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Income taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Major components of tax expense (income) [abstract] |
Income taxes | 20. Income taxes Total income tax expense (recovery) consists of:
| December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
Current tax expense | $ | 56,350 |  |  | $ | 32,341 |
Deferred tax recovery | (16,579 | ) |  | (118,839 | )
| $ | 39,771 |  |  | $ | (86,498 | )
Total income tax expense (recovery) attributable to each geographical jurisdiction for the Company is as follows:
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Turkey | $ | 57,518 |  |  | $ | 45,238 |
Greece | (14,306 | ) |  | (129,213 | )
Canada | (2,727 | ) |  | (3,415 | )
Romania | (1,110 | ) |  | (2,716 | )
Brazil | 249 |  |  | 3,608 |
Other jurisdictions | 147 |  |  | — |
| $ | 39,771 |  |  | $ | (86,498 | )
The key factors affecting income tax expense (recovery) for the years are as follows:
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Earnings (loss) from continuing operations before income tax | $ | 113,456 |  |  | $ | (466,129 | )
Canadian statutory tax rate | 27 | % |  | 27 | %
Tax expense (recovery) on net earnings (loss) at Canadian statutory tax rate | $ | 30,633 |  |  | $ | (125,855 | )
Items that cause an increase (decrease) in income tax expense: |  |  |
Foreign income subject to different income tax rates than Canada | (24,608 | ) |  | (17,498 | )
Reduction in Greek income tax rate | (7,243 | ) |  | (24,968 | )
Non-tax effected operating losses | 16,231 |  |  | 12,716 |
Non-deductible expenses and other items | 13,514 |  |  | 14,923 |
Foreign exchange and other translation adjustments | 13,382 |  |  | 36,837 |
Future and current withholding tax on foreign income dividends | (5,278 | ) |  | 20,000 |
Other | 3,140 |  |  | (2,653 | )
Income tax expense (recovery) | $ | 39,771 |  |  | $ | (86,498 | )
20. Income taxes (continued) The change in the Company’s net deferred tax position was as follows:
| 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Net deferred income tax (asset) liability |  |  |
Balance at January 1, | $ | 429,929 |  |  | $ | 549,127 |
Deferred income tax recovery in the statement of operations | (16,579 | ) |  | (118,839 | )
Deferred tax recovery in consolidated statement of OCI | (633 | ) |  | (359 | )
Balance at December 31, | $ | 412,717 |  |  | $ | 429,929 |
The composition of the Company’s net deferred income tax assets and liabilities and deferred tax expense (recovery) is as follows:
Type of temporary difference | Deferred tax assets | Deferred tax liabilities | Expense (recovery)
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Property, plant and equipment | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 498,384 |  | $ | 483,561 |  | $ | 14,823 |  | $ | (108,501 | )
Loss carryforwards | 42,079 |  | 37,245 |  | — |  | — |  | (4,834 | ) | (5,788 | )
Liabilities | 31,793 |  | 27,321 |  | 2,545 |  | — |  | (1,927 | ) | (2,631 | )
Future withholding taxes | — |  | — |  | — |  | 20,000 |  | (20,000 | ) | 20,000 |
Other items | 24,346 |  | 19,477 |  | 10,006 |  | 10,411 |  | (4,641 | ) | (21,919 | )
Balance at December 31, | $ | 98,218 |  | $ | 84,043 |  | $ | 510,935 |  | $ | 513,972 |  | $ | (16,579 | ) | $ | (118,839 | )
Unrecognized deferred tax assets | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Tax losses | $ | 169,498 |  |  | $ | 160,052 |
Other deductible temporary differences | 30,242 |  |  | 25,242 |
| $ | 199,740 |  |  | $ | 185,294 |
Unrecognized tax losses At December 31, 2019 the Company had losses with a tax benefit of $169,498 (2018 – $160,052) which are not recognized as deferred tax assets. The Company recognizes the benefit of tax losses only to the extent of anticipated future taxable income that can be reduced by the tax losses. 20. Income taxes (continued) The gross amount of the tax losses for which a tax benefit has not been recorded expire in future years as follows:
Expiry date | Canada | Brazil | Greece | Total
2020 | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 24,745 |  | $ | 24,745 |
2021 | — |  | — |  | 10,253 |  | 10,253 |
2022 | — |  | — |  | 7,856 |  | 7,856 |
2023 | — |  | — |  | 17,347 |  | 17,347 |
2024 | — |  | — |  | 38,194 |  | 38,194 |
2025 | 7,894 |  | — |  | — |  | 7,894 |
2026 | 14,966 |  | — |  | — |  | 14,966 |
2027 | 10,638 |  | — |  | — |  | 10,638 |
2028 | 25,971 |  | — |  | — |  | 25,971 |
2029 | 23,444 |  | — |  | — |  | 23,444 |
2030 | 7,282 |  | — |  | — |  | 7,282 |
2031 | 45,351 |  | — |  | — |  | 45,351 |
2032 | 74,855 |  | — |  | — |  | 74,855 |
2033 | 64,883 |  | — |  | — |  | 64,883 |
2034 | 58,689 |  | — |  | — |  | 58,689 |
2035 | 55,266 |  | — |  | — |  | 55,266 |
2036 | 50,503 |  | — |  | — |  | 50,503 |
2037 | 38,978 |  | — |  | — |  | 38,978 |
2038 | 7,999 |  | — |  | — |  | 7,999 |
2039 | 510 |  | — |  | — |  | 510 |
No Expiry | — |  | 31,128 |  | — |  | 31,128 |
| $ | 487,229 |  | $ | 31,128 |  | $ | 98,395 |  | $ | 616,752 |
Capital losses with no expiry | $ | 63,483 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 63,483 |
Tax effect of total losses not recognized | $ | 140,087 |  | $ | 5,797 |  | $ | 23,614 |  | $ | 169,498 |
Deductible temporary differences At December 31, 2019 the Company had deductible temporary differences for which deferred tax assets of $30,242 (2018 – $25,242) have not been recognized because it is not probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the Company can utilize the benefits. The vast majority of these temporary benefits have no expiry date. Temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries The Company has not recognized deferred tax liabilities in respect of historical unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries for which we are able to control the timing of the remittance and are considered reinvested for the foreseeable future. At December 31, 2019, these earnings amount to $788,917 (2018 – $546,403). Substantially all of these earnings would be subject to withholding taxes if they were remitted by the foreign subsidiaries. Other factors affecting taxation During 2019 the Turkish Lira weakened, resulting in a deferred income tax expense during the year of $8,099 (2018 – $24,595) due to the decrease in the value of the future tax deductions associated with the Turkish operations. The Company expects that in the future significant foreign exchange movements in the Turkish Lira, Euro or Brazilian Real in relation to the U.S. dollar could cause significant volatility in the deferred income tax expense or recovery.

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