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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Basis of Presentation Basis of PresentationThe accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).
Consolidation Consolidation. The Company’s financial statements include the accounts of Oasis, the accounts of its wholly-owned subsidiaries and the accounts of OMP and its general partner, OMP GP. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.
Fresh Start Accounting
Fresh Start Accounting
Subsequent to the Petition Date, the Company applied ASC 852 in preparing its consolidated financial statements. At the Emergence Date, the Company adopted fresh start accounting in accordance with ASC 852, which resulted in a new basis of accounting and the Company becoming a new entity for financial reporting purposes. As a result of the adoption of fresh start accounting and the effects of the implementation of the Plan, the consolidated financial statements of the Successor are not comparable to the consolidated financial statements of the Predecessor. See Note 2—Emergence from Voluntary Reorganization under Chapter 11 and Note 3—Fresh Start Accounting for further details.
Discontinued Operations
Discontinued Operations
The OMP Merger (defined in Note 5—Oasis Midstream Partners) represented a strategic shift for the Company and qualified for reporting as a discontinued operation in accordance with FASB ASC 205-20, Presentation of financial statements – Discontinued Operations (“ASC 205-20”). Accordingly, the results of operations of OMP were classified as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 (Successor), and the assets and liabilities of OMP were classified as held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2021. Prior periods have been recast so that the basis of presentation is consistent with that of the 2021 consolidated financial statements. The Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows were not required to be reclassified for discontinued operations for any period. See Note 6—Discontinued Operations.
Use of Estimates
Use of Estimates
Preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates pertain to proved crude oil and natural gas reserves and related cash flow estimates used in impairment tests of long-lived assets, estimates of future development, dismantlement and abandonment costs, estimates relating to certain crude oil and natural gas revenues and expenses and estimates of expenses related to legal, environmental and other contingencies. Certain of these estimates require assumptions regarding future commodity prices, future costs and expenses and future production rates. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Estimates of crude oil and natural gas reserves and their values, future production rates and future costs and expenses are inherently uncertain for numerous reasons, including many factors beyond the Company’s control. Reservoir engineering is a subjective process of estimating underground accumulations of crude oil and natural gas that cannot be measured in an exact manner. The accuracy of any reserve estimate is a function of the quality of data available and of engineering and geological interpretation and judgment. In addition, estimates of reserves may be revised based on actual production, results of subsequent exploration and development activities, prevailing commodity prices, operating costs and other factors. These revisions may be material and could materially affect future depreciation, depletion and amortization (“DD&A”) expense, dismantlement and abandonment costs, and impairment expense.
Risks and Uncertainties
Risks and Uncertainties
As a crude oil and natural gas producer, the Company’s revenue, profitability and future growth are substantially dependent upon the prevailing and future prices for crude oil and natural gas, which are dependent upon numerous factors beyond its control such as economic, political and regulatory developments and competition from other energy sources. The energy markets have historically been volatile and there can be no assurance that crude oil and natural gas prices will not be subject to wide fluctuations in the future. A substantial or extended decline in prices for crude oil and, to a lesser extent, natural gas, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, cash flows and quantities of crude oil and natural gas reserves that may be economically produced.
Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
The Company invests in certain money market funds, commercial paper and time deposits, all of which are stated at fair value or cost which approximates fair value due to the short-term maturity of these investments. The Company classifies all such investments with original maturity dates less than 90 days as cash equivalents. The Company may maintain balances of cash and cash equivalents in excess of amounts that are federally insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Company invests with financial institutions that it believes are creditworthy and has not experienced any material losses in such accounts.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are carried at cost on a gross basis, with no discounting, which approximates fair value due to their short-term maturities. The Company’s accounts receivable consist mainly of receivables from crude oil and natural gas purchasers and joint interest owners on properties the Company operates.
The Company regularly assesses the recoverability of all material trade and other receivables to determine their collectability. The Company accrues a reserve on a receivable when, based on management’s judgment, it is probable that a receivable will not be collected and the amount of such reserve may be reasonably estimated. For receivables from joint interest owners, the Company typically has the ability to withhold future revenue disbursements to recover non-payment of joint interest billings. Generally, the Company’s crude oil and natural gas receivables are collected within two months.
