128.708 |  |  | 127.899 |  |  | 126.775 |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 1.84 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |  |  | $ | 3.82 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 1.83 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 3.77 |

NOTE 16. PROPOSED ACQUISITION OF HAWAIIAN HOLDINGS INC.
On December 2, 2023, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Hawaiian Holdings, Inc. (Hawaiian). The Company has agreed to pay Hawaiian's shareholders $18.00 per share, or approximately $1.0 billion, in cash for the outstanding shares of Hawaiian Holdings, Inc. In addition, the Company expects to assume Hawaiian's debt and lease obligations on the date of acquisition. The acquisition is subject to approval by Hawaiian's shareholders and various regulatory bodies, among other customary closing conditions. The shareholder vote is scheduled to take place on February 16, 2024.
To date, the financial impacts of the pending acquisition have not been material, and future financial impacts are not yet estimable. The Company currently expects the acquisition will close in 2025, subject to Hawaiian shareholder approval and U.S. antitrust clearance.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Company’s management, with the participation of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
There have been no changes in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.
Our internal control over financial reporting is based on the 2013 framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO Framework).
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MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the 2013 framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO Framework). Based on our evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.
We intend to review and evaluate the design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting on an ongoing basis, improve these controls and procedures over time, and correct any deficiencies that we may discover in the future. While we believe the present design of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are effective, future events affecting our business may cause us to modify our controls and procedures.
The Company's independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report regarding its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Alaska Air Group, Inc.:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Alaska Air Group, Inc. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 14, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Seattle, Washington
February 14, 2024
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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

On February 12, 2024, Dhiren Fonseca notified the Board his intention to not stand for re-election to the boards of the Company and its airline subsidiaries in order to pursue other professional and personal opportunities. He will complete serving his current term, which ends on May 9, 2024. Mr. Fonseca’s departure was not due to any disagreement with the Company. Mr. Fonseca has served on the Alaska Air Group board for over nine years and currently sits on the Audit Committee and the Innovation Committee. In connection with this notice, the Board acted on February 14, 2024, to reduce the number of Board seats from 11 to 10 effective at the 2024 annual meeting of stockholders.
On February 14, 2024, the Board of Directors elected Emily Halverson vice president finance, AAG controller and treasurer of Alaska Air Group, Inc. and Alaska Airlines, Inc. Ms. Halverson was also elected controller of Horizon Air Industries, Inc. and will continue in her role as Alaska Air Group, Inc.’s principal accounting officer. Ms. Halverson has served as the Company’s vice president finance and controller and principal accounting officer since April 2022.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.
PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

See “Executive Officers” under Item 1, “Business,” in Part I of this Form 10-K for information on the executive officers of Air Group and its subsidiaries. Except as provided herein, the remainder of the information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the definitive Proxy Statement for Air Group's 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 (hereinafter referred to as our “2024 Proxy Statement”).

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from our 2024 Proxy Statement.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from our 2024 Proxy Statement.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from our 2024 Proxy Statement.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Our independent registered public accounting firm is KPMG LLP, Seattle, WA, Auditor Firm ID: 185.
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from our 2024 Proxy Statement.
PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

