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Asset retirement obligations
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Disclosure of Asset Retirement Obligations [abstract]  
Asset retirement obligations
18. Asset retirement obligations
TurkeyCanadaGreeceRomaniaBrazilTotal
At January 1, 2021$44,816 $12,961 $51,940 $1,661 $— $111,378 
Acquired during the year— 3,300 — — — 3,300 
Accretion during the year608 131 649 24 — 1,412 
Revisions to estimate10,209 (554)220 11,803 — 21,678 
Settlements(1,039)— (1,274)— — (2,313)
At December 31, 2021$54,594 $15,838 $51,535 $13,488 $— $135,455 
Less: Current portion— — (4,088)— — (4,088)
Long term portion$54,594 $15,838 $47,447 $13,488 $— $131,367 
Estimated undiscounted amount$71,404 $18,416 $68,704 $19,062 $— $177,586 

TurkeyCanadaGreeceRomania
Brazil(1)
Total
At January 1, 2020$39,196 $12,638 $42,650 $1,533 $— $96,017 
Accretion during the year753 243 863 34 52 1,945 
Revisions to estimate 5,539 80 10,056 94 — 15,769 
Settlements(672)— (1,629)— — (2,301)
Disposal— — — — (52)(52)
At December 31, 2020$44,816 $12,961 $51,940 $1,661 $— $111,378 
Less: Current portion— — (4,701)— — (4,701)
Long term portion$44,816 $12,961 $47,239 $1,661 $— $106,677 
Estimated undiscounted amount$56,752 $14,218 $65,564 $2,153 $— $138,687 

(1) The Vila Nova iron ore mine was sold in 2020 and has been presented with discontinued operations (see Note 7).

The Company’s asset retirement obligations relate to the restoration and rehabilitation of the Company’s mining operations and projects under development. The expected timing of cash flows in respect of the provision is based on the estimated life of the various mining operations. The net increase in the estimate of the obligation in 2021 was mainly due to an update of estimated closure costs for tailings facilities at the Lamaque operations and updates of estimated closure costs at the Efemçukuru mine and Certej project.
18. Asset retirement obligations (continued)
The provision is calculated as the present value of estimated future net cash outflows based on the following key assumptions:
TurkeyCanadaGreeceRomania
%%%%
At December 31, 2021
Inflation rate
1.3 to 1.9
1.5
0.7 to 1.9
1.9
Discount rate
1.3 to 1.9
1.5
0.7 to 1.9
1.9
At December 31, 2020
Inflation rate
0.7 to 1.5
0.9
0.4 to 1.7
1.5
Discount rate
0.7 to 1.5
0.9
0.4 to 1.7
1.5

The discount rate is a risk-free rate based on U.S. Treasury bond rates with maturities commensurate with mining operations and projects under development. U.S. Treasury bond rates have been used for all of the mining operations and projects under development as the liabilities are denominated in U.S. dollars and the majority of the expenditures are expected to be incurred in U.S. dollars. Similarly, the inflation rates used in determining the present value of the future net cash outflows are based on estimated U.S inflation rates.
In relation to the asset retirement obligations in Greece, the Company has the following:
(a)A €50,000 Letter of Guarantee to the Ministry of Environment and Energy and Climate Change ("MEECC") as security for the due and proper performance of rehabilitation works committed in relation to the mining and metallurgical facilities of the Kassandra Mines (Olympias, Stratoni and Skouries) and the removal, cleaning and rehabilitation of the old Olympias tailings. This Letter of Guarantee is renewed annually, expires on July 26, 2026 and has an annual fee of 187 basis points.
(b)A €7,500 Letter of Guarantee to the MEECC for the due and proper performance of the Kokkinolakkas Tailings Management Facility, committed in connection with the Environmental Impact Assessment approved for the Kassandra Mines (Olympias, Stratoni and Skouries). The Letter of Guarantee is renewed annually and expires on July 26, 2026. The Letter of Guarantee has an annual fee of 187 basis points.
(c)Restricted cash of $2,614 (2020 - $2,060) relates to an environmental guarantee deposit posted as security for rehabilitation works primarily in relation to the Lamaque mine.