In the first quarter of 2020, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), which replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information, including forecasts, to develop credit loss estimates. The Company’s exposure to credit losses is primarily related to its joint interest and crude oil and natural gas sales receivables. In accordance with ASU 2016-13, the Company estimates expected credit losses on its accounts receivable at each reporting date, which may result in earlier recognition of credit losses than under previous GAAP. These estimates are based on historical data, current and future economic and market conditions to determine expected collectability. To date, the Company’s credit losses on joint interest and crude oil and natural gas sales receivables have been immaterial. The Company continually monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties by reviewing credit ratings, financial statements and payment history. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 was applied using a modified retrospective approach by recognizing a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings (accumulated deficit) of $0.4 million in the first quarter of 2020 to increase its allowance for expected credit losses, and prior periods were not retrospectively adjusted. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 did not result in a material impact to the Company’s financial position, cash flows or results of operations (see Note 9— Additional Balance Sheet Information).
Inventory
Inventory
The Company’s inventory includes equipment and materials and crude oil inventory. Equipment and materials consist primarily of well equipment, tanks and tubular goods to be used in the Company’s exploration and production activities. Crude oil inventory includes crude oil in tanks and linefill. Linefill that represents the minimum volume of product in a pipeline system that enables the system to operate is generally not available to be withdrawn from the pipeline system until the expiration of the transportation contract. Crude oil and NGL linefill in third-party pipelines that is not expected to be withdrawn within one year is included in long-term inventory on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets (see Note 8—Inventory).
Inventory, including long-term inventory, is stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value with cost determined on an average cost method. The Company assesses the carrying value of inventory and uses estimates and judgment when making any adjustments necessary to reduce the carrying value to net realizable value. Among the uncertainties that impact the Company’s estimates are the applicable quality and location differentials to include in the Company’s net realizable value analysis. Additionally, the Company estimates the upcoming liquidation timing of the inventory. Changes in assumptions made as to the timing of a sale can materially impact net realizable value.
Joint Interest Partner Advances
Joint Interest Partner Advances
The Company participates in the drilling of crude oil and natural gas wells with other working interest partners. Due to the capital intensive nature of crude oil and natural gas drilling activities, the working interest partner responsible for conducting the drilling operations may request advance payments from other working interest partners for their share of the costs. The Company expects such advances to be applied by working interest partners against joint interest billings for its share of drilling operations within 90 days from when the advance is paid. Advances to joint interest partners are included in other current assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment
Proved Oil and Gas Properties
Crude oil and natural gas exploration and development activities are accounted for using the successful efforts method. Under this method, all property acquisition costs and costs of exploratory and development wells are capitalized when incurred, pending determination of whether the well has found proved reserves. If an exploratory well does not find proved reserves, the costs of drilling the well are charged to expense. The costs of development wells are capitalized whether productive or nonproductive. Expenditures for maintenance, repairs and minor renewals necessary to maintain properties in operating condition are expensed as incurred. Major betterments, replacements and renewals are capitalized to the appropriate property and equipment accounts. Estimated dismantlement and abandonment costs for oil and gas properties are capitalized at their estimated net present value.
The provision for DD&A of oil and gas properties is calculated using the unit-of-production method. All capitalized well costs (including future abandonment costs, net of salvage value) and leasehold costs of proved properties are amortized on a unit-of-production basis over the remaining life of proved developed reserves and total proved reserves, respectively, related to the associated field. Natural gas is converted to barrel equivalents at the rate of six thousand cubic feet of natural gas to one barrel of crude oil.
Costs of retired, sold or abandoned properties that constitute a part of an amortization base are charged or credited, net of proceeds, to accumulated DD&A unless doing so significantly affects the unit-of-production amortization rate, in which case a gain or loss is recognized currently.
The Company reviews its proved oil and gas properties for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that a decline in the recoverability of its carrying value may have occurred. The Company estimates the expected undiscounted future cash flows of its oil and gas properties by field and compares such undiscounted future cash flows to the carrying amount of the oil and gas properties in the applicable field to determine if the carrying amount is recoverable. The factors used to determine the undiscounted future cash flows are subject to management’s judgment and expertise and include, but are not limited to, estimates of proved reserves, future commodity pricing, future production estimates and estimates of operating and development costs. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, the Company will adjust the carrying amount of the oil and gas properties to fair value. The factors used to determine fair value are subject to management’s judgment and expertise and include, but are not limited to, the Company’s estimated undiscounted future cash flows and the discount rate commensurate with the risk and current market conditions associated with realizing the expected cash flows projected. Because of the uncertainty inherent in these factors, the Company cannot predict when or if future impairment charges for proved oil and gas properties will be recorded.
Unproved Oil and Gas Properties
Unproved properties consist of costs incurred to acquire unproved leases, or lease acquisition costs. Lease acquisition costs are capitalized until the leases expire or when the Company specifically identifies leases that will revert to the lessor, at which time the Company expenses the associated lease acquisition costs. The expensing of the lease acquisition costs is recorded as impairment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Lease acquisition costs related to successful exploratory drilling are reclassified to proved properties and depleted on a unit-of-production basis.
