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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Certain reclassifications of prior year balances have been made to conform such amounts to current year classifications. These reclassifications have no impact on net income. Consolidation. The Company’s financial statements include the accounts of Oasis, the accounts of its wholly-owned subsidiaries and the accounts of OMP and its general partner, OMP GP. The Company has determined that the partners with equity at risk in OMP lack the authority, through voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities that most significantly impact OMP’s economic performance. Therefore, as the limited partners of OMP do not have substantive kick-out or substantive participating rights over OMP GP, OMP is a variable interest entity. Through the Company’s ownership interest in OMP GP, the Company has the authority to direct the activities that most significantly affect economic performance and the right to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to OMP. Therefore, the Company is considered the primary beneficiary and consolidates OMP and records a non-controlling interest for the interest owned by the public. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. Going concern. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern and contemplate the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. During the Chapter 11 Cases, the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern was subject to a high degree of risk and uncertainty until the Plan was confirmed and the Company emerged from the Chapter 11 Cases. As a result of implementing the Plan, there is no longer substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Bankruptcy and Fresh Start Accounting Subsequent to the Petition Date, the Company applied ASC 852 in preparing its consolidated financial statements. At the Emergence Date, the Company adopted fresh start accounting in accordance with ASC 852, which resulted in a new basis of accounting and the Company becoming a new entity for financial reporting purposes. As a result of the adoption of fresh start accounting and the effects of the implementation of the Plan, the consolidated financial statements of the Successor are not comparable to the consolidated financial statements of the Predecessor. See Note 2—Emergence from Voluntary Reorganization under Chapter 11 and Note 3—Fresh Start Accounting for further details.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates Preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates pertain to proved crude oil and natural gas reserves and related cash flow estimates used in impairment tests of long-lived assets, estimates of future development, dismantlement and abandonment costs, estimates relating to certain crude oil and natural gas revenues and expenses and estimates of expenses related to legal, environmental and other contingencies. Certain of these estimates require assumptions regarding future commodity prices, future costs and expenses and future production rates. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates of crude oil and natural gas reserves and their values, future production rates and future costs and expenses are inherently uncertain for numerous reasons, including many factors beyond the Company’s control. Reservoir engineering is a subjective process of estimating underground accumulations of crude oil and natural gas that cannot be measured in an exact manner. The accuracy of any reserve estimate is a function of the quality of data available and of engineering and geological interpretation and judgment. In addition, estimates of reserves may be revised based on actual production, results of subsequent exploration and development activities, prevailing commodity prices, operating costs and other factors. These revisions may be material and could materially affect future depreciation, depletion and amortization (“DD&A”) expense, dismantlement and abandonment costs, and impairment expense.
Risks and Uncertainties | Risks and Uncertainties As a crude oil and natural gas producer, the Company’s revenue, profitability and future growth are substantially dependent upon the prevailing and future prices for crude oil and natural gas, which are dependent upon numerous factors beyond its control such as economic, political and regulatory developments and competition from other energy sources. The energy markets have historically been, and continue to be, very volatile and there can be no assurance that crude oil and natural gas prices will not be subject to wide fluctuations in the future. A substantial or extended decline in prices for crude oil and, to a lesser extent, natural gas, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, cash flows and quantities of crude oil and natural gas reserves that may be economically produced. COVID-19. Management considered the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on the assumptions and estimates used in the consolidated financial statements. The effects of COVID-19 and concerns regarding its global spread have negatively impacted global demand for crude oil and natural gas, which has and could continue to contribute to price volatility, impact prices the Company receives for crude oil, natural gas and NGLs, and materially and adversely affect the demand for and marketability of its production, as well as lead to temporary curtailment or shut-ins of production due to lack of downstream demand or storage capacity. As a result of impairment indicators identified as of March 31, 2020, including the significant decline in commodity prices partially driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company recognized material asset impairment charges during the Predecessor period from January 1, 2020 through November 19, 2020. Management’s estimates and assumptions were based on historical data and consideration of future market conditions. The potential additional impacts from COVID-19 on the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows will depend on uncertain factors, including future developments and new information that may emerge regarding the severity and duration of COVID-19, the actions taken by authorities to contain it or treat its impact, and the availability and acceptance of vaccines, all of which are beyond the Company’s control and difficult to predict.
Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash The Company invests in certain money market funds, commercial paper and time deposits, all of which are stated at fair value or cost which approximates fair value due to the short-term maturity of these investments. The Company classifies all such investments with original maturity dates less than 90 days as cash equivalents. Restricted cash consists of funds in an escrow account for professional fees associated with the Chapter 11 Cases.
Accounts Receivable | Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are carried at cost on a gross basis, with no discounting, which approximates fair value due to their short-term maturities. The Company’s accounts receivable consist mainly of receivables from crude oil and natural gas purchasers and joint interest owners on properties the Company operates. The Company regularly assesses the recoverability of all material trade and other receivables to determine their collectability. The Company accrues a reserve on a receivable when, based on management’s judgment, it is probable that a receivable will not be collected and the amount of such reserve may be reasonably estimated. For receivables from joint interest owners, the Company typically has the ability to withhold future revenue disbursements to recover non-payment of joint interest billings. Generally, the Company’s crude oil and natural gas receivables are collected within two months. In the first quarter of 2020, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), which replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information, including forecasts, to develop credit loss estimates. The Company’s exposure to credit losses is primarily related to its joint interest and crude oil and natural gas sales receivables. In accordance with ASU 2016-13, the Company estimates expected credit losses on its accounts receivable at each reporting date, which may result in earlier recognition of credit losses than under previous GAAP. These estimates are based on historical data, current and future economic and market conditions to determine expected collectability. To date, the Company’s credit losses on joint interest and crude oil and natural gas sales receivables have been immaterial. The Company continually monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties by reviewing credit ratings, financial statements and payment history. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 was applied using a modified retrospective approach by recognizing a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings (accumulated deficit) of $0.4 million in the first quarter of 2020 to increase its allowance for expected credit losses, and prior periods were not retrospectively adjusted. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 did not result in a material impact to the Company’s financial position, cash flows or results of operations (see Note 8— Additional Balance Sheet Information).
