10-Q 1 wex0930201810-q.htm 10-Q
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10–Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 001–32426
WEX INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 01–0526993
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
97 Darling Avenue, South Portland, Maine |  | 04106
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(207) 773–8171
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S–T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b–2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b–2 of the Exchange Act).
☐ Yes ☒ No
Number of shares of common stock outstanding as of October 31, 2018 was 43,103,426.

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD–LOOKING STATEMENTS | 3 |
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS | 4 |
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 5 |
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 35 |
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 53 |
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 54 |
PART II—OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 54 |
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 54 |
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 54 |
Item 6. | Exhibits | 55 |
SIGNATURE |  |

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Unless otherwise indicated or required by the context, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “WEX,” or the “Company,” in this
Quarterly Report on Form 10–Q mean WEX Inc. and all of its subsidiaries that are consolidated under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States.
FORWARD–LOOKING STATEMENTS
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for statements that are forward-looking and are not statements of historical facts. This Quarterly Report includes forward-looking statements including, but not limited to, statements about management’s plan and goals. Any statements in this Quarterly Report that are not statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements. When used in this Quarterly Report, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain such words. Forward-looking statements relate to our future plans, objectives, expectations and intentions and are not historical facts and accordingly involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results or performance to be materially different from future results or performance expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report and in oral statements made by our authorized officers:

• | the effects of general economic conditions on fueling patterns as well as payment and transaction processing activity;

• | the impact of foreign currency exchange rates on the Company’s operations, revenue and income;

• | changes in interest rates;

• | the impact of fluctuations in fuel prices;

• | the effects of the Company’s business expansion and acquisition efforts;

• | potential adverse changes to business or employee relationships, including those resulting from the completion of an acquisition;

• | competitive responses to any acquisitions;

• | uncertainty of the expected financial performance of the combined operations following completion of an acquisition;

• | the ability to successfully integrate the Company’s acquisitions;

• | the ability to realize anticipated synergies and cost savings;

• | unexpected costs, charges or expenses resulting from an acquisition;

• | the Company’s ability to successfully acquire, integrate, operate and expand commercial fuel card programs

• | the failure of corporate investments to result in anticipated strategic value;

• | the impact and size of credit losses;

• | the impact of changes to the Company’s credit standards;

• | breaches of the Company’s technology systems or those of the Company’s third-party service providers and any resulting negative impact on our reputation, liabilities or relationships with customers or merchants;

• | the Company’s failure to maintain or renew key commercial agreements;

• | failure to expand the Company’s technological capabilities and service offerings as rapidly as the Company’s competitors;

• | failure to successfully implement the Company’s information technology strategies and capabilities in connection with its technology outsourcing and insourcing arrangements and any resulting cost associated with that failure;

• | the actions of regulatory bodies, including banking and securities regulators, or possible changes in banking or financial regulations impacting the Company’s industrial bank, the Company as the corporate parent or other subsidiaries or affiliates;

• | the impact of the Company’s outstanding notes on its operations;

• | the impact of increased leverage on the Company’s operations, results or borrowing capacity generally, and as a result of acquisitions specifically;

• | the incurrence of impairment charges if our assessment of the fair value of certain of our reporting units changes;

• | the uncertainties of litigation; as well as

• | other risks and uncertainties identified in Item 1A of our annual report on Form 10–K for the year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2018.

Our forward-looking statements and these factors do not reflect the potential future impact of any alliance, merger, acquisition, disposition or stock repurchases. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of the initial filing of this Quarterly Report and undue reliance should not be placed on these statements. We disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
The acronyms and abbreviations identified below are used in this Quarterly Report, including the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. The following is provided to aid the reader and provide a reference point when reviewing this Quarterly Report.

2016 Credit Agreement | Credit agreement entered into on July 1, 2016 by and among the Company and certain of its subsidiaries, as borrowers, WEX Card Holding Australia Pty Ltd., as designated borrower, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent on behalf of the lenders, as amended.
2017 Tax Act | 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
Adjusted Net Income or ANI | A non-GAAP measure that adjusts net income attributable to shareholders to exclude unrealized gains and losses on financial instruments, net foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses, acquisition-related intangible amortization, other acquisition and divestiture related items, stock-based compensation, restructuring and other costs, impairment charges, debt restructuring and debt issuance cost amortization, adjustments attributed to our non-controlling interest and certain tax related items.
Segment adjusted operating income | A non-GAAP measure that adjusts operating income to exclude specified items that the Company’s management excludes in evaluating segment performance, including acquisition and divestiture related expenses and adjustments including the amortization of purchased intangibles, impairment charges, the expense associated with stock-based compensation, restructuring and other costs, debt restructuring costs and unallocated corporate expenses.
AOC | AOC Solutions and one of its affiliate companies, 3Delta Systems, Inc.
ASU 2014–09 | Accounting Standards Update No. 2014–09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)
ASU 2016–01 | Accounting Standards Update No. 2016–01 Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825–10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
ASU 2016–02 | Accounting Standards Update No. 2016–02 Leases (Topic 842)
ASU 2016–09 | Accounting Standards Update No. 2016–09 Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting
ASU 2016–13 | Accounting Standards Update No. 2016–13 Financial Instruments–Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
ASU 2016–18 | Accounting Standards Update No. 2016–18 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash
ASU 2017–07 | Accounting Standards Update 2017–07 Compensation-Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost
ASU 2018–15 | Accounting Standards Update No. 2018–15 Intangibles–Goodwill and Other–Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350–40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract
Australian Securitization Subsidiary | Southern Cross WEX 2015–1 Trust, a bankruptcy-remote subsidiary consolidated by the Company
Company | WEX Inc. and all entities included in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements
EBITDA | A non-GAAP measure that adjusts income before income taxes to exclude interest, depreciation and amortization
EFS | Electronic Funds Source, LLC, a provider of customized corporate payment solutions for fleet and corporate customers with a focus on the large and mid-sized over-the-road fleets. On July 1, 2016, the Company acquired WP Mustang Topco LLC, the indirect parent of Electronic Funds Source, LLC and Warburg Pincus Private Equity XI (Lexington), LLC, an affiliated entity, from investment funds affiliated with Warburg Pincus LLC
European Securitization Subsidiary | Gorham Trade Finance B.V., a bankruptcy-remote subsidiary consolidated by the Company
FASB | Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIC | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
GAAP | Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States
GILTI | Global Intangible Low Taxed Income
ICS | Insured Cash Sweep
Indenture | The Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture dated as of January 30, 2013 among the Company, the guarantors listed therein, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee
NYSE | New York Stock Exchange
Notes | $400 million notes with a 4.75% fixed rate, issued on January 30, 2013
Over-the-road | Typically heavy trucks traveling long distances
Payment solutions purchase volume | Total amount paid by customers for transactions
Payment processing transactions | Funded payment transactions where the Company maintains the receivable for total purchase
SaaS | Software-as-a-service
SEC | Securities and Exchange Commission
Total fuel transactions | Total of transaction processing and payment processing transactions of our Fleet Solutions segment
WEX Latin America | UNIK S.A., the Company’s Brazilian subsidiary, which has been subsequently branded WEX Latin America
WEX | WEX Inc.
WEX Health | Evolution1 and Benaissance, collectively

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PART I
Item 1. Financial Statements.
WEX INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(in thousands, except per share data)
(unaudited)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing revenue | $ | 182,871 |  |  | $ | 145,702 |  |  | $ | 530,063 |  |  | $ | 423,434 |
Account servicing revenue | 78,748 |  |  | 71,322 |  |  | 236,168 |  |  | 198,538 |
Finance fee revenue | 53,703 |  |  | 50,879 |  |  | 154,958 |  |  | 136,336 |
Other revenue | 67,368 |  |  | 56,099 |  |  | 187,206 |  |  | 160,935 |
Total revenues | 382,690 |  |  | 324,002 |  |  | 1,108,395 |  |  | 919,243 |
Cost of services |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Processing costs | 79,580 |  |  | 69,119 |  |  | 235,508 |  |  | 202,682 |
Service fees | 13,818 |  |  | 19,658 |  |  | 39,847 |  |  | 57,413 |
Provision for credit losses | 21,435 |  |  | 19,614 |  |  | 46,930 |  |  | 47,927 |
Operating interest | 10,268 |  |  | 7,537 |  |  | 28,281 |  |  | 17,049 |
Depreciation and amortization | 19,013 |  |  | 18,879 |  |  | 60,058 |  |  | 54,639 |
Total cost of services | 144,114 |  |  | 134,807 |  |  | 410,624 |  |  | 379,710 |
General and administrative | 51,799 |  |  | 51,538 |  |  | 155,720 |  |  | 133,788 |
Sales and marketing | 54,611 |  |  | 41,585 |  |  | 168,849 |  |  | 121,726 |
Depreciation and amortization | 29,054 |  |  | 32,349 |  |  | 88,817 |  |  | 95,788 |
Impairment charges | 2,424 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,424 |  |  | 16,175 |
Operating income | 100,688 |  |  | 63,723 |  |  | 281,961 |  |  | 172,056 |
Financing interest expense | (25,718 | ) |  | (25,754 | ) |  | (78,560 | ) |  | (81,449 | )
Net foreign currency (loss) gain | (1,094 | ) |  | 14,611 |  |  | (27,438 | ) |  | 33,578 |
Net unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments | 2,157 |  |  | (150 | ) |  | 18,371 |  |  | (849 | )
Income before income taxes | 76,033 |  |  | 52,430 |  |  | 194,334 |  |  | 123,336 |
Income taxes | 18,751 |  |  | 18,570 |  |  | 48,278 |  |  | 43,760 |
Net income | 57,282 |  |  | 33,860 |  |  | 146,056 |  |  | 79,576 |
Less: Net (loss) income from non-controlling interest | (40 | ) |  | (111 | ) |  | 803 |  |  | (886 | )
Net income attributable to shareholders | $ | 57,322 |  |  | $ | 33,971 |  |  | $ | 145,253 |  |  | $ | 80,462 |
Net income attributable to WEX Inc. per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.33 |  |  | $ | 0.79 |  |  | $ | 3.37 |  |  | $ | 1.87 |
Diluted | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 0.79 |  |  | $ | 3.33 |  |  | $ | 1.87 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 43,191 |  |  | 43,014 |  |  | 43,141 |  |  | 42,963 |
Diluted | 43,615 |  |  | 43,101 |  |  | 43,558 |  |  | 43,092 |

See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
See Note 1, Basis of Presentation, for further details on our change in presentation to a functional income statement.
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WEX INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in thousands)
(unaudited)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income | $ | 57,282 |  |  | $ | 33,860 |  |  | $ | 146,056 |  |  | $ | 79,576 |
Changes in investment securities, net of tax (benefit) expense of $(10) and $53 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | — |  |  | 97 |
Foreign currency translation | (9,250 | ) |  | 11,042 |  |  | (32,728 | ) |  | 33,744 |
Comprehensive income | 48,032 |  |  | 44,890 |  |  | 113,328 |  |  | 113,417 |
Less: Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interest | (109 | ) |  | 122 |  |  | 540 |  |  | (112 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to WEX Inc. | $ | 48,141 |  |  | $ | 44,768 |  |  | $ | 112,788 |  |  | $ | 113,529 |

See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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WEX INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except per share data)
(unaudited)

| September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 533,361 |  |  | $ | 508,072 |
Restricted cash | 22,696 |  |  | 18,866 |
Accounts receivable (net of allowances of $38,103 in 2018 and $30,207 in 2017) | 3,124,204 |  |  | 2,517,980 |
Securitized accounts receivable, restricted | 142,575 |  |  | 150,235 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 85,842 |  |  | 69,413 |
Total current assets | 3,908,678 |  |  | 3,264,566 |
Property, equipment and capitalized software (net of accumulated depreciation of $312,921 in 2018 and $264,928 in 2017) | 166,999 |  |  | 163,908 |
Goodwill | 1,838,909 |  |  | 1,876,132 |
Other intangible assets (net of accumulated amortization of $480,950 in 2018 and $392,827 in 2017) | 1,069,116 |  |  | 1,154,047 |
Investment securities | 24,088 |  |  | 23,358 |
Deferred income taxes, net | 8,610 |  |  | 7,752 |
Other assets | 143,342 |  |  | 253,088 |
Total assets | $ | 7,159,742 |  |  | $ | 6,742,851 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 1,160,661 |  |  | $ | 811,362 |
Accrued expenses | 308,021 |  |  | 315,346 |
Short-term deposits | 878,071 |  |  | 986,989 |
Short-term debt, net | 238,864 |  |  | 397,218 |
Other current liabilities | 26,848 |  |  | 24,795 |
Total current liabilities | 2,612,465 |  |  | 2,535,710 |
Long-term debt, net | 2,140,875 |  |  | 2,027,752 |
Long-term deposits | 386,770 |  |  | 306,865 |
Deferred income taxes, net | 140,478 |  |  | 119,283 |
Other liabilities | 29,897 |  |  | 32,683 |
Total liabilities | 5,310,485 |  |  | 5,022,293 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13) |  |  |
Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Common Stock $0.01 par value; 175,000 shares authorized; 47,528 shares issued in 2018 and 47,352 in 2017; 43,100 shares outstanding in 2018 and 43,022 in 2017 | 475 |  |  | 473 |
Additional paid-in capital | 584,047 |  |  | 569,319 |
Retained earnings | 1,550,577 |  |  | 1,404,683 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (123,260 | ) |  | (90,795 | )
Treasury stock at cost; 4,428 shares in 2018 and 2017 | (172,342 | ) |  | (172,342 | )
Total WEX Inc. stockholders’ equity | 1,839,497 |  |  | 1,711,338 |
Non-controlling interest | 9,760 |  |  | 9,220 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 1,849,257 |  |  | 1,720,558 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 7,159,742 |  |  | $ | 6,742,851 |

See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
See Note 1, Basis of Presentation, for further details on our change in presentation to a classified balance sheet.
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WEX INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands)
(unaudited)

| Common Stock Issued |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Retained Earnings |  | Non-Controlling Interest |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2016 | 47,173 |  |  | $ | 472 |  |  | $ | 547,627 |  |  | $ | (122,839 | ) |  | $ | (172,342 | ) |  | $ | 1,244,271 |  |  | $ | 8,558 |  |  | $ | 1,505,747 |
Cumulative-effect adjustment 1 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 261 |  |  | — |  |  | 261 |
Balance at January 1, 2017 | 47,173 |  |  | $ | 472 |  |  | $ | 547,627 |  |  | $ | (122,839 | ) |  | $ | (172,342 | ) |  | $ | 1,244,532 |  |  | $ | 8,558 |  |  | $ | 1,506,008 |
Stock issued | 176 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 594 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 595 |
Share repurchases for tax withholdings | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,420 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,420 | )
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,354 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,354 |
Changes in investment securities, net of tax expense of $53 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 97 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 97 |
Foreign currency translation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,970 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 774 |  |  | 33,744 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80,462 |  |  | (886 | ) |  | 79,576 |
Balance at September 30, 2017 | 47,349 |  |  | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | 561,155 |  |  | $ | (89,772 | ) |  | $ | (172,342 | ) |  | $ | 1,324,994 |  |  | $ | 8,446 |  |  | $ | 1,632,954 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | 47,352 |  |  | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | 569,319 |  |  | $ | (90,795 | ) |  | $ | (172,342 | ) |  | $ | 1,404,683 |  |  | $ | 9,220 |  |  | $ | 1,720,558 |
Cumulative-effect adjustment 2 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 641 |  |  | — |  |  | 641 |
Balance at January 1, 2018 | 47,352 |  |  | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | 569,319 |  |  | $ | (90,795 | ) |  | $ | (172,342 | ) |  | $ | 1,405,324 |  |  | $ | 9,220 |  |  | $ | 1,721,199 |
Stock issued | 176 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2,243 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,245 |
Share repurchases for tax withholdings | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,172 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,172 | )
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,657 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,657 |
Foreign currency translation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32,465 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (263 | ) |  | (32,728 | )
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 145,253 |  |  | 803 |  |  | 146,056 |
Balance at September 30, 2018 | 47,528 |  |  | $ | 475 |  |  | $ | 584,047 |  |  | $ | (123,260 | ) |  | $ | (172,342 | ) |  | $ | 1,550,577 |  |  | $ | 9,760 |  |  | $ | 1,849,257 |

1 Includes the impact of modified retrospective transition as part of the Company’s adoption of ASU 2016–09 to recognize previously disallowed excess tax benefits that increased a net operating loss.
2 Includes the impact of modified retrospective adoption of Topic 606.
See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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WEX INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
(unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 146,056 |  |  | $ | 79,576 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used for operating activities: |  |  |
Net unrealized loss | 3,871 |  |  | 6,411 |
Stock-based compensation | 24,657 |  |  | 22,354 |
Depreciation and amortization | 148,875 |  |  | 150,428 |
Debt restructuring and debt issuance cost amortization | 7,717 |  |  | 5,935 |
Provision for deferred taxes | 20,127 |  |  | 29,924 |
Provision for credit losses | 46,930 |  |  | 47,927 |
Impairment charge | 2,424 |  |  | 16,175 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions: |  |  |
Accounts receivable and securitized receivables | (685,441 | ) |  | (595,804 | )
Prepaid expenses and other current and other long-term assets | 111,489 |  |  | (17,590 | )
Accounts payable | 371,421 |  |  | 228,284 |
Accrued expenses | (5,385 | ) |  | (7,740 | )
Income taxes | 4,530 |  |  | (2,799 | )
Other current and other long-term liabilities | (8,411 | ) |  | 1,300 |
Amounts due under tax receivable agreement | (5,727 | ) |  | (8,927 | )
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities | 183,133 |  |  | (44,546 | )
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Purchases of property, equipment and capitalized software | (53,416 | ) |  | (56,095 | )
Purchase of equity investment | (2,617 | ) |  | — |
Purchases of investment securities | (1,627 | ) |  | (355 | )
Maturities of investment securities | 181 |  |  | 445 |
Net cash used for investing activities | (57,479 | ) |  | (56,005 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Repurchase of share-based awards to satisfy tax withholdings | (12,172 | ) |  | (9,420 | )
Proceeds from stock option exercises | 2,245 |  |  | 595 |
Net change in deposits | (28,485 | ) |  | (29,052 | )
Increase in borrowed federal funds | — |  |  | 28,462 |
Net activity on other debt | (44,201 | ) |  | 39,554 |
Borrowings on revolving credit facility | 1,219,693 |  |  | 3,385,316 |
Repayments of revolving credit facility | (1,355,931 | ) |  | (3,241,719 | )
Borrowings on term loans | 178,000 |  |  | — |
Repayments on term loans | (26,971 | ) |  | (26,063 | )
Debt issuance costs | (5,310 | ) |  | (438 | )
Net change in securitized debt | (7,826 | ) |  | 29,874 |
Net cash (used for) provided by financing activities | (80,958 | ) |  | 177,109 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (15,577 | ) |  | (15,247 | )
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 29,119 |  |  | 61,311 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period (a) | 526,938 |  |  | 213,342 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period (a) | $ | 556,057 |  |  | $ | 274,653 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities |  |  |
Capital expenditures incurred but not paid | $ | 5,608 |  |  | $ | 7,553 |

(a) The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets to amounts reported within our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:
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| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | $ | 508,072 |  |  | $ | 190,930 |
Restricted cash at beginning of period | 18,866 |  |  | 22,412 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | $ | 526,938 |  |  | $ | 213,342 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 533,361 |  |  | $ | 251,118 |
Restricted cash at end of period | 22,696 |  |  | 23,535 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 556,057 |  |  | $ | 274,653 |

See notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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WEX INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)

1. | Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10–Q and Rule 10–01 of Regulation S–X. Accordingly, they do not include all information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements that are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10–K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2018. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, including normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results for any future periods or the year ending December 31, 2018.
The Company rounds amounts in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements to thousands and calculates all per-share data from underlying whole-dollar amounts. Thus, certain amounts may not foot, crossfoot or recalculate based on reported numbers due to rounding.
Changes to Prior Year Financial Statement Presentation
Effective January 1, 2018, the Company modified the presentation of the balance sheets and statements of income and changed how it allocates certain costs to our segments. These changes enhance the information reported to the users of our financial statements.
The Company now classifies assets and liabilities as current and non-current within our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as defined according to the normal twelve month operating cycle of our business. Prior period amounts have been recast to conform with this presentation. As a result of this change, total assets and total liabilities have increased by approximately $3.7 million compared to what was reported within our Annual Report on Form 10–K for the year ended December 31, 2017 due to a gross-up of interest rate swap arrangements to reflect their corresponding short and long-term portions. See Note 11, Fair Value, for more information on the fair value of our interest rate swap arrangements.
Additionally, the Company has modified the presentation of certain line items in its unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. Under the new presentation, costs of services are segregated from other operating expenses. Operating expenses have been reclassified into functional categories in order to provide additional detail into the underlying drivers of changes in operating expenses and align presentation with industry practice. The revised presentation did not result in a change to previously reported revenues, operating income, income before income taxes or net income.
Effective with the change in financial statement presentation noted above, the Company now reports expenses in the categories noted below. No changes have been made to non-operating expenses.
Cost of Services

• | Processing costs - The Company’s processing costs consist of expenses related to processing transactions, servicing customers and merchants and cost of goods sold related to hardware and other product sales.