The Company assesses its unproved properties periodically for impairment on a property-by-property basis based on remaining lease terms, drilling results or future plans to develop acreage. The Company considers the following factors in its assessment of the impairment of unproved properties:
•the remaining amount of unexpired term under its leases;
•its ability to actively manage and prioritize its capital expenditures to drill leases and to make payments to extend leases that may be close to expiration;
•its ability to exchange lease positions with other companies that allow for higher concentrations of ownership and development;
•its ability to convey partial mineral ownership to other companies in exchange for their drilling of leases; and
•its evaluation of the continuing successful results from the application of completion technology in the Bakken and Three Forks formations in the Williston Basin by the Company or by other operators in areas adjacent to or near the Company’s unproved properties.
For sales of entire working interests in unproved properties, a gain or loss is recognized to the extent of the difference between the proceeds received and the net carrying value of the property. Proceeds from sales of partial interests in unproved properties are accounted for as a recovery of costs unless the proceeds exceed the entire cost of the property.
Capitalized Interest
The Company capitalizes a portion of its interest expense incurred on its outstanding debt. The amount capitalized is determined by multiplying the capitalization rate by the average amount of eligible accumulated capital expenditures and is limited to actual interest costs incurred during the period. The accumulated capital expenditures included in the capitalized interest calculation begin when the first costs are incurred and end when the asset is either placed into production or written off. For the year ended December 31, 2021 (Successor), the Company capitalized interest costs of $2.1 million. For the period from November 20, 2020 through December 31, 2020 (Successor) and the period from January 1, 2020 through November 19, 2020 (Predecessor), the Company capitalized interest costs of $0.1 million and $6.4 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2019 (Predecessor), the Company capitalized interest costs of $12.0 million. Capitalized interest costs are amortized over the life of the related assets.
Other Property and Equipment
The Company’s produced and flowback water disposal facilities, natural gas processing plants, pipelines, buildings, furniture, software, equipment and leasehold improvements are recorded at cost and are depreciated on the straight-line method based on expected lives of the individual assets. The Company uses estimated lives of 30 years for its produced and flowback water disposal facilities, natural gas processing plants and pipelines, 20 years for its buildings, two to seven years for its furniture, software and equipment and the remaining lease term for its leasehold improvements. The calculation for the straight-line DD&A method for its produced and flowback water disposal facilities takes into consideration estimated future dismantlement, restoration and abandonment costs, which are net of estimated salvage values. The cost of assets disposed of and the associated accumulated DD&A are removed from the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets with any gain or loss realized upon the sale or disposal included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Exploration Expenses
Exploration costs, including certain geological and geophysical expenses and the costs of carrying and retaining undeveloped acreage, are charged to expense as incurred.
Costs from drilling exploratory wells are initially capitalized, but charged to expense if and when a well is determined to be unsuccessful. Determination is usually made on or shortly after drilling or completing the well, however, in certain situations a determination cannot be made when drilling is completed. The Company defers capitalized exploratory drilling costs for wells that have found a sufficient quantity of producible hydrocarbons but cannot be classified as proved because they are located in areas that require major capital expenditures or governmental or other regulatory approvals before production can begin. These costs continue to be deferred as wells-in-progress as long as development is underway, is firmly planned for in the near future or the necessary approvals are actively being sought.
Impairment
The Company reviews its property, plant and equipment for impairment by asset group whenever events and circumstances indicate that a decline in the recoverability of their carrying value may have occurred. If events occur that indicate an asset group may not be recoverable, the asset group is tested for recoverability. The Company determined no impairment indicators existed for its asset groups as of December 31, 2021 or December 31, 2020.
Proved oil and gas properties. The Company estimates the expected undiscounted future cash flows of its proved oil and gas properties by field and then compares such amount to the carrying amount of the proved oil and gas properties in the applicable field to determine if the carrying amount is recoverable. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, the Company adjusts the carrying amount of the proved oil and gas properties to fair value. The factors used to determine fair value are subject to management’s judgment and expertise and include, but are not limited to, recent sales prices of comparable properties, the present value of future cash flows net of estimated operating and development costs using estimates of proved reserves, future commodity pricing, future production estimates, anticipated capital expenditures and various discount rates commensurate with the risk and current market conditions associated with realizing the expected cash flows projected. These assumptions represent Level 3 inputs,
Assets Held for Sale Assets Held for SaleThe Company occasionally markets non-core oil and gas properties and other property and equipment. At the end of each reporting period, the Company evaluates the properties being marketed to determine whether any should be reclassified as held for sale. The held for sale criteria include: management commits to a plan to sell; the asset is available for immediate sale; an active program to locate a buyer exists; the sale of the asset is probable and expected to be completed within one year; the asset is being actively marketed for sale; and it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made. If each of these criteria is met, the property is reclassified as held for sale on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and measured at the lower of their carrying amount or estimated fair value less costs to sell. Fair values are estimated using accepted valuation techniques, such as a discounted cash flow model, valuations performed by third parties, earnings multiples, indicative bids or indicative market pricing, when available. Management considers historical experience and all available information at the time the estimates are made; however, the fair value that is ultimately realized upon the sale of the assets to be divested may differ from the estimated fair values reflected in the consolidated financial statements. DD&A expense is not recorded on assets to be divested once they are classified as held for sale.