Inventory | Inventory The Company’s inventory includes equipment and materials and crude oil inventory. Equipment and materials consist primarily of well equipment, tanks and tubular goods to be used in the Company’s exploration and production activities and spare parts and equipment for the Company’s midstream assets. Crude oil inventory includes crude oil in tanks and linefill. Linefill that represents the minimum volume of product in a pipeline system that enables the system to operate is generally not available to be withdrawn from the pipeline system until the expiration of the transportation contract. Crude oil and NGL linefill in third-party pipelines that is not expected to be withdrawn within one year is included in long-term inventory on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets (see Note 7—Inventory). Inventory, including long-term inventory, is stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value with cost determined on an average cost method. The Company assesses the carrying value of inventory and uses estimates and judgment when making any adjustments necessary to reduce the carrying value to net realizable value. Among the uncertainties that impact the Company’s estimates are the applicable quality and location differentials to include in the Company’s net realizable value analysis. Additionally, the Company estimates the upcoming liquidation timing of the inventory. Changes in assumptions made as to the timing of a sale can materially impact net realizable value.
Joint Interest Partner Advances | Joint Interest Partner Advances The Company participates in the drilling of crude oil and natural gas wells with other working interest partners. Due to the capital intensive nature of crude oil and natural gas drilling activities, the working interest partner responsible for conducting the drilling operations may request advance payments from other working interest partners for their share of the costs. The Company expects such advances to be applied by working interest partners against joint interest billings for its share of drilling operations within 90 days from when the advance is paid. Advances to joint interest partners are included in other current assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of consideration paid (or with respect to fresh start accounting, the excess of reorganization value) over the fair value of identified tangible and intangible assets. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, but are evaluated for impairment annually as of November 30 or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount might be impaired. For the purpose of the goodwill impairment test, the Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment assessment. When performing a qualitative assessment, the Company determines the drivers of fair value of the reporting unit and evaluates whether those drivers have been positively or negatively affected by relevant events and circumstances since the last fair value assessment. This evaluation includes, but is not limited to, assessment of macroeconomic trends, capital accessibility, operating income trends and industry conditions. If an initial qualitative assessment identifies that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, a quantitative evaluation is performed. T he quantitative goodwill impairment assessment involves determining the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing it to the carrying value of the reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, including goodwill, then an impairment charge would be recorded to write down goodwill to its implied fair value. A reporting unit, for the purpose of the impairment test, is at or below the operating segment level, and constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by segment management. The midstream segment is the reporting unit that carries the Company’s goodwill balance as of December 31, 2020. The fair value of the reporting unit is estimated using a combination of an income and market approach. Significant inputs used are subject to management’s judgment and expertise and include, but are not limited to, estimated throughput volumes, estimated fixed and variable operating costs, estimated capital costs, estimated useful life of the asset group and discount rate. The Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of its interest in OMP GP as well as access to certain seismic data. Indefinite lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment when indicators of impairment are present based on expected future profitability and undiscounted expected cash flows and their contribution to our overall operations. If the carrying value is not recoverable, an impairment charge would be recorded to write down the related intangible asset to its estimated fair value.The Company’s definite-lived intangible assets include third-party customer contracts, which are amortized on a straight-line basis over the useful lives of five to 14 years based on the associated contract terms, and the amortization is included in depreciation, depletion and amortization expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Property, Plant and Equipment | Property, Plant and Equipment Proved Oil and Gas Properties Crude oil and natural gas exploration and development activities are accounted for using the successful efforts method. Under this method, all property acquisition costs and costs of exploratory and development wells are capitalized when incurred, pending determination of whether the well has found proved reserves. If an exploratory well does not find proved reserves, the costs of drilling the well are charged to expense. The costs of development wells are capitalized whether productive or nonproductive. Expenditures for maintenance, repairs and minor renewals necessary to maintain properties in operating condition are expensed as incurred. Major betterments, replacements and renewals are capitalized to the appropriate property and equipment accounts. Estimated dismantlement and abandonment costs for oil and gas properties are capitalized at their estimated net present value. The provision for DD&A of oil and gas properties is calculated using the unit-of-production method. All capitalized well costs (including future abandonment costs, net of salvage value) and leasehold costs of proved properties are amortized on a unit-of-production basis over the remaining life of proved developed reserves and total proved reserves, respectively, related to the associated field. Natural gas is converted to barrel equivalents at the rate of six thousand cubic feet of natural gas to one barrel of crude oil. Costs of retired, sold or abandoned properties that constitute a part of an amortization base are charged or credited, net of proceeds, to accumulated DD&A unless doing so significantly affects the unit-of-production amortization rate, in which case a gain or loss is recognized currently. The Company reviews its proved oil and gas properties for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that a decline in the recoverability of its carrying value may have occurred. The Company estimates the expected undiscounted future cash flows of its oil and gas properties by field and compares such undiscounted future cash flows to the carrying amount of the oil and gas properties in the applicable field to determine if the carrying amount is recoverable. The factors used to determine the undiscounted future cash flows are subject to management’s judgment and expertise and include, but are not limited to, estimates of proved reserves, future commodity pricing, future production estimates and estimates of operating and development costs. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, the Company will adjust the carrying amount of the oil and gas properties to fair value. The factors used to determine fair value are subject to management’s judgment and expertise and include, but are not limited to, the Company’s estimated undiscounted future cash flows and the discount rate commensurate with the risk and current market conditions associated with realizing the expected cash flows projected. Because of the uncertainty inherent in these factors, the Company cannot predict when or if future impairment charges for proved oil and gas properties will be recorded. Unproved Oil and Gas Properties Unproved properties consist of costs incurred to acquire unproved leases, or lease acquisition costs. Lease acquisition costs are capitalized until the leases expire or when the Company specifically identifies leases that will revert to the lessor, at which time the Company expenses the associated lease acquisition costs. The expensing of the lease acquisition costs is recorded as impairment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Lease acquisition costs related to successful exploratory drilling are reclassified to proved properties and depleted on a unit-of-production basis. The Company assesses its unproved properties periodically for impairment on a property-by-property basis based on remaining lease terms, drilling results or future plans to develop acreage. The Company considers the following factors in its assessment of the impairment of unproved properties: •the remaining amount of unexpired term under its leases; •its ability to actively manage and prioritize its capital expenditures to drill leases and to make payments to extend leases that may be close to expiration; •its ability to exchange lease positions with other companies that allow for higher concentrations of ownership and development; •its ability to convey partial mineral ownership to other companies in exchange for their drilling of leases; and •its evaluation of the continuing successful results from the application of completion technology in the Bakken and Three Forks formations in the Williston Basin and Bone Spring and Wolfcamp formations in the Permian Basin by the Company or by other operators in areas adjacent to or near the Company’s unproved properties. For sales of entire working interests in unproved properties, a gain or loss is recognized to the extent of the difference between the proceeds received and the net carrying value of the property. Proceeds from sales of partial interests in unproved properties are accounted for as a recovery of costs unless the proceeds exceed the entire cost of the property. Capitalized Interest The Company capitalizes a portion of its interest expense incurred on its outstanding debt. The amount capitalized is determined by multiplying the capitalization rate by the average amount of eligible accumulated capital expenditures and is limited to actual interest costs incurred during the period. The accumulated capital expenditures included in the capitalized interest calculation begin when the first costs are incurred and end when the asset is either placed into production or written off. For the Successor period of November 20, 2020 through December 31, 2020 and the Predecessor period of January 1, 2020 through November 19, 2020, the Company capitalized interest costs of $0.1 million and $6.4 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Predecessor), the Company capitalized interest costs of $12.0 million and $17.2 million, respectively. These amounts are amortized over the life of the related assets. Other Property and Equipment The Company’s produced and flowback water disposal facilities, natural gas processing plants, pipelines, buildings, furniture, software, equipment and leasehold improvements are recorded at cost and are depreciated on the straight-line method based on expected lives of the individual assets. The Company uses estimated lives of 30 years for its produced and flowback water disposal facilities, natural gas processing plants and pipelines, 20 years for its buildings, two to seven years for its furniture, software and equipment and the remaining lease term for its leasehold improvements. The calculation for the straight-line DD&A method for its produced and flowback water disposal facilities takes into consideration estimated future dismantlement, restoration and abandonment costs, which are net of estimated salvage values. The cost of assets disposed of and the associated accumulated DD&A are removed from the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets with any gain or loss realized upon the sale or disposal included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Exploration Expenses Exploration costs, including certain geological and geophysical expenses and the costs of carrying and retaining undeveloped acreage, are charged to expense as incurred. Costs from drilling exploratory wells are initially capitalized, but charged to expense if and when a well is determined to be unsuccessful. Determination is usually made on or shortly after drilling or completing the well, however, in certain situations a determination cannot be made when drilling is completed. The Company defers capitalized exploratory drilling costs for wells that have found a sufficient quantity of producible hydrocarbons but cannot be classified as proved because they are located in areas that require major capital expenditures or governmental or other regulatory approvals before production can begin. These costs continue to be deferred as wells-in-progress as long as development is underway, is firmly planned for in the near future or the necessary approvals are actively being sought. Impairment The Company reviews its property, plant and equipment for impairment by asset group whenever events and circumstances indicate that a decline in the recoverability of their carrying value may have occurred. If events occur that indicate an asset group may not be recoverable, the asset group is tested for recoverability. The Company determined no impairment indicators existed for its asset groups as of December 31, 2020 (Successor). Proved oil and gas properties. The Company estimates the expected undiscounted future cash flows of its proved oil and gas properties by field and then compares such amount to the carrying amount of the proved oil and gas properties in the applicable field to determine if the carrying amount is recoverable. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, the Company will adjust the carrying amount of the proved oil and gas properties to fair value. The factors used to determine fair value are subject to management’s judgment and expertise and include, but are not limited to, recent sales prices of comparable properties, the present value of future cash flows net of estimated operating and development costs using estimates of proved reserves, future commodity pricing, future production estimates, anticipated capital expenditures and various discount rates commensurate with the risk and current market conditions associated with realizing the expected cash flows projected. These assumptions represent Level 3 inputs,
Business Combinations | Business Combinations The Company accounts for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the Company recognizes amounts for identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed equal to their estimated acquisition date fair values. Transaction and integration costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred. The Company makes various assumptions in estimating the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. As fair value is a market-based measurement, it is determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use. The most significant assumptions relate to the estimated fair values of proved and unproved oil and gas properties. The fair values of these properties are measured using valuation techniques that convert future cash flows to a single discounted amount. Significant inputs to the valuation include estimates of reserves, future operating and development costs, future commodity prices and a market-based weighted average cost of capital rate. The market-based weighted average cost of capital rate is subjected to additional project-specific risking factors. In addition, when appropriate, the Company reviews comparable purchases and sales of oil and gas properties within the same regions and uses that data as a proxy for fair market value; for example, the amount a willing buyer and seller would enter into in exchange for such properties. Any excess of the acquisition price over the estimated fair value of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Any excess of the estimated fair value of net assets acquired over the acquisition price is recorded in current earnings as a gain on bargain purchase. Deferred taxes are recorded for any differences between the assigned values and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. Estimated deferred taxes are based on available information concerning the tax basis of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and loss carryforwards at the acquisition date, although such estimates may change in the future as additional information becomes known.