• | Service fees - The Company incurs costs from third-party networks utilized to deliver payment solutions. Additionally, other third-parties are utilized in performing services directly related to generating revenue. With the adoption of Topic 606 effective January 1, 2018, fees paid to third-party payment processing networks are no longer recorded as service fees and are now presented as a reduction of revenues.

• | Provision for credit losses - Changes in the reserve for credit loss are the result of changes in management’s estimate of the losses in the Company’s outstanding portfolio of receivables, including losses from fraud.

• | Operating interest - The Company incurs interest expense on the operating debt obtained to provide liquidity for its short-term receivables.

• | Depreciation and amortization - The Company has identified those tangible and intangible assets directly associated with providing a service that generates revenue and records the depreciation and amortization associated with those assets under this category. Such assets include processing platforms and related infrastructure, acquired developed technology intangible assets and other similar asset types.

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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
Other Operating Expenses

• | General and administrative - General and administrative includes compensation and related expenses for executive, finance and accounting, other information technology, human resources, legal and other corporate functions. Also included are corporate facilities expenses, certain third-party professional service fees and other corporate expenses.

• | Sales and marketing - The Company’s sales and marketing expenses relate primarily to compensation, benefits, sales commissions and related expenses for sales, marketing and other related activities. With the adoption of Topic 606 effective January 1, 2018, certain payments to partners are now classified as sales and marketing expenses.

• | Depreciation and amortization - The depreciation and amortization associated with tangible and intangible assets that are not considered to be directly associated with providing a service that generates revenue are recorded as other operating expenses. Such assets include corporate facilities and information technology assets and acquired intangible assets other than those included in cost of services.

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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

2. | Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The following table provides a brief description of accounting pronouncements adopted during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and recent accounting pronouncements that could have a material effect on our financial statements:

Standard |  | Description |  | Date/Method of Adoption |  | Effect on financial statements or other significant matters
Adopted During the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
ASU 2014–09 |  | This standard supersedes most existing revenue recognition guidance under GAAP. The new revenue recognition standard requires entities to recognize revenue for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, the standard requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. |  | The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach to those contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Adoption resulted in a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings as of the effective date, without restatement of prior period amounts. |  | The Company’s revenue from discount and interchange, transaction processing and certain fees is within the scope of Topic 606. FASB and its Transition Resource Group have issued clarifications on various aspects of ASU 2014–09. There were three primary impacts to the Company resulting from the adoption of Topic 606, which are described below. Certain amounts paid to partners in our Fleet Solutions and Travel and Corporate Solutions segments have been determined to fall under the “cost to obtain a contract” guidance. As a result, these amounts, which were previously presented as a reduction of revenues, are now reflected within sales and marketing on our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. This change increased both reported revenues and expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 by approximately $13.8 million and $44.9 million, respectively. Network fees paid by all three of our segments, but primarily by our Travel and Corporate Solutions segment, are now presented as a reduction of revenues in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. Prior to January 1, 2018, these amounts were included within service fees. This change reduced both reported revenues and expenses by approximately $3.4 million and $13.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Certain costs to obtain a contract, such as sales commissions, are to be capitalized and amortized over the life of the customer relationship, with a practical expedient available for contracts under one year in duration. The vast majority of the Company’s commissions will continue to be expensed as incurred. This change resulted in an immaterial impact to operating income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. As of January 1, 2018, we recorded $0.6 million cumulative-effect adjustment, net of the associated tax effect, related to the deferral of capitalizable costs to obtain a contract within our Health and Employee Benefit Solutions segment. These commissions are amortized to sales and marketing expense over a useful life that considers the contract term, our commission policy, renewal experience and the transfer of services to which the asset relates.
ASU 2017–07 |  | This standard changes the presentation of net benefit pension costs by requiring the disaggregation of certain of its components. Under the guidance, companies are required to present the service cost component in the same income statement line item(s) as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period. The other components of net benefit cost will be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside the subtotal of operating income, if one is presented. Additionally, only the service cost component will be eligible for capitalization under the new guidance. |  | The Company adopted ASU 2017–07 effective January 1, 2018. |  | The adoption did not have a material impact on our results of operations, cash flows or consolidated financial position.

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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

ASU 2016–18 |  | This standard clarifies the classification and presentation of restricted cash in the statement of cash flows. Upon adoption, the statement of cash flows must explain the change during the period in the total of cash and cash equivalents and amounts described as restricted cash or cash equivalents. |  | The Company retrospectively adopted ASU 2016–18 effective January 1, 2018. |  | This retrospective adoption resulted in including restricted cash in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash when reconciling the beginning of year and end of year amounts presented on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. A reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as reported within our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets is included within our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
ASU 2016–01 |  | This standard requires equity investments, except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, or those that result in consolidation of the investee, to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. |  | The Company adopted ASU 2016–01 effective January 1, 2018. |  | Changes in the fair value of investment securities are now reflected as non-operating income within our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. The adoption did not have a material impact on our results of operations, balance sheet or cash flows.
Not Yet Adopted as of September 30, 2018
ASU 2016–02 |  | This standard increases transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. Certain qualitative and quantitative disclosures are required. |  | The Company plans to adopt ASU 2016–02 effective January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method provided under ASU 2018–11 Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements. |  | The Company has established an ASU 2016–02 committee whose primary objectives include implementing a new software solution, reviewing and summarizing lease contracts, establishing completeness over the lease population, determining which practical expedients, if any, we will utilize to facilitate compliance and updating the Company’s accounting policies and procedures. The Company expects to recognize right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet following the adoption of ASU 2016–02, but the Company is not able to quantify the impact of adoption at this time. The Company is also evaluating the impact the standard will have on its consolidated statement of operations, consolidated statement of cash flows and related disclosures
ASU 2016–13 |  | This standard requires financial assets measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses will be based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that impact the collectability of the reported amount. |  | The standard is effective January 1, 2020. |  | The Company is evaluating the impact the standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
ASU 2018–15 |  | This standard clarifies the accounting for capitalizing implementation costs in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. The standard provides that implementation costs be treated using the same criteria used for internal-use software development costs, with amortization expense being recorded in the same income statement expense line as the hosted service costs and over the expected term of the hosting arrangement. |  | The standard is effective January 1, 2020. |  | The Company is evaluating the impact the standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

3. | Revenue

The Company adopted Topic 606 on January 1, 2018, utilizing the modified retrospective method. See Note 2, Recent Accounting Pronouncements, for further information regarding the adoption impact. Under the modified retrospective method, prior period comparable financial information continues to be presented under the guidance of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 605, Revenue Recognition. See the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10–K for the year ended December 31, 2017 for our accounting policies applied to revenue recognition prior to adoption of Topic 606.
The impact of adopting Topic 606 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(In thousands) | Prior to Adoption |  | Impact of Topic 606 |  | As Reported |  | Prior to Adoption |  | Impact of Topic 606 |  | As Reported
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing revenue | $ | 174,170 |  |  | $ | 8,701 |  |  | $ | 182,871 |  |  | $ | 501,674 |  |  | $ | 28,389 |  |  | $ | 530,063 |
Account servicing revenue | 78,748 |  |  | — |  |  | 78,748 |  |  | 236,168 |  |  | — |  |  | 236,168 |
Finance fee revenue | 53,703 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,703 |  |  | 154,958 |  |  | — |  |  | 154,958 |
Other revenue | 65,682 |  |  | 1,686 |  |  | 67,368 |  |  | 183,997 |  |  | 3,209 |  |  | 187,206 |
Total revenues | 372,303 |  |  | 10,387 |  |  | 382,690 |  |  | 1,076,797 |  |  | 31,598 |  |  | 1,108,395 |
Cost of services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Processing costs | 79,580 |  |  | — |  |  | 79,580 |  |  | 235,508 |  |  | — |  |  | 235,508 |
Service fees | 17,234 |  |  | (3,416 | ) |  | 13,818 |  |  | 53,310 |  |  | (13,463 | ) |  | 39,847 |
Provision for credit losses | 21,435 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,435 |  |  | 46,930 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,930 |
Operating interest | 10,268 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,268 |  |  | 28,281 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,281 |
Depreciation and amortization | 19,013 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,013 |  |  | 60,058 |  |  | — |  |  | 60,058 |
Total cost of services | 147,530 |  |  | (3,416 | ) |  | 144,114 |  |  | 424,087 |  |  | (13,463 | ) |  | 410,624 |
General and administrative | 51,799 |  |  | — |  |  | 51,799 |  |  | 155,720 |  |  | — |  |  | 155,720 |
Sales and marketing | 40,846 |  |  | 13,765 |  |  | 54,611 |  |  | 123,996 |  |  | 44,853 |  |  | 168,849 |
Depreciation and amortization | 29,054 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,054 |  |  | 88,817 |  |  | — |  |  | 88,817 |
Impairment charge | 2,424 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,424 |  |  | 2,424 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,424 |
Operating income | 100,650 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 100,688 |  |  | 281,753 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 281,961 |
Financing interest expense | (25,718 | ) |  | — |  |  | (25,718 | ) |  | (78,560 | ) |  | — |  |  | (78,560 | )
Net foreign currency loss | (1,094 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,094 | ) |  | (27,438 | ) |  | — |  |  | (27,438 | )
Net unrealized gain on financial instruments | 2,157 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,157 |  |  | 18,371 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,371 |
Income before income taxes | 75,995 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 76,033 |  |  | 194,126 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 194,334 |
Income taxes | 18,741 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 18,751 |  |  | 48,222 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 48,278 |
Net income | 57,254 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 57,282 |  |  | 145,904 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 146,056 |
Less: Net (loss) income from non-controlling interest | (40 | ) |  | — |  |  | (40 | ) |  | 803 |  |  | — |  |  | 803 |
Net income attributable to shareholders | $ | 57,294 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 57,322 |  |  | $ | 145,101 |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 145,253 |

Topic 606 does not apply to rights or obligations associated with financial instruments, including the Company’s finance fee and interest income from banking relationships and cardholders, certain other fees associated with cardholder arrangements and commissions paid related to such agreements, which continue to be within the scope of ASC Topic 310, Receivables (“Topic 310”).
The vast majority of the Company’s Topic 606 revenue is derived from stand-ready obligations to provide payment processing, transaction processing and SaaS services and support. Revenue is recognized based on the value of services transferred to date using a time elapsed output method. For payment processing and transaction processing, services are considered to be transferred when a transaction is captured and the Company has validated that the transaction has no errors. Point-in-time revenue recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was not material.
We disaggregate our revenue from contracts with customers by service-type for each of our segments, as we believe it best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.
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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
The following tables disaggregate our consolidated revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
(In thousands) | Fleet Solutions |  | Travel and Corporate Solutions |  | Health and Employee Benefit Solutions |  | Total
Topic 606 revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing revenue | $ | 116,023 |  |  | $ | 54,345 |  |  | $ | 12,503 |  |  | $ | 182,871 |
Account servicing revenue | 6,920 |  |  | 9,120 |  |  | 26,818 |  |  | 42,858 |
Other revenue | 11,721 |  |  | 1,063 |  |  | 6,359 |  |  | 19,143 |
Total Topic 606 revenues | $ | 134,664 |  |  | $ | 64,528 |  |  | $ | 45,680 |  |  | $ | 244,872 |
Non-Topic 606 revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Account servicing revenue | $ | 35,890 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,890 |
Finance fee revenue | 51,644 |  |  | 670 |  |  | 1,389 |  |  | 53,703 |
Other revenue | 27,414 |  |  | 17,612 |  |  | 3,199 |  |  | 48,225 |
Total non-Topic 606 revenues | $ | 114,948 |  |  | $ | 18,282 |  |  | $ | 4,588 |  |  | $ | 137,818 |
Total revenues | $ | 249,612 |  |  | $ | 82,810 |  |  | $ | 50,268 |  |  | $ | 382,690 |

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(In thousands) | Fleet Solutions |  | Travel and Corporate Solutions |  | Health and Employee Benefit Solutions |  | Total
Topic 606 revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing revenue | $ | 335,896 |  |  | $ | 150,411 |  |  | $ | 43,756 |  |  | $ | 530,063 |
Account servicing revenue | 20,770 |  |  | 27,584 |  |  | 80,545 |  |  | 128,899 |
Other revenue | 39,288 |  |  | 3,386 |  |  | 19,775 |  |  | 62,449 |
Total Topic 606 revenues | $ | 395,954 |  |  | $ | 181,381 |  |  | $ | 144,076 |  |  | $ | 721,411 |
Non-Topic 606 revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Account servicing revenue | $ | 107,269 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 107,269 |
Finance fee revenue | 140,436 |  |  | 1,157 |  |  | 13,365 |  |  | 154,958 |
Other revenue | 77,788 |  |  | 42,815 |  |  | 4,154 |  |  | 124,757 |
Total non-Topic 606 revenues | $ | 325,493 |  |  | $ | 43,972 |  |  | $ | 17,519 |  |  | $ | 386,984 |
Total revenues | $ | 721,447 |  |  | $ | 225,353 |  |  | $ | 161,595 |  |  | $ | 1,108,395 |

Payment Processing Revenue
Payment processing revenue consists primarily of interchange income. Interchange income is a fee paid by a merchant bank (“merchant”) to the card-issuing bank (generally the Company) in exchange for the Company facilitating and processing transactions with cardholders. Interchange fees are set by the card network. WEX processes transactions through both closed-loop and open-loop networks.

• | Our Fleet Solutions segment interchange income primarily relates to revenue earned on transactions processed through the Company’s proprietary closed-loop fuel networks. In closed-loop fuel network arrangements, written contracts are entered into between the Company and merchants, which determine the interchange fee charged on transactions. The Company extends short-term credit to the fleet cardholder and pays the merchant the purchase price for the cardholder’s transaction, less the interchange fees the Company retains. The Company collects the total purchase price from the fleet cardholder. In Europe, interchange income is specifically derived from the difference between the negotiated price of fuel from the supplier and the agreed upon price paid by fleet cardholders.

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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

• | Interchange income in our Travel and Corporate Solutions and Health and Employee Benefit Solutions segments relates to revenue earned on transactions processed through open-loop networks. In open-loop network arrangements, there are several intermediaries involved between the merchant and the cardholder and written contracts between all parties involved in the process do not exist. Rather, the transaction is governed by the rates determined by the payment network at the point-of-sale. This framework dictates the interchange rate, the risk of loss, dispute procedures and timing of payment. For these transactions, there is an implied contract between the Company and the merchant. In our Travel and Corporate Solutions segment, the Company remits payment to the card network for the purchase price of the cardholder transaction, less the interchange fees the Company earns. The Company collects the total purchase price from the cardholder. In our Health and Employee Benefit Solutions segment, funding of transactions and collections from cardholders is performed by third-party sponsor banks, who remit a portion of the interchange fee to us.