Deferred Financing Costs
Deferred Financing Costs
The Company capitalizes costs incurred in connection with obtaining financing. These costs are amortized over the term of the related financing using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest method. The amortization expense is recorded as a component of interest expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Deferred financing costs related to the Oasis Credit Facility are included in other assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, while deferred financing costs related to the Oasis Senior Notes are included as a reduction of long-term debt on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Asset Retirement Obligations
Asset Retirement Obligations
In accordance with the FASB’s authoritative guidance on ARO, the Company records the fair value of a liability for a legal obligation to retire an asset in the period in which the liability is incurred and can be reasonably estimated with the corresponding cost capitalized by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. For oil and gas properties and produced water disposal wells, this is the period in which the well is drilled or acquired. The ARO represents the estimated
amount the Company will incur to plug, abandon and remediate the properties at the end of their productive lives, in accordance with applicable state laws. The liability is accreted to its present value each period, and the capitalized costs are amortized using the unit-of-production method. The accretion expense is recorded as a component of DD&A in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company determines the ARO by calculating the present value of estimated cash flows related to the liability. Estimating the future ARO requires management to make estimates and judgments regarding timing and existence of a liability, as well as what constitutes adequate restoration. Inherent in the fair value calculation are numerous assumptions and judgments including the ultimate costs, inflation factors, credit adjusted discount rates, timing of settlement and changes in the legal, regulatory, environmental and political environments. These assumptions represent Level 3 inputs, as further discussed in Note 10—Fair Value Measurements. To the extent future revisions to these assumptions impact the fair value of the existing ARO liability, a corresponding adjustment is made to the related asset.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). ASC 606 includes a five-step revenue recognition model to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Enhanced disclosures in accordance with ASC 606 have been provided in Note 7—Revenue Recognition.
The unit of account in ASC 606 is a performance obligation, which is a promise in a contract to transfer to a customer either a distinct good or service (or bundle of goods or services) or a series of distinct goods or services provided over a period of time. ASC 606 requires that a contract’s transaction price, which is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, is to be allocated to each performance obligation in the contract based on relative standalone selling prices and recognized as revenue when (point in time) or as (over time) the performance obligation is satisfied.
Crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids (“NGL”) revenues from the Company’s interests in producing wells are recognized when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of a product to a customer. Substantially all of the Company’s crude oil and natural gas production is sold to purchasers under short-term (less than 12-month) contracts at market-based prices, and the Company’s NGL production is sold to purchasers under long-term (more than 12-month) contracts at market-based prices. The sales prices for crude oil, natural gas and NGLs are adjusted for transportation and other related deductions. These deductions are based on contractual or historical data and do not require significant judgment. Subsequently, these revenue deductions are adjusted to reflect actual charges based on third-party documents. Since there is a ready market for crude oil, natural gas and NGLs, the Company sells the majority of its production soon after it is produced at various locations. As a result, the Company maintains a minimum amount of product inventory in storage.
The Company’s purchased crude oil and natural gas sales are derived from the sale of crude oil and natural gas purchased from third parties. Revenues and expenses from these sales and purchases are recorded on a gross basis when the Company acts as a principal in these transactions by assuming control of the purchased crude oil or natural gas before it is transferred to the customer. In certain cases, the Company enters into sales and purchases with the same counterparty in contemplation of one another, and these transactions are recorded on a net basis in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 845, Nonmonetary Transactions (“ASC 845”).