Assets Held for Sale | Assets Held for SaleThe Company occasionally markets non-core oil and gas properties and other property and equipment. At the end of each reporting period, the Company evaluates the properties being marketed to determine whether any should be reclassified as held-for-sale. The held-for-sale criteria include: management commits to a plan to sell; the asset is available for immediate sale; an active program to locate a buyer exists; the sale of the asset is probable and expected to be completed within one year; the asset is being actively marketed for sale; and it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made. If each of these criteria is met, the property is reclassified as held-for-sale on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and measured at the lower of their carrying amount or estimated fair value less costs to sell. Fair values are estimated using accepted valuation techniques, such as a discounted cash flow model, valuations performed by third parties, earnings multiples, indicative bids or indicative market pricing, when available. Management considers historical experience and all available information at the time the estimates are made; however, the fair value that is ultimately realized upon the sale of the assets to be divested may differ from the estimated fair values reflected in the consolidated financial statements. DD&A expense is not recorded on assets to be divested once they are classified as held for sale.
Deferred Financing Costs | Deferred Financing Costs The Company capitalizes costs incurred in connection with obtaining financing. These costs are amortized over the term of the related financing using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest method. The amortization expense is recorded as a component of interest expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Deferred financing costs related to the Company’s revolving credit facilities are included in other assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Deferred financing costs related to the Predecessor’s Notes were historically included in long-term debt on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets prior to being eliminated as a result of the Chapter 11 Cases.
Asset Retirement Obligations | Asset Retirement Obligations In accordance with the FASB authoritative guidance on ARO, the Company records the fair value of a liability for a legal obligation to retire an asset in the period in which the liability is incurred and can be reasonably estimated with the corresponding cost capitalized by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. For oil and gas properties and produced water disposal wells, this is the period in which the well is drilled or acquired. The ARO represents the estimated amount the Company will incur to plug, abandon and remediate the properties at the end of their productive lives, in accordance with applicable state laws. The liability is accreted to its present value each period and the capitalized costs are amortized using the unit-of-production method. The accretion expense is recorded as a component of depreciation, depletion and amortization in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Some of the Company’s midstream assets, including certain pipelines and the natural gas processing plants, have contractual or regulatory obligations to perform remediation and, in some instances, dismantlement and removal activities, when the assets are abandoned. The Company is not able to reasonably estimate the fair value of the ARO for these assets because the settlement dates are indeterminable given the expected continued use of the assets with proper maintenance. The Company will record the ARO for these assets in the periods in which the settlement dates are reasonably determinable. The Company determines the ARO by calculating the present value of estimated cash flows related to the liability. Estimating the future ARO requires management to make estimates and judgments regarding timing and existence of a liability, as well as what constitutes adequate restoration. Inherent in the fair value calculation are numerous assumptions and judgments including the ultimate costs, inflation factors, credit adjusted discount rates, timing of settlement and changes in the legal, regulatory, environmental and political environments. These assumptions represent Level 3 inputs, as further discussed in Note 9—Fair Value Measurements. To the extent future revisions to these assumptions impact the fair value of the existing ARO liability, a corresponding adjustment is made to the related asset.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). ASC 606 includes a five-step revenue recognition model to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Enhanced disclosures in accordance with ASC 606 have been provided in Note 6—Revenue Recognition. The unit of account in ASC 606 is a performance obligation, which is a promise in a contract to transfer to a customer either a distinct good or service (or bundle of goods or services) or a series of distinct goods or services provided over a period of time. ASC 606 requires that a contract’s transaction price, which is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, is to be allocated to each performance obligation in the contract based on relative standalone selling prices and recognized as revenue when (point in time) or as (over time) the performance obligation is satisfied. Crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids (“NGL”) revenues from the Company’s interests in producing wells are recognized when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of a product to a customer. Substantially all of the Company’s crude oil and natural gas production is sold to purchasers under short-term (less than 12-month) contracts at market-based prices, and the Company’s NGL production is sold to purchasers under long-term (more than 12-month) contracts at market-based prices. The sales prices for crude oil, natural gas and NGLs are adjusted for transportation and other related deductions. These deductions are based on contractual or historical data and do not require significant judgment. Subsequently, these revenue deductions are adjusted to reflect actual charges based on third-party documents. Since there is a ready market for crude oil, natural gas and NGLs, the Company sells the majority of its production soon after it is produced at various locations. As a result, the Company maintains a minimum amount of product inventory in storage. The Company’s purchased crude oil and natural gas sales are derived from the sale of crude oil and natural gas purchased from third parties. Revenues and expenses from these sales and purchases are recorded on a gross basis when the Company acts as a principal in these transactions by assuming control of the purchased crude oil or natural gas before it is transferred to the customer. In certain cases, the Company enters into sales and purchases with the same counterparty in contemplation of one another, and these transactions are recorded on a net basis in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 845, Nonmonetary Transactions (“ASC 845”). Midstream revenues consist of revenues from services provided by the Company’s midstream business segment, primarily through OMP, including (i) natural gas gathering, compression, processing gas lift supply, (ii) crude oil gathering, terminaling and transportation, (iii) produced and flowback water gathering and disposal and (iv) freshwater distribution. Midstream revenues are earned through fee-based arrangements, under which the Company receives fees for midstream services it provides to customers and recognizes revenue based upon the transaction price at month-end under the right to invoice practical expedient, or through purchase arrangements, under which the Company takes control of the product prior to sale and is the principal in the transaction, and therefore, recognizes revenues and expenses on a gross basis. Other services revenues result from equipment rentals, and also included revenues for well completion services and product sales prior to the Company transitioning its well fracturing services from OWS to a third-party provider during the first quarter of 2020 (the “Well Services Exit”). Midstream and other