The Company has determined that the merchant is the customer as it relates to interchange income regardless of the type of network through which transactions are processed. The Company’s primary performance obligation to merchants is a stand-ready commitment to provide payment and transaction processing services as the merchant requires, which is satisfied over time in daily increments. Since the timing and quantity of transactions to be processed by us is not determinable, the total consideration is determined to be variable consideration. The variable consideration for our payment and transaction processing service is usage-based and therefore specifically relates to our efforts to satisfy our obligation. The variability is satisfied each day the service is provided to the customer. We directly ascribe variable fees to the distinct day of service to which it relates, and we consider the services performed each day in order to ascribe the appropriate amount of total fees to that day. Therefore, we measure interchange income on a daily basis based on the services that are performed on that day.
In determining the amount of consideration received related to payment and transaction processing services provided, the Company assessed other intermediaries involved in the processing of transactions, including merchant acquirers, card networks, sponsor banks and third-party payment processors, and assessed whether the Company controls such services performed by other intermediaries according to principal-agent guidance in Topic 606. Based on this assessment, the Company determined that WEX does not control the services performed by merchant acquirers, card networks and sponsor banks as each of these parties is the primary obligor for their portion of payment and transaction processing services performed. Therefore, interchange income is recognized net of any fees owed to these intermediaries. The Company determined that services performed by third-party payment processors are controlled by WEX as the Company is responsible for directing how the third-party payment processor authorizes and processes transactions on the Company’s behalf. Therefore, such fees paid to third-party payment processors are recorded as service fees within cost of services.
Additionally, the Company enters into contracts with certain large customers or strategic cardholders that provide for fee rebates tied to performance milestones. The Company considered whether such fee rebates constitute consideration payable to a customer or other parties that purchase services from the customer per Topic 606. If so, such fee rebates, which are considered variable consideration, are recorded as a reduction in payment processing revenue in the same period that related interchange income is recognized. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, such variable consideration totaled approximately $235.3 million and $656.5 million, respectively. Fee rebates made to certain other partners were determined to be costs to obtain a contract, and are recorded as sales and marketing expenses.
Account Servicing Revenue
In our Fleet Solutions segment, account servicing revenue is primarily comprised of monthly fees charged to cardholders based on the number of vehicles serviced. These fees are primarily in return for providing monthly vehicle data reports and are recognized on a monthly basis as the service is provided. This revenue is outside the scope of Topic 606. The Company also recognizes account servicing revenue related to reporting services on telematics hardware placements and permit sales to our OTR fleet customer base, both of which are within the scope of Topic 606.
In our Travel and Corporate Solutions segment, account servicing reflects revenues earned from our AOC acquisition, primarily consisting of licensing fees for use of our accounts receivable and accounts payable SaaS platforms.
In our Health and Employee Benefit Solutions segment, we also recognize account servicing fees for the per-participant per-month fee charged per consumer on our SaaS healthcare technology platform. Customers including health plans, third-party administrators, financial institutions and payroll companies typically enter into three to five year contracts, which contain significant termination penalties.
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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
Our primary performance obligation in our Travel and Corporate Solutions and Health and Employee Benefit Solutions segments is a stand-ready commitment to provide SaaS services and support, which is satisfied over time in a series of daily increments. Revenue is recognized based on an output method using days elapsed to measure progress as the Company transfers control evenly over each monthly subscription period.
Finance Fee Revenue
The Company earns revenue on overdue accounts, which is recognized as revenue at the time the fees are assessed. The finance fee is calculated using the greater of a minimum charge or a stated late fee rate multiplied by the outstanding balance that is subject to a late fee charge. On occasion, these fees are waived to maintain customer goodwill. The established reserve for such waived amounts is estimated and offset against the late fee revenue recognized. The Company engages in factoring, which is the purchase of accounts receivable from a third-party at a discount. The Company also recognized finance fee revenue earned on the Company’s foreign salary advance product. Effective in the third quarter of 2018, the Company revised the WEX Latin America securitized debt agreement, which now meets the derecognition criteria for the sale of salary advance product receivables. As a result, gains on the sale of these receivables are now recognized within “Other Revenue” below. See Note 10, Off–Balance Sheet Agreements for further information on our WEX Latin America securitization.
Other Revenue
Other revenue includes transaction processing revenue, professional and marketing services and the sales of telematics hardware, all of which is within scope of Topic 606. Revenue is recognized when control of the services or hardware is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for those services. In addition, international settlement fees and certain other cardholder fees (e.g. replacement card fees) and gains on sale of WEX Latin America receivables are included in other revenue. This revenue is outside the scope of Topic 606 and is recognized upon completion of the related service or the sale date of the receivables.
Contract Balances
The Company’s contract assets consist of upfront payments made to customers under long-term contracts and are recorded upon payment or when due. These payments reduce revenue recognition in future periods, as the resulting asset is amortized against revenue as the Company performs its obligations under these arrangements. The Company’s contract liabilities consist of customer payments received before the Company has satisfied the associated performance obligations and upfront payments due to the customer.
The following table provides information about these contract assets and liabilities from contracts with customers. Our contract assets and liabilities are reported in a net position on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period.

(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Contract balance |  | Location on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets |  | September 30, 2018 |  | January 1, 2018
Receivables 1 |  | Accounts receivable, net |  | $ | 27,738 |  |  | $ | 30,386 |
Contract assets |  | Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 7,709 |  |  | $ | 7,053 |
Contract assets |  | Other assets |  | $ | 47,646 |  |  | $ | 49,068 |
Contract liabilities |  | Other current liabilities |  | $ | 23,723 |  |  | $ | 26,592 |

1 The majority of the Company’s receivables, excluded from the table above, are either due from cardholders, who have not been deemed our customer as it relates to interchange income, or from revenues earned outside of the scope of ASC Topic 606.
Impairment losses recognized on our receivables and contract assets were immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized revenue of $2.9 million and $8.2 million related to contract liabilities.
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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
Remaining Performance Obligations
The Company’s unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied performance obligations as of September 30, 2018 represent the remaining minimum monthly fees on a portion of contracts across the lines of business and contractually obligated professional services yet to be provided by the Company. It is not indicative of the Company’s future revenue, as it relates to an insignificant portion of the Company’s operations. As allowed by Topic 606, the Company has elected to exclude from this disclosure the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less.
The following table includes revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to remaining performance obligations at the end of the reporting period.

(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Minimum monthly fees 1 | $ | 17,265 |  |  | $ | 57,108 |  |  | $ | 35,176 |  |  | $ | 19,648 |  |  | $ | 9,803 |  |  | $ | 2,226 |  |  | $ | 141,226 |
Professional services 2 | 3,401 |  |  | 9,796 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,197 |
Total remaining performance obligations | $ | 20,666 |  |  | $ | 66,904 |  |  | $ | 35,176 |  |  | $ | 19,648 |  |  | $ | 9,803 |  |  | $ | 2,226 |  |  | $ | 154,423 |

1 The transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations represents the minimum monthly fees on certain service contracts, which contain substantive termination penalties that require the counterparty to pay the Company for the aggregate remaining minimum monthly fees upon an early termination for convenience.
2 Includes software development projects and other services sold subsequent to the core offerings, to which the customer is contractually obligated.

4. | Business Acquisition

AOC
Effective O ctober 18, 2017, the Company acquired certain assets and assumed certain liabilities of AOC, an industry leader in commercial payments technology. The acquisition of AOC, a longstanding technology provider for our virtual card product, will broaden our capabilities, increase our pool of employees with payments platform expertise and allow us to evolve with the needs of our customers and partners through the use of AOC’s payments processing technology platforms.
The Company purchased AOC for $129.8 million, which was funded with cash on hand and through borrowings under the 2016 Credit Agreement. The Company recorded adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed throughout the measurement period, which ended on September 30, 2018. The Company obtained information to assist in determining the fair values of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed, resulting primarily in the recording of other intangible assets and goodwill. Goodwill is calculated as the consideration in excess of net assets recognized and represents the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized, including synergies derived from the acquisition. The goodwill and intangible assets recorded from this business combination were assigned to our Travel and Corporate Solutions segment. The Company assigned $21.6 million of the purchase price to an acquired processing platform that had not reached technological feasibility as of the date of acquisition. During the third quarter of 2018, the Company placed this asset into service. The goodwill recognized in this business combination will be deductible for income tax purposes.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
The following is a summary of the allocation of the purchase price to the assets and liabilities acquired:

(In thousands) | As Reported December 31, 2017 |  | Measurement Period Adjustments |  | Final September 30, 2018
Total consideration | $ | 129,828 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 129,828 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |
Cash | 15,546 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,546 |
Accounts receivable | 4,171 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 4,271 |
Property and equipment | 2,530 |  |  | (1,329 | ) |  | 1,201 |
Customer relationships (a) | 15,000 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 15,200 |
Developed technologies (b) | 24,100 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,100 |
Trademarks and trade names (c) | 1,460 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 1,470 |
In-process research and development | — |  |  | 21,600 |  |  | 21,600 |
Other liabilities | (685 | ) |  | (772 | ) |  | (1,457 | )
Recorded goodwill | $ | 67,706 |  |  | $ | (19,809 | ) |  | $ | 47,897 |

(a) Weighted average life – 9.0 years.
(b) Weighted average life – 3.4 years.
(c) Weighted average life – 4.3 years.
(a) (b) (c) The weighted average life of these amortized intangible assets is 5.5 years.
Since the acquisition date, the operations of AOC contributed net revenues of approximately $6.7 million and net loss before taxes of approximately $0.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2017. No pro forma information has been included in these financial statements as the operations of AOC for the period that they were not part of the Company are not material to the Company’s revenues, net income and earnings per share.

5. | Accounts Receivable

In general, the Company’s trade receivables provide for payment terms of 30 days or less. Receivables not paid within the terms of the agreement are generally subject to late fees based upon the outstanding receivable balance.
The Company extends revolving credit to certain small fleets. These accounts are also subject to late fees, and balances that are not paid in full are subject to interest charges based on the revolving balance. The Company had approximately $19.5 million and $12.2 million in receivables with revolving credit balances as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Concentration of Credit Risk
The receivables portfolio consists of a large group of homogeneous smaller balances across a wide range of industries, which are collectively evaluated for impairment. No one customer receivable balance represented 10 percent or more of the outstanding receivables balance at September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017. The following table presents the outstanding balance of trade accounts receivable that are less than 30 and 60 days past due, in each case, as a percentage of total trade accounts receivable:

Delinquency Status | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
29 days or less past due | 97 | % |  | 95 | %
59 days or less past due | 99 | % |  | 97 | %

Reserves for Accounts Receivable
Receivables are generally written off when they are 150 days past due or upon declaration of bankruptcy of the customer. The reserve for credit losses is calculated by an analytic model that also takes into account other factors, such as the actual charge-offs for the preceding reporting periods, expected charge-offs and recoveries for the subsequent reporting periods, a review of past due accounts receivable balances, changes in payment patterns, known fraudulent activity in the portfolio, as well as leading economic and market indicators.
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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
The following table presents changes in the accounts receivable allowances:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 30,207 |  |  | $ | 20,092 |
Provision for credit losses | 46,930 |  |  | 47,927 |
Charges to other accounts 1 | 14,408 |  |  | 12,221 |
Charge-offs | (58,532 | ) |  | (53,044 | )
Recoveries of amounts previously charged-off | 5,439 |  |  | 5,085 |
Currency translation | (349 | ) |  | 431 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 38,103 |  |  | $ | 32,712 |

1 The Company earns revenue by assessing monthly finance fees on accounts with overdue balances. These fees are recognized as revenue at the time the fees are assessed. The finance fee is calculated using the greater of a minimum charge or a stated late fee rate multiplied by the outstanding balance that is subject to a late fee charge. On occasion, these fees are waived to maintain relationship goodwill. Charges to other accounts represents the offset against the late fee revenue recognized when the Company establishes a reserve for such waived amounts.

6. | Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock and vested deferred stock units outstanding during the year. The computation of diluted earnings per share is similar to the computation of basic earnings per share, except that the denominator is increased for the assumed exercise of dilutive options, the assumed issuance of unvested restricted stock units and deferred stock units, and unvested performance-based awards for which the performance condition has been met as of the date of determination using the treasury stock method unless the effect is anti-dilutive. The treasury stock method assumes that proceeds, including cash received from the exercise of employee stock options and the average unrecognized compensation expense for unvested share-based compensation awards, would be used to purchase the Company’s common stock at the average market price during the period.
The following table summarizes net income attributable to shareholders and reconciles basic and diluted shares outstanding used in the earnings per share computations:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income attributable to shareholders | $ | 57,322 |  |  | $ | 33,971 |  |  | $ | 145,253 |  |  | $ | 80,462 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding – Basic | 43,191 |  |  | 43,014 |  |  | 43,141 |  |  | 42,963 |
Dilutive impact of share-based compensation awards | 424 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 417 |  |  | 129 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding – Diluted | 43,615 |  |  | 43,101 |  |  | 43,558 |  |  | 43,092 |

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017, an immaterial number of outstanding share-based compensation awards were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share, as the effect of including these awards would be anti-dilutive.

7. | Derivative Instruments

The Company is exposed to certain market risks relating to its ongoing business operations. From time to time, the Company enters into derivative instrument arrangements to manage various risks including interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk and commodity price risk.
Interest Rate Swap Agreements
During 2016 and 2017, we entered into five interest rate swap contracts. Collectively, these derivative contracts are intended to fix the future interest payments associated with $1.3 billion of our variable rate borrowings at between 0.896% and 2.212%. At September 30, 2018, we had variable-rate borrowings of $1.7 billion under our 2016 Credit Agreement.
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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
The notional amounts, fixed and variable interest rates and maturities of the interest rate swap agreements are as follows:

| Tranche A |  | Tranche B |  | Tranche C |  | Tranche D |  | Tranche E
Notional amount at inception (in thousands) | $300,000 |  | $200,000 |  | $400,000 |  | $150,000 |  | $250,000
Amortization | N/A |  | N/A |  | 5% annually |  | N/A |  | N/A
Maturity date | 12/30/2022 |  | 12/30/2022 |  | 12/31/2020 |  | 12/31/2020 |  | 12/31/2018
Fixed interest rate | 2.204% |  | 2.212% |  | 1.108% |  | 1.125% |  | 0.896%

The following table presents information on the location and amounts of interest rate swap gains and losses:

(In thousands) |  |  |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income Statement |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Interest rate swap agreements – unrealized portion |  | Net unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments |  | $ | 2,340 |  |  | $ | (150 | ) |  | $ | 19,792 |  |  | $ | (849 | )
Interest rate swap agreements – realized portion |  | Financing interest income (expense) |  | $ | 1,866 |  |  | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | 3,542 |  |  | $ | (243 | )

See Note 11, Fair Value, for more information regarding the valuation of the Company’s interest rate swaps.

8. | Deposits

WEX Bank has issued certificates of deposit with maturities ranging from three months to five years, with interest rates ranging from 1.30% to 3.45% as of September 30, 2018. As of December 31, 2017, certificates of deposit had maturities up to three years, with interest rates ranging from 1.00% to 2.15%. WEX Bank may issue brokered deposits, subject to FDIC rules governing minimum financial ratios, which include risk-based asset and capital requirements. As of September 30, 2018, all brokered deposits were in denominations of $250 thousand or less, corresponding to FDIC deposit insurance limits.
The Company requires deposits from certain customers as collateral for credit that has been extended. These deposits are generally non-interest bearing. Interest-bearing brokered money market deposits are issued in denominations of $250 thousand or less, and pay interest at variable rates based on LIBOR or the Federal Funds rate. Money market deposits may be withdrawn by the holder at any time, although notification may be required and the monthly number of transactions is limited. Interest-bearing brokered money market deposits and customer deposits are classified as short-term deposits on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents the composition of deposits:

(In thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Interest-bearing brokered money market deposits | $ | 238,382 |  |  | $ | 285,899 |
Customer deposits | 108,800 |  |  | 70,211 |
Certificates of deposit with maturities within 1 year (a) | 530,889 |  |  | 630,879 |
Short-term deposits | 878,071 |  |  | 986,989 |
Certificates of deposit with maturities greater than 1 year and less than 5 years (a) | 386,770 |  |  | 306,865 |
Total deposits | $ | 1,264,841 |  |  | $ | 1,293,854 |
Weighted average cost of funds on certificates of deposit outstanding | 2.16 | % |  | 1.51 | %
Weighted average cost of interest-bearing brokered money market deposits | 2.24 | % |  | 1.49 | %

(a) Certificates of deposit are classified as short-term or long-term within our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets based on maturity date.
Sources of Funds
WEX Bank participates in the ICS service offered by Promontory Interfinancial Network, which allows WEX Bank to purchase brokered money market demand accounts and demand deposit accounts in an amount not to exceed $125.0 million as
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
part of a one-way buy program. At both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there was no outstanding balance for ICS purchases.

9. | Financing and Other Debt

The following table summarizes the Company’s total outstanding debt:

(In thousands) | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Revolving line-of-credit facility under 2016 Credit Agreement (a) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 136,535 |
Term loans under 2016 Credit Agreement (a) | 1,753,904 |  |  | 1,602,875 |
Notes outstanding (a) | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |
Securitized debt | 111,556 |  |  | 126,901 |
Participation debt | 140,965 |  |  | 184,990 |
WEX Latin America debt | 7,808 |  |  | 9,747 |
Total gross debt | $ | 2,414,233 |  |  | $ | 2,461,048 |
Current portion of gross debt | $ | 245,608 |  |  | $ | 404,233 |
Less: Unamortized debt issuance costs | (6,744 | ) |  | (7,015 | )
Short-term debt, net | $ | 238,864 |  |  | $ | 397,218 |
Long-term gross debt | $ | 2,168,625 |  |  | $ | 2,056,815 |
Less: Unamortized debt issuance costs | (27,750 | ) |  | (29,063 | )
Long-term debt, net | $ | 2,140,875 |  |  | $ | 2,027,752 |
Supplemental information under 2016 Credit Agreement: |  |  |
Letters of credit (b) | $ | 53,718 |  |  | $ | 27,500 |
Borrowing capacity (c) | $ | 666,282 |  |  | $ | 405,965 |

