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Fair Value Measurements
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Measurements
In accordance with the FASB’s authoritative guidance on fair value measurements, the Company’s financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company’s financial instruments, including certain cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other payables, are carried at cost, which approximates their respective fair market values due to their short-term maturities. The Company recognizes its non-financial assets and liabilities, such as ARO (see Note 15—Asset Retirement Obligations) and proved oil and gas properties upon impairment (see Note 12—Property, Plant and Equipment), at fair value on a non-recurring basis.
As defined in the authoritative guidance, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). To estimate fair value, the Company utilizes market data or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated or generally unobservable.
The authoritative guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (“Level 1” measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (“Level 3” measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
Level 2 — Pricing inputs, other than unadjusted quoted prices in active markets included in Level 1, are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date. Level 2 includes those financial instruments that are valued using models or other valuation methodologies. These models are primarily industry-standard models that consider various assumptions, including
quoted forward prices for commodities, time value, volatility factors and current market and contractual prices for the underlying instruments, as well as other relevant economic measures. Substantially all of these assumptions are observable in the marketplace throughout the full term of the instrument and can be derived from observable data or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace.
Level 3 — Pricing inputs are generally unobservable from objective sources, requiring internally developed valuation methodologies that result in management’s best estimate of fair value.
Financial Assets and Liabilities
Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input requires judgment and may affect the valuation of fair value assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels.
The following tables set forth by level within the fair value hierarchy the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis:
 Fair value at December 31, 2021
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
 (In thousands)
Assets:
Commodity derivative instruments (see Note 11)
$— $55 $— $55 
Total assets$— $55 $— $55 
Liabilities:
Commodity derivative instruments (see Note 11)
$— $204,729 $— $204,729 
Total liabilities$— $204,729 $— $204,729 
 Fair value at December 31, 2020
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
 (In thousands)
Assets:
Commodity derivative instruments (see Note 11)
$— $467 $— $467 
Total assets$— $467 $— $467 
Liabilities:
Commodity derivative instruments (see Note 11)
$— $94,558 $— $94,558 
Total liabilities$— $94,558 $— $94,558 
The Level 2 instruments presented in the tables above consist of commodity derivative instruments (see Note 11—Derivative Instruments). The fair values of the Company’s commodity derivative instruments are based upon a third-party preparer’s calculation using mark-to-market valuation reports provided by the Company’s counterparties for monthly settlement purposes to determine the valuation of its derivative instruments. The Company has the third-party preparer evaluate other readily available market prices for its derivative contracts as there is an active market for these contracts. The third-party preparer performs its independent valuation using a moment matching method similar to Turnbull-Wakeman for Asian options. The significant inputs used are commodity prices, volatility, skew, discount rate and the contract terms of the derivative instruments. The Company does not have access to the specific proprietary valuation models or inputs used by its counterparties or third-party preparer. The Company compares the third-party preparer’s valuation to counterparty valuation statements, investigating any significant differences, and analyzes monthly valuation changes in relation to movements in commodity forward price curves. The determination of the fair value for derivative instruments also incorporates a credit adjustment for non-performance risk, as required by GAAP. The Company calculates the credit adjustment for derivatives in a net asset position using current credit default swap values for each counterparty. The credit adjustment for derivatives in a net liability position is based on the market credit spread of the Company or similarly rated public issuers. The Company recorded an adjustment to reduce the fair value of its net derivative liability by $5.3 million at December 31, 2021 and an adjustment to reduce the fair value of its net derivative liability by $4.3 million at December 31, 2020.
Permian Basin Sale Contingent Consideration. The fair value of the Permian Basin Sale Contingent Consideration (defined in Note 11— Derivative Instruments) was determined by a third-party valuation specialist as of the close date and at the end of each reporting period using a Monte Carlo simulation model and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck pricing process. The significant inputs include NYMEX WTI forward price curve, volatility, mean reversion rate and counterparty credit risk adjustment. The Company determined these were Level 2 fair value inputs that are substantially observable in active markets or can be derived from observable data.
Non-Financial Assets and Liabilities
The fair value of the Company’s non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis is determined using valuation techniques that include Level 3 inputs.
Asset retirement obligations. The initial measurement of ARO at fair value is recorded in the period in which the liability is incurred. Fair value is determined by calculating the present value of estimated future cash flows related to the liability. Estimating the future ARO requires management to make estimates and judgments regarding the timing and existence of a liability, as well as what constitutes adequate restoration when considering current regulatory requirements. Inherent in the fair value calculation are numerous assumptions and judgments, including the ultimate costs, inflation factors, credit-adjusted discount rates, timing of settlement and changes in the legal, regulatory, environmental and political environments.
Oil and gas and other properties. The Company records its properties at fair value when acquired in a business combination or upon impairment for proved oil and gas properties and other properties. Fair value is determined using a discounted cash flow model. The inputs used are subject to management’s judgment and expertise and include, but are not limited to, estimates of crude oil and natural gas proved reserves, future commodity pricing, future rates of production, estimates of operating and development costs, risk-adjusted discount rates and estimates of throughput volumes for the Company’s midstream assets. These inputs are classified as Level 3 inputs, except the underlying commodity price assumptions are based on NYMEX forward strip prices (Level 1) and adjusted for price differentials.
Williston Basin Acquisition. The Company recognized the assets acquired in the Williston Basin Acquisition at cost on a relative fair value basis (see Note 13—Acquisitions and Divestitures). Fair value was determined using a discounted cash flow model. The underlying future commodity prices included in the Company’s estimated future cash flows of its proved oil and gas properties were determined using NYMEX forward strip prices as of October 21, 2021 for five years, escalating 2% per year thereafter. The estimated future cash flows also included a 2% inflation factor applied to the future operating and development costs after five years and every year thereafter. The estimated future cash flows were discounted at a market-based weighted average cost of capital of 11%.
2020 Impairments. As a result of the significant decline in expected future commodity prices in the first quarter of 2020, the Company reviewed its properties for impairment as of March 31, 2020. The underlying future commodity prices included in the Company’s estimated future cash flows of its proved oil and gas properties were determined using NYMEX forward strip prices as of March 31, 2020 for five years, escalating 2.5% per year thereafter. The estimated future cash flows also included a 2.5% inflation factor applied to the future operating and development costs after five years and every year thereafter. The estimated future cash flows for the Company’s proved oil and gas properties and midstream assets were discounted at market-based weighted average costs of capital of 12.7% and 10.4%, respectively (see Note 12—Property, Plant and Equipment).
Fresh start accounting. On the Emergence Date, the Company emerged from the Chapter 11 Cases and adopted fresh start accounting, which resulted in the Company becoming a new entity for financial reporting purposes. Upon the adoption of fresh start accounting, the Company’s assets and liabilities were recorded at their fair values as of November 19, 2020. The inputs utilized in the valuation of the Company’s most significant assets, its oil and gas properties and midstream long-lived assets, included mostly unobservable inputs which fall within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Such inputs included estimates of future oil and gas production from the Company’s reserve reports, commodity prices based on forward strip price curves (adjusted for basis differentials) as of November 19, 2020, operating and development costs, expected future development plans for the properties, estimated replacement costs and weighted-average cost of capital discount rates. The Company also recorded its ARO at fair value as a result of fresh start accounting. The inputs utilized in valuing the ARO liability, which are discussed above, are mostly Level 3 unobservable inputs. Refer to Note 3—Fresh Start Accounting for a detailed discussion of the fair value approaches and significant inputs used by the Company.