Other services revenues result from equipment rentals, and also included revenues for well completion services and product sales prior to the Company transitioning its well fracturing services from Oasis Well Services LLC (“OWS”) to a third-party provider during the first quarter of 2020 (the “Well Services Exit”). Other services revenues are recognized when services have been performed or related volumes or products have been delivered. Substantially all of the Company’s other services revenues are from services provided to its operated wells. The revenues related to work performed for the Company’s ownership interests are eliminated in consolidation, and only the revenues related to non-affiliated interest owners and other third-party customers are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company’s revenues are derived from contracts for crude oil, natural gas and NGL sales and other services, as described below. Generally, for the crude oil, natural gas, and NGL contracts: (i) each unit (barrel (“Bbl”), Mcf, gallon, etc.) of commodity product is a separate performance obligation, as the Company’s promise is to sell multiple distinct units of commodity product at a point in time; (ii) the transaction price principally consists of variable consideration, which amount is determinable each month end based on the Company’s right to invoice at month end for the value of commodity product sold to the customer that month; and (iii) the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the commodity product’s standalone selling price and recognized as revenue upon delivery of the commodity product, which is the point in time when the customer obtains control of the commodity product and the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied. The sales of crude oil, natural gas and NGLs as presented on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations represent the Company’s share of revenues net of royalties and excluding revenue interests owned by others. When selling crude oil, natural gas and NGLs on behalf of royalty owners or working interest owners, the Company is acting as an agent and thus reports the revenue on a net basis. To the extent actual volumes and prices of crude oil and natural gas sales are unavailable for a given reporting period because of timing or information not received from third parties, the expected sales volumes and prices for those properties are estimated and recorded. The Company’s contracts with customers typically require payments for crude oil, natural gas and NGL sales within 30 days following the calendar month of delivery.
Crude oil revenues. The Company sells a substantial majority of its crude oil through bulk sales at delivery points on crude oil gathering systems to a variety of customers under short-term contracts that include a specified quantity of crude oil to be delivered and sold to the customer at a specified delivery point. The customer pays a market-based transaction price, which incorporates differentials that include, but are not limited to, transportation costs.
Natural gas and NGL revenues. The Company’s natural gas sales consist of unprocessed gas sales and residue gas sales. Unprocessed gas is sold at delivery points at or near the wellhead under various contracts, in which the customer pays a transaction price based on its sale of the bifurcated NGLs and residue gas, less any associated fees. Revenue is recorded on a net basis, with processing fees deducted within revenue rather than as a separate expense line item, as title and control transfer at the delivery point. Residue gas from the Company’s gas processing plants located in Wild Basin is sold at the tailgate or transported and sold at other downstream sales points, and the customer pays a transaction price based on a market indexed per-unit rate for the quantities sold. NGLs from the Company’s gas processing plants located in Wild Basin are sold at the tailgate or trucked and sold at other downstream locations, and the customer pays a transaction price based on a market indexed per-unit rate for the quantities sold.
Purchased crude oil and natural gas sales. The Company’s purchased crude oil and natural gas sales are derived from the sale of crude oil and natural gas purchased from a third party. The Company sells the purchased commodities to a variety of customers under short-term contracts that include specified quantities of crude oil and natural gas to be sold and delivered to the customer at a specified delivery point. The customer pays a market-based transaction price, which is based on the price index applicable for the location of the sale. Revenues and expenses from these sales and purchases are generally recorded on a gross basis, as the Company acts as a principal in these transactions by assuming control of the purchased crude oil or natural gas before it is transferred to the customer. In certain cases, the Company enters into sales and purchases with the same counterparty in contemplation of one another, and these transactions are recorded on a net basis in accordance with ASC 845.
Other Services. The Company’s other services revenues are from services provided by OWS for the Company’s operated wells, including equipment rental revenues and, prior to the Well Services Exit, hydraulic fracturing revenues. Intercompany revenues for work performed for the Company’s working interests are eliminated in consolidation, and only the revenues related to non-affiliated working interest owners are included in consolidated revenues.
•Equipment rental revenues. Equipment rental revenue is generated when OWS provides equipment rentals to the Company’s operated wells. Equipment rental revenues are calculated based on the equipment’s daily rental rate and the number of days that the equipment was rented by the customer. The Company’s performance obligation is satisfied when the entire rental period is completed. Equipment rental revenues are recognized over a period of time due to the customer simultaneously receiving and consuming the benefits of the rental equipment provided by the Company on a daily basis. Satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligation is measured at the completion of each day of the rental period, which directly corresponds with its right to consideration from the
customer. Revenues associated with these contracts are recognized at the time of invoicing for the entire rental period under the right to invoice practical expedient. •Hydraulic fracturing revenues. Prior to the Company’s Well Services Exit, hydraulic fracturing revenues were generated when OWS provided hydraulic fracturing services and related materials to the Company’s operated wells. These services were composed of various components, such as personnel, equipment and hydraulic fracturing materials, but management determined that each component was not distinct, as it could not be used on its own or together with a resource readily available to the customer. The Company’s performance obligation was satisfied when the hydraulic fracturing of a well was completed. Revenue was recognized over a period of time upon the completion of each stage of hydraulic fracturing of a well.
Revenues and Production Taxes Payable
Revenues and Production Taxes Payable
The Company calculates and pays taxes and royalties on crude oil and natural gas in accordance with the particular contractual provisions of the lease, license or concession agreements and the laws and regulations applicable to those agreements.
Leases
Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and related liability on the balance sheet for leases with durations greater than 12 months and also requires certain quantitative and qualitative disclosures about leasing arrangements. Accounting Standards Codification 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), was subsequently amended by Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-01, Land easement practical expedient for transition to Topic 842; Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-10, Codification
Improvements to Topic 842; Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements; and Accounting Standards Update No. 2019-01, Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements.
The Company adopted ASC 842 as of January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method. There was no impact to the opening equity balance as a result of adoption as the difference between the asset and liability balance is attributable to reclassifications of pre-existing balances, such as deferred rent, into the lease asset balance. Prior period amounts were not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the previous guidance, Accounting Standards Codification 840 (“ASC 840”).
ASU 2018-01 provided a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company elected the package of practical expedients under the transition guidance within the new standard, including the practical expedient to not reassess under the new standard any prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs; the use-of hindsight practical expedient; the practical expedient to not reassess the prior accounting treatment for existing or expired land easements; and the practical expedient pertaining to combining lease and non-lease components for all asset classes. In addition, the Company elected not to apply the recognition requirements of ASC 842 to leases with terms of one year or less, and as such, recognition of lease payments for short-term leases are recognized in net income on a straight line basis.
In accordance with the adoption of ASC 842, management determines whether an arrangement is a lease at its inception. The Company’s operating and finance leases consist primarily of office space, drilling rigs, vehicles and other property and equipment used in its operations. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease incentives received in the recognition of the present value of future lease payments. The Company considers renewal and termination options in determining the lease term used to establish its ROU assets and lease liabilities to the extent the Company is reasonably certain to exercise the renewal or termination. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. 
As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future lease payments. The Company has determined their respective incremental borrowing rates based upon the rate of interest that would have been paid on a collateralized basis over similar tenors to that of the leases.
Fair Value Measurements Fair Value MeasurementIn the first quarter of 2020, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”), which improves the effectiveness of the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The adoption of ASU 2018-13 did not result in a material impact to the Company’s financial position, cash flows or results of operations.
In accordance with the FASB’s authoritative guidance on fair value measurements, the Company’s financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company’s financial instruments, including certain cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other payables, are carried at cost, which approximates their respective fair market values due to their short-term maturities. The Company recognizes its non-financial assets and liabilities, such as ARO (see Note 15—Asset Retirement Obligations) and proved oil and gas properties upon impairment (see Note 12—Property, Plant and Equipment), at fair value on a non-recurring basis.
As defined in the authoritative guidance, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). To estimate fair value, the Company utilizes market data or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated or generally unobservable.
The authoritative guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (“Level 1” measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (“Level 3” measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
Level 2 — Pricing inputs, other than unadjusted quoted prices in active markets included in Level 1, are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date. Level 2 includes those financial instruments that are valued using models or other valuation methodologies. These models are primarily industry-standard models that consider various assumptions, including
quoted forward prices for commodities, time value, volatility factors and current market and contractual prices for the underlying instruments, as well as other relevant economic measures. Substantially all of these assumptions are observable in the marketplace throughout the full term of the instrument and can be derived from observable data or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace.
Level 3 — Pricing inputs are generally unobservable from objective sources, requiring internally developed valuation methodologies that result in management’s best estimate of fair value.
Financial Assets and Liabilities
Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input requires judgment and may affect the valuation of fair value assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels.
Non-Financial Assets and Liabilities
The fair value of the Company’s non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis is determined using valuation techniques that include Level 3 inputs.
Asset retirement obligations. The initial measurement of ARO at fair value is recorded in the period in which the liability is incurred. Fair value is determined by calculating the present value of estimated future cash flows related to the liability. Estimating the future ARO requires management to make estimates and judgments regarding the timing and existence of a liability, as well as what constitutes adequate restoration when considering current regulatory requirements. Inherent in the fair value calculation are numerous assumptions and judgments, including the ultimate costs, inflation factors, credit-adjusted discount rates, timing of settlement and changes in the legal, regulatory, environmental and political environments.
