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Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
1. | Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Business Description WEX Inc. (“Company”, “we” or “our”) is the global commerce platform that simplifies the business of running a business. We operate in three reportable segments: Fleet Solutions, Travel and Corporate Solutions, and Health and Employee Benefit Solutions, which are described in more detail in Note 24, Segment Information. The Company was founded in 1983, and trades on the NYSE under the ticker WEX. Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates and Assumptions The accompanying consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, include the accounts of the Company and its wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP and with the Rules and Regulations of the SEC, specifically Regulation S–X and the instructions to Form 10–K. These principles require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and those differences may be material. These estimates and assumptions take into account historical and forward-looking factors, including but not limited to the potential impacts arising from COVID-19 and related policies and initiatives. As of December 31, 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic is continuing to evolve and its impact on the business going forward cannot reasonably be foreseen as it will depend on many factors outside of our control. As the events continue to evolve with respect to the pandemic, our estimates may materially change in future periods. The Company rounds amounts in the consolidated financial statements to thousands within tables and millions within text (unless otherwise specified), and calculates all percentages and per-share data from underlying whole-dollar amounts. Thus, certain amounts may not foot, crossfoot, or recalculate based on reported numbers due to rounding. Adoption of a New Accounting Standard The Company early adopted ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2021. This standard simplifies the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including convertible instruments and contracts in an entity’s own equity. Among other changes, this standard removes from GAAP the liability and equity separation model for convertible instruments with a cash conversion feature. Instead, entities will account for a convertible debt instrument wholly as debt unless (1) a convertible debt instrument contains features that require bifurcation as a derivative under ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, or (2) a convertible debt instrument was issued at a substantial premium. The standard also requires the application of the if-converted method to calculate the impact of convertible instruments on diluted earnings per share. The Company adopted ASU 2020-06 utilizing the modified-retrospective approach, recognizing the cumulative adjustment to retained earnings as of the effective date, without restatement of prior period amounts. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2020-06, the Convertible Notes and its conversion feature are now accounted for as a single unit of account and interest expense related to the amortization of the Convertible Notes’ debt discount in 2021 declined by $5.5 million from what would otherwise have been recognized in our consolidated statement of operations had the Company not adopted ASU 2020-06. The following table illustrates the adoption impact of ASU 2020-06:
| January 1, 2021
(In thousands) | Prior to adoption |  | Impact of adoption |  | As reported
Long-term debt, net | $ | 2,874,113 |  |  | $ | 52,115 |  |  | $ | 2,926,228 |
Deferred income taxes, net (within total liabilities) | 220,122 |  |  | (12,109) |  |  | 208,013 |
Additional paid-in capital | 872,711 |  |  | (41,982) |  |  | 830,729 |
Retained earnings | 1,286,976 |  |  | 1,976 |  |  | 1,288,952 |
The Company continues to apply the if-converted method to calculate the impact of the Convertible Notes on the diluted earnings per share as required by ASU 2020-06. See the following Earnings per Share significant accounting policy for more information. Significant Accounting Policies Cash and Cash Equivalents Highly liquid investments with original maturities at the time of purchase of three months or less (that are readily convertible to cash) are considered to be cash equivalents and are stated at cost, which approximates fair value. Cash and cash equivalents include Eurodollar time deposits and money market funds, which are unsecured short-term investments entered into with financial institutions. Restricted Cash Restricted cash represents funds collected from individuals or employers on behalf of our customers that are to be remitted to third parties, funds required to be maintained under certain vendor agreements, and amounts received from OTAs held in segregated accounts until a transaction is settled. Restricted cash is not available to fund the Company’s operations. We maintain an offsetting liability against the restricted cash. Accounts Receivable, Net of Allowances Accounts receivable consists of amounts billed to and due from customers across a wide range of industries and other third parties. The Company often extends short-term credit to cardholders and pays the merchant or payment network, as applicable, for the purchase price, less the fees it retains and records as revenue. The Company subsequently collects the total purchase price from the cardholder. In general, the Company’s trade receivables provide for payment terms of 30 days or less. Receivables not paid in full by payment due dates, as stated within the terms of the agreement, are generally considered past due and subject to late fees and interest based upon the outstanding receivables balance. The Company discontinues late fee and interest income accruals on outstanding receivables once customers are 90 and 120 days past the invoice due date, respectively. Payments received subsequent to discontinuing late fee and interest income accruals are first applied to outstanding late fees and interest, and the Company resumes accruing interest and late fee income as earned on future receivables balances. Receivables are generally written off when they are 180 days past invoice origination date or upon declaration of bankruptcy of the customer, subject to local regulatory restrictions. The Company extends revolving credit to certain small fleets. These accounts are also subject to late fees and balances that are not paid in full are subject to interest charges based on the revolving balance. The Company had approximately $93.7 million and $60.2 million in receivables with revolving credit balances as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Allowance for Accounts Receivable The allowance for accounts receivable reflects management’s current estimate of uncollectible balances on its accounts receivable and consists primarily of reserves for credit losses. The Company adopted Topic 326 on January 1, 2020, which amended the impairment model by requiring entities to use a forward-looking approach based on expected losses rather than incurred losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments, including trade receivables and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The Company utilized the modified-retrospective approach at adoption, under which prior period comparable financial information was not adjusted. The following table illustrates the adoption impact of Topic 326:
