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Stock-Based Compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Noncash Expense [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation | STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION The Company’s 2014 Plan authorizes the issuance of stock options, SARs, restricted stock units, restricted stock, notional stock units, performance awards, dividend equivalent rights, and other stock-based awards, as well as cash-based awards, to employees, officers, directors, and other individuals providing services to the Company or its affiliates. As disclosed in Note 15, Stockholder’s Equity, in February 2021, the Company increased the available shares of Class A Common Stock under the Company’s 2014 Plan by an additional 700,000 shares. The 2014 Plan currently authorizes the issuance of up to 1,900,000 shares. As of December 31, 2022, there were 522,608 shares available for future awards. In January 2019, the Company adopted the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, which is subject to the terms of the 2014 Plan, under which participating employees are eligible to receive grants of equity awards such as notional stock units and SARs. Under this plan, the Company has granted awards that are subject to either cliff-based or performance-based vesting. The cliff-based awards vest after three years of service. The performance-based awards vest if the Company reaches or exceeds a pre-defined net income target for the three-year award term. Equity awards may be payable in common stock, cash, or a combination of both, at the discretion of the Board of Directors. Compensation costs for awards that are likely to be settled with cash payments are remeasured each reporting period based on the closing price of the Company’s Class A Common Stock. These cumulative vested costs are accrued in Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities or Other Long-Term Liabilities. Equity awards that are payable in stock are accounted for as equity and compensation costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. In 2019, under the 2014 Plan, the Company awarded notional stock units to participating executives for the three-year period ending December 31, 2021. As the original award, at grant date, was expected to be settled in cash, the Company had recorded cumulative compensation costs in Other Long-Term Liabilities at December 31, 2020. There were 206,183 notional stock units (two-thirds of these awards) paid in shares in April 2021, with the remainder anticipated to be paid in April 2022. As of March 31, 2021, the Company reclassified these shares to equity as the Board of Directors approved settlement in shares. The related obligation of $7.5 million was reclassified from Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities to Excess of Capital over Par Value in the first quarter of 2021 based on the market share price at the time of the Board of Directors’ decision. In the second quarter of 2021, the Company withheld $2.4 million of shares to fund the grantees’ tax withholding obligations relating to the April 2021 interim payment. In 2020, the Company awarded participating executives notional stock units and stock appreciation rights for the three-year period ending April 26, 2023. These equity awards may be payable in common stock, cash, or a combination of both at the discretion of the Board of Directors. The cumulative vested costs were accrued in Other Long-Term Liabilities as they were likely to be settled in cash. In September 2021, the Company awarded participating executives notional stock units and SARs. The awards granted will be paid in shares on or before May 1, 2024, provided that a defined performance condition is achieved. In order to receive the award, the total cumulative net income as reported on the Company’s Form 10-Ks for the years ending December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023 must be equal to or greater than $160 million. The grant date fair value of notional stock units is determined based on the closing price of Class A Common Stock on the grant date. The grant date fair value of the SARs were determined based on the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company has concluded that it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved and therefore has recorded compensation cost. Compensation costs for these notional stock units and SARs are amortized to expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. In February 2022, the Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee of the Board of Directors determined that remaining notional stock units granted in 2019 and 2020 would be paid in shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock. The related obligation of $10.6 million was reclassified from Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities to Excess of Capital over Par Value in the first quarter of 2022 based on the market share price at the time of the Board’s decision. In the first quarter of 2022, the Company withheld $1.9 million of shares that vested during the period for the purpose of funding the grantees’ tax withholding obligations under the terms of the stock-based compensation plan. In March 2022, restricted stock was granted to participating executives with a vesting period ending in March 2025. The March 2022 awards are payable in shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock and the grant-date value is included in Excess of Capital Over Par Value as the value is amortized over the vesting period. Compensation cost for restricted stock units and stock options is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. As of December 31, 2022, there was $0.6 million of unrecognized compensation cost, adjusted for actual forfeitures, related to non-vested stock-based payments granted, all of which relates to restricted stock units. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 7 months. A summary of stock-based compensation costs is as follows (in millions):