Oil and gas and other properties. The Company records its properties at fair value when acquired in a business combination or upon impairment for proved oil and gas properties and other properties. Fair value is determined using a discounted cash flow model. The inputs used are subject to management’s judgment and expertise and include, but are not limited to, estimates of crude oil and natural gas proved reserves, future commodity pricing, future rates of production, estimates of operating and development costs, risk-adjusted discount rates and estimates of throughput volumes for the Company’s midstream assets. These inputs are classified as Level 3 inputs, except the underlying commodity price assumptions are based on NYMEX forward strip prices (Level 1) and adjusted for price differentials.
Williston Basin Acquisition. The Company recognized the assets acquired in the Williston Basin Acquisition at cost on a relative fair value basis (see Note 13—Acquisitions and Divestitures). Fair value was determined using a discounted cash flow model. The underlying future commodity prices included in the Company’s estimated future cash flows of its proved oil and gas properties were determined using NYMEX forward strip prices as of October 21, 2021 for five years, escalating 2% per year thereafter. The estimated future cash flows also included a 2% inflation factor applied to the future operating and development costs after five years and every year thereafter. The estimated future cash flows were discounted at a market-based weighted average cost of capital of 11%.
2020 Impairments. As a result of the significant decline in expected future commodity prices in the first quarter of 2020, the Company reviewed its properties for impairment as of March 31, 2020. The underlying future commodity prices included in the Company’s estimated future cash flows of its proved oil and gas properties were determined using NYMEX forward strip prices as of March 31, 2020 for five years, escalating 2.5% per year thereafter. The estimated future cash flows also included a 2.5% inflation factor applied to the future operating and development costs after five years and every year thereafter. The estimated future cash flows for the Company’s proved oil and gas properties and midstream assets were discounted at market-based weighted average costs of capital of 12.7% and 10.4%, respectively (see Note 12—Property, Plant and Equipment).
Concentrations of Market and Credit Risk
Concentrations of Market and Credit Risk
The future results of the Company’s E&P operations will be affected by the market prices of crude oil, natural gas and NGLs. The availability of a ready market for crude oil and natural gas products in the future will depend on numerous factors beyond the Company’s control, including weather, imports, marketing of competitive fuels, proximity and capacity of crude oil and natural gas pipelines and other transportation facilities, any oversupply or undersupply of crude oil, natural gas and liquid products, the regulatory environment, the economic environment, and other regional and political events, none of which can be predicted with certainty. Commodity prices have been volatile in recent years. Due to a combination of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical pressures on the global supply and demand balance for crude oil and related products, commodity prices sharply declined in early 2020, which adversely affected the Company’s business, operating results and liquidity. A substantial or extended decline in the price of crude oil could have a further material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, cash flows and results of operations.
The Company’s receivables include amounts due from purchasers of its crude oil and natural gas production and amounts due from joint interest partners for their respective portions of operating expenses and exploration and development costs. While certain of these customers and joint interest partners are affected by periodic downturns in the economy in general or in their specific segment of the crude oil or natural gas industry, including the current commodity price environment, the Company believes that its level of credit-related losses due to such economic fluctuations has been and will continue to be immaterial to the Company’s results of operations over the long term. 
The Company manages and controls market and counterparty credit risk. In the normal course of business, collateral is not required for financial instruments with credit risk. Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to credit risk, consist principally of temporary cash balances and derivative financial instruments. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents in bank deposit accounts which, at times, may exceed the federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any significant losses from such investments. The Company attempts to limit the amount of credit exposure to any one financial institution or company. The Company believes the credit quality of its customers is generally high. In the normal
course of business, letters of credit or parent guarantees are required for counterparties which management perceives to have a higher credit risk.
Risk Management
Risk Management
The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to manage risks related to changes in crude oil and natural gas prices. As of December 31, 2021, the Company utilized fixed price swaps to reduce the volatility of crude oil prices on a portion of its future expected crude oil production (see Note 11—Derivative Instruments).
The Company records all derivative instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as either assets or liabilities measured at their estimated fair value. Derivative assets and liabilities arising from derivative contracts with the same counterparty are reported on a net basis, as all counterparty contracts provide for net settlement. The Company has not designated any derivative instruments as hedges for accounting purposes and does not enter into such instruments for speculative trading purposes. Gains and losses from valuation changes in commodity derivative instruments are reported in the other income (expense) section of the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s cash flow is only impacted when the actual settlements under the derivative contracts result in making or receiving a payment to or from the counterparty. These cash settlements represent the cumulative gains and losses on the Company’s derivative instruments for the periods presented and do not include a recovery of costs that were paid to acquire or modify the derivative instruments that were settled. Cash settlements are reflected as investing activities in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Derivative financial instruments that hedge the price of crude oil and natural gas are executed with major financial institutions that expose the Company to market and credit risks and which may, at times, be concentrated with certain counterparties or groups of counterparties. At December 31, 2021, the Company had derivatives in place with eight counterparties which are all lenders under the Oasis Credit Facility. Although notional amounts are used to express the volume of these contracts, the amounts potentially subject to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties are substantially smaller. The credit worthiness of the counterparties is subject to continual review. The Company believes the risk of nonperformance by its counterparties is low. Full performance is anticipated, and the Company has no past-due receivables from the counterparties to its commodity derivative contracts. The Company’s policy is to execute financial derivatives only with major, credit-worthy financial institutions.