services revenues are recognized when services have been performed or related volumes or products have been delivered. A portion of the Company’s midstream revenues and substantially all of its other services revenues are from services provided to its operated wells. The revenues related to work performed for the Company’s ownership interests are eliminated in consolidation, and only the revenues related to non-affiliated interest owners and other third-party customers are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Exploration and production revenues The Company’s E&P revenues are derived from contracts for crude oil, natural gas and NGL sales and other services, as described below. Generally, for the crude oil, natural gas, and NGL contracts: (i) each unit (barrel (“bbl”), mcf, gallon, etc.) of commodity product is a separate performance obligation, as the Company’s promise is to sell multiple distinct units of commodity product at a point in time; (ii) the transaction price principally consists of variable consideration, which amount is determinable each month end based on the Company’s right to invoice at month end for the value of commodity product sold to the customer that month; and (iii) the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the commodity product’s standalone selling price and recognized as revenue upon delivery of the commodity product, which is the point in time when the customer obtains control of the commodity product and the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied. The sales of crude oil, natural gas and NGLs as presented on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations represent the Company’s share of revenues net of royalties and excluding revenue interests owned by others. When selling crude oil, natural gas and NGLs on behalf of royalty owners or working interest owners, the Company is acting as an agent and thus reports the revenue on a net basis. To the extent actual volumes and prices of crude oil and natural gas sales are unavailable for a given reporting period because of timing or information not received from third parties, the expected sales volumes and prices for those properties are estimated and recorded. The Company’s contracts with customers typically require payments for crude oil, natural gas and NGL sales within 30 days following the calendar month of delivery. Crude oil revenues. The Company sells a substantial majority of its crude oil through bulk sales at delivery points on crude oil gathering systems to a variety of customers under short-term contracts that include a specified quantity of crude oil to be delivered and sold to the customer at a specified delivery point. The customer pays a market-based transaction price, which incorporates differentials that include, but are not limited to, transportation costs. Natural gas and NGL revenues. The Company’s natural gas sales consist of unprocessed gas sales and residue gas sales. Unprocessed gas is sold at delivery points at or near the wellhead under various contracts, in which the customer pays a transaction price based on its sale of the bifurcated NGLs and residue gas, less any associated fees. Revenue is recorded on a net basis, with processing fees deducted within revenue rather than as a separate expense line item, as title and control transfer at the delivery point. Residue gas from the Company’s gas processing plants located in Wild Basin is sold at the tailgate or transported and sold at other downstream sales points, and the customer pays a transaction price based on a market indexed per-unit rate for the quantities sold. NGLs from the Company’s gas processing plants located in Wild Basin are sold at the tailgate or trucked and sold at other downstream locations, and the customer pays a transaction price based on a market indexed per-unit rate for the quantities sold. Purchased crude oil and natural gas sales. The Company’s purchased crude oil and natural gas sales are derived from the sale of crude oil and natural gas purchased from a third party. The Company sells the purchased commodities to a variety of customers under short-term contracts that include specified quantities of crude oil and natural gas to be sold and delivered to the customer at a specified delivery point. The customer pays a market-based transaction price, which is based on the price index applicable for the location of the sale. Revenues and expenses from these sales and purchases are generally recorded on a gross basis, as the Company acts as a principal in these transactions by assuming control of the purchased crude oil or natural gas before it is transferred to the customer. In certain cases, the Company enters into sales and purchases with the same counterparty in contemplation of one another, and these transactions are recorded on a net basis in accordance with ASC 845. Other Services. The Company’s other services revenues are from services provided by OWS for the Company’s operated wells, including equipment rental revenues and, prior to the Well Services Exit, hydraulic fracturing revenues. Intercompany revenues for work performed for the Company’s working interests are eliminated in consolidation, and only the revenues related to non-affiliated working interest owners are included in consolidated revenues. •Equipment rental revenues. Equipment rental revenue is generated when OWS provides equipment rentals to the Company’s operated wells. Equipment rental revenues are calculated based on the equipment’s daily rental rate and the number of days that the equipment was rented by the customer. The Company’s performance obligation is satisfied when the entire rental period is completed. Equipment rental revenues are recognized over a period of time due to the customer simultaneously receiving and consuming the benefits of the rental equipment provided by the Company on a daily basis. Satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligation is measured at the completion of each day of the rental period, which directly corresponds with its right to consideration from the customer. Revenues associated with these contracts are recognized at the time of invoicing for the entire rental period under the right to invoice practical expedient. •Hydraulic fracturing revenues. Prior to the Company’s Well Services Exit, hydraulic fracturing revenues were generated when OWS provided hydraulic fracturing services and related materials to the Company’s operated wells. These services were composed of various components, such as personnel, equipment and hydraulic fracturing materials, but management determined that each component was not distinct, as it could not be used on its own or together with a resource readily available to the customer. The Company’s performance obligation was satisfied when the hydraulic fracturing of a well was completed. Revenue was recognized over a period of time upon the completion of each stage of hydraulic fracturing of a well. Midstream revenues The Company’s midstream revenues are derived from its contracts with customers for midstream services and product sales under the following arrangements: Fee-based arrangements. Under fee-based arrangements, the Company receives a fee for midstream services provided to its customers, and revenues are recognized using the output method for measuring the satisfaction of performance obligations. Revenues earned under fee-based arrangements are generally directly related to the volume of crude oil, natural gas and produced and flowback water that flows through the Company’s systems, and the Company generally does not take ownership to the volumes it handles for its customers. Payments under fee-based arrangements are generally due 30 days after receipt of invoice. The Company generates revenues under fee-based arrangements as follows: •Crude oil, natural gas and NGL revenues. The Company is party to certain contracts for crude oil gathering, stabilization, blending, storage and transportation, as well as natural gas gathering, compression, processing and gas lift supply services. Under these contracts, the Company provides daily integrated midstream services on a stand ready basis over a period of time, which represents a single performance obligation since the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of these services on a daily