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Notional stock units and stock appreciation rights | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | 11.6 |  |  | $ | 6.6 |
Restricted stock | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
BOD and employee restricted stock units | 0.7 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.4 |
Stock options | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Total stock-based compensation costs | $ | 1.9 |  |  | $ | 12.2 |  |  | $ | 7.1 |
Total recognized tax benefit | $ | (0.2) |  |  | $ | (1.5) |  |  | $ | — |
The total recognized tax benefit is reported at the federal statutory rate net of the tax valuation allowance. Board Restricted Stock Units Non-employee, independent directors are granted restricted stock units as part of their compensation for serving on the Board of Directors. Settlement of these restricted stock units is made in shares of Class A Common Stock only upon the director’s retirement or other end of service. The restricted stock units generally vest over one year; however, vesting is accelerated upon (1) the director attaining eligibility for retirement, (2) termination of the director’s service by reason of death or disability, or (3) a change in control. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 220,000 shares of restricted stock units could potentially be converted to Class A Common Stock once vested and settled. The following table summarizes Centrus’ board restricted stock units activity:
| Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (per share)
Nonvested at December 31, 2019 | 74 |  | $3.09
Granted | 47 |  | $10.38
Vested | (74) |  | $3.09
Forfeited | — |  | —
Nonvested at December 31, 2020 | 47 |  | $10.38
Granted | 20 |  | $25.13
Vested | (47) |  | $10.38
Forfeited | — |  | —
Nonvested at December 31, 2021 | 20 |  | $25.13
Granted | 28 |  | $38.80
Vested | (20) |  | $25.13
Forfeited | — |  | —
Nonvested at December 31, 2022 | 28 |  | $38.80
Employee Restricted Stock Units In 2021, certain employees were granted restricted stock units as part of their compensation. Settlement of these restricted stock units is made in shares of Class A Common Stock upon vesting. The restricted stock units generally vest after three years. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 3,000 shares of restricted stock units could potentially be converted to Class A Common Stock once vested and settled. The following table summarizes Centrus’ employee restricted stock units activity:
| Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (per share)
Nonvested at December 31, 2020 | — |  | —
Granted | 4 |  | $24.01
Vested | — |  | —
Forfeited | — |  | —
Nonvested at December 31, 2021 | 4 |  | $24.01
Granted | — |  | —
Vested | (1) |  | $24.01
Forfeited | — |  | —
Nonvested at December 31, 2022 | 3 |  | $24.01
Stock Options The intrinsic value of an option, if any, represents the excess of the fair value of the common stock over the exercise price. The fair value of stock option awards is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which includes a number of assumptions including Centrus’ estimates of stock price volatility, employee stock option exercise behaviors, future dividend payments, and risk-free interest rates. The expected term of options granted is the estimated period of time from the beginning of the vesting period to the date of expected exercise or other settlement, based on historical exercises and post-vesting terminations. Centrus has estimated the expected term using the simplified method described in SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 14, Share-Based Payment, due to the lack of historical exercise and post-vesting termination information available for the Company since its reorganization. Future stock price volatility is estimated based on the Company’s historical volatility. The risk-free interest rate for the expected option term is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. No cash dividends are expected in the foreseeable future, and therefore, an expected dividend yield of zero is used in the option valuation model. There were no option grants in the year ended December 31, 2022, and 2021. Stock options vest and become exercisable in equal annual installments over a three or four year period and expire ten years from the date of grant. A summary of stock option activity follows:
| Stock Options (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life in Years |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 | 518 |  | $4.02 |  | 6.2 |  | $1.5
Granted | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Exercised | (107) |  | $3.43 |  | — |  | —
Forfeited/Cancelled | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 | 411 |  | $4.18 |  | 5.3 |  | $7.8
Granted | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Exercised | (217) |  | $4.17 |  | — |  | —
Forfeited/Cancelled | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 194 |  | $4.18 |  | 4.4 |  | $8.9
Granted | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Exercised | (98) |  | $4.00 |  | — |  | —
Forfeited/Cancelled | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 96 |  | $4.37 |  | 2.2 |  | $2.7
Exercisable at December 31, 2022 | 96 |  | $4.37 |  | 2.2 |  | $2.7
Stock options outstanding and options exercisable at December 31, 2022, are as follows:
Stock Exercise Price |  | Options Outstanding (thousands) |  | Remaining Contractual Life in Years |  | Options Exercisable (thousands)
$4.37 |  | 96 |  | 2.2 |  | 96