The Company’s derivative contracts are documented with industry standard contracts known as a Schedule to the Master Agreement and International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. Master Agreement (“ISDA”). Typical terms for the ISDAs include credit support requirements, cross default provisions, termination events and set-off provisions. The Company is not required to provide any credit support to its counterparties other than cross collateralization with the properties securing the Oasis Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2021, the Company was in compliance with these requirements.
Contingencies
Contingencies
Certain conditions may exist as of the date the Company’s consolidated financial statements are issued that may result in a loss to the Company, but which will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The Company’s management, with input from legal counsel, assesses such contingent liabilities, and such assessment inherently involves judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company or unasserted claims that may result in proceedings, the Company’s management, with input from legal counsel, evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein.
If the assessment of a contingency indicates that it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of liability can be estimated, then the estimated undiscounted liability is accrued in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potentially material loss contingency is not probable but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, is disclosed. Actual results could vary from these estimates and judgments.
Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they involve guarantees, in which case the guarantees would be disclosed.
Environmental Costs
Environmental Costs
Environmental expenditures are expensed or capitalized, as appropriate, depending on their future economic benefit. Expenditures that relate to an existing condition caused by past operations, and which do not have future economic benefit, are expensed. Liabilities related to future costs are recorded on an undiscounted basis when environmental assessments and/or remediation activities are probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated.
Equity-Based Compensation
Equity-Based Compensation
The Board of Directors adopted the Oasis Petroleum Inc. 2020 Long Term Incentive Plan (the “2020 LTIP”), which provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, dividend equivalents, other stock-based awards, cash awards, performance awards or any combination of the foregoing. Upon adopting the 2020 LTIP, 2,402,402 shares of common stock were reserved for grants of awards.
The Company determines the compensation expense for share-settled awards based on the grant date fair value, and such expense is recognized ratably over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. Cash-settled awards are classified as liabilities. Compensation expense for cash-settled awards is recognized over the requisite service period and is remeasured at the fair value of such awards at the end of each reporting period. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur by reversing the expense previously recognized for awards that were forfeited during the period.
The fair values of awards are determined based on the type of award and may utilize market prices on the date of grant (for service-based equity awards) or at the end of the reporting period (for liability-classified awards), Monte Carlo simulations or other acceptable valuation methodologies, as appropriate for the type of award. A Monte Carlo simulation model uses assumptions regarding random projections and must be repeated numerous times to achieve a probabilistic assessment (see Note 17—Equity-Based Compensation for more information).
Any excess tax benefit arising from the Company’s equity-based compensation plan is recognized as a credit to income tax expense or benefit in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Treasury Stock
Treasury Stock
Treasury stock represents shares of common stock repurchased under the Company’s share repurchase program and shares withheld by the Company equivalent to the payroll tax withholding obligations due from employees upon the vesting of restricted stock awards.
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
The Company’s provision for taxes includes both federal and state income taxes. The Company records its income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, which results in the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the book carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences and carryforwards are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that the related tax benefits will not be realized.
The Company applies significant judgment in evaluating its tax positions and estimating its provision for income taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there may be transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. The actual outcome of these future tax consequences could differ significantly from the Company’s estimates, which could impact its financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
The Company also accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the financial statements in accordance with GAAP by prescribing a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Authoritative guidance for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes requires that the Company recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. The Company did not have any uncertain tax positions outstanding and, as such, did not record a liability as of December 31, 2021 or 2020. All deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowance, are classified as non-current on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
In the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation and calculating income taxes in interim periods, among other changes. The adoption of ASU 2019-12 did not result in a material impact to the Company’s financial position, cash flows or result of operations.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Reference rate reform. In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”). The amendments provide optional guidance for a limited time to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions
affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments apply only to contracts and hedging relationships that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. These amendments are effective immediately and may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2022. The Company is currently evaluating its contracts and the optional expedients provided by ASU 2020-04 and the impact the new standard will have on its financial statements and related disclosures.