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Stock-Based Compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Share-based Compensation [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation | STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION The Company’s 2014 Equity Incentive Plan authorizes the issuance of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, restricted stock, performance awards, dividend equivalent rights and other stock-based awards, as well as cash-based awards to employees, officers, directors and other individuals providing services to the Company or its affiliates. The plan authorizes the issuance of up to 1,200,000 shares of Class A Common Stock. As of December 31, 2018, there were approximately 596,000 shares available for future awards, including approximately 120,000 shares associated with awards that were cancelled or forfeited without being exercised. A summary of stock-based compensation costs follows (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Total stock-based compensation costs: |  |  |
Restricted stock units | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
Stock options | 0.3 |  |  | 0.4 |
Expense included in selling, general and administrative expense | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |
Total recognized tax benefit | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
The total recognized tax benefit is reported at the federal statutory rate net of the tax valuation allowance. Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. As of December 31, 2018, there was $0.1 million of unrecognized compensation cost, adjusted for actual forfeitures, related to non-vested stock-based payments granted, of which $0.1 million relates to stock options and less than $0.1 million relates to restricted stock units. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3 months. There were no stock options granted, exercised or forfeited during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Restricted Stock Units Non-employee, independent directors are granted restricted stock units as part of their compensation for serving on the Board of Directors. Settlement of these restricted stock units is made in shares of Class A Common Stock only upon the director’s retirement or other end of service. The restricted stock units generally vest over one year; however, vesting is accelerated upon (1) the director attaining eligibility for retirement, (2) termination of the director’s service by reason of death or disability, or (3) a change in control. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 141,000 shares of restricted stock units could potentially be converted to Class A Common Stock once vested and settled. The fair value of restricted stock units is determined based on the closing price of Class A Common Stock on the grant date. Compensation cost for restricted stock units is amortized to expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Stock Options The intrinsic value of an option, if any, represents the excess of the fair value of the common stock over the exercise price. The fair value of stock option awards is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which includes a number of assumptions including Centrus’ estimates of stock price volatility, employee stock option exercise behaviors, future dividend payments, and risk-free interest rates. The expected term of options granted is the estimated period of time from the beginning of the vesting period to the date of expected exercise or other settlement, based on historical exercises and post-vesting terminations. Centrus has estimated the expected term using the simplified method described in SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107/110, Share-Based Payment, due to the lack of historical exercise and post-vesting termination information available for the Company since its reorganization. Future stock price volatility is estimated based on the Company’s historical volatility. The risk-free interest rate for the expected option term is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. No cash dividends are expected in the foreseeable future and, therefore, an expected dividend yield of zero is used in the option valuation model. For reporting periods prior to January 1, 2017, the Company used historical data to estimate pre-vesting option forfeitures at the time of grant and revised those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differed from the estimates. Effective January 1, 2017, the Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. Compensation expense is recognized for stock option awards that are expected to vest. There were no option grants in the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Stock options vest and become exercisable in equal annual installments over a three or four year period and expire ten years from the date of grant. A summary of stock option activity follows:
|  | Stock Options (thousands) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life in Years |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  | 425 |  | $4.14 |  | 7.3 |  | $0.1
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 |  | 425 |  | $4.14 |  | 6.3 |  | $—
Exercisable at December 31, 2018 |  | 345 |  | $4.11 |  | 6.3 |  | $—
Stock options outstanding and options exercisable at December 31, 2018, follow:
Stock Exercise Price |  | Options Outstanding (thousands) |  | Remaining Contractual Life in Years |  | Options Exercisable (thousands)
$5.62 |  | 22 |  | 5.9 |  | 22
$4.37 |  | 300 |  | 6.2 |  | 225
$3.90 |  | 23 |  | 6.6 |  | 23
$3.93 |  | 15 |  | 6.6 |  | 15
$2.71 |  | 50 |  | 6.8 |  | 50
$2.68 |  | 15 |  | 7.4 |  | 10

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- Definition The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2228938 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2208855 + Details
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