(a) See Note 11, Fair Value, for more information regarding the Company’s 2016 Credit Agreement and notes outstanding.
(b) Collateral for lease agreements, virtual card and fuel payment processing activity at the Company’s foreign subsidiaries
(c) Contingent on maintaining compliance with the financial covenants as defined in the Company’s 2016 Credit Agreement
2016 Credit Agreement
The 2016 Credit Agreement provides for secured tranche A and tranche B term loan facilities in original principal amounts equal to $455.0 million and $1,335.0 million respectively, and a $720.0 million secured revolving credit facility, with a sublimit for letters of credit and swingline loans. Amounts due under the 2016 Credit Agreement mature in July 2023, subject to certain adjustments as more fully described below. Prior to maturity, amounts borrowed under the credit facility will be reduced by mandatory quarterly payments of $5.4 million and $3.4 million for tranche A and tranche B term loan facilities, respectively.
On January 17, 2018, the Company repriced the secured tranche B term loans under the 2016 Credit Agreement, which reduced the applicable interest rate margin for the Company’s tranche B term loan facility by 50 basis points for both Eurocurrency Rate (as defined in the 2016 Credit Agreement) borrowings and base rate borrowings, and increased the outstanding amounts on these tranche B term loans from $1,182.0 million to $1,335.0 million. In addition, the repricing amendment made certain other changes to the 2016 Credit Agreement including increasing the maximum consolidated leverage ratio for the period December 31, 2018 through September 30, 2019, and upon the occurrence of an acquisition meeting certain specified criteria, permitting to incurrence of unsecured indebtedness as long as the Company is in pro forma compliance with the financial covenants, resetting the six month soft recall period for a repricing of the tranche B term loans and resetting and amending the test for incremental loans. Following the repricing, the applicable interest rate margin for the tranche B term loans was set at 2.25% for Eurocurrency borrowings and 1.25% for base rate borrowings.
On August 24, 2018, the Company repriced the revolving credit loans and secured tranche A term loans under the 2016 Credit Agreement. The repricing reduced the applicable interest rate margin at current levels for the Company’s revolving credit loans by 25 basis points for both LIBOR borrowings and base rate borrowings, increased the amount available under the revolving credit facility from $570.0 million to $720.0 million and provided for an additional tranche A term loan in the amount of $25
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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
million. In addition, the repricing amendment extended the maturity date for the revolving credit facility and tranche A term loan to July 1, 2023, modified the leverage ratios for determining the applicable interest rate on the tranche A term loans and revolving credit loans and modified certain financial covenants, including extending by 1 year (from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019) the date on which the consolidated leverage ratio test reduces from 5.00:1.00 to 4.50:1.00, extending by 2 years (from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2021) the date on which the consolidated leverage ratio test reduces to 4.00:1.00, and adding an interim consolidated leverage ratio test of 4.25:1.00 for a one year period from December 31, 2020 through September 30, 2021. In addition, the amendment modified the definition of specified acquisition to allow the Company to designate, one time, an acquisition involving the payment of consideration in excess of $300 million. Following the repricing, the applicable interest rate margin for the revolving credit loans and tranche A term loans was set at 2.00% for LIBOR borrowings and 1.00% for base rate borrowings.
As of September 30, 2018, amounts outstanding under the 2016 Credit Agreement bore interest at a rate equal to the Eurocurrency Rate plus a margin of 2.00% with respect to the revolving credit loans and tranche A term loans and at a rate equal to the Eurocurrency Rate plus a margin of 2.25% with respect to tranche B term loans (with the Eurocurrency Rate subject to a 0.00% floor). As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, amounts outstanding under the 2016 Credit Agreement bore a weighted average effective interest rate of 4.3 percent and 4.2 percent, respectively.
The Company accounted for the January repricing as both a debt extinguishment and debt modification by evaluating the refinancing on a creditor by creditor basis and the August 2018 repricing as a debt modification. During the first quarter of 2018, the Company recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1.1 million related to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs. The Company incurred general and administrative expenses of $3.8 million related to third-party costs associated with the repricings. The loss on extinguishment and third-party costs are reflected as financing interest expense and service fees, respectively, within our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. In addition, the Company incurred and capitalized $6.1 million of new debt issuance costs related to the repricings.
The Company maintains interest rate swap agreements to manage the interest rate risk associated with its outstanding variable-interest rate borrowings under the 2016 Credit Agreement. See Note 7, Derivative Instruments, for further discussion.
Debt Covenants
As more fully described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10–K for the year ended December 31, 2017, the 2016 Credit Agreement and the Indenture contain covenants that limit the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries, including its restricted subsidiaries and, in certain limited circumstances, WEX Bank and the Company’s other regulated subsidiaries, to (i) incur additional debt, (ii) pay dividends or make other distributions on, redeem or repurchase capital stock, or make investments or other restricted payments, (iii) enter into transactions with affiliates, (iv) dispose of assets or issue stock of restricted subsidiaries or regulated subsidiaries, (v) create liens on assets, or (vi) effect a consolidation or merger or sell all, or substantially all, of the Company’s assets. As of September 30, 2018, the Company was in compliance with all material covenants of its 2016 Credit Agreement and the Indenture.
Notes Outstanding
As of both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had $400.0 million of 4.75% fixed-rate senior notes outstanding, which will mature on February 1, 2023. Interest is payable semiannually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year.
Australian Securitization Facility
The Company has renewed a one-year securitized debt agreement with the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., which expires April 2019. Under the terms of the agreement, each month, on a revolving basis, the Company sells certain of its Australian receivables to the Company’s Australian Securitization Subsidiary. The Australian Securitization Subsidiary, in turn, uses the receivables as collateral to issue asset-backed commercial paper (“securitized debt”) for approximately 85 percent of the securitized receivables. The amount collected on the securitized receivables is restricted to pay the securitized debt and is not available for general corporate purposes.
The Company pays a variable interest rate on the outstanding balance of the securitized debt, based on the Australian Bank Bill Rate plus an applicable margin. The interest rate was 2.79% and 2.53% as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company had $87.9 million and $90.0 million of securitized debt under this facility as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
European Securitization Facility
On April 7, 2016, the Company entered into a five-year securitized debt agreement with the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company sells certain of its receivables from selected European countries to its European Securitization Subsidiary. The European Securitization Subsidiary, in turn, uses the receivables as collateral to issue securitized debt. The amount collected on the securitized receivables is restricted to pay the securitized debt and is not available for general corporate purposes. The amounts of receivables to be securitized under this agreement will be determined by management on a monthly basis. The interest rate was 0.91% and 1.11% as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company had $23.7 million and $17.9 million of securitized debt under this facility as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Participation Debt
Historically, WEX Bank maintained three separate participation agreements with third-party banks to fund customer balances that exceeded WEX Bank’s lending limit to an individual customer. In June 2018, WEX Bank entered into a fourth participation agreement with a third-party bank to fund an additional customer’s balance. Associated unsecured borrowings carry a variable interest rate of 1 month to 3 month LIBOR plus a margin of 225 basis points. The balance of the debt was approximately $141.0 million and $185.0 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The outstanding commitment as of September 30, 2018 will mature in amounts of $75.4 million and $50.0 million on December 31, 2018 and August 31, 2020, respectively, with the remaining $15.6 million maturing on demand.
Borrowed Federal Funds
WEX Bank borrows from lines of credit on a federal funds rate basis to supplement the financing of its accounts receivable. There were no outstanding borrowings as of both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. As of September 30, 2018, the Company’s federal funds available lines of credit was $310.0 million.
WEX Latin America Debt
WEX Latin America had debt of approximately $7.8 million and $9.7 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. This is comprised of credit facilities and loan arrangements related to our accounts receivable. The average interest rate was 16.87% and 21.20% as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. These borrowings are recorded in short-term debt, net on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets for the periods presented.

10. | Off–Balance Sheet Arrangements

WEX Europe Services Accounts Receivable Factoring
During the first quarter of 2017, WEX Europe Services entered into a factoring arrangement with an unrelated third-party financial institution (the “Purchasing Bank.”) Under this arrangement, the Purchasing Bank establishes a credit limit for each customer account. The factored receivables are without recourse to the extent that the customer balances are maintained at or below the established credit limit. For customer receivable balances in excess of the Purchasing Bank’s credit limit, the Company maintains the risk of default. Additionally, there are no indications of the Company’s continuing involvement in the factored receivables. The Company obtained a true-sale opinion from an independent attorney, which states that the factoring agreement provides legal isolation upon seller bankruptcy or receivership under local law and creates a sale of receivables for amounts transferred both below and above the established credit limits. As such, transfers under this arrangement are treated as sales and are accounted for as reductions in trade receivables because the agreements transfer effective control of the receivables to the Purchasing Bank. The Company records the proceeds as cash provided by operating activities.
The Company sold approximately $171.2 million and $532.1 million of receivables under this arrangement during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Proceeds received are recorded net of applicable expenses, interest and commissions. The loss on factoring was $1.1 million and $3.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and $1.2 million and $2.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and was recorded within cost of services in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had associated factoring receivables of approximately $58.6 million and $61.8 million, respectively, of which approximately $0.6 million and $3.7 million, respectively, were in excess of the established credit limit.
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
Charge-backs on balances in excess of the credit limit during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were insignificant.
WEX Bank Accounts Receivable Factoring
In August 2018, WEX Bank entered into a receivables purchase agreement with an unrelated third-party financial institution to sell certain of our trade receivables under non-recourse transactions. WEX Bank continues to service the receivables post-transfer with no participating interest. The Company obtained a true-sale opinion from an independent attorney, which states that the factoring agreement provides legal isolation upon WEX Bank bankruptcy or receivership under local law. As such, transfers under this arrangement are treated as a sale and are accounted for as a reduction in trade receivables because the agreements transfer effective control of the receivables to the buyer.
The Company sold approximately $1,309.2 million of receivables under this arrangement during both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Proceeds from the sale, which are reported net of a negotiated discount rate, are recorded in operating activities within the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows. The loss on factoring was $0.4 million for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and was recorded within cost of services in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
WEX Latin America Securitization of Receivables
During the second quarter of 2017, WEX Latin America entered into a securitized debt agreement to transfer certain unsecured receivables associated with our salary payment card product to an investment fund managed by an unrelated third-party financial institution. WEX Latin America holds a non-controlling equity interest in the investment fund. As of December 31, 2017 and through June 30, 2018, this securitization arrangement did not meet the derecognition conditions due to continuing involvement with the transferred assets and accordingly WEX Latin America reported the transferred receivables and securitized debt on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company had $30.1 million and $19.0 million of securitized debt under this facility as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recognized approximately $4.4 million of operating interest under this financing arrangement.
During the third quarter of 2018, the securitization agreements were amended, resulting in the Company giving up effective control of the transferred receivables to the buyer. Additionally, the Company received a true-sale opinion from an independent attorney stating that the amended agreements provide legal isolation upon WEX Latin America bankruptcy or receivership under local law. As such, transfers under this arrangement are treated as a sale and are accounted for as a reduction in trade receivables. As the securitization is now accounted for as an off-balance sheet arrangement, the Company derecognized $31.4 million of transferred receivables and $30.1 million of securitized debt during the third quarter of 2018, with an immaterial impact to the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of income for the three months ended September 30, 2018.
During the third quarter of 2018, the Company recognized a $3.2 million gain on sale of receivables, consisting of the difference between the sales price and the carrying value of the receivables, which is recorded within other revenue in our unaudited condensed consolidated income statement. Cash proceeds from the transfer of these receivables is reflected as an operating activity within our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

11. | Fair Value

The Company holds mortgage-backed securities, fixed-income securities, derivatives (see Note 7, Derivative Instruments) and certain other financial instruments that are carried at fair value. The Company determines fair value based upon quoted prices when available or through the use of alternative approaches, such as model pricing, when market quotes are not readily accessible or available. Various factors are considered in determining the fair value of the Company’s obligations, including: closing exchange or over-the-counter market price quotations; time value and volatility factors underlying options and derivatives; price activity for equivalent instruments; and the Company’s own credit standing.
These valuation techniques may be based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy:

• | Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

• | Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.

• | Level 3 – Instruments whose significant value drivers are unobservable.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. We did not have any transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy during either of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 or September 30, 2017.
The following table presents the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value and the related hierarchy levels:

(In thousands) | Fair Value Hierarchy | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Assets |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds | 2 | $ | 400 |  |  | $ | 534 |
Asset-backed securities | 2 | 319 |  |  | 345 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2 | 275 |  |  | 305 |
Fixed-income mutual fund | 1 | 23,094 |  |  | 22,174 |
Investment securities (a) |  | $ | 24,088 |  |  | $ | 23,358 |
Executive deferred compensation plan trust (b) | 1 | $ | 6,971 |  |  | $ | 6,798 |
Interest rate swaps (c) | 2 | $ | 34,014 |  |  | $ | 19,595 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps (d) | 2 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,373 |

(a) Not deemed available for current operations and have been classified as long-term assets.
(b) The fair value of these instruments is recorded in other assets.
(c) The fair value of these instruments is recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets or other assets depending on the timing of expected discounted cash flows.
(d) The fair value of these instruments is recorded in other current liabilities based on the timing of expected discounted cash flows.
Investment Securities
When available, the Company uses quoted market prices to determine the fair value of investment securities; such inputs are classified as Level 1 of the fair-value hierarchy. These securities primarily consist of an open-ended mutual fund, which is invested in fixed-income securities and is held in order to satisfy the regulatory requirements of WEX Bank. For mortgage-backed and asset-backed debt securities and municipal bonds, the Company generally uses quoted prices for recent trading activity of assets with similar characteristics to the debt security or bond being valued. The securities and bonds priced using such methods are generally valued using Level 2 inputs.
Executive Deferred Compensation Plan Trust
The investments held in the executive deferred compensation plan trust are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy because the fair value is determined using quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.
Interest Rate Swaps
The Company determines the fair value of its interest rate swaps based on the discounted cash flows of the difference between the projected fixed payments on the swaps and the implied floating payments using the current LIBOR curve, which are Level 2 inputs of the fair value hierarchy.
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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
Notes Outstanding
The Notes outstanding had a fair value of $401.0 million and $410.0 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The fair value of the Notes is based on market rates for the issuance of our debt and is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
2016 Credit Agreement
The Company determines the fair value of the amount outstanding under its 2016 Credit Agreement based on the market rates for the issuance of the Company’s debt, which are Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy. As of both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the carrying value of the 2016 Credit Agreement approximated its fair value.
Other Assets and Liabilities
The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate their respective fair values due to the short-term nature of such instruments. The carrying values of certificates of deposit, interest-bearing brokered money market deposits, securitized debt, participation debt and borrowed federal funds approximate their respective fair values, as the interest rates on these financial instruments are variable market-based rates. All other financial instruments are reflected at fair value on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

12. | Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax rate was 24.7 percent and 24.8 percent for the third quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, as compared to 35.4 percent and 35.5 percent for the third quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. The decline in our tax rate was primarily due to the 2017 Tax Act, which reduced the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent effective January 1, 2018.
During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company recorded a provisional amount of one-time income tax benefit of $60.6 million associated with the 2017 Tax Act. During the third quarter of 2018, the Company recorded an adjustment to the one-time income tax benefit attributable to the Company updating its estimate of foreign undistributed earnings, which was materially offset by an adjustment to certain deferred tax attributes as a result of further clarification provided by the IRS relative to IRC 162(m). The income tax benefit of $60.6 million may be impacted by future clarification and guidance, primarily related to state tax conformity to federal tax changes, however, we do not expect such changes to be material to our financial statements. As of September 30, 2018, we are still evaluating the effects of GILTI provisions as guidance and interpretations continue to emerge. However, we do not expect the impact to be material to our financial statements. We have not determined the accounting policy of either treating taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current period expense when incurred, or factoring such amounts into the Company’s measurement of its deferred taxes. However, the standard requires that we reflect the impact of the GILTI provisions as a period expense until the accounting policy is finalized in the fourth quarter. Therefore, we have included the provisional estimate of GILTI related to current year operations in our estimated annual effective tax rate and will update the impact and accounting policy as the analysis related to the GILTI provisions is completed in the fourth quarter.
Undistributed earnings and profits of certain foreign subsidiaries of the Company amounted to $61.8 million and $58.7 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. These earnings and profits are considered to be indefinitely reinvested. The 2017 Tax Act imposes a one-time transition tax on foreign undistributed earnings and profits, which is included in our 2017 U.S. Income Tax Return. The Company intends to offset the transition tax with net operating loss carryforwards and accordingly does not expect this tax to result in additional cash tax payable.
For the period ending September 30, 2018, except for GILTI, as indicated above, the Company did not record United States federal income tax on its share of the income of its foreign subsidiaries. Upon distribution of these earnings and profits in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company would be subject to withholding taxes payable to foreign countries, where applicable, and to certain state income taxes, but would have no further federal income tax liability.

13. | Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation
The Company is subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. As of the date of this filing, the current estimate of a reasonably possible loss contingency from all legal proceedings is not material to the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows or liquidity.
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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
Commitments
Significant commitments and contingencies as of September 30, 2018 are consistent with those discussed in Note 18, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements in the Annual Report on Form 10–K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

14. | Stock–Based Compensation

The fair value of restricted stock units (“RSUs”), deferred stock units (“DSUs”), performance-based restricted stock units (“PBRSUs”), service-based stock options and market performance-based stock options awarded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 totaled $4.7 million and $34.8 million, respectively, as compared to $0.4 million and $45.7 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. Grant activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 includes certain market performance-based stock options awarded to members of senior management.
The fair value of RSUs, DSUs and PBRSUs is based on the closing market price of the Company’s stock on the grant date as reported by the NYSE. The fair value of each service-based stock option award is estimated on the grant date using a Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model. During the first half of 2017, we granted market performance-based stock options for which we estimated the grant date fair value using a Monte-Carlo simulation model that simulated a distribution of future stock price paths based on historical volatility levels.
The table below summarizes the assumptions used to calculate the fair value of service-based stock options by year of grant:

|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Weighted average expected life (in years) |  | 6.0 |  |  | 6.0 |
Weighted average exercise price |  | $ | 158.23 |  |  | $ | 104.95 |
Expected stock price volatility |  | 27.35 | % |  | 30.67 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  | 2.69 | % |  | 2.13 | %
Weighted average fair value |  | $ | 51.27 |  |  | $ | 35.58 |

15. | Restructuring Activities

In the first quarter of 2015, the Company commenced a restructuring initiative (the “2015 Restructuring Initiative”) as a result of its global review of operations. The review of operations identified certain initiatives to further streamline the business, improve the Company’s efficiency and globalize the Company’s operations, all with an objective to improve scale and increase profitability going forward. The Company continued its efforts to improve its overall operational efficiency and began a second restructuring initiative (the “2016 Restructuring Initiative”) during the second quarter of 2016. In connection with the EFS acquisition, the Company initiated a third restructuring program in the third quarter of 2016 (the “Acquisition Integration Restructuring Initiative”).
The restructuring expenses related to these initiatives primarily consist of employee costs and office closure costs directly associated with the respective programs. The Company has determined the amount of expenses related to these initiatives is probable and reasonably estimable. As such, the Company has recorded the impact on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and in accrued expenses and current liabilities on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Restructuring charges incurred to date under these initiatives were $24.7 million as of September 30, 2018.
The majority of the balances under these initiatives are expected to be paid through 2018. Based on current plans, which are subject to change, the amount of additional restructuring costs that the Company expects to incur under these initiatives is immaterial.
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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
The following tables present the Company’s restructuring activities by initiative:

2015 Restructuring Initiative | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 1,143 |  |  | $ | 3,008 |  |  | $ | 2,680 |  |  | $ | 5,231 |
Restructuring (reversals) charges | (30 | ) |  | 431 |  |  | (77 | ) |  | 1,964 |
Cash paid | (313 | ) |  | (656 | ) |  | (1,804 | ) |  | (3,492 | )
Liability transfer to 2016 Restructuring Initiative | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,158 | )
Foreign currency translation | (4 | ) |  | (22 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | 216 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 796 |  |  | $ | 2,761 |  |  | $ | 796 |  |  | $ | 2,761 |

2016 Restructuring Initiative | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 410 |  |  | $ | 4,342 |  |  | $ | 738 |  |  | $ | 3,662 |
Restructuring charges | 28 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 58 |  |  | (226 | )
Cash paid | (199 | ) |  | (1,778 | ) |  | (555 | ) |  | (2,265 | )
Liability transfer from 2015 Restructuring Initiative | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,158 |
Foreign currency translation | (2 | ) |  | 35 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 358 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | 2,687 |  |  | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | 2,687 |

Acquisition Integration Restructuring Initiative | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 1,333 |  |  | $ | 5,093 |  |  | $ | 1,764 |
Restructuring charges | — |  |  | 4,120 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 5,061 |
Cash paid | (32 | ) |  | (937 | ) |  | (5,355 | ) |  | (2,416 | )
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | 107 |
Balance, end of period | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,516 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,516 |

Total Restructuring Initiatives | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 1,585 |  |  | $ | 8,683 |  |  | $ | 8,511 |  |  | $ | 10,657 |
Restructuring charges | (2 | ) |  | 4,639 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 6,799 |
Cash paid | (544 | ) |  | (3,371 | ) |  | (7,714 | ) |  | (8,173 | )
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | 107 |
Foreign currency translation | (6 | ) |  | 13 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 574 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 1,033 |  |  | $ | 9,964 |  |  | $ | 1,033 |  |  | $ | 9,964 |

16. | Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company’s CODM is its Chief Executive Officer. The operating segments are aggregated into the three reportable segments described below.

