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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

Form | 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____ to _____
Commission File No. 001-10308

Avis Budget Group, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

| Delaware |  |  |  |  |  | 06-0918165
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  |  |  |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
| 6 Sylvan Way |  |  |  |  |  |
| Parsippany, | NJ |  |  |  |  |  | 07054
(Address of principal executive offices) |  |  |  |  | (Zip Code)
|  |  |  |  | (973) | 496-4700 |  |
|  |  |  | (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer | ☒ | Accelerated Filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated Filer | ☐
Smaller Reporting Company | ☐ | Emerging Growth Company | ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, Par Value $0.01 | CAR | The NASDAQ Global Select Market

The number of shares outstanding of the issuer’s common stock was 75,981,420 shares as of July 31, 2019.

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|  | Page
PART I | Financial Information |
Item 1. | Financial Statements |
| Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (Unaudited) | 3
| Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (Unaudited) | 4
| Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (Unaudited) | 5
| Consolidated Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (Unaudited) | 7
| Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 8
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 39
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 48
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 48
PART II | Other Information |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 49
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 49
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 49
Item 6. | Exhibits | 49
| Signatures | 50

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may be considered “forward-looking statements” as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The forward-looking statements contained herein are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by any such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include information concerning our future financial performance, business strategy, projected plans and objectives. These statements may be identified by the fact that they do not relate to historical or current facts and may use words such as “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “may,” “would,” “intends,” “projects,” “estimates,” “plans,” and similar words, expressions or phrases. The following important factors and assumptions could affect our future results and could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statements:

• | the high level of competition in the mobility industry, including from new companies or technology, and the impact such competition may have on pricing and rental volume;

• | a change in our fleet costs as a result of a change in the cost of new vehicles, manufacturer recalls, disruption in the supply of new vehicles, and/or a change in the price at which we dispose of used vehicles either in the used vehicle market or under repurchase or guaranteed depreciation programs;

• | the results of operations or financial condition of the manufacturers of our cars, which could impact their ability to perform their payment obligations under our agreements with them, including repurchase and/or guaranteed depreciation arrangements, and/or their willingness or ability to make cars available to us or the rental car industry as a whole on commercially reasonable terms or at all;

• | a change in travel demand, including changes or disruptions in airline passenger traffic;

• | any change in economic conditions generally, particularly during our peak season or in key market segments;

• | an occurrence or threat of terrorism, pandemic disease, natural disasters, military conflict, civil unrest or political instability in the locations in which we operate;

• | any substantial changes in the cost or supply of fuel, vehicle parts, energy, labor or other resources on which we depend to operate our business;

• | our ability to continue to successfully implement our business strategies, achieve and maintain cost savings and adapt our business to changes in mobility;

• | political, economic or commercial instability in the countries in which we operate, and our ability to conform to multiple and conflicting laws or regulations in those countries;

• | our dependence on third-party distribution channels, third-party suppliers of other services and co-marketing arrangements with third parties;

• | our dependence on the performance and retention of our senior management and key employees;

• | risks related to completed or future acquisitions or investments that we may pursue, including the incurrence of incremental indebtedness to help fund such transactions and our ability to promptly and effectively integrate any acquired businesses or capitalize on joint ventures, partnerships and other investments;

• | our ability to utilize derivative instruments, and the impact of derivative instruments we utilize, which can be affected by fluctuations in interest rates, gasoline prices and exchange rates, changes in government regulations and other factors;

• | our exposure to uninsured or unpaid claims in excess of historical levels;

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• | risks associated with litigation, governmental or regulatory inquiries, or any failure or inability to comply with laws, regulations or contractual obligations or any changes in laws, regulations or contractual obligations, including with respect to personally identifiable information and consumer privacy, labor and employment, and tax;

• | risks related to protecting the integrity of, and preventing unauthorized access to, our information technology systems or those of our third-party vendors, and protecting the confidential information of our employees and customers against security breaches, including physical or cybersecurity breaches, attacks, or other disruptions, and compliance with privacy and data protection regulation;

• | any impact on us from the actions of our licensees, dealers, third-party vendors and independent contractors;

• | any major disruptions in our communication networks or information systems;

• | risks related to tax obligations and the effect of future changes in tax laws and accounting standards;

• | risks related to our indebtedness, including our substantial outstanding debt obligations, potential interest rate increases, and our ability to incur substantially more debt;

• | our ability to obtain financing for our global operations, including the funding of our vehicle fleet through the issuance of asset-backed securities and use of the global lending markets;

• | our ability to meet the financial and other covenants contained in the agreements governing our indebtedness;

• | our ability to accurately estimate our future results; and

• | other business, economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory, political or technological factors affecting our operations, pricing or services.