basis. Satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligation is measured as each day of service is completed, which directly corresponds with its right to consideration from the customer. Revenues associated with these contracts are recognized based upon the transaction price at month-end under the right to invoice practical expedient. •Produced and flowback water revenues. The Company is party to certain contracts with customers for produced and flowback water gathering and disposal services, under which it provides daily integrated midstream services on a stand ready basis over a period of time, which represents a single performance obligation since the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of these services on a daily basis. Satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligation is measured as each day of service is completed, which directly corresponds with its right to consideration from the customer. Revenues associated with these contracts are recognized based upon the transaction price at month-end under the right to invoice practical expedient. Purchase arrangements. Under purchase arrangements, revenues and expenses are recognized on a gross basis since the Company takes control of the product prior to sale and is the principal in the transaction. Revenues are recognized using the output method for measuring the satisfaction of performance obligations based upon the volume of crude oil, natural gas, NGLs or freshwater delivered to customers. Payments under purchase arrangements are generally due 30 days after receipt of invoice. The Company generates revenues under purchase arrangements as follows: •Purchased crude oil sales. The Company purchases and sells crude oil at various delivery points on crude oil gathering systems to a variety of customers under short-term contracts that include a specified quantity of crude oil to be sold and delivered to the customer at a specified delivery point. The Company purchases and sells the crude oil to different counterparties at market-based prices. Market-based pricing is based on the price index applicable for the location of the sale. •Crude oil, natural gas and NGL revenues. The Company is party to certain purchase arrangements with third parties pursuant to which the Company purchases natural gas from third parties at a connection point and obtains control prior to performing services and is the principal in the transaction. The Company gathers, compresses and/or processes the natural gas and then redelivers the residue gas and NGLs to different counterparties at market-based prices. •Freshwater revenues. Under these contracts, the Company supplies and distributes freshwater to its customers for hydraulic fracturing and production optimization. These contracts contain multiple distinct performance obligations since each freshwater barrel can be sold separately and is not dependent nor highly interrelated with other barrels. Contract balances Contract balances are the result of timing differences between revenue recognition, billings and cash collections. Contract assets relate to revenue recognized for accrued deficiency fees associated with minimum volume commitments where the Company believes it is probable there will be a shortfall payment and that a significant reversal of revenue recognized will not occur once the related performance period is completed and the customer is billed. Revenue recognized for accrued deficiency fees associated with minimum volume commitments is included in midstream revenues on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Contract liabilities relate to aid in construction payments received from customers, which are recognized as revenue over the expected period of future benefit. The Company does not recognize contract assets or contract liabilities under its customer contracts for which invoicing occurs once the Company’s performance obligations have been satisfied and payment is unconditional. Contract balances are classified as current or long-term based on the timing of when the Company expects to receive cash for contract assets or recognize revenue for contract liabilities. Contract assets are included in other current assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, and contract liabilities are included in other current liabilities and other liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.The Company has elected practical expedients, pursuant to ASC 606, to exclude from the presentation of remaining performance obligations: (i) contracts with index-based pricing or variable volume attributes in which such variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct service that forms part of a series of distinct services and (ii) contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less.
Revenues and Production Taxes Payable | Revenues and Production Taxes Payable The Company calculates and pays taxes and royalties on crude oil and natural gas in accordance with the particular contractual provisions of the lease, license or concession agreements and the laws and regulations applicable to those agreements.
Leases | Leases In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and related liability on the balance sheet for leases with durations greater than 12 months and also requires certain quantitative and qualitative disclosures about leasing arrangements. Accounting Standards Codification 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), was subsequently amended by Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-01, Land easement practical expedient for transition to Topic 842; Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842; Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements; and Accounting Standards Update No. 2019-01, Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements. The Company adopted ASC 842 as of January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method, which resulted in the Company recognizing operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities of $31.1 million and $37.1 million, respectively. In addition, the Company recognized offsetting finance lease ROU assets and lease liabilities of $6.0 million. There was no impact to the opening equity balance as a result of adoption as the difference between the asset and liability balance is attributable to reclassifications of pre-existing balances, such as deferred rent, into the lease asset balance. Prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the previous guidance, Accounting Standards Codification 840 (“ASC 840”). ASU 2018-01 provided a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company elected the package of practical expedients under the transition guidance within the new standard, including the practical expedient to not reassess under the new standard any prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs; the use-of hindsight practical expedient; the practical expedient to not reassess the prior accounting treatment for existing or expired land easements; and the practical expedient pertaining to combining lease and non-lease components for all asset classes. In addition, the Company elected not to apply the recognition requirements of ASC 842 to leases with terms of one year or less, and as such, recognition of lease payments for short-term leases are recognized in net income on a straight line basis. In accordance with the adoption of ASC 842, management determines whether an arrangement is a lease at its inception. The Company’s operating and finance leases consist primarily of office space, drilling rigs, vehicles and other property and equipment used in its operations. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease incentives received in the recognition of the present value of future lease payments. The Company considers renewal and termination options in determining the lease term used to establish its ROU assets and lease liabilities to the extent the Company is reasonably certain to exercise the renewal or termination. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future lease payments. The Company has determined their respective incremental borrowing rates based upon the rate of interest that would have been paid on a collateralized basis over similar tenors to that of the leases. See Note 22—Leases for the disclosures required by ASC 842.