• | Fleet Solutions provides customers with payment and transaction processing services specifically designed for the needs of commercial and government fleets. This segment also provides information management services to these fleet customers.

• | Travel and Corporate Solutions focuses on the complex payment environment of business-to-business payments, providing customers with payment processing solutions for their corporate payment and transaction monitoring needs.

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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

• | Health and Employee Benefit Solutions provides healthcare payment products and SaaS consumer directed platforms, as well as payroll related benefits to customers.

The following tables present the Company’s reportable segment results:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
(In thousands) | Fleet Solutions |  | Travel and Corporate Solutions |  | Health and Employee Benefit Solutions |  | Total
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing revenue | $ | 116,023 |  |  | $ | 54,345 |  |  | $ | 12,503 |  |  | $ | 182,871 |
Account servicing revenue | 42,810 |  |  | 9,120 |  |  | 26,818 |  |  | 78,748 |
Finance fee revenue | 51,644 |  |  | 670 |  |  | 1,389 |  |  | 53,703 |
Other revenue | 39,135 |  |  | 18,675 |  |  | 9,558 |  |  | 67,368 |
Total revenues | $ | 249,612 |  |  | $ | 82,810 |  |  | $ | 50,268 |  |  | $ | 382,690 |
Interest income | $ | 1,092 |  |  | $ | 172 |  |  | $ | 543 |  |  | $ | 1,807 |

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
(In thousands) | Fleet Solutions |  | Travel and Corporate Solutions |  | Health and Employee Benefit Solutions |  | Total
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing revenue | $ | 90,270 |  |  | $ | 44,177 |  |  | $ | 11,255 |  |  | $ | 145,702 |
Account servicing revenue | 44,858 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 26,258 |  |  | 71,322 |
Finance fee revenue | 40,773 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 10,019 |  |  | 50,879 |
Other revenue | 36,177 |  |  | 16,556 |  |  | 3,366 |  |  | 56,099 |
Total revenues | $ | 212,078 |  |  | $ | 61,026 |  |  | $ | 50,898 |  |  | $ | 324,002 |
Interest income | $ | 944 |  |  | $ | 208 |  |  | $ | 10,899 |  |  | $ | 12,051 |

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(In thousands) | Fleet Solutions |  | Travel and Corporate Solutions |  | Health and Employee Benefit Solutions |  | Total
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing revenue | $ | 335,896 |  |  | $ | 150,411 |  |  | $ | 43,756 |  |  | $ | 530,063 |
Account servicing revenue | 128,039 |  |  | 27,584 |  |  | 80,545 |  |  | 236,168 |
Finance fee revenue | 140,436 |  |  | 1,157 |  |  | 13,365 |  |  | 154,958 |
Other revenue | 117,076 |  |  | 46,201 |  |  | 23,929 |  |  | 187,206 |
Total revenues | $ | 721,447 |  |  | $ | 225,353 |  |  | $ | 161,595 |  |  | $ | 1,108,395 |
Interest income | $ | 3,127 |  |  | $ | 715 |  |  | $ | 11,698 |  |  | $ | 15,540 |

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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
(In thousands) | Fleet Solutions |  | Travel and Corporate Solutions |  | Health and Employee Benefit Solutions |  | Total
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing revenue | $ | 264,210 |  |  | $ | 119,328 |  |  | $ | 39,896 |  |  | $ | 423,434 |
Account servicing revenue | 122,238 |  |  | 528 |  |  | 75,772 |  |  | 198,538 |
Finance fee revenue | 113,754 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 22,113 |  |  | 136,336 |
Other revenue | 103,003 |  |  | 43,414 |  |  | 14,518 |  |  | 160,935 |
Total revenues | $ | 603,205 |  |  | $ | 163,739 |  |  | $ | 152,299 |  |  | $ | 919,243 |
Interest income | $ | 2,764 |  |  | $ | 569 |  |  | $ | 23,253 |  |  | $ | 26,586 |

The CODM evaluates the financial performance of each segment using segment adjusted operating income, which excludes: (i) acquisition and divestiture related items (including acquisition-related intangible amortization); (ii) debt restructuring costs; (iii) stock-based compensation; (iv) restructuring and other costs; and (v) certain impairment charges. Additionally, we do not allocate foreign currency gains and losses, financing interest expense, unrealized and realized gains and losses on derivative instruments, income taxes and net gains or losses from non-controlling interest to our operating segments.
Effective January 1, 2018, the Company revised how it allocates certain costs in its measure of segment adjusted operating income. The primary change is how the Company allocates information technology and corporate related costs to its segments. Certain information technology and corporate related costs that support multiple segments, which were previously included in Fleet Solutions, are now being allocated to the segment that they support. Certain residual unallocated corporate costs represent the portion of expenses relating to general corporate functions including acquisition expenses, certain finance, legal, information technology, human resources, administrative, executive and other expenses. These expenses are recorded in unallocated corporate expenses, as these items are centrally and directly controlled and are not included in internal measures of segment operating performance. Segment results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 have been recast to conform to the current presentation as described above.
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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
The following table reconciles segment adjusted operating income to income before income taxes:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Segment adjusted operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet Solutions | $ | 113,731 |  |  | $ | 92,698 |  |  | $ | 329,364 |  |  | $ | 267,718 |
Travel and Corporate Solutions | 39,377 |  |  | 28,995 |  |  | 99,074 |  |  | 69,697 |
Health and Employee Benefit Solutions | 10,482 |  |  | 11,507 |  |  | 42,444 |  |  | 41,897 |
Total segment adjusted operating income | $ | 163,590 |  |  | $ | 133,200 |  |  | $ | 470,882 |  |  | $ | 379,312 |
Reconciliation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total segment adjusted operating income | $ | 163,590 |  |  | $ | 133,200 |  |  | $ | 470,882 |  |  | $ | 379,312 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unallocated corporate expenses | 13,414 |  |  | 12,935 |  |  | 42,378 |  |  | 38,056 |
Acquisition-related intangible amortization | 33,439 |  |  | 38,510 |  |  | 103,596 |  |  | 114,603 |
Other acquisition and divestiture related items | 1,536 |  |  | 1,006 |  |  | 2,792 |  |  | 3,380 |
Debt restructuring costs | 317 |  |  | 2,519 |  |  | 3,798 |  |  | 2,519 |
Stock-based compensation | 9,799 |  |  | 8,483 |  |  | 25,659 |  |  | 22,354 |
Restructuring and other costs | 1,973 |  |  | 6,024 |  |  | 8,274 |  |  | 10,169 |
Impairment charges | 2,424 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,424 |  |  | 16,175 |
Operating income | 100,688 |  |  | 63,723 |  |  | 281,961 |  |  | 172,056 |
Financing interest expense | (25,718 | ) |  | (25,754 | ) |  | (78,560 | ) |  | (81,449 | )
Net foreign currency (loss) gain | (1,094 | ) |  | 14,611 |  |  | (27,438 | ) |  | 33,578 |
Net unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments | 2,157 |  |  | (150 | ) |  | 18,371 |  |  | (849 | )
Income before income taxes | $ | 76,033 |  |  | $ | 52,430 |  |  | $ | 194,334 |  |  | $ | 123,336 |

17. | Supplementary Regulatory Capital Disclosure

The Company’s subsidiary, WEX Bank, is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the FDIC and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, WEX Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of WEX Bank’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items. WEX Bank’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in the initiation of certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could limit our business activities and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, WEX Bank met all the requirements to be deemed “well-capitalized” pursuant to FDIC regulation and for purposes of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act.
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WEX INC
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)
WEX Bank’s actual and regulatory minimum capital amounts and ratios are presented in the following table:

(In thousands) | Actual Amount |  | Ratio |  | Minimum for Capital Adequacy Purposes Amount |  | Ratio |  | Minimum to Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions Amount |  | Ratio
September 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Capital to risk-weighted assets | $ | 353,314 |  |  | 12.61 | % |  | $ | 224,084 |  |  | 8.0 | % |  | $ | 280,104 |  |  | 10.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital to average assets | $ | 335,847 |  |  | 10.93 | % |  | $ | 122,925 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | $ | 153,656 |  |  | 5.0 | %
Common equity to risk-weighted assets | $ | 335,847 |  |  | 11.99 | % |  | $ | 126,047 |  |  | 4.5 | % |  | $ | 182,068 |  |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets | $ | 335,847 |  |  | 11.99 | % |  | $ | 168,063 |  |  | 6.0 | % |  | $ | 224,084 |  |  | 8.0 | %
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Capital to risk-weighted assets | $ | 316,129 |  |  | 13.38 | % |  | $ | 188,991 |  |  | 8.0 | % |  | $ | 236,239 |  |  | 10.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital to average assets | $ | 304,555 |  |  | 12.50 | % |  | $ | 97,452 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | $ | 121,815 |  |  | 5.0 | %
Common equity to risk-weighted assets | $ | 304,555 |  |  | 12.89 | % |  | $ | 106,308 |  |  | 4.5 | % |  | $ | 153,555 |  |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets | $ | 304,555 |  |  | 12.89 | % |  | $ | 141,743 |  |  | 6.0 | % |  | $ | 188,991 |  |  | 8.0 | %

18. | Subsequent Events

Business Acquisition
During October 2018, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Noventis, an electronic payments network focused on optimizing payment delivery for bills and invoices to commercial entities, for approximately $310 million. This acquisition will expand our reach as a corporate payments supplier and provide more channels to billing aggregators and financial institutions. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2019 following customary regulatory approvals and customary closing conditions.
Asset Acquisition
In December 2016, the Company entered into a contract with Chevron to issue and operate branded commercial fleet cards commencing in 2018 with an initial term ending on December 2028. During October 2018, the Company entered into a definitive asset purchase agreement to acquire Chevron’s existing trade accounts receivable portfolio. As part of this agreement, we paid approximately $200 million, which includes a $160 million premium in excess of the receivables’ estimated carrying value. The acquired portfolio is expected to be converted onto the Company’s payment processing platform starting in the fourth quarter of 2018. Concurrently with entering into the asset purchase agreement, we modified a number of contract terms, including extending the term of Chevron’s customer relationship to 13 years from the date of the final conversion.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to provide information that will assist the reader with understanding our financial statements, the changes in key items in those financial statements from year to year, and the primary factors that accounted for those changes, as well as how certain accounting estimates affect our financial statements. The discussion also provides information about the financial results of the three segments of our business to provide a better understanding of how those segments and their results affect our financial condition and results of operations as a whole. Additionally, certain corporate costs not allocated to our operating segments are discussed below.
Our MD&A is presented in the following sections:

• | Overview

• | Summary

• | Results of Operations

• | Liquidity and Capital Resources

• | Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

• | Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

This discussion should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2017, the notes accompanying those financial statements and MD&A as contained in our Annual Report on Form 10–K filed with the SEC on March 1, 2018 and in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes in Part I – Item 1 of this report.
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Overview
WEX Inc. is a leading provider of corporate payment solutions. We have expanded the scope of our business into a multi-channel provider of corporate payment solutions. We currently operate in three business segments: Fleet Solutions, Travel and Corporate Solutions and Health and Employee Benefit Solutions. Our business model enables us to provide exceptional payment security and control across a spectrum of payment sectors. The Fleet Solutions segment provides customers with fleet vehicle payment processing services specifically designed for the needs of commercial and government fleets. Fleet Solutions revenue is earned primarily from payment processing, account servicing and financing fees. Management estimates that WEX fleet cards are accepted at over 90 percent of fuel locations in each of the United States and Australia. The Travel and Corporate Solutions segment focuses on the complex payment environment of business-to-business payments, providing customers with payment processing solutions for their corporate payment and transaction monitoring needs. The Health and Employee Benefit Solutions segment provides healthcare payment products and SaaS platform consumer-directed healthcare payments, as well as payroll related benefits to customers in Brazil.
The Company’s U.S. operations include WEX Inc. and our wholly-owned subsidiaries WEX Bank, WEX FleetOne, EFS and WEX Health. Our international operations include our wholly-owned operations, WEX Fuel Cards Australia, WEX Prepaid Cards Australia, WEX Canada, WEX New Zealand, WEX Asia, WEX Europe Limited, WEX Latin America and a controlling interest in WEX Europe Services Limited and its subsidiaries.
Effective January 1, 2018, the Company modified the presentation of certain line items in its unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. Under the new presentation, costs of services are segregated from other operating expenses. Operating expenses have been reclassified into functional categories in order to provide additional detail into the underlying drivers of changes in operating expenses and align its presentation with industry practice. This revised presentation did not result in a change to the presentation of revenues, non-operating expenses or other statement of income captions or a change to previously reported revenues, operating income, income before income taxes or net income.
Sources of Operating Expense
Cost of Services

• | Processing costs - The Company’s processing costs consist of expenses related to processing transactions, servicing customers and merchants and cost of goods sold related to hardware and other product sales.

• | Service fees - The Company incurs costs from third-party networks utilized to deliver payment solutions; additionally, other third-parties are utilized in performing services directly related to generating revenue. With the adoption of Topic 606 effective January 1, 2018, fees paid to third-party payment processing networks are no longer recorded as service fees and are now presented as a reduction of revenues.

• | Provision for credit losses - Changes in the reserve for credit loss are the result of changes in management’s estimate of the losses in the Company’s outstanding portfolio of receivables, including losses from fraud.

• | Operating interest - The Company incurs interest expense on the operating debt obtained to provide liquidity for its short-term receivables.

• | Depreciation and amortization - The Company has identified those tangible and intangible assets directly associated with providing a service that generates revenue and records the depreciation and amortization associated with those assets under this category. Such assets include processing platforms and related infrastructure, acquired developed technology intangible assets and other similar asset types.

Other Operating Expenses

• | General and administrative - General and administrative includes compensation and related expenses for executive, finance and accounting, other information technology, human resources, legal and other corporate functions. Also included are corporate facilities expenses, certain third-party professional service fees and other corporate expenses.

• | Sales and marketing - The Company’s sales and marketing expenses relate primarily to compensation, benefits, sales commissions and related expenses for sales, marketing and other related activities. With the adoption of Topic 606 effective January 1, 2018, certain payments to partners are now classified as sales and marketing expenses.

• | Depreciation and amortization - The depreciation and amortization associated with tangible and intangible assets that are not considered to be directly associated with providing a service that generates revenue are recorded as other operating expenses. Such assets include corporate facilities and information technology assets, and acquired intangible assets other than those included in cost of services.

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Effective January 1, 2018, the Company changed how it allocates certain costs. These changes enhance the information reported to the users of our quarterly and annual filings. The primary change is how the Company allocates information technology and corporate-related costs to its segments. Certain information technology and corporate-related costs that support multiple segments, which were previously included entirely within the Fleet Solutions segment, are now being allocated to the segment that they support. Certain residual unallocated corporate costs represent the portion of expenses relating to general corporate functions including acquisition expenses, certain finance, legal, information technology, human resources, administrative and executive expenses and other expenses. These expenses are recorded in unallocated corporate expenses, as these items are centrally and directly controlled and are not included in internal measures of segment operating performance.
Summary
Below are selected items from the third quarter of 2018:

• | Average number of vehicles serviced increased 6 percent from the third quarter of 2017 to approximately 11.7 million for the third quarter of 2018, resulting entirely from organic growth.

• | Total fuel transactions processed increased 7 percent from the third quarter of 2017 to 141.7 million for the third quarter of 2018. Total payment processing transactions in our Fleet Solutions segment increased 7 percent to 117.7 million for the third quarter of 2018 as compared to the same period last year resulting entirely from organic growth.

• | The average U.S. fuel price per gallon during the third quarter of 2018 was $3.06, a 22 percent increase from the same period last year.

• | Our Travel and Corporate Solutions’ purchase volume grew by approximately $958.0 million from the third quarter of 2017 to $9.6 billion for the third quarter of 2018, an increase of 11 percent, driven by higher customer purchase volumes, most significantly within the U.S. travel business.

• | Our Health and Employee Benefit Solutions’ average number of U.S. SaaS accounts grew by approximately 1.5 million, a 16 percent increase from the same period in the prior year, due primarily to customer signings. Likewise, U.S. purchase volume grew by $105.6 million, an 11 percent increase from the same period of the prior year.

• | Our effective tax rate was 24.7 percent for the third quarter of 2018 as compared to 35.4 percent in the same period last year. The decline in our tax rate was primarily due to the 2017 Tax Act, which reduced the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent effective January 1, 2018. Our effective rate may fluctuate due to changes in estimates made under the 2017 Tax Act as more guidance and clarification is released by the regulators, the mix of earnings among different tax jurisdictions, as well as from impacts that statutory tax rate and earnings mix changes have on our net deferred tax assets.

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Results of Operations
The Company does not allocate foreign currency gains and losses, financing interest expense, unrealized and realized gains and losses on financial instruments, income taxes and net gains or losses from non-controlling interest to our operating segments as management believes these items are unpredictable and can obscure underlying trends. In addition, effective January 1, 2018, the Company does not allocate certain corporate expenses to our operating segments, as these items are centrally controlled and are not directly attributable to any reportable segment.
Certain information technology and corporate related costs that support multiple segments were previously included entirely within the Fleet Solutions segment. Effective January 1, 2018, such amounts are allocated to the operating segment that they support. Prior year amounts have been recast to conform with the changes in segment profitability described above.
Fleet Solutions
Revenues
The following table reflects comparative revenue and key operating statistics within Fleet Solutions:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands, except per transaction and per gallon data) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing revenue | $ | 116,023 |  |  | $ | 90,270 |  |  | $ | 25,753 |  |  | 29 | % |  | $ | 335,896 |  |  | $ | 264,210 |  |  | $ | 71,686 |  |  | 27 | %
Account servicing revenue | 42,810 |  |  | 44,858 |  |  | (2,048 | ) |  | (5 | )% |  | 128,039 |  |  | 122,238 |  |  | 5,801 |  |  | 5 | %
Finance fee revenue | 51,644 |  |  | 40,773 |  |  | 10,871 |  |  | 27 | % |  | 140,436 |  |  | 113,754 |  |  | 26,682 |  |  | 23 | %
Other revenue | 39,135 |  |  | 36,177 |  |  | 2,958 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 117,076 |  |  | 103,003 |  |  | 14,073 |  |  | 14 | %
Total revenues | $ | 249,612 |  |  | $ | 212,078 |  |  | $ | 37,534 |  |  | 18 | % |  | $ | 721,447 |  |  | $ | 603,205 |  |  | $ | 118,242 |  |  | 20 | %
Key operating statistics (a)(b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing transactions | 117,680 |  |  | 110,047 |  |  | 7,633 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 343,426 |  |  | 320,946 |  |  | 22,480 |  |  | 7 | %
Payment processing fuel spend | $ | 9,723,609 |  |  | $ | 7,688,903 |  |  | $ | 2,034,706 |  |  | 26 | % |  | $ | 27,658,802 |  |  | $ | 22,168,768 |  |  | $ | 5,490,034 |  |  | 25 | %
Average price per gallon of fuel – Domestic – ($USD/gal) | $ | 3.06 |  |  | $ | 2.51 |  |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | 22 | % |  | $ | 2.95 |  |  | $ | 2.44 |  |  | $ | 0.51 |  |  | 21 | %
Net payment processing rate | 1.19 | % |  | 1.17 | % |  | 0.02 | % |  | 2 | % |  | 1.21 | % |  | 1.19 | % |  | 0.02 | % |  | 2 | %

(a) Key operating statistics have been modified to provide added insight into segment revenue trends. Metrics for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 have been conformed to the current year presentation.
(b) The Company adopted the requirements of ASU 2014–09 (“the new revenue recognition standard”) as of January 1, 2018, utilizing the modified retrospective method of transition. Impacted non-financial metrics have been updated prospectively.
For the third quarter and the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations reduced revenue by $1.7 million and increased revenue by $2.4 million, respectively.
Payment processing revenue increased by $25.8 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $71.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, primarily due to higher average domestic fuel prices, the impact from the adoption of the new revenue recognition standard and increased payment processing volumes due to organic growth. Upon adoption of the new revenue recognition standard, we reclassified certain amounts paid to partners from a reduction of revenue to selling expense and fees paid to third-party payment processing networks from service fees to a reduction of revenue.
Account servicing revenue decreased by $2.0 million for the third quarter of 2018 as compared to the same period of the prior year, primarily due to the divestiture of our Telapoint business during the fourth quarter of 2017. Account servicing revenue increased by $5.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same period in the prior year, due primarily to an increase in fees to certain customers as part of domestic price modernization efforts over the course of the prior year, partly offset by the divestiture of our Telapoint business.
Other revenue increased by $3.0 million for the third quarter of 2018 as compared to the same period for the prior year, due primarily to the adoption of the new revenue recognition standard. Other revenue increased by $14.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same period in the prior year, resulting from the adoption of the new
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revenue recognition standard, benefits from our price modernization efforts and higher relative EFS transaction processing revenue.
Finance fee revenue is comprised of the following components:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent
Finance income | $ | 41,641 |  |  | $ | 32,994 |  |  | $ | 8,647 |  |  | 26 | % |  | $ | 112,130 |  |  | $ | 93,517 |  |  | $ | 18,613 |  |  | 20 | %
Factoring fee revenue | 9,999 |  |  | 7,580 |  |  | 2,419 |  |  | 32 | % |  | 27,720 |  |  | 19,869 |  |  | 7,851 |  |  | 40 | %
Cardholder interest income | 4 |  |  | 199 |  |  | (195 | ) |  | (98 | )% |  | 586 |  |  | 368 |  |  | 218 |  |  | 59 | %
Finance fee revenue | $ | 51,644 |  |  | $ | 40,773 |  |  | $ | 10,871 |  |  | 27 | % |  | $ | 140,436 |  |  | $ | 113,754 |  |  | $ | 26,682 |  |  | 23 | %

Finance income primarily consists of late fees charged for receivables not paid within the terms of the customer agreement based upon the outstanding customer receivable balance. This revenue is earned when a customer’s receivable balance becomes delinquent and is calculated using the greater of a minimum charge or a stated late fee rate multiplied by the outstanding balance that is subject to a late fee charge. Changes in the absolute amount of such outstanding balances can be attributed to (i) changes in fuel prices; (ii) customer specific transaction volume; and (iii) customer specific delinquencies. Finance income can also be impacted by (i) changes in late fee rates and (ii) increases or decreases in customer overdue balances. Late fee rates are determined and set based primarily on the risk associated with our customers, coupled with a strategic view of standard rates within our industry. Periodically, we assess the market rates associated within our industry to determine appropriate late fee rates. We consider factors such as the Company’s overall financial model and strategic plan, the cost to our business from customers failing to pay timely and the impact such late payments have on our financial results. These assessments are typically conducted at least annually but may occur more often depending on macro-economic factors.
Finance income increased $8.6 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $18.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, primarily due to changes in overdue outstanding balances resulting from higher average domestic fuel prices and volumes. During both the third quarter and the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, monthly late fee rates ranged from 0 to 7.99 percent with a minimum finance charge of up to $75. The weighted average rate, net of related charge-offs, was 4.4 percent and 4.5 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, as compared to 4.3 percent for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Concessions to certain customers experiencing financial difficulties may be granted and are limited to extending the time to pay, placing a customer on a payment plan or granting waivers of late fees. There were no material concessions granted to customers during both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017.
The primary source of factoring fee revenue is calculated as a negotiated percentage fee of the receivable balance that we purchase. A secondary source of factoring fee revenue is a flat rate service fee to our customers that request a non-contractual same day funding of the receivable balance. Factoring fee revenue increased $2.4 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $7.9 million the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due to higher relative receivable balances purchased resulting from increased customer demand for our services.
Cardholder interest income was not material to Fleet Solutions’ operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017.
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Operating Expenses
The following table compares line items within operating income for Fleet Solutions for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent
Cost of services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Processing costs | $ | 50,394 |  |  | $ | 45,283 |  |  | $ | 5,111 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 147,198 |  |  | $ | 131,701 |  |  | $ | 15,497 |  |  | 12 | %
Service fees | $ | 1,889 |  |  | $ | 1,495 |  |  | $ | 394 |  |  | 26 | % |  | $ | 5,493 |  |  | $ | 4,111 |  |  | $ | 1,382 |  |  | 34 | %
Provision for credit losses | $ | 17,408 |  |  | $ | 19,277 |  |  | $ | (1,869 | ) |  | (10 | )% |  | $ | 41,396 |  |  | $ | 46,999 |  |  | $ | (5,603 | ) |  | (12 | )%
Operating interest | $ | 4,532 |  |  | $ | 2,449 |  |  | $ | 2,082 |  |  | 85 | % |  | $ | 11,370 |  |  | $ | 6,044 |  |  | $ | 5,325 |  |  | 88 | %
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 9,943 |  |  | $ | 12,424 |  |  | $ | (2,482 | ) |  | (20 | )% |  | $ | 29,749 |  |  | $ | 36,436 |  |  | $ | (6,688 | ) |  | (18 | )%
Other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative | $ | 18,004 |  |  | $ | 22,299 |  |  | $ | (4,295 | ) |  | (19 | )% |  | $ | 57,894 |  |  | $ | 55,161 |  |  | $ | 2,733 |  |  | 5 | %
Sales and marketing | $ | 38,727 |  |  | $ | 30,395 |  |  | $ | 8,332 |  |  | 27 | % |  | $ | 115,331 |  |  | $ | 89,210 |  |  | $ | 26,121 |  |  | 29 | %
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 19,394 |  |  | $ | 23,647 |  |  | $ | (4,252 | ) |  | (18 | )% |  | $ | 60,497 |  |  | $ | 70,087 |  |  | $ | (9,590 | ) |  | (14 | )%
Impairment charge | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (12,212 | ) |  | (100 | )% |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,212 |  |  | $ | (12,212 | ) |  | (100 | )%
Operating income | $ | 89,321 |  |  | $ | 54,809 |  |  | $ | 34,512 |  |  | 63 | % |  | $ | 252,519 |  |  | $ | 151,244 |  |  | $ | 101,275 |  |  | 67 | %

Cost of services
Processing costs increased $5.1 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $15.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due primarily to volume-related increases, including incremental headcount and costs related to recent significant customer acquisitions.
Service fees increased $0.4 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $1.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due primarily to higher bank fees resulting from increased volumes.
Provision for credit losses decreased by $1.9 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $5.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year. The decrease in credit loss was due to a decline in fraud losses, partly offset by increases in receivable balances due to higher average domestic fuel prices and volume growth.
We generally measure our credit loss performance by calculating fuel-related credit losses as a percentage of total fuel expenditures on payment processing transactions. This metric for credit losses was 14.2 basis points of fuel expenditures for the third quarter of 2018, as compared to 23.5 basis points of fuel expenditures for the same period in the prior year. We generally use a roll-rate methodology to calculate the amount necessary for our ending receivable reserve balance. This methodology considers total receivable balances, recent charge-off experience, recoveries on previously charged-off accounts and the dollars that are delinquent to calculate the total reserve. In addition, management undertakes a detailed evaluation of the receivable balances to help further ensure overall reserve adequacy. The expense we recognized in the quarter is the amount necessary to bring the reserve to its required level based on accounts receivable aging and net charge-offs.
Operating interest increased $2.1 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $5.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, primarily due to higher interest rates paid on deposits and the impact of higher fuel prices.
Depreciation and amortization decreased by $2.5 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $6.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same periods in the prior year, as the periods in 2017 were unfavorably impacted by accelerated amortization of our existing over-the-road payment processing technology as result of the EFS acquisition. This expense decrease relative to the prior year was partly offset by incremental depreciation on recent investments in internal-use software.
Other operating expenses
General and administrative expenses decreased $4.3 million for the third quarter of 2018, as compared to the same prior of the prior year, which was unfavorably impacted by an office closure restructuring to consolidate operations. General and administrative expenses increased $2.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same period in
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the prior year primarily due to higher professional fees, partly offset by the absence of the aforementioned restructuring charges incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Sales and marketing expenses increased $8.3 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $26.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due primarily to a reclassification of payments to partners, which are included in sales and marketing expenses as a result of adopting the new revenue recognition standard. Prior to January 1, 2018, these payments were reflected as a reduction of revenue.
Depreciation and amortization decreased by $4.3 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $9.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same period in the prior year, due primarily to lower relative amortization on certain acquired intangibles.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we incurred a non-cash impairment charge due to a write-off related to in-sourcing certain technology functions. There were no impairment charges incurred during 2018.
Travel and Corporate Solutions
Revenues
The following table reflects comparative revenue and key operating statistics within Travel and Corporate Solutions:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands, except payment solutions purchase volume in millions) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing revenue | $ | 54,345 |  |  | $ | 44,177 |  |  | $ | 10,168 |  |  | 23 | % |  | $ | 150,411 |  |  | $ | 119,328 |  |  | $ | 31,083 |  |  | 26 | %
Account servicing revenue | 9,120 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 8,914 |  |  | NM |  |  | 27,584 |  |  | 528 |  |  | 27,056 |  |  | NM |
Finance fee revenue | 670 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 583 |  |  | 670 | % |  | 1,157 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 688 |  |  | 147 | %
Other revenue | 18,675 |  |  | 16,556 |  |  | 2,119 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 46,201 |  |  | 43,414 |  |  | 2,787 |  |  | 6 | %
Total revenues | $ | 82,810 |  |  | $ | 61,026 |  |  | $ | 21,784 |  |  | 36 | % |  | $ | 225,353 |  |  | $ | 163,739 |  |  | $ | 61,614 |  |  | 38 | %
Key operating statistics (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment solutions purchase volume | $ | 9,621 |  |  | $ | 8,663 |  |  | $ | 958 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 26,492 |  |  | $ | 22,939 |  |  | $ | 3,553 |  |  | 15 | %

(a) The Company adopted the requirements of the new revenue recognition standard as of January 1, 2018, utilizing the modified retrospective method of transition. Impacted non-financial metrics have been updated prospectively.
NM - not meaningful
For the third quarter and the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations reduced revenue by $0.8 million and increased revenue by $1.6 million, respectively.
Payment processing revenue increased $10.2 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $31.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due to strong performance in both our travel and corporate payment products. During the third quarter of 2018, we benefited from volume growth in the U.S., the Asia Pacific region and Brazil, while performance for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was attributed to volume increases in all geographies. The impact of the adoption of the new revenue recognition standard also contributed to revenue growth. Upon adoption of the new revenue recognition standard, we reclassified certain amounts paid to partners from a reduction of revenue to sales and marketing expense and fees paid to third-party payment processing networks from service fees to a reduction of revenue.
Account servicing revenue increased $8.9 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $27.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due to the acquisition of AOC during October 2017.
Finance fee revenue was not material to Travel and Corporate Solutions’ operations for the three or nine months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017.
Concessions to certain customers experiencing financial difficulties may be granted and are limited to extending the time to pay, placing a customer on a payment plan or granting waivers of late fees. There were no material concessions granted to
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customers during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2018. As of September 30, 2017, customer balances with such concessions totaled $8.5 million. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, customer balances with such concessions resulted in approximately $0.4 million and $1.7 million in waived late fees, respectively.
Other revenue increased $2.1 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $2.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, as volume related increases were partly offset by an unfavorable adoption impact of the new revenue recognition standard. As of January 1, 2018, payment of network fees are now reflected as a reduction of revenue resulting from the adoption of the new revenue recognition standard. Prior to January 1, 2018, these network fees were classified as a selling expense.
Operating Expenses
The following table compares line items within operating income for Travel and Corporate Solutions for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent
Cost of services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Processing costs | $ | 10,999 |  |  | $ | 4,595 |  |  | $ | 6,405 |  |  | 139 | % |  | $ | 33,967 |  |  | $ | 14,949 |  |  | $ | 19,019 |  |  | 127 | %
Service fees | $ | 7,151 |  |  | $ | 15,344 |  |  | $ | (8,193 | ) |  | (53 | )% |  | $ | 21,102 |  |  | $ | 45,433 |  |  | $ | (24,331 | ) |  | (54 | )%
Provision for credit losses | $ | 3,862 |  |  | $ | (418 | ) |  | $ | 4,280 |  |  | NM |  |  | $ | 5,687 |  |  | $ | (575 | ) |  | $ | 6,262 |  |  | NM |
Operating interest | $ | 4,061 |  |  | $ | 2,377 |  |  | $ | 1,684 |  |  | 71 | % |  | $ | 10,043 |  |  | $ | 6,016 |  |  | $ | 4,027 |  |  | 67 | %
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 2,807 |  |  | $ | 1,288 |  |  | $ | 1,519 |  |  | 118 | % |  | $ | 12,034 |  |  | $ | 3,626 |  |  | $ | 8,409 |  |  | 232 | %
Other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative | $ | 7,150 |  |  | $ | 4,617 |  |  | $ | 2,533 |  |  | 55 | % |  | $ | 19,985 |  |  | $ | 12,257 |  |  | $ | 7,728 |  |  | 63 | %
Sales and marketing | $ | 10,478 |  |  | $ | 5,719 |  |  | $ | 4,759 |  |  | 83 | % |  | $ | 36,076 |  |  | $ | 15,691 |  |  | $ | 20,385 |  |  | 130 | %
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 3,903 |  |  | $ | 2,573 |  |  | $ | 1,330 |  |  | 52 | % |  | $ | 10,818 |  |  | $ | 7,814 |  |  | $ | 3,004 |  |  | 38 | %
Impairment charges | $ | 2,424 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,424 |  |  | NM |  |  | $ | 2,424 |  |  | $ | 3,963 |  |  | $ | (1,539 | ) |  | (39 | )%
Operating income | $ | 29,975 |  |  | $ | 24,932 |  |  | $ | 5,043 |  |  | 20 | % |  | $ | 73,217 |  |  | $ | 54,566 |  |  | $ | 18,651 |  |  | 34 | %

NM - not meaningful
Cost of services
Processing costs increased $6.4 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $19.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due primarily to the acquisition of AOC.
Service fees decreased $8.2 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $24.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due primarily to cost savings as a result of the AOC acquisition and impacts from adoption of the new revenue recognition standard. These favorable impacts were partly offset by incremental expenses resulting from higher relative purchase volumes. Upon the adoption of the new revenue recognition standard, we reclassified network fees paid from service fees to a reduction of revenue.
Provision for credit losses increased $4.3 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $6.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due primarily to a discrete customer reserve taken during the third quarter of 2018.
Operating interest expense increased $1.7 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $4.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due primarily to higher interest rates paid on deposits.
Depreciation and amortization increased $1.5 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $8.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due primarily to assets recognized upon acquisition of AOC.
Other operating expenses
General and administrative expenses increased $2.5 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $7.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due primarily to the acquisition of AOC.
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Sales and marketing expenses increased $4.8 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $20.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due primarily to a reclassification of payments to partners. These payments to partners are included in sales and marketing expenses as a result of adopting the new revenue recognition standard. Prior to January 1, 2018, these payments were reflected as a reduction of revenue.
Depreciation and amortization for the third quarter of 2018 increased $1.3 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due primarily to assets recognized upon the AOC acquisition.
During the third quarter of 2018, we recognized a non-cash impairment charge to write-off certain property and equipment. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we incurred a non-cash impairment charge due to a write-off related to in-sourcing certain technology functions.
Health and Employee Benefit Solutions
Revenues
The following table reflects comparative revenue and key operating statistics within Health and Employee Benefit Solutions:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands, except purchase volume in millions) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing revenue | $ | 12,503 |  |  | $ | 11,255 |  |  | $ | 1,248 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 43,756 |  |  | $ | 39,896 |  |  | $ | 3,860 |  |  | 10 | %
Account servicing revenue | 26,818 |  |  | 26,258 |  |  | 560 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 80,545 |  |  | 75,772 |  |  | 4,773 |  |  | 6 | %
Finance fee revenue | 1,389 |  |  | 10,019 |  |  | (8,630 | ) |  | (86 | )% |  | 13,365 |  |  | 22,113 |  |  | (8,748 | ) |  | (40 | )%
Other revenue | 9,558 |  |  | 3,366 |  |  | 6,192 |  |  | 184 | % |  | 23,929 |  |  | 14,518 |  |  | 9,411 |  |  | 65 | %
Total revenues | $ | 50,268 |  |  | $ | 50,898 |  |  | $ | (630 | ) |  | (1 | )% |  | $ | 161,595 |  |  | $ | 152,299 |  |  | $ | 9,296 |  |  | 6 | %
Key operating statistics (U.S. only) (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment processing revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase volume | $ | 1,061,215 |  |  | $ | 955,652 |  |  | $ | 105,563 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 3,817,924 |  |  | $ | 3,429,725 |  |  | $ | 388,199 |  |  | 11 | %
Account servicing revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average number of SaaS accounts | 11,057 |  |  | 9,566 |  |  | 1,491 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 10,876 |  |  | 9,025 |  |  | 1,851 |  |  | 21 | %