We operate in a continuously changing business environment and new risk factors emerge from time to time. New risk factors, factors beyond our control, or changes in the impact of identified risk factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in any forward-looking statements. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as a prediction of actual results. Moreover, we do not assume responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of those statements. Other factors and assumptions not identified above, including those discussed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Risk Factors” and other portions of our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 21, 2019 (the “2018 Form 10-K”), could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements.
Although we believe that our assumptions are reasonable, any or all of our forward-looking statements may prove to be inaccurate and we can make no guarantees about our future performance. Should unknown risks or uncertainties materialize or underlying assumptions prove inaccurate, actual results could differ materially from past results and/or those anticipated, estimated or projected. We undertake no obligation to release any revisions to any forward-looking statements, to report events or to report the occurrence of unanticipated events. For any forward-looking statements contained in any document, we claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.
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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. | Financial Statements

Avis Budget Group, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In millions, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

|  |  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenues | $ | 2,337 |  |  | $ | 2,328 |  |  | $ | 4,257 |  |  | $ | 4,296 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Operating | 1,172 |  |  | 1,175 |  |  | 2,243 |  |  | 2,267 |
| Vehicle depreciation and lease charges, net | 543 |  |  | 591 |  |  | 1,028 |  |  | 1,106 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 313 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 597 |  |  | 617 |
| Vehicle interest, net | 90 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 152 |
| Non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization | 66 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 128 |
| Interest expense related to corporate debt, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Interest expense | 48 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 95 |
| Early extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
| Restructuring and other related charges | 23 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 10 |
| Transaction-related costs, net | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 7 |
Total expenses | 2,256 |  |  | 2,290 |  |  | 4,312 |  |  | 4,387 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 81 |  |  | 38 |  |  | (55 | ) |  | (91 | )
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 19 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (26 | ) |  | (30 | )
Net income (loss) | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | (29 | ) |  | $ | (61 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | (24 | ) |  | $ | (36 | ) |  | $ | (103 | )
Earnings (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Basic | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | (0.39 | ) |  | $ | (0.75 | )
| Diluted | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | (0.39 | ) |  | $ | (0.75 | )

See Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited).
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Avis Budget Group, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except par value)
(Unaudited)

|  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 534 |  |  | $ | 615 |
| Receivables, net | 920 |  |  | 955 |
| Other current assets | 832 |  |  | 604 |
Total current assets | 2,286 |  |  | 2,174 |
Property and equipment, net | 749 |  |  | 736 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 2,409 |  |  | — |
Deferred income taxes | 1,438 |  |  | 1,301 |
Goodwill | 1,107 |  |  | 1,092 |
Other intangibles, net | 806 |  |  | 825 |
Other non-current assets | 223 |  |  | 242 |
Total assets exclusive of assets under vehicle programs | 9,018 |  |  | 6,370 |
Assets under vehicle programs: |  |  |
| Program cash | 48 |  |  | 115 |
| Vehicles, net | 14,278 |  |  | 11,474 |
| Receivables from vehicle manufacturers and other | 432 |  |  | 631 |
| Investment in Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC—related party | 679 |  |  | 559 |
|  | 15,437 |  |  | 12,779 |
Total assets | $ | 24,455 |  |  | $ | 19,149 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
| Accounts payable and other current liabilities | $ | 2,249 |  |  | $ | 1,693 |
| Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt | 420 |  |  | 23 |
Total current liabilities | 2,669 |  |  | 1,716 |
Long-term debt | 3,115 |  |  | 3,528 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | 1,995 |  |  | — |
Other non-current liabilities | 752 |  |  | 767 |
Total liabilities exclusive of liabilities under vehicle programs | 8,531 |  |  | 6,011 |
Liabilities under vehicle programs: |  |  |
| Debt | 3,543 |  |  | 2,874 |
| Debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC—related party | 8,913 |  |  | 7,358 |
| Deferred income taxes | 2,029 |  |  | 1,961 |
| Other | 1,063 |  |  | 531 |
|  | 15,548 |  |  | 12,724 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
| Preferred stock, $0.01 par value—authorized 10 shares; none issued and outstanding, respectively | — |  |  | — |
| Common stock, $0.01 par value—authorized 250 shares; issued 137 shares, respectively | 1 |  |  | 1 |
| Additional paid-in capital | 6,723 |  |  | 6,771 |
| Accumulated deficit | (1,116 | ) |  | (1,091 | )
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (139 | ) |  | (133 | )
| Treasury stock, at cost—61 shares, respectively | (5,093 | ) |  | (5,134 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 376 |  |  | 414 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 24,455 |  |  | $ | 19,149 |

See Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited).
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Avis Budget Group, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions)
(Unaudited)

|  |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Operating activities |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (29 | ) |  | $ | (61 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
| Vehicle depreciation | 941 |  |  | 996 |
| Amortization of right-of-use assets | 486 |  |  | — |
| (Gain) loss on sale of vehicles, net | (32 | ) |  | (10 | )
| Non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization | 133 |  |  | 128 |
| Stock-based compensation | 12 |  |  | 12 |
| Amortization of debt financing fees | 16 |  |  | 13 |
| Early extinguishment of debt costs | — |  |  | 5 |
| Net change in assets and liabilities: |  |  |
|  | Receivables | (77 | ) |  | (68 | )
|  | Income taxes and deferred income taxes | (77 | ) |  | (49 | )
|  | Accounts payable and other current liabilities | 72 |  |  | 141 |
| Operating lease liabilities | (483 | ) |  | — |
| Other, net | 3 |  |  | 14 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 965 |  |  | 1,121 |
Investing activities |  |  |
Property and equipment additions | (117 | ) |  | (115 | )
Proceeds received on asset sales | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Net assets acquired (net of cash acquired) | (54 | ) |  | (28 | )
Other, net | 81 |  |  | (37 | )
Net cash used in investing activities exclusive of vehicle programs | (84 | ) |  | (174 | )
Vehicle programs: |  |  |
| Investment in vehicles | (8,715 | ) |  | (8,359 | )
| Proceeds received on disposition of vehicles | 5,773 |  |  | 4,807 |
| Investment in debt securities of Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC—related party | (167 | ) |  | (22 | )
| Proceeds from debt securities of Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC—related party | 47 |  |  | — |
|  | (3,062 | ) |  | (3,574 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (3,146 | ) |  | (3,748 | )

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Avis Budget Group, Inc. CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued) (In millions) (Unaudited)
|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
Financing activities |  |  |
Proceeds from long-term borrowings | 2 |  |  | 81 |
Payments on long-term borrowings | (12 | ) |  | (94 | )
Net change in short-term borrowings | — |  |  | (2 | )
Repurchases of common stock | (4 | ) |  | (78 | )
Debt financing fees | — |  |  | (9 | )
Other, net | (17 | ) |  | 2 |
Net cash used in financing activities exclusive of vehicle programs | (31 | ) |  | (100 | )
Vehicle programs: |  |  |
| Proceeds from borrowings | 11,758 |  |  | 10,145 |
| Payments on borrowings | (9,688 | ) |  | (7,643 | )
| Debt financing fees | (12 | ) |  | (13 | )
|  | 2,058 |  |  | 2,489 |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 2,027 |  |  | 2,389 |
Effect of changes in exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash | 4 |  |  | (2 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash | (150 | ) |  | (240 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash, beginning of period | 735 |  |  | 901 |
Cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 585 |  |  | $ | 661 |

See Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited).
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Avis Budget Group, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In millions)
(Unaudited)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |
Balance at March 31, 2019 | 137.1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 6,737 |  |  | $ | (1,178 | ) |  | $ | (137 | ) |  | (61.1 | ) |  | $ | (5,099 | ) |  | $ | 324 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 60 |
Net activity related to restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 8 |
Option premiums paid | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16 | )
Balance at June 30, 2019 | 137.1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 6,723 |  |  | $ | (1,116 | ) |  | $ | (139 | ) