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Stock-Based Compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation |
16. | Stock-Based Compensation
The Company’s Amended and Restated Equity and Incentive Plan provides for the grant of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and other stock- or cash-based awards to employees, directors and other individuals who perform services for the Company and its subsidiaries. The maximum number of shares reserved for grant of awards under the plan is 20.1 million, with approximately 4.0 million shares available as of December 31, 2017. The Company typically settles stock-based awards with treasury shares. Time-based awards generally vest ratably over a three-year period following the date of grant, and performance- or market-based awards generally vest three years following the date of grant based on the attainment of performance- or market-based goals, all of which are subject to a service condition. Cash Unit Awards The fair value of time-based restricted cash units is based on the Company’s stock price on the grant date. Market-vesting restricted cash units generally vest depending on the level of relative total shareholder return achieved by the Company during the period prior to scheduled vesting. Settlement of restricted cash units is based on the Company’s average closing stock price over a specified number of trading days and the value of these awards varies based on changes in the Company’s stock price. Stock Unit Awards Stock unit awards entitle the holder to receive shares of common stock upon vesting on a one-to-one basis. Performance-based RSUs principally vest based upon the level of performance attained, but vesting can increase (typically by up to 20%) if certain relative total shareholder return goals are achieved. Market-based RSUs generally vest based on the level of total shareholder return or absolute stock price attainment. The grant date fair value of the performance-based RSUs incorporates the total shareholder return metric, which is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the Company’s ranking relative to an applicable stock index. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company did not issue any stock unit awards containing a market condition. The weighted average assumptions used in the Monte Carlo simulation model to calculate the fair value of the Company’s stock unit awards are outlined in the table below.
|  |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Expected volatility of stock price |  |  | 46% |  | 37%
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 0.98% |  | 0.74%
Valuation period |  |  | 3 years |  | 3 years
Dividend yield |  |  | 0% |  | 0%
Annual activity related to stock units consisted of (in thousands of shares):
|  |  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Time-based RSUs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Outstanding at January 1, 2017 | 878 |  |  | $ | 34.83 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Granted (a) | 914 |  |  | 35.32 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Vested (b) | (470 | ) |  | 37.12 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Forfeited | (162 | ) |  | 33.07 |  |  |  |  |
| Outstanding and expected to vest at December 31, 2017 (c) | 1,160 |  |  | $ | 34.54 |  |  | 0.9 |  | $ | 51 |
Performance-based and market-based RSUs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Outstanding at January 1, 2017 | 923 |  |  | $ | 34.11 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Granted (a) | 572 |  |  | 35.21 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Vested (b) | (146 | ) |  | 36.55 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Forfeited | (355 | ) |  | 37.82 |  |  |  |  |
| Outstanding at December 31, 2017 | 994 |  |  | $ | 33.06 |  |  | 1.4 |  | $ | 44 |
| Outstanding and expected to vest at December 31, 2017 (c) | 97 |  |  | $ | 36.64 |  |  | 2.2 |  | $ | 4 |
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(a) | Reflects the maximum number of stock units assuming achievement of all performance-, market- and time-vesting criteria and does not include those for non-employee directors, which are discussed separately below. The weighted-average fair value of time-based RSUs and performance-based and market-based RSUs granted in 2016 was $25.92 and $23.33, respectively, and the weighted-average fair value of time-based RSUs and performance-based and market-based RSUs granted in 2015 was $54.70 and $55.51, respectively.
(b) | The total fair value of RSUs vested during 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $23 million, $31 million and $25 million, respectively. The total grant date fair value of cash units vested during the year 2016 was $2 million.
(c) | Aggregate unrecognized compensation expense related to time-based RSUs and performance-based and market-based RSUs amounted to $31 million and will be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 1.0 year.
Stock Options The annual stock option activity consisted of (in thousands of shares):
|  | Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at January 1, 2017 | 810 |  |  | $ | 2.91 |  |  | 2.3 |  | $ | 27 |
| Granted (a) | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
| Exercised (b) | (537 | ) |  | 0.79 |  |  |  |  | 21 |
| Forfeited/expired | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2017 | 273 |  |  | $ | 7.08 |  |  | 1.7 |  | $ | 10 |
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(a) | No stock options were granted during 2016 or 2015.
(b) | Stock options exercised during 2016 and 2015 had intrinsic values of $1 million in each period, and the cash received from the exercise of options was insignificant in 2017, 2016 and 2015.
Non-employee Directors Deferred Compensation Plan The Company grants stock awards on a quarterly basis to non-employee directors representing between 50% and 100% of a director’s annual compensation and such awards can be deferred under the Non-employee Directors Deferred Compensation Plan. During 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company granted 36,000, 40,000 and 22,000 awards, respectively, to non-employee directors. Employee Stock Purchase Plan The Company is authorized to sell shares of its common stock to eligible employees at 95% of fair market value. This plan has been deemed to be non-compensatory and therefore no compensation expense has been recognized. Stock-Compensation Expense During 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $10 million ($7 million, net of tax), $28 million ($18 million, net of tax) and $26 million ($17 million, net of tax), respectively. Approximately $56 million of tax benefits were recorded in accumulated deficit upon adoption of ASU 2016-09 on January 1, 2017 related to these tax deductions (see Note 2-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies).

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- Definition The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2228938 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2208855 + Details
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