(a) The Company adopted the requirements of the new revenue recognition standard as of January 1, 2018, utilizing the modified retrospective method of transition. Impacted non-financial metrics have been updated prospectively.
For the third quarter of 2018 and the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations reduced revenue by $1.0 million and $1.9 million, respectively.
Payment processing revenue increased $1.2 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $3.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, primarily due to an increase in purchase volume as a result of customer signings.
Account servicing revenue increased $0.6 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $4.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, primarily due to WEX Health customer signings and existing customer growth, which resulted in a higher number of participants using our SaaS healthcare technology platform, and higher revenue earned on health savings account assets, partly offset by an unfavorable impact from WEX Health customer mix and lower revenues in Brazil.
Finance fee revenue decreased $8.6 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $8.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, primarily due to the accounting impact of our WEX Latin America securitization arrangement, as discussed further in the other revenue discussion below.
Concessions to certain customers experiencing financial difficulties may be granted and are limited to extending the time to pay, placing a customer on a payment plan or granting waivers of late fees. As of September 30, 2018 and 2017, there were no material concessions granted to customers.
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Other revenue increased $6.2 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $9.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year. Increased revenues for the third quarter of 2018 were primarily due to the gain on sale of WEX Latin America customer receivables under our recently amended securitization. Prior to the third quarter of 2018, the revenue associated with these receivables was included in finance fee revenue. See Part I – Item 1 – Note 10, Off–Balance Sheet Arrangements for further information. During the third quarter of 2018 and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we also benefited from higher WEX Health ancillary fees.
Operating Expenses
The following table compares line items within operating income for Health and Employee Benefit Solutions for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent
Cost of services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Processing costs | $ | 18,189 |  |  | $ | 19,240 |  |  | $ | (1,051 | ) |  | (5 | )% |  | $ | 54,345 |  |  | $ | 56,031 |  |  | $ | (1,686 | ) |  | (3 | )%
Service fees | $ | 4,777 |  |  | $ | 2,818 |  |  | $ | 1,959 |  |  | 70 | % |  | $ | 13,251 |  |  | $ | 7,868 |  |  | $ | 5,383 |  |  | 68 | %
Provision for credit losses | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 755 |  |  | $ | (591 | ) |  | (78 | )% |  | $ | (154 | ) |  | $ | 1,503 |  |  | $ | (1,657 | ) |  | NM |
Operating interest | $ | 1,676 |  |  | $ | 2,711 |  |  | $ | (1,035 | ) |  | (38 | )% |  | $ | 6,869 |  |  | $ | 4,989 |  |  | $ | 1,880 |  |  | 38 | %
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 6,263 |  |  | $ | 5,167 |  |  | $ | 1,096 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 18,275 |  |  | $ | 14,577 |  |  | $ | 3,698 |  |  | 25 | %
Other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative | $ | 7,337 |  |  | $ | 5,954 |  |  | $ | 1,383 |  |  | 23 | % |  | $ | 18,891 |  |  | $ | 16,882 |  |  | $ | 2,009 |  |  | 12 | %
Sales and marketing | $ | 5,398 |  |  | $ | 5,409 |  |  | $ | (11 | ) |  | — | % |  | $ | 17,389 |  |  | $ | 16,710 |  |  | $ | 679 |  |  | 4 | %
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 5,348 |  |  | $ | 5,705 |  |  | $ | (357 | ) |  | (6 | )% |  | $ | 16,203 |  |  | $ | 16,796 |  |  | $ | (593 | ) |  | (4 | )%
Operating income | $ | 1,116 |  |  | $ | 3,139 |  |  | $ | (2,023 | ) |  | (64 | )% |  | $ | 16,526 |  |  | $ | 16,943 |  |  | $ | (417 | ) |  | (2 | )%

NM - not meaningful
Cost of services
Processing costs decreased slightly for the third quarter of 2018 and for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year as the favorable impact of lower bank fees in WEX Latin America resulting from a shift in product mix was partly offset by higher WEX Health processing costs resulting from volume increases.
Service fees increased $2.0 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $5.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, due primarily to revenue growth on WEX Health payment processing and health savings account assets.
Provision for credit losses was not material to Health and Employee Benefit Solutions’ operations for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
Operating interest decreased $1.0 million for the third quarter of 2018 and increased $1.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year. The increase in interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was associated with the ramp up of our WEX Latin America securitized debt agreement, which we entered into during the second quarter of 2017. During the third quarter of 2018, we amended this agreement, resulting in sale accounting treatment upon the transfer of WEX Latin America customer receivables. As such, our associated cost of funding is now embedded in the gain on sale of the receivables and is recorded within other revenue, resulting in decreased operating interest for the three months ended September 30, 2018.
Depreciation and amortization increased $1.1 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $3.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, resulting from higher depreciation expense on capitalized internal-use software development costs.
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Other operating expenses
General and administrative expenses increased $1.4 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $2.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due primarily to an increase in professional fees as compared to the same periods in the prior year.
Sales and marketing and depreciation and amortization for the third quarter of 2018 were generally consistent with the same period in the prior year.
Unallocated corporate expenses
Unallocated corporate expenses represent the portion of expenses relating to general corporate functions including acquisition expenses, certain finance, legal, information technology, human resources, administrative and executive expenses and other expenses not directly attributable to a reportable segment.
The following table compares line items within operating income for unallocated corporate expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent
Other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative | $ | 19,309 |  |  | $ | 18,668 |  |  | $ | 641 |  |  | 3 | % |  | $ | 58,951 |  |  | $ | 49,489 |  |  | $ | 9,462 |  |  | 19 | %
Sales and marketing | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | (56 | ) |  | (90 | )% |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | (64 | ) |  | (56 | )%
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 409 |  |  | $ | 425 |  |  | $ | (16 | ) |  | (4 | )% |  | $ | 1,299 |  |  | $ | 1,092 |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | 19 | %

General and administrative expenses for the third quarter of 2018 were generally consistent with the general and administrative expenses for the same period in the prior year. General and administrative expenses increased $9.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same period in the prior year, due primarily to higher personnel related costs, including incremental share based compensation and headcount, and increased professional fees, including those incurred as part of our recent acquisition and debt restructurings.
Other unallocated corporate expenses were not material to the Company’s operations for the periods presented.
Non-operating income and expense
The following table reflects comparative results for certain amounts excluded from operating income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Amount |  | Percent
Financing interest expense | $ | (25,718 | ) |  | $ | (25,754 | ) |  | $ | (36 | ) |  | — | % |  | $ | (78,560 | ) |  | $ | (81,449 | ) |  | $ | (2,889 | ) |  | (4 | )%
Net foreign currency (loss) gain | $ | (1,094 | ) |  | $ | 14,611 |  |  | $ | (15,705 | ) |  | NM |  |  | $ | (27,438 | ) |  | $ | 33,578 |  |  | $ | (61,016 | ) |  | NM |
Net unrealized gain (loss) on financial instruments | $ | 2,157 |  |  | $ | (150 | ) |  | $ | 2,307 |  |  | NM |  |  | $ | 18,371 |  |  | $ | (849 | ) |  | $ | 19,220 |  |  | NM |
Income taxes | $ | 18,751 |  |  | $ | 18,570 |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 48,278 |  |  | $ | 43,760 |  |  | $ | 4,518 |  |  | 10 | %
Net income (loss) from non-controlling interest | $ | (40 | ) |  | $ | (111 | ) |  | $ | 71 |  |  | (64 | )% |  | $ | 803 |  |  | $ | (886 | ) |  | $ | 1,689 |  |  | NM |

NM - not meaningful
Financing interest expense for the third quarter of 2018 was relatively consistent with the financing interest expense in the same period in the prior year. Financing interest expense decreased $2.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same period in the prior year. This decrease was primarily due to lower effective interest rates, including the impact of $1.3 billion in interest rate swaps outstanding as of September 30, 2018, and a decrease in average borrowings under our 2016 Credit Agreement, partly offset by a loss on the extinguishment of debt as part of our January 2018 debt repricing.
Our foreign currency exchange exposure is primarily related to the remeasurement of our cash, receivable and payable balances, including intercompany transactions that are denominated in foreign currencies. The Company incurred net foreign currency losses of $1.1 million in the third quarter of 2018 and $27.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 resulting
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from transactions denominated in foreign currencies and intercompany transactions. During the third quarter of 2018 and the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the U.S. dollar strengthened relative to numerous major foreign currencies in which we transact, including the Euro, British pound, Australian dollar and Brazilian real, though the rate of the U.S. dollar strengthening slowed in the third quarter of 2018. During the third quarter and the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company benefited from the U.S. dollar weakening relative to the Euro, British pound and Australian dollar.
Net unrealized gains on financial instruments increased $2.3 million for the third quarter of 2018 and $19.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in the prior year. Late in the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company entered into two interest rate swap agreements with aggregate notional amounts of $500.0 million. The favorable impact of our swap agreements resulted from increases in the variable interest rates combined with a higher notional amount of interest rate swaps outstanding.
Our effective tax rate was 24.7 percent and 24.8 percent for the third quarter of 2018 and the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to 35.4 percent and 35.5 percent in the same periods last year. The decline in our tax rate was primarily due to the 2017 Tax Act, which reduced the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent effective January 1, 2018.
During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company recorded a provisional amount of one-time income tax benefit of $60.6 million associated with the 2017 Tax Act. During the third quarter of 2018, the Company recorded an adjustment to the one-time income tax benefit attributable to the Company updating its estimate of foreign undistributed earnings, which was materially offset by an adjustment to certain deferred tax attributes as a result of further clarification provided by the IRS relative to IRC 162(m). The income tax benefit of $60.6 million may be impacted by future clarification and guidance, primarily related to state tax conformity to federal tax changes, however, we do not expect such changes to be material to our financial statements. As of September 30, 2018, we are still evaluating the effects of GILTI provisions as guidance and interpretations continue to emerge, however, we do not expect the impact to be material to our financial statements. We have not determined the accounting policy of either treating taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current period expense when incurred or factoring such amounts into the Company’s measurement of its deferred taxes. However, the standard requires that we reflect the impact of the GILTI provisions as a period expense until the accounting policy is finalized in the fourth quarter. Therefore, we have included the provisional estimate of GILTI related to current-year operations in our estimated annual effective tax rate, and will update the impact and accounting policy as the analysis related to the GILTI provisions is completed in the fourth quarter.
Net income or loss from non-controlling interest relates to our 75 percent ownership stake in WEX Europe Services. Such amounts were not material to Company operations for both the third quarter and three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
Non–GAAP Financial Measures That Supplement GAAP Measures
The Company’s non-GAAP adjusted net income excludes unrealized gains and losses on financial instruments, net foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses, acquisition-related intangible amortization, other acquisition and divestiture related items, stock-based compensation, restructuring and other costs, impairment charges, debt restructuring and debt issuance cost amortization, similar adjustments attributable to our non-controlling interest and certain tax related items.
Although adjusted net income is not calculated in accordance with GAAP, this non-GAAP measure is integral to the Company’s reporting and planning processes; the Company’s chief operating decision maker uses segment adjusted operating income to allocate resources among our operating segments. The Company considers this measure integral because it excludes the above-specified items that the Company’s management excludes in evaluating the Company’s performance. Specifically, in addition to evaluating the Company’s performance on a GAAP basis, management evaluates the Company’s performance on a basis that excludes the above items because:

• | Exclusion of the non-cash, mark-to-market adjustments on financial instruments, including interest rate swap agreements and investment securities, helps management identify and assess trends in the Company’s underlying business that might otherwise be obscured due to quarterly non-cash earnings fluctuations associated with these financial instruments. Additionally, the non-cash, mark-to-market adjustments on financial instruments are difficult to forecast accurately, making comparisons across historical and future quarters difficult to evaluate.

• | Net foreign currency gains and losses primarily result from the remeasurement to functional currency of cash, receivable and payable balances, certain intercompany notes denominated in foreign currencies and any gain or loss on foreign currency hedges relating to these items. The exclusion of these items helps management compare changes in operating results between periods that might otherwise be obscured due to currency fluctuations.

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• | The Company considers certain acquisition-related costs, including certain financing costs, investment banking fees, warranty and indemnity insurance, certain integration-related expenses and amortization of acquired intangibles, as well as gains and losses from divestitures to be unpredictable, dependent on factors that may be outside of our control and unrelated to the continuing operations of the acquired or divested business or the Company. In prior periods, the Company has adjusted for goodwill impairments, acquisition-related asset impairments and gains and losses on divestitures. In addition, the size and complexity of an acquisition, which often drives the magnitude of acquisition-related costs, may not be indicative of such future costs. The Company believes that excluding acquisition-related costs and gains or losses of divestitures facilitates the comparison of our financial results to the Company’s historical operating results and to other companies in our industry.

• | Stock-based compensation is different from other forms of compensation, as it is a non-cash expense. For example, a cash salary generally has a fixed and unvarying cash cost. In contrast, the expense associated with an equity-based award is generally unrelated to the amount of cash ultimately received by the employee, and the cost to the Company is based on a stock-based compensation valuation methodology and underlying assumptions that may vary over time.

• | Restructuring and other costs are related to certain identified initiatives to further streamline the business, improve the Company’s efficiency, create synergies and to globalize the Company’s operations, all with an objective to improve scale and increase profitability going forward. This also includes other immaterial costs that the Company has incurred and are non-operational and non-recurring. We exclude these items when evaluating our continuing business performance as such items are not consistently occurring and do not reflect expected future operating expense, nor do they provide insight into the fundamentals of current or past operations of our business.

• | Impairment charges represent non-cash asset write-offs, which do not reflect recurring costs that would be relevant to the Company’s continuing operations. The Company believes that excluding these nonrecurring expenses facilitates the comparison of our financial results to the Company’s historical operating results and to other companies in its industry.

• | Debt restructuring and debt issuance cost amortization are unrelated to the continuing operations of the Company. Debt restructuring costs are not consistently occurring and do not reflect expected future operating expense, nor do they provide insight into the fundamentals of current or past operations of our business. In addition, since debt issuance cost amortization is dependent upon the financing method which can vary widely company to company, we believe that excluding these costs helps to facilitate comparison to historical results as well as to other companies within our industry.

• | The adjustments attributable to non-controlling interest have no significant impact on the ongoing operations of the business.

• | The tax related items are the difference between the Company’s GAAP tax provision and a pro forma tax provision based upon the Company’s adjusted net income before taxes as well as the impact from certain discrete tax items. The methodology utilized for calculating the Company’s adjusted net income tax provision is the same methodology utilized in calculating the Company’s GAAP tax provision.