| January 1, 2020
(In thousands) | Prior to Adoption |  | Impact of Topic 326 |  | As Reported
Allowance for accounts receivable 1 | $ | 52,274 |  |  | $ | 11,577 |  |  | $ | 63,851 |
Deferred income taxes, net (within total assets) | $ | 12,833 |  |  | $ | 570 |  |  | $ | 13,403 |
Deferred income taxes, net (within total liabilities) | $ | 218,740 |  |  | $ | (2,230) |  |  | $ | 216,510 |
Retained earnings | $ | 1,539,201 |  |  | $ | (8,587) |  |  | $ | 1,530,614 |
Non-controlling interest | $ | 9,575 |  |  | $ | (190) |  |  | $ | 9,385 |
1 This impact does not reflect the economic disruption resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic since it occurred subsequent to January 1, 2020. As a result of the adoption of Topic 326, the reserve for expected credit losses includes both a quantitative and qualitative reserve component. The quantitative component is primarily calculated using an analytic model, which includes the consideration of historical loss experience and past events to calculate actual loss-rates at the portfolio level. It also includes reserves against specific customer account balances determined to be at risk for non-collection based on customer information including delinquency, changes in payment patterns and other information. The qualitative component is determined through analyzing recent trends in economic indicators and other current and forecasted information to determine whether loss-rates are expected to change significantly in comparison to historical loss-rates at the portfolio level. When such indicators are forecasted to deviate from the current or historical median, the Company qualitatively assesses what impact, if any, the trends are expected to have on the reserve for credit losses. Economic indicators include consumer price indices, consumer spending and unemployment trends, among others. See Note 6, Allowance for Accounts Receivable for changes in the accounts receivable allowances by portfolio segment during the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 as a result of these assessments. Accounts receivable are evaluated for credit losses on a pooling basis based on similar risk characteristics including industry of the borrower, historical or expected credit loss patterns, risk ratings or classification, and geographic location. As a result of this evaluation, our portfolio segments consist of the following: •Fleet Solutions - The majority of the customer base consists of companies within the transportation, logistics and fleet industries. The associated credit losses by customer are generally low, however, the Fleet Solutions segment has historically comprised the majority of the Company’s provision for credit loss. Credit losses generally correlate with changes in consumer price indices and other indices that measure trends and volatility including the Institute of Supply Management Purchasing Index and the U.S. Volatility Index. •Travel and Corporate Solutions - The customer base is comprised of businesses operating in a wide range of industries including large OTAs. With the exception of the eNett and WEX Payments portfolios, which have minimal credit risk due to their respective business models and collection terms, the associated credit losses are sporadic and closely correlate with trends in consumer metrics, including consumer spending and the consumer price index. •Health and Employee Benefit Solutions - The customer base includes third-party administrators, individual employers and employees. The associated credit losses are generally low. Prior to the sale of WEX Latin America in September 2020, the Company maintained credit exposure on certain associated receivables not sold to the securitization fund and accordingly established an allowance for credit losses, which was included in the Health and Employee Benefit Solutions balance. When accounts receivable exhibit elevated credit risk characteristics as a result of bankruptcies, disputes, conversations with customers, or other significant credit loss events, they are assessed account level credit loss estimates. Assumptions regarding expected credit losses are reviewed each reporting period and may be impacted by actual performance of accounts receivable and changes in any of the factors discussed above. The allowance for accounts receivable also includes reserves for waived finance fees, which are used to maintain customer goodwill and recorded against the late fee revenue recognized, as well as reserves for fraud losses, which are recorded as credit losses. The reserve for fraud losses is determined by monitoring pending fraud cases, customer-identified fraudulent activity, known and suspected fraudulent activity identified by the Company, as well as unconfirmed suspicious activity in order to make judgments as to probable fraud losses. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements The Company has various off-balance sheet commitments, including the extension of credit to customers, accounts receivable factoring and accounts receivable securitization, which carry credit risk exposure. Such arrangements are described in Note 20, Commitments and Contingencies, and Note 13, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. These items were not significantly impacted by Topic 326. Investment Securities Investment securities held by the Company consist of (i) custodial assets managed and invested by WEX Bank through an investment manager, which are reflected within current assets on our consolidated balance sheets and (ii) securities purchased and held by WEX Bank primarily in order to meet the requirements of the Community Reinvestment Act, which are reflected within non-current assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Investment securities consist primarily of equity securities and available-for-sale debt securities, including U.S. treasury notes and bonds, corporate debt securities and asset or mortgage-backed securities. Investment securities are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value and are classified as current or long-term based on Management’s determination of whether such securities are available for use in current operations, regardless of the securities’ stated maturity dates. The cost basis of investment securities is based on the specific identification method. Accrued interest on investment securities is recorded within prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2021, accrued interest on investment securities was $4.2 million. Accrued interest on investment securities as of December 31, 2020 was immaterial. Unrealized holding gains and losses on equity securities are included in net unrealized (loss) gain on financial instruments within the consolidated statements of operations. Realized gains and losses on available-for sale debt securities are recorded within other revenue on the consolidated statements of operations. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities, net of applicable taxes, are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the consolidated balance sheets. Available-for-sale debt securities are considered impaired if the fair value of the investment is less than its amortized cost. If it is more likely than not that the Company will have to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the security is written down to its fair value and the difference is recognized in operating income. If the Company deems it is not likely to sell such security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company bifurcates the impairment into credit-related and non-credit-related components. In evaluating whether a credit-related loss exists, the Company considers a variety of factors including: the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis; adverse conditions specifically related to the issuer of a security, an industry or geographic area; the failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments; and any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency. A loss on available-for-sale securities attributed to a credit-related component is determined by comparing the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security and is recorded within the provision for credit losses on our consolidated statements of operations. To the extent this expected credit loss decreases in future periods, the charge to the provision for credit losses is reversed. The portion of the loss attributed to non-credit-related components is reflected within accumulated other comprehensive loss on the consolidated balance sheets, net of applicable taxes. To the extent this loss decreases in future periods, the Company records a reduction to accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of applicable taxes. Derivatives From time to time, the Company utilizes derivative instruments as part of its overall strategy to reduce the impact of interest rate volatility. The Company’s derivative instruments are recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s derivative instruments outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020 consist of interest rate swap agreements that have not been designated as hedges and a contingent consideration liability. Realized gains and losses on interest rate swap derivatives are recognized in financing interest expense and unrealized gains and losses on the interest rate swap derivatives are recognized in net unrealized gains and losses on financial instruments. The change in the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration liability is recognized separately on the consolidated statement of operations. For the purposes of cash flow presentation, realized and unrealized gains or losses on the interest rate swaps and unrealized gains or losses on the contingent consideration liability are included within cash flows from operating activities. Cash payments for contingent consideration will be included within cash flows from financing activities, up to the initial liability balance at acquisition. Any contingent consideration paid in excess of the initial liability balance will be included within cash flows from operating activities. Leases The Company's real estate leases are accounted for using a right-of-use model, which recognizes that at the date of commencement, a lessee has a financial obligation to make lease payments to the lessor for the right to use the underlying asset during the lease term. The lessee recognizes a corresponding right-of-use asset related to this right. Some of our leases include options to extend the term of the lease. When it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option, we include the impact of the option in the lease term for purposes of determining future lease payments. The Company made an accounting policy election to not recognize assets or liabilities for leases with a term of less than twelve months and to account for all components in a lease arrangement as a single combined lease component. Short-term lease payments are recognized on a straight-line basis. Certain of our lease agreements include variable rent payments, consisting primarily of rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation and amounts paid to the lessor based on cost or consumption, such as maintenance and utilities. These costs are recognized in the period in which the obligation is incurred. As the Company’s leases do not specify an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of the lease payments. The Company evaluates right-of-use assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. Additionally, the Company may choose to exit a lease prior to the end of the lease term. In circumstances when the Company has made the decision to exit the lease and does not have the ability and intent to sublease such exited facility, the Company adjusts the estimated useful life of the right-of-use asset so that it ends on the cease use date. The accelerated lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis through the end of the useful life. Property, Equipment and Capitalized Software Property, equipment and capitalized software are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Replacements, renewals and improvements are capitalized and costs for repair and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Leasehold improvements are depreciated using the straight-line method over the shorter of the remaining lease term or the useful life of the improvement. Depreciation and amortization for all other property, equipment and capitalized software is primarily computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives shown below.