Fair Value Measurements | Fair Value Measurement In the first quarter of 2020, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”), which improves the effectiveness of the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The adoption of ASU 2018-13 did not result in a material impact to the Company’s financial position, cash flows or results of operations. See Note 9 — Fair Value Measurements for disclosures in accordance with ASU 2018-03. In accordance with the FASB’s authoritative guidance on fair value measurements, the Company’s financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company’s financial instruments, including certain cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other payables, are carried at cost, which approximates their respective fair market values due to their short-term maturities. The Company recognizes its non-financial assets and liabilities, such as ARO (see Note 16—Asset Retirement Obligations) and proved oil and gas properties upon impairment (see Note 11—Property, Plant and Equipment), at fair value on a non-recurring basis. As defined in the authoritative guidance, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). To estimate fair value, the Company utilizes market data or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated or generally unobservable. The authoritative guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (“Level 1” measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (“Level 3” measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows: Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Level 2 — Pricing inputs, other than unadjusted quoted prices in active markets included in Level 1, are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date. Level 2 includes those financial instruments that are valued using models or other valuation methodologies. These models are primarily industry-standard models that consider various assumptions, including quoted forward prices for commodities, time value, volatility factors and current market and contractual prices for the underlying instruments, as well as other relevant economic measures. Substantially all of these assumptions are observable in the marketplace throughout the full term of the instrument and can be derived from observable data or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. Level 3 — Pricing inputs are generally unobservable from objective sources, requiring internally developed valuation methodologies that result in management’s best estimate of fair value. Financial Assets and Liabilities Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input requires judgment and may affect the valuation of fair value assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels. Non-Financial Assets and Liabilities The fair value of the Company’s non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis is determined using valuation techniques that include Level 3 inputs. Asset retirement obligations. The initial measurement of ARO at fair value is recorded in the period in which the liability is incurred. Fair value is determined by calculating the present value of estimated future cash flows related to the liability. Estimating the future ARO requires management to make estimates and judgments regarding the timing and existence of a liability, as well as what constitutes adequate restoration when considering current regulatory requirements. Inherent in the fair value calculation are numerous assumptions and judgments, including the ultimate costs, inflation factors, credit-adjusted discount rates, timing of settlement and changes in the legal, regulatory, environmental and political environments. Oil and gas and other properties. The Company records its properties at fair value when acquired in a business combination or upon impairment for proved oil and gas properties and other properties. Fair value is determined using a discounted cash flow model. The inputs used are subject to management’s judgment and expertise and include, but are not limited to, estimates of crude oil and natural gas proved reserves, future commodity pricing, future rates of production, estimates of operating and development costs, risk-adjusted discount rates and estimates of throughput volumes for the Company’s midstream assets. These inputs are classified as Level 3 inputs, except the underlying commodity price assumptions are based on NYMEX forward strip prices (Level 1) and adjusted for price differentials. As a result of the significant decline in expected future commodity prices in the first quarter of 2020, the Company reviewed its properties for impairment as of March 31, 2020
Concentrations of Market and Credit Risk | Concentrations of Market and Credit Risk The future results of the Company’s crude oil and natural gas operations will be affected by the market prices of crude oil and natural gas. The availability of a ready market for crude oil and natural gas products in the future will depend on numerous factors beyond the control of the Company, including weather, imports, marketing of competitive fuels, proximity and capacity of crude oil and natural gas pipelines and other transportation facilities, any oversupply or undersupply of crude oil, natural gas and liquid products, the regulatory environment, the economic environment, and other regional and political events, none of which can be predicted with certainty. Commodity prices have been volatile in recent years. Due to a combination of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical pressures on the global supply and demand balance for crude oil and related products, commodity prices sharply declined in the first half of 2020, which adversely affected the Company’s business, operating results and liquidity. A substantial or extended decline in the price of crude oil could have a further material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, cash flows and results of operations. The Company’s receivables include amounts due from purchasers of its crude oil and natural gas production and amounts due from joint interest partners for their respective portions of operating expenses and exploration and development costs. While certain of these customers and joint interest partners are affected by periodic downturns in the economy in general or in their specific segment of the crude oil or natural gas industry, including the current commodity price environment, the Company believes that its level of credit-related losses due to such economic fluctuations has been and will continue to be immaterial to the Company’s results of operations over the long-term. The Company manages and controls market and counterparty credit risk. In the normal course of business, collateral is not required for financial instruments with credit risk. Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist principally of temporary cash balances and derivative financial instruments. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents in bank deposit accounts which, at times, may exceed the federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any significant losses from such investments. The Company attempts to limit the amount of credit exposure to any one financial institution or company. The Company believes the credit quality of its customers is generally high. In the normal course of business, letters of credit or parent guarantees are required for counterparties which management perceives to have a higher credit risk.
Risk Management | Risk Management The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to manage risks related to changes in crude oil and natural gas prices. As of December 31, 2020, the Company utilized fixed price swaps to reduce the volatility of crude oil prices on a significant portion of its future expected crude oil production (see Note 10—Derivative Instruments). The Company records all derivative instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as either assets or liabilities measured at their estimated fair value. Derivative assets and liabilities arising from derivative contracts with the same counterparty are reported on a net basis, as all counterparty contracts provide for net settlement. The Company has not designated any derivative instruments as hedges for accounting purposes and does not enter into such instruments for speculative trading purposes. Gains and losses from valuation changes in commodity derivative instruments are reported in the other income (expense) section of the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s cash flow is only impacted when the actual settlements under the derivative contracts result in making or receiving a payment to or from the counterparty. These cash settlements represent the cumulative gains and losses on the Company’s derivative instruments for the periods presented and do not include a recovery of costs that were paid to acquire or modify the derivative instruments that were settled. Cash settlements are reflected as investing activities in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Derivative financial instruments that hedge the price of crude oil and natural gas are executed with major financial institutions that expose the Company to market and credit risks and which may, at times, be concentrated with certain counterparties or groups of counterparties. At December 31, 2020 (Successor), the Company had derivatives in place with eight counterparties which are all lenders under the Oasis Credit Facility. Although notional amounts are used to express the volume of these contracts, the amounts potentially subject to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties are substantially smaller. The credit worthiness of the counterparties is subject to continual review. The Company believes the risk of nonperformance by its counterparties is low. Full performance is anticipated, and the Company has no past-due receivables from its counterparties. The Company’s policy is to execute financial derivatives only with major, credit-worthy financial institutions. The Company’s derivative contracts are documented with industry standard contracts known as a Schedule to the Master Agreement and International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. Master Agreement (“ISDA”). Typical terms for the ISDAs include credit support requirements, cross default provisions, termination events and set-off provisions. The Company is not required to provide any credit support to its counterparties other than cross collateralization with the properties securing the Oasis Credit Facility. The Oasis Credit Facility requires the Company to hedge certain minimum percentages of forecasted crude oil production volumes. As of December 31, 2020 (Successor), the Company was in compliance with these requirements.
Contingencies | Contingencies Certain conditions may exist as of the date the Company’s consolidated financial statements are issued that may result in a loss to the Company, but which will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The Company’s management, with input from legal counsel, assesses such contingent liabilities, and such assessment inherently involves judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company or unasserted claims that may result in proceedings, the Company’s management, with input from legal counsel, evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein. If the assessment of a contingency indicates that it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of liability can be estimated, then the estimated undiscounted liability is accrued in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potentially material loss contingency is not probable but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, is disclosed. Actual results could vary from these estimates and judgments. Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they involve guarantees, in which case the guarantees would be disclosed. See Note 24—Commitments and Contingencies for additional information regarding the Company’s contingencies.
Environmental Costs | Environmental Costs Environmental expenditures are expensed or capitalized, as appropriate, depending on their future economic benefit. Expenditures that relate to an existing condition caused by past operations, and which do not have future economic benefit, are expensed. Liabilities related to future costs are recorded on an undiscounted basis when environmental assessments and/or remediation activities are probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated.
Equity-Based Compensation | Equity-Based Compensation The Company may grant various types of equity-based awards, including restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance share units, phantom units, and other awards under any long-term incentive plan then in effect to employees and non-employee directors. The Company determines the compensation expense for share-settled awards based on the grant date fair value, and such expense is recognized ratably over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. Cash-settled awards are classified as liabilities. Compensation expense for cash-settled awards is recognized over the requisite service period and is remeasured at the fair value of such awards at the end of each reporting period. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur by reversing the expense previously recognized for awards that were forfeited during the period. The fair values of awards are determined based on the type of award and may utilize market prices on the date of grant (for service-based equity awards) or at the end of the reporting period (for liability-classified awards), Monte Carlo simulations or other acceptable valuation methodologies, as appropriate for the type of award. A Monte Carlo simulation model uses assumptions regarding random projections and must be repeated numerous times to achieve a probabilistic assessment (see Note 18—Equity-Based Compensation for a description of the inputs used in this model). Any excess tax benefit arising from the Company’s equity-based compensation plan is recognized as a credit to income tax expense or benefit in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Treasury Stock | Treasury Stock Treasury stock shares represent shares withheld by the Company equivalent to the payroll tax withholding obligations due from employees upon the vesting of restricted stock awards. The Company includes the withheld shares as treasury stock on its Consolidated Balance Sheets and separately pays the payroll tax obligation. These retained shares are not part of a publicly announced program to repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock and are accounted for at cost. The Company does not have a publicly announced program to repurchase shares of its common stock. The Company did not have any treasury stock at December 31, 2020 (Successor), as the Predecessor’s treasury stock was eliminated on the Emergence Date in accordance with the Plan.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes The Company’s provision for taxes includes both federal and state income taxes. The Company records its income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, which results in the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the book carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences and carryforwards are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that the related tax benefits will not be realized. The Company applies significant judgment in evaluating its tax positions and estimating its provision for income taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there may be transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. The actual outcome of these future tax consequences could differ significantly from the Company’s estimates, which could impact its financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The Company also accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the financial statements in accordance with GAAP by prescribing a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Authoritative guidance for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes requires that the Company recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. The Company did not have any uncertain tax positions outstanding and, as such, did not record a liability for the years ended December 31, 2020 (Successor) and 2019 (Predecessor). All deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowance, are classified as non-current on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. In the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation and calculating income taxes in interim periods, among other changes. The adoption of ASU 2019-12 did not result in a material impact to the Company’s financial position, cash flows or result of operations Recent Accounting Pronouncements Reference rate reform. In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”). The amendments provide optional guidance for a limited time to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments apply only to contracts and hedging relationships that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. These amendments are effective immediately and may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2022. The Company is currently evaluating its contracts and the optional expedients provided by ASU 2020-04 and the impact the new standard will have on its financial statements and related disclosures.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements Reference rate reform. In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”). The amendments provide optional guidance for a limited time to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments apply only to contracts and hedging relationships that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. These amendments are effective immediately and may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2022. The Company is currently evaluating its contracts and the optional expedients provided by ASU 2020-04 and the impact the new standard will have on its financial statements and related disclosures.

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