The following documents are filed as part of this report:
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1. Exhibits: See Exhibit Index.
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EXHIBIT INDEX
Certain of the following exhibits have been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are incorporated by reference from the documents below. Certain others are filed with this Form 10-K. The exhibits are numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Date of First Filing | Exhibit Number |
2.1 | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of December 2, 2023, by and among Alaska Air Group, Inc., Marlin Acquisition Corp. and Hawaiian Holdings, Inc. | 8-K | December 4, 2023 | 2.1 |
3.1 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant | 10-Q | August 3, 2017 | 3.1 |
4.1* | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated January 15, 2021 | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 4.1 |
4.2* | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated February 5, 2021 | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 4.2 |
4.3* | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated February 5, 2021 | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 4.3 |
4.4* | Amended and Restated Promissory Note, dated February 5, 2021 by Alaska Airlines, Inc., issuer, and each of Alaska Air Group, Inc. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc., as guarantors | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 4.4 |
4.5 | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated April 8, 2021 | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 4.1 |
4.6 | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated April 29, 2021 | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 4.2 |
4.7 | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated April 29, 2021 | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 4.3 |
4.8 | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated April 29, 2021 | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 4.4 |
4.9 | Closing Date Warrant to Purchase Common Stock, dated June 3, 2021 | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 4.5 |
4.10 | Promissory note, dated April 29, 2021, by Alaska Airlines, Inc., issuer, and each of Alaska Air Group, Inc. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc., as guarantors | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 4.6 |
10.1# | Form of Alaska Air Group, Inc. Change of Control Agreement for named executive officers, as amended August 3, 2021 | 10-Q | November 4, 2021 | 10.1 |
10.2# | Aircraft General Terms Agreement, dated June 15, 2005, between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines, Inc. | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 10.1 |
10.3# | Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between The Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines, Inc. | 10-K | February 14, 2013 | 10.8 |
10.4# | Supplemental Agreement No. 1 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.4 |
10.5# | Supplemental Agreement No. 2 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.5 |
10.6# | Supplemental Agreement No. 3 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.6 |
10.7# | Supplemental Agreement No. 4 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.7 |
10.8# | Supplemental Agreement No. 5 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.8 |
10.9# | Supplemental Agreement No. 6 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.9 |
10.10# | Supplemental Agreement No. 7 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.10 |
10.11# | Supplemental Agreement No. 8 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.11 |
10.12# | Supplemental Agreement No. 9 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-Q | May 4, 2018 | 10.3 |
10.13# | Supplemental Agreement No. 10 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.13 |
10.14# | Supplemental Agreement No. 11 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.14 |
10.15# | Supplemental Agreement No. 12 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.15 |
10.16# | Supplemental Agreement No. 13 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.16 |
10.17# | Supplemental Agreement No. 14 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.17 |
10.18# | Supplemental Agreement No. 15 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-Q | May 6, 2021 | 10.1 |
10.19# | Supplemental Agreement No. 16 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 10.3 |

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10.20# | Supplemental Agreement No. 17 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 10.4 |
10.21# | Supplemental Agreement No. 18 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-Q | November 4, 2021 | 10.3 |
10.22# | Supplemental Agreement No. 19 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-Q | May 5, 2022 | 10.1 |
10.23# | Supplemental Agreement No. 20 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-Q | August 2, 2022 | 10.1 |
10.24# | Supplemental Agreement No. 21 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K | February 13, 2023 | 10.24 |
10.25#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 22 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.26#† | Supplemental Agreement No. 23 to Purchase Agreement No. 3866 between the Boeing Company and Alaska Airlines Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.27# | Purchase Agreement, dated April 11, 2016, between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-Q | May 9, 2016 | 10.1 |
10.28# | Amendment No. 1 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.23 |
10.29# | Amendment No. 2 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.24 |
10.30# | Amendment No. 3 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.25 |
10.31# | Amendment No. 4 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.26 |
10.32# | Amendment No. 5 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.27 |
10.33# | Amendment No. 6 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.28 |
10.34# | Amendment No. 7 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.29 |
10.35# | Amendment No. 8 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.30 |
10.36# | Amendment No. 9 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.31 |
10.37# | Amendment No. 10 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.32 |
10.38# | Amendment No. 11 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.33 |
10.39# | Amendment No. 12 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.34 |
10.40# | Amendment No. 13 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.35 |
10.41# | Amendment No. 14 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.36 |
10.42# | Amendment No. 15 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 10.5 |
10.43# | Amendment No. 16 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-Q | November 4, 2021 | 10.2 |
10.44# | Amendment No. 17 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.39 |
10.45# | Amendment No. 18 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.40 |
10.46# | Amendment No. 19 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-Q | August 2, 2022 | 10.2 |
10.47# | Amendment No. 20 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-Q | May 5, 2023 | 10.1 |
10.48# | Amendment No. 21 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-Q | May 5, 2023 | 10.2 |
10.49# | Amendment No. 22 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-Q | November 2, 2023 | 10.1 |
10.50# | Amendment No. 23 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-Q | November 2, 2023 | 10.2 |