| Estimated Useful Lives
Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 3 to 5 years
Internal-use computer software | 1.5 to 5 years
Computer software | 3 years
The Company’s developed internal-use software is used to provide processing and information management services to customers. A significant portion of the Company’s capital expenditures is devoted to the development of such internal-use computer software. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage are expensed as incurred. Software development costs are capitalized during the application development stage. Capitalization begins when the preliminary project stage is complete, as well as when management authorizes and commits to the funding of the project. Capitalization of costs ceases when the software is ready for its intended use. Costs related to maintenance of internal-use software are expensed as incurred. Below are the amounts of internal-use computer software capitalized within property, equipment and capitalized software and the related amortization expense incurred on all internal-use computer software during the years ended December 31:
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Gross amounts capitalized for internal-use computer software (including construction-in-process) | $ | 77,808 |  |  | $ | 58,881 |  |  | $ | 74,432 |
Amounts expensed for amortization of internal-use computer software | $ | 74,189 |  |  | $ | 72,363 |  |  | $ | 57,821 |
Cloud Computing Arrangements The Company capitalizes implementation costs in cloud computing arrangements, including development costs on third party technology platforms. Such amounts are amortized, when ready for intended use, over the lesser of the term of the hosting arrangement or the useful life of the underlying software. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had the following costs capitalized with respect to cloud computing arrangements on the consolidated balance sheet:
| Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020
Gross cloud computing costs (inclusive of in-process amounts) | $ | 10,269 |  |  | $ | 6,360 |
Accumulated amortization | 2,529 |  |  | 387 |
Net cloud computing costs | $ | 7,740 |  |  | $ | 5,973 |
Included in prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 3,369 |  |  | $ | 4,570 |
Included in other assets | $ | 4,371 |  |  | $ | 1,403 |
Acquisitions For acquisitions that meet the definition of a business combination, the Company applies the acquisition method of accounting where assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at fair value at the date of each acquisition. Any excess of the consideration transferred by the Company over the amounts recognized for assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. The Company continues to evaluate acquisitions for a period not to exceed one year after the acquisition date of each transaction to determine whether any additional adjustments are needed to the allocation of the purchase price. The acquiree’s results of operations are included in consolidated results of the Company from the date of the respective acquisition. All other acquisitions are accounted for as asset acquisitions and the purchase price is allocated to the net assets acquired with no recognition of goodwill. Following the acquisition date, the purchase price is not subsequently adjusted. The fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is based on management’s estimates and assumptions, as well as other information compiled by management. Fair values are typically determined using a discounted cash flow valuation method, though the Company utilizes alternative valuation methods when deemed appropriate. Significant acquisition valuation assumptions typically include timing and amount of future cash flows, effective income tax rates, discount rates, long-term growth expectations and customer attrition rates. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets The Company tests goodwill for impairment at least annually or more frequently if facts or circumstances indicate that the goodwill might be impaired. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units, which are one level below the Company’s operating segments. The Company performs goodwill impairment tests at the reporting unit level annually as of October 1. Such impairment tests include comparing the fair value of the respective reporting units with their carrying values, including goodwill. The Company uses both discounted cash flow analyses and comparable company pricing multiples to determine the fair value of its reporting units. Such analyses are corroborated using market analytics. Certain assumptions are used in determining the fair value, including assumptions about future cash flows and terminal values. When appropriate, the Company considers the assumptions that it believes hypothetical marketplace participants would use in estimating future cash flows. In addition, an appropriate discount rate is used, based on the Company’s cost of capital or reporting unit-specific economic factors. When the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, a goodwill impairment charge is recorded equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. During our annual goodwill impairment test performed as of October 1, 2020, we determined that the reduced volumes attributable in part to COVID-19, had a significant negative impact on the fair value of the WEX Fleet Europe reporting unit (the 2019 Go Fuel Card acquisition). Based on the carrying value of this reporting unit exceeding its fair value at that date, the Company recorded a $53.4 million goodwill impairment charge during the year ended December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2020, there was $65.8 million remaining goodwill associated with this reporting unit. See Note 9, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for further information regarding the outcome of the Company’s annual goodwill impairment test performed as of October 1, 2021, 2020, and 2019. Intangible assets that are deemed to have definite lives are generally amortized using a method reflective of the pattern in which the economic benefits of the assets are expected to be consumed. If that pattern cannot be reliably determined, the assets are amortized using a straight-line method over their useful lives, which is the period of time that the asset is expected to contribute directly or indirectly to future cash flows. The Company determines the useful lives of its identifiable intangible assets after considering the specific facts and circumstances related to each intangible asset. The factors that management considers when determining useful lives include the contractual term of agreements, the history of the asset, the Company’s long-term strategy for the use of the asset, any laws or other local regulations which could impact the useful life of the asset and other economic factors, including competition and specific market conditions. The Company performs an evaluation of the remaining useful lives of the definite-lived intangible assets periodically to determine if any change is warranted. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company’s long-lived assets primarily include property, equipment, capitalized software, right-of-use assets and intangible assets. The carrying values of long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Such conditions may include a reduction in operating cash flow or a dramatic change in the manner in which the asset is intended to be used. To test for impairment of long-lived assets, the Company generally uses a probability-weighted estimate of the future undiscounted net cash flows of the assets over their remaining lives to determine if the value of the asset is recoverable. Long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which independent identifiable cash flows are determinable, which is generally at the reporting unit level. An asset impairment is recognized when the carrying value of the asset is not recoverable based on the analysis described above, in which case the asset is written down to its fair value. If the asset does not have a readily determinable market value, a discounted cash flow model may be used to determine the fair value of the asset. In circumstances when an asset does not have separate identifiable cash flows, an impairment charge is recorded when the Company no longer intends to use the asset. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company holds mortgage-backed securities, U.S. treasury notes, corporate debt securities, mutual funds, money market funds, derivatives (see Note 12, Derivative Instruments) and certain other financial instruments that are carried at fair value. The Company determines fair value based upon quoted prices when available or through the use of alternative approaches, such as model pricing, when market quotes are not readily accessible or available. Various factors are considered in determining the fair value of the Company’s obligations, including: closing exchange or over-the-counter market price quotations; benchmark interest rates; time value and volatility factors underlying options and derivatives; price activity for equivalent instruments; and the Company’s own-credit standing. These valuation techniques may be based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy: •Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. •Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable. •Level 3 – Instruments whose significant value drivers are unobservable. Additionally, the Company holds certain investments that are measured at their NAV as a practical expedient, which are excluded from the fair value hierarchy. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. Revenue Recognition The Company generally accounts for its revenue under Topic 606 or ASC 310, Receivables for rights or obligations associated with financial instruments. The Company generally records revenue net, equal to consideration retained, based upon its conclusion that the Company is the agent in its principal versus agent relationships. When making this determination, the Company evaluated the nature of its promise to the customer and determined that it does not control a promised good or service before transferring that good or service to the customer, but rather arranges for another entity to provide the goods or services. The vast majority of the Company’s Topic 606 revenue is derived from stand-ready obligations to provide payment processing, transaction processing and SaaS services and support. As such, we view these services as comprising a series of distinct days of service that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Accordingly, the promise to stand ready is accounted for as a single-series performance obligation. The transaction-based fees are generally calculated based on measures such as (i) percentage of dollar value of volume processed; (ii) number of transactions processed; or (iii) some combination thereof. The Company has entered into agreements with major oil companies, fuel retailers, vehicle maintenance providers, OTAs and health partners, which provide services and limited products to the Company’s customers. These agreements specify that a transaction is deemed to be captured when the Company has validated that the transaction has no errors and has accepted and posted the data to the Company’s records. Revenue is recognized based on the value of services transferred to date using a time elapsed output method. See Note 3, Revenue, for a description of the major components of revenue. The Company enters into contracts with certain large customers or partners that provide for fee rebates tied to performance milestones. Such rebates and incentives are calculated based on estimated performance and the terms of the related business agreements and are typically recorded within revenue. Amounts paid to certain partners in our Fleet Solutions and Travel and Corporate Solutions segments are recorded within sales and marketing expense on our consolidated statements of operations. Stock-Based Compensation The Company recognizes the fair value of all stock-based payments to employees and directors in its consolidated financial statements. The fair value of DSUs, RSUs, and PBRSUs without a market condition are determined and fixed on the grant date based on the closing price of the Company’s stock as reported by the NYSE. The Company estimates the grant date fair value of service-based stock option awards using a Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model and awards granted with market conditions (including market performance-based stock option awards, TSR performance awards, and PBRSUs with a TSR performance condition) using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded net of estimated forfeitures over each award’s requisite service period. The Company uses the straight-line methodology for recognizing the expense associated with service-based stock options and RSU grants and a graded-vesting methodology for the expense recognition of market performance-based stock options and PBRSUs. See Note 22, Stock-Based Compensation, for further information. Advertising Costs Advertising and marketing costs are expensed in the period incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, advertising expense was $20.6 million, $17.4 million and $17.9 million, respectively. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which the associated temporary differences become deductible. A valuation allowance is established for those jurisdictions in which the realization of deferred tax assets is not deemed to be more likely than not. Accounting guidance prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. This accounting guidance also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in the interim periods, disclosure, and transition. Penalties and interest related to uncertain tax positions are recognized as a component of income tax expense. To the extent penalties and interest are not assessed with respect to uncertain tax positions, amounts accrued are reduced and reflected as a reduction of the overall income tax provision. Earnings per Share Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock and vested DSUs outstanding during the year. The computation of diluted earnings per share is similar to the computation of basic earnings per share, except that the numerator is increased for tax-effected interest expense associated with our Convertible Notes and the denominator is increased for the assumed issuance of common shares upon conversion of the Convertible Notes under the “if converted” method unless the effect is anti-dilutive. Additionally, diluted earnings per share includes the assumed exercise of dilutive options and the assumed issuance of unvested RSUs and performance-based awards for which the performance condition has been met as of the date of determination, using the treasury stock method unless the effect is anti-dilutive. The treasury stock method assumes that proceeds, including cash received from the exercise of employee stock options and the average unrecognized compensation expense for unvested share-based compensation awards, would be used to purchase the Company’s common stock at the average market price during the period. The following table summarizes net income (loss) attributable to shareholders and reconciles basic and diluted shares outstanding used in the earnings per share computations:
| Year ended December 31,
(In thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net income (loss) attributable to shareholders | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | (243,638) |  |  | $ | 99,006 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding – Basic | 44,718 |  |  | 43,842 |  |  | 43,316 |
Dilutive impact of share-based compensation awards 1 | 594 |  |  | — |  |  | 453 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding – Diluted | 45,312 |  |  | 43,842 |  |  | 43,769 |
1 Due to the Company’s net loss position for the year ended December 31, 2020, 0.5 million incremental shares that would otherwise have been dilutive, are excluded from the table above as the effect of including those shares would be anti-dilutive. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, an immaterial number of outstanding share-based compensation awards were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share under the treasury stock method, as the effect of including these awards would be anti-dilutive. It is the Company's current intention to settle all conversions of the Convertible Notes in shares of the Company’s common stock. Under the “if-converted” method, 1.6 million shares of the Company's common stock associated with the assumed conversion of these Convertible Notes as of the beginning of the period have been excluded from diluted shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 as the effect of including such shares would be anti-dilutive. Foreign Currency Movement The financial statements of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries, where the local currency is the functional currency, are translated to U.S. dollars using year-end spot exchange rates for assets and liabilities, average exchange rates for revenue and expenses and historical exchange rates for equity transactions. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustment is recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions as well as the remeasurement of the Company’s cash, receivable and payable balances that are denominated in foreign currencies, are recorded directly in net foreign currency (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations. However, gains or losses resulting from intercompany transactions where repayment is not anticipated for the foreseeable future are not recognized in the consolidated statements of operations. In these situations, the gains or losses are deferred and included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”) consists of unrealized gains and losses on debt securities and foreign currency translation adjustments pertaining to the net investment in foreign operations. The Company has a full valuation allowance recorded against its deferred tax assets on unrealized losses on debt securities included within AOCL. In addition, unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency translation adjustments within AOCL are substantially considered indefinitely reinvested outside the United States. Accordingly, there were no material deferred taxes recorded on such unrealized losses on debt securities and foreign currency translation adjustments for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

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