Stock Appreciation Rights - 2020 Award The intrinsic value of a SAR, if any, represents the excess of the fair value of the common stock over the exercise price. The fair value of SAR awards is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which includes a number of assumptions including Centrus’ estimates of stock price volatility, expected term, future dividend payments, and risk-free interest rates. These SARs generally have a defined term of three years from award and are automatically exercised at the end of its term. Future stock price volatility is estimated based on the Company’s historical volatility. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. No cash dividends are expected in the foreseeable future and, therefore, an expected dividend yield of zero is used in the valuation model. A summary of SARs with time-based vesting granted under the 2014 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2022, are as follows:
| Stock Appreciation Rights (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life in Years |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Granted | 84 |  | $5.53 |  | — |  | —
Exercised | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Forfeited/Cancelled | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 | 84 |  | $5.53 |  | 2.3 |  | $1.5
Granted | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Exercised | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Forfeited/Cancelled | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 84 |  | $5.53 |  | 1.3 |  | $3.7
Granted | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Exercised | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Forfeited/Cancelled | (14) |  | $5.53 |  | — |  | —
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 70 |  | $5.53 |  | 0.3 |  | $2.7
Exercisable at December 31, 2022 | 70 |  | $5.53 |  | 0.3 |  | $2.7
The weighted-average assumptions used in the valuation models to determine the fair value of SARs granted to employees under the 2014 Plan are as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
SARs Granted (in thousands) | n/a |  | n/a |  | 83.5
Average Risk-Free Rate | n/a |  | n/a |  | 0.14%
Expected Volatility | n/a |  | n/a |  | 94%
Expected Term (Years) | n/a |  | n/a |  | 2.3
Dividend Yield | n/a |  | n/a |  | —
Stock Appreciation Rights (Performance Condition) - 2021 Award The intrinsic value of a SAR, if any, represents the excess of the fair value of the common stock over the exercise price. The fair value of SAR awards is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which includes a number of assumptions including Centrus’ estimates of stock price volatility, expected term, future dividend payments, and risk-free interest rates. These SARs generally have a defined term of three years from award and are automatically exercised at the end of its term if the performance condition has been met. Future stock price volatility is estimated based on the Company’s historical volatility. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. No cash dividends are expected in the foreseeable future and, therefore, an expected dividend yield of zero is used in the valuation model. A summary of SARs with performance-based vesting granted under the 2014 Plan in the year ended December 31, 2022, are as follows:
| Stock Appreciation Rights (Performance Condition) (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life in Years |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Granted | 21 |  | $19.44 |  | — |  | —
Exercised | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Forfeited/Cancelled | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 21 |  | $19.44 |  | 2.3 |  | $0.6
Granted | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Exercised | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Forfeited/Cancelled | (3) |  | $19.44 |  | — |  | —
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 18 |  | $19.44 |  | 1.3 |  | —
Exercisable at December 31, 2022 | 18 |  | $19.44 |  | 1.3 |  | —
The weighted-average assumptions used in the valuation models to determine the fair value of SARs granted to employees under the 2014 Plan are as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Stock Appreciation Rights Granted (in thousands) | n/a |  | 21.0 |  | n/a
Average Risk-Free Rate | n/a |  | 0.3% |  | n/a
Expected Volatility | n/a |  | 82.8% |  | n/a
Expected Term (Years) | n/a |  | 2.5 |  | n/a
Dividend Yield | n/a |  | — |  | n/a
Notional Stock Units - 2019 and 2020 Awards A summary of notional stock units with time-based vesting granted under the 2014 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2022, are as follows:
| Shares (thousands) |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (per share)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 | 468 |  | $3.16
Granted | 125 |  | $5.53
Exercised | — |  | —
Forfeited/Cancelled | (22) |  | $3.16
Nonvested at December 31, 2020 | 571 |  | $3.68
Granted | — |  | —
Vested | (319) |  | —
Forfeited | — |  | —
Nonvested at December 31, 2021 | 252 |  | $4.33
Granted | — |  | —
Vested | (128) |  | $3.16
Forfeited | (2) |  | $5.53
Nonvested at December 31, 2022 | 122 |  | $5.53
Notional Stock Units (Performance Condition) - 2021 Award A summary of notional stock units with performance-based vesting granted under the 2014 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2022, are as follows:
| Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (per share)
Nonvested at December 31, 2020 | — |  | —
Granted | 10 |  | $39.55
Vested | — |  | —
Forfeited | — |  | —
Nonvested at December 31, 2021 | 10 |  | $39.55
Granted | — |  | —
Vested | — |  | —
Forfeited | (2) |  | $39.55
Nonvested at December 31, 2022 | 8 |  | $39.55
Restricted Stock (Performance Condition) - 2022 Award A summary of restricted stock with performance-based vesting granted under the 2014 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2022, are as follows:
| Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (per share)
Nonvested at December 31, 2021 | — |  | —
Granted | 24 |  | $33.70
Vested | — |  | —
Forfeited | (2) |  | $33.70
Nonvested at December 31, 2022 | 22 |  | $33.70

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