94

10.51#† | Amendment No. 24 to Purchase Agreement COM0041-16 between Embraer S.A. and Horizon Air Industries, Inc. | 10-K |  |  |
10.52* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2008 Performance Incentive Plan, Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement | 10-Q | August 4, 2011 | 10.3 |
10.53* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2008 Performance Incentive Plan, Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement | 10-Q | August 4, 2011 | 10.4 |
10.54* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2008 Performance Incentive Plan, Amended for Stock-Split | 10-K | February 11, 2016 | 10.10 |
10.55* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2016 Performance Incentive Plan | 8-K | May 18, 2016 | 10.1 |
10.56* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as Amended for the Offering Period Commencing November 1, 2022 | 10-Q | August 2, 2022 | 10.3 |
10.57* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. Stock Deferral Plan for Non-Employee Directors | 10-K | February 11, 2016 | 10.12 |
10.58*† | Alaska Air Group, Inc. Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended | 10-K |  |  |
10.59* | 1995 Elected Officers Supplementary Retirement Plan, as amended | 10-Q | August 4, 2011 | 10.2 |
10.60* | Alaska Air Group Performance Based Pay Plan, Amended and Restated November 4, 2021 | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.49 |
10.61* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. Non-Employee Director Form of Deferred Stock Unit Agreement | 10-K | February 12, 2020 | 10.24 |
10.62* | Alaska Air Group Operational Performance Rewards Plan Description, adopted January 3, 2005; Amended May 6, 2021 | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 10.7 |
10.63* | Payroll Support Program Extension Agreement, dated January 15, 2021, between Alaska Airlines, Inc. and the United States Department of the Treasury | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 10.19 |
10.64* | Payroll Support Program 3 Agreement, dated April 29, 2021, between Alaska Airlines, Inc., and the United States Department of the Treasury | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 10.1 |
10.65* | Warrant Agreement, dated April 29, 2021, between Alaska Air Group, Inc. and the United States Department of the Treasury | 10-Q | August 3, 2021 | 10.2 |
10.66* | Joinder Agreement to the Payroll Support Program Extension Agreement, dated January 15, 2021, between Horizon Air Industries, Inc. and the United States Department of the Treasury | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 10.20 |
10.67* | Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement, dated February 5, 2021, between Alaska Air Group, Inc. and the United States Department of the Treasury | 10-K | February 26, 2021 | 10.21 |
10.68* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2016 Performance Incentive Plan, Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.57 |
10.69* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2016 Performance Incentive Plan, Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.58 |
10.70* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2016 Performance Incentive Plan, Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.59 |
10.71* | Alaska Air Group, Inc. 2016 Performance Incentive Plan, Form of Stock Unit Award Agreement | 10-K | February 11, 2022 | 10.60 |
21† | Subsidiaries of Registrant | 10-K |  |  |
23.1† | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (KPMG LLP) | 10-K |  |  |
31.1† | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | 10-K |  |  |
31.2† | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | 10-K |  |  |
32.1† | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | 10-K |  |  |
32.2† | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | 10-K |  |  |
97.1*† | Alaska Air Group Clawback Policy | 10-K |  |  |
101.INS† | XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document. | 10-K |  |  |
101.SCH† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | 10-K |  |  |
101.CAL† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | 10-K |  |  |
101.DEF† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | 10-K |  |  |
101.LAB† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document | 10-K |  |  |
101.PRE† | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document | 10-K |  |  |
† | Filed herewith |  |  |  |

95

* | Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. |  |  |  |
# | Pursuant to 17 CFR 240.24b-2, confidential information has been omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to a Confidential Treatment Application filed with the Commission.

96

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

Not applicable.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

ALASKA AIR GROUP, INC. |  |  |
By: | /s/ BENITO MINICUCCI |  | Date: | February 14, 2024
| Benito Minicucci |  |  |
| President and Chief Executive Officer |  |  |

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on February 14, 2024 on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.
98

/s/ BENITO MINICUCCI |  | President and CEO Alaska Air Group, Inc. and Alaska Airlines, Inc.
Benito Minicucci |
/s/ SHANE R. TACKETT |  | Executive Vice President/Finance and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
Shane R. Tackett |
/s/ EMILY HALVERSON |  | Vice President Finance, AAG Controller and Treasurer (Principal Accounting Officer)
Emily Halverson |
/s/ PATRICIA M. BEDIENT |  | Chair, Alaska Air Group, Inc; Chair, Alaska Airlines; Chair, Horizon Air Industries, Inc
Patricia M. Bedient |
/s/ JAMES A. BEER |  | Director
James A. Beer |  |
/s/ RAYMOND L. CONNER |  | Director
Raymond L. Conner |  |
/s/ DANIEL K. ELWELL |  | Director
Daniel K. Elwell |  |
/s/ DHIREN R. FONSECA |  | Director
Dhiren R. Fonseca |  |
/s/ KATHLEEN T. HOGAN |  | Director
Kathleen T. Hogan |  |
/s/ ADRIENNE R. LOFTON |  | Director
Adrienne R. Lofton |  |
/s/ HELVI K. SANDVIK |  | Director
Helvi K. Sandvik |  |
/s/ J. KENNETH THOMPSON |  | Director
J. Kenneth Thompson |  |
/s/ ERIC K. YEAMAN |  | Director
Eric K. Yeaman |  |

99