For the same reasons, WEX believes that adjusted net income may also be useful to investors as one means of evaluating the Company’s performance. However, because adjusted net income is a non-GAAP measure, it should not be considered as a substitute for, or superior to, net income, operating income or cash flows from operating activities as determined in accordance with GAAP. In addition, adjusted net income as used by WEX may not be comparable to similarly titled measures employed by other companies.
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The following table reconciles net income attributable to shareholders to adjusted net income attributable to shareholders:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income attributable to shareholders | $ | 57,322 |  |  | $ | 33,971 |  |  | $ | 145,253 |  |  | $ | 80,462 |
Unrealized (gains) losses on financial instruments | (2,157 | ) |  | 150 |  |  | (18,371 | ) |  | 849 |
Net foreign currency remeasurement losses (gains) | 1,094 |  |  | (14,611 | ) |  | 27,438 |  |  | (33,578 | )
Acquisition-related intangible amortization | 33,439 |  |  | 38,510 |  |  | 103,596 |  |  | 114,603 |
Other acquisition and divestiture related items | 1,536 |  |  | 1,006 |  |  | 2,792 |  |  | 3,380 |
Stock-based compensation | 9,799 |  |  | 8,483 |  |  | 25,659 |  |  | 22,354 |
Restructuring and other costs | 1,973 |  |  | 6,024 |  |  | 8,274 |  |  | 10,169 |
Impairment charges | 2,424 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,424 |  |  | 16,175 |
Debt restructuring and debt issuance cost amortization | 2,216 |  |  | 4,287 |  |  | 11,515 |  |  | 8,450 |
ANI adjustments attributable to non-controlling interest | (351 | ) |  | (207 | ) |  | (889 | ) |  | (1,162 | )
Tax related items | (11,936 | ) |  | (16,130 | ) |  | (42,819 | ) |  | (53,131 | )
Adjusted net income attributable to shareholders | $ | 95,359 |  |  | $ | 61,483 |  |  | $ | 264,872 |  |  | $ | 168,571 |

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Liquidity and Capital Resources
We believe that our cash generating capability, financial condition and operations, together with our revolving credit facility, term loans and notes outstanding, as well as other available methods of financing (including deposits, participation loans, borrowed federal funds and securitization facilities), will be adequate to fund our cash needs for at least the next 12 months.
Our short-term cash requirements consist primarily of funding the working capital needs of our business, payments on maturities and withdrawals of brokered deposits and borrowed federal funds, required capital expenditures, repayments on our credit facility, interest payments on our credit facility and other operating expenses. WEX Bank can fund our short-term domestic cash requirements through the issuance of brokered deposits and borrowed federal funds. Any remaining cash needs are primarily funded through operations. Our long-term cash requirements consist primarily of amounts owed and corresponding interest payments on our 2016 Credit Agreement and Notes, amounts due to Wyndham Worldwide Corporation as part of our tax receivable agreement and various facilities lease agreements.
Earnings outside of the United States are accompanied by certain financial risks, such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates may reduce the reported value of our foreign currency revenues, net of expenses, and cash flows. We cannot predict changes in currency exchange rates, the impact of exchange rate changes, nor the degree to which we will be able to manage the impact of currency exchange rate changes.
Undistributed earnings and profits of certain foreign subsidiaries of the Company amounted to an estimated $61.8 million and $58.7 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. These earnings and profits are considered to be indefinitely reinvested. As discussed in Item 1 – Note 12, Income Taxes, the United States enacted the 2017 Tax Act in December 2017, which impacted foreign undistributed earnings and profits, among other things. The 2017 Tax Act imposes a one-time transition tax on foreign undistributed earnings and profits, which is included in our 2017 U.S. Income Tax Return. The Company intends to offset the transition tax with net operating loss carryforwards and accordingly does not expect this tax to result in additional cash tax payable.
Upon distribution of these earnings and profits in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company would be subject to withholding taxes payable to foreign countries, where applicable, and to certain state income taxes, but would have no further federal income tax liability. The Company’s primary tax jurisdictions are the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom.
We fund a customer’s entire receivable as part of fleet and travel payment processing transactions, while the revenue generated by these transactions is only a small percentage of that amount. As a consequence, cash flows from operations are significantly impacted by changes in accounts receivable and accounts payable balances, which directly impact our capital resource requirements. See discussion of cash flows provided by (used for) operating and financing activities below for more information.
The table below summarizes our cash activities:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash flows provided by (used for) operating activities | $ | 183,133 |  |  | $ | (44,546 | )
Cash flows used for investing activities | $ | (57,479 | ) |  | $ | (56,005 | )
Cash flows (used for) provided by financing activities | $ | (80,958 | ) |  | $ | 177,109 |

Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased $227.7 million as compared to the same period in the prior year, resulting from higher relative net income adjusted for non-cash charges, an increase in accounts payable due to higher volumes and a return of collateral as a result of contract renegotiations. These factors were partly offset by an increase in accounts receivable due to higher fuel prices and volumes as compared to the same period last year.
Investing Activities
Cash used for investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was generally consistent with cash used for investing activities for the same period in the prior year. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, cash used for investing activities consisted of $53.4 million of capital additions primarily related to the development of internal-use software as we expand globally and provide competitive products and services to our customers.
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Financing Activities
Cash used for financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased $258.1 million as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to net repayments under our 2016 Credit Agreement, partly offset by $178.0 million of borrowings as a result of the debt repricings in January 2018 and August 2018.
Securitization Facilities
The Company is a party to three securitized debt agreements. Under two of these agreements, our subsidiaries sell trade accounts receivable to bankruptcy-remote subsidiaries consolidated by the Company. Under the third agreement, the Company sells certain unsecured salary advance receivables to an investment fund managed by an unrelated third-party financial institution at a discount relative to the face value of the transferred receivables. Amounts collected on the securitized receivables are restricted to pay the securitized debt and are not available for general corporate purposes. See Part I – Item 1 – Note 9, Financing and Other Debt and Note 10, Off–Balance Sheet Arrangements, for more information regarding these facilities.
Deposits and Borrowed Federal Funds
WEX Bank issues certificates of deposit in various maturities ranging from three months to five years, with interest rates ranging from 1.30 percent to 3.45 percent and from 1.00 percent to 2.15 percent as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had approximately $917.7 million and $937.7 million of certificates of deposit outstanding, respectively.
As of September 30, 2018, we had approximately $238.4 million of interest-bearing brokered money market deposits with a weighted average interest rate of 2.24 percent, compared to $285.9 million of interest-bearing brokered money market deposits at December 31, 2017, with a weighted average interest rate of 1.49 percent.
WEX Bank may issue brokered deposits, subject to FDIC rules governing minimum financial ratios, which include risk-based asset and capital requirements. As of September 30, 2018, all brokered deposits were in denominations of $250 thousand or less, corresponding to FDIC deposit insurance limits. Interest-bearing brokered money market funds may be withdrawn at any time. We believe that our brokered deposits are paying competitive yields and that there continues to be consumer demand for these instruments.
WEX Bank participates in the ICS service offered by Promontory Interfinancial Network, which allows WEX Bank to purchase brokered money market demand accounts and demand deposit accounts in an amount not to exceed $125.0 million as part of a one-way buy program. At September 30, 2018, there was no outstanding balance for ICS purchases.
We also carry non-interest bearing deposits that are required for certain customers as collateral for their credit accounts. We had $108.8 million and $70.2 million of these deposits on hand at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
WEX Bank also borrows from lines of credit on a federal funds rate basis to supplement the financing of our accounts receivable. Our federal funds lines of credit were $310.0 million as of September 30, 2018. There were no outstanding borrowings as of both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
2016 Credit Agreement
The 2016 Credit Agreement provides for secured tranche A and tranche B term loan facilities in original principal amounts equal to $455.0 million and $1.3 billion respectively, and a $720.0 million secured revolving credit facility, with a sublimit for letters of credit and swingline loans. The amounts due under the 2016 Credit Agreement mature in July 2023, subject to certain adjustments. Prior to maturity, amounts borrowed under the credit facility will be reduced by mandatory quarterly payments of $5.4 million and $3.4 million for tranche A and tranche B term loan facilities, respectively. On January 17, 2018, the Company repriced the secured tranche B term loans under the 2016 Credit Agreement, which reduced the applicable interest rate margin for the Company’s tranche B term loan facility by 50 basis points for both Eurocurrency Rate (as defined in the 2016 Credit Agreement) borrowings and base rate borrowings, and increased the outstanding amounts on these tranche B term loans from $1,182.0 million to $1,335.0 million. Following the January repricing, the applicable interest rate margin for the tranche B term loans was set at 2.25% for Eurocurrency borrowings and 1.25% for base rate borrowings. On August 24, 2018, the Company repriced the revolving credit loans and secured tranche A term loans under the 2016 Credit Agreement. The repricing reduced the applicable interest rate margin at current levels for the Company’s revolving credit loans by 25 basis points for both LIBOR borrowings and base rate borrowings, increased the amount available under the revolving credit facility from $570.0 million to $720.0 million and provided for an additional tranche A term loan in the amount of $25 million. Following the repricing, the applicable interest rate margin for the revolving credit loans and tranche A term loans was set at 2.00% for LIBOR borrowings and 1.00% for base rate borrowings.
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Our credit agreements contain various financial covenants requiring us to maintain certain financial ratios. The August 2018 repricing modified certain financial covenants, including extending by 1 year (from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019) the date on which the consolidated leverage ratio test reduces from 5.00:1.00 to 4.50:1.00, extending by 2 years (from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2021) the date on which the consolidated leverage ratio test reduces to 4.00:1.00, and adding an interim consolidated leverage ratio test of 4.25:1.00 for a one year period from December 31, 2020 through September 30, 2021. In addition to the financial covenants, the credit agreements contain various customary restrictive covenants including restrictions in certain situations on the payment of dividends. We were in compliance with all material covenants and restrictions at September 30, 2018. WEX Bank is not subject to certain of these restrictions.
As of September 30, 2018, we had no borrowings against our $720.0 million revolving credit facility. After considering outstanding letters of credit, our borrowing capacity under this revolving credit facility was $666.3 million as of September 30, 2018. The combined outstanding debt under our tranche A term loan facility and our tranche B term loan facility totaled $1.8 billion at September 30, 2018. As of September 30, 2018, amounts outstanding under the 2016 Credit Agreement bore a weighted average effective interest rate of 4.3 percent.
See Part I – Item 1 – Note 9, Financing and Other Debt in the report and Part I – Item 1 – Note 13, Financing Debt, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10–K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 for further information regarding the 2016 Credit Agreement.
WEX Latin America Debt
WEX Latin America had debt of approximately $7.8 million and $9.7 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. This is composed of credit facilities held in Brazil and loan arrangements related to our accounts receivable. The average interest rate was 16.9 percent and 21.2 percent as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. These borrowings are recorded in short-term debt, net on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets for the periods presented.
Participation Debt
Historically, WEX Bank maintained three separate participation agreements with third-party banks to fund customer balances that exceeded WEX Bank’s lending limit to an individual customer. In June 2018, WEX Bank entered into a fourth participation agreement with a third-party bank to fund an additional customer’s balance. Associated unsecured borrowings carry a variable interest rate of 1 month to 3 month LIBOR plus a margin of 225 basis points. The balance of the debt was approximately $141.0 million and $185.0 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The commitment will mature in amounts of $75.4 million and $50.0 million on December 31, 2018 and August 31, 2020, respectively, with the remaining $15.6 million maturing on demand.
WEX Europe Services Accounts Receivable Factoring
WEX Europe Services uses a substantially non-recourse factoring arrangement to sell receivables to a third-party financial institution to manage its working capital and cash flows. Available capacity is dependent on the level of our trade accounts receivable eligible to be sold and the financial institutions’ willingness to purchase such receivables. As such, this factoring arrangement can be reduced or eliminated at any time due to market conditions and changes in the credit worthiness of our customers, which would negatively impact our liquidity. See Part I – Item 1 – Note 10, Off–Balance Sheet Arrangement, to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of this Form 10–Q for further information.
WEX Bank Accounts Receivable Factoring
In August 2018, WEX Bank entered into a receivables purchase agreement with an unrelated third-party financial institution to sell certain of our trade receivables under non-recourse transactions. WEX Bank continues to service the receivables post-transfer with no participating interest. The Company obtained a true-sale opinion from an independent attorney, which states that the factoring agreement provides legal isolation upon WEX Bank bankruptcy or receivership under local law. As such, transfers under this arrangement are treated as a sale and are accounted for as a reduction in trade receivables because the agreements transfer effective control of the receivables to the buyer.
WEX Latin America Securitization of Receivables
During the second quarter of 2017, WEX Latin America entered into a securitized debt agreement to transfer certain unsecured receivables associated with our salary payment card product to an investment fund managed by an unrelated third-party financial institution. As of December 31, 2017 and through June 30, 2018, this securitization arrangement did not meet the derecognition conditions due to continuing involvement with the transferred assets and accordingly WEX Latin America reported the transferred receivables and securitized debt on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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During the third quarter of 2018, the securitization agreements were amended, resulting in the Company giving up effective control of the transferred receivables to the buyer. Additionally, the Company received a true-sale opinion from an independent attorney stating that the amended agreements provide legal isolation upon WEX Latin America bankruptcy or receivership under local law. As such, transfers under this arrangement are treated as a sale and are accounted for as a reduction in trade receivables.
Other Liquidity Matters
At September 30, 2018, we had variable-rate borrowings of $1.7 billion under our 2016 Credit Agreement. We periodically review our projected borrowings under our 2016 Credit Agreement and the current interest rate environment in order to ascertain whether interest rate swaps should be used to reduce our exposure to interest rate volatility. We maintain five interest rate swap contracts that mature between December 2018 and December 2022. Collectively, these derivative contracts are intended to fix the future interest payments associated with $1.3 billion of our variable rate borrowings at between 0.896% and 2.212%. See Part I – Item 1 – Note 7, Derivative Instruments, and Note 11, Fair Value, for further information.
We currently have authorization from our board of directors to purchase up to $150 million of our common stock until September 2021, which is entirely unused as of September 30, 2018. The program is funded either through our future cash flows or through borrowings on our 2016 Credit Agreement. Share repurchases are made on the open market and may be commenced or suspended at any time. The Company’s management, based on its evaluation of market and economic conditions and other factors, determines the timing and number of shares repurchased.
The Company’s subsidiary, WEX Bank, is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the FDIC and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, WEX Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of WEX Bank’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items. WEX Bank’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in the initiation of certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could limit our business activities and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
As of September 30, 2018, WEX Bank met all the requirements to be deemed “well-capitalized” pursuant to FDIC regulation and for purposes of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. See Part I – Item 1 – Note 17, Supplementary Regulatory Capital Disclosure, for further information.
The Company has not declared any dividends on its common stock since it commenced trading on the NYSE on February 16, 2005. The timing and amount of future dividends, if any, will be (i) dependent upon the Company’s results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements and other relevant factors, (ii) subject to the discretion of the board of directors of the Company and (iii) payable only out of the Company’s surplus or current net profits in accordance with the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.
The Company has certain restrictions on the dividends it may pay under its revolving credit agreement, including the requirement to maintain pro forma compliance with a ratio of consolidated funded indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA of less than 2.50:1.00 for the most recent period of four fiscal quarters.
Off–Balance Sheet Arrangements
Although off-balance sheet arrangements are not recorded as liabilities under GAAP, such arrangements serve a variety of business purposes, and may potentially impact our liquidity, capital resources and results of operations. However, the Company is not dependent on them to maintain its liquidity and capital resources. The Company is not aware of any circumstances that are reasonably likely to cause the off-balance sheet arrangements to have a material adverse effect on liquidity and capital resources. As of September 30, 2018, we had posted letters of credit totaling approximately $53.7 million as collateral under the terms of our lease agreement for our corporate offices, other corporate matters and for payment processing activity at certain foreign subsidiaries.
Contractual Obligations
During October 2018, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Noventis, an electronic payments network focused on optimizing payment delivery for bills and invoices to commercial entities, for approximately $310 million. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2019 following customary regulatory approvals and customary closing conditions.
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During October 2018, the Company entered into a definitive asset purchase agreement to acquire Chevron’s existing trade accounts receivable portfolio. As part of this agreement, we paid approximately $200 million, which includes a $160 million premium in excess of the receivables’ estimated carrying value.
On January 17, 2018, the Company repriced the secured tranche B term loans under the 2016 Credit Agreement, which reduced the applicable interest rate margin for the Company’s tranche B term loan facility by 50 basis points for both Eurocurrency Rate (as defined in the 2016 Credit Agreement) borrowings and base rate borrowings, and increased the outstanding amounts on these tranche B term loans from $1.2 billion to $1.3 billion.
On August 24, 2018, the Company repriced the revolving credit loans and secured tranche A term loans under the 2016 Credit Agreement. The repricing reduced the applicable interest rate margin at current levels for the Company’s revolving credit loans by 25 basis points for both LIBOR borrowings and base rate borrowings, increased the amount available under the revolving credit facility from $570.0 million to $720.0 million and provided for an additional tranche A term loan in the amount of $25.0 million. In addition, the repricing extended the maturity date for the revolving credit facility and tranche A term loan to July 1, 2023, modified the leverage ratios for determining the applicable interest rate on the tranche A term loans and revolving credit loans and modified certain financial covenants, including modifying the definition of specified acquisition to allow the Company to designate, one time, an acquisition involving the payment of consideration in excess of $300 million. All other contractual obligations are consistent with those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10–K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
As of January 1, 2018, we adopted the new revenue recognition standard using the modified retrospective approach. There were three primary impacts on the Company of adopting Topic 606.

• | Certain amounts paid to partners in our Fleet Solutions and Travel and Corporate Solutions segments have been determined to fall under the “cost to obtain a contract” guidance. As a result, these amounts, which were previously presented as a reduction of revenues, are now reflected within sales and marketing on our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. This change increased both reported revenues and expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 by approximately $13.8 million and $44.9 million, respectively.

• | Network fees paid to third party payment processing networks by all three of our segments, but primarily by our Travel and Corporate Solutions segment, are now presented as a reduction of revenues in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. Prior to January 1, 2018, these amounts were included within service fees. This change reduced both reported revenues and expenses by approximately $3.4 million and $13.5 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

• | Certain costs to obtain a contract, such as sales commissions, are to be capitalized and amortized over the life of the customer relationship, with a practical expedient available for contracts under one year in duration. The vast majority of the Company’s commissions will continue to be expensed as incurred.

As of January 1, 2018, we recorded $0.6 million cumulative-effect adjustment, net of the associated tax effect, related to the deferral of capitalizable costs to obtain a contract within our Health and Employee Benefit Solutions segment. These commissions will be amortized to sales and marketing expense over a useful life which considers the contract term, our commission policy, renewal experience and the transfer of services to which the asset relates.
See Part I – Item 1 – Note 3, Revenue, to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of this Form 10–Q for further information regarding the adoption of the new revenue standard.
Other than this adoption, there have been no material changes to the critical accounting policies and estimates discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10–K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
See Part I – Item 1 – Note 2, Recent Accounting Pronouncements, to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial Statements of this Form 10–Q.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
As of September 30, 2018, we have no material changes to the market risk disclosures in our Annual Report on Form 10–K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of the principal executive officer and principal financial officer of WEX Inc. evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2018. “Disclosure controls and procedures” are controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the company in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on their evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer of WEX Inc. concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2018.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2018, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
As of the date of this filing, we are not involved in any material legal proceedings. We also were not involved in any material legal proceedings that were terminated during the third quarter of 2018. However, from time to time, we are subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. As of the date of this filing, the current estimate of a reasonably possible loss contingency from all legal proceedings is not material to the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows or liquidity.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10–K for the year ended December 31, 2017, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10–K are not the only risks facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or future results.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
On September 20, 2017, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of up to $150 million of our common stock expiring on September 2021. Share repurchases are to be made on the open market and can be commenced or suspended at any time.
We did not purchase any shares of our common stock during the quarter ended September 30, 2018. The approximate dollar value of shares that were available to be purchased under our share repurchase program was $150 million as of September 30, 2018.
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Item 6. Exhibits.

| Exhibit No. |  | Description
| 3.1 |  | Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8–K filed with the SEC on March 1, 2005, File No. 001-32426)
| 3.2 |  | Certificate of Ownership and Merger merging WEX Transitory Corporation with and into Wright Express Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 30, 2012, File No. 001-32426)
| 3.3 |  | Amended and Restated By-Laws of WEX Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 30, 2012, File No. 001-32426)
* | 10.1 |  | Fourth Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of August 24, 2018, by and among WEX Inc., the subsidiaries of WEX Inc. identified therein, the lenders party thereto, the Incremental Term A-3 Lenders (as defined therein), the Incremental Revolving Lenders (as defined therein), and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and L/C issuer. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 24, 2018)
* | 31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer of WEX INC. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
* | 31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer of WEX INC. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
* | 32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer of WEX INC. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code
* | 32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer of WEX INC. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code
* | 101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document
* | 101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
* | 101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
* | 101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
* | 101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
* | 101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

* | These exhibits have been filed with this Quarterly Report on Form 10–Q.

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| WEX INC.
November 8, 2018 | By: |  | /s/ Roberto Simon
|  |  | Roberto Simon
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (principal financial officer and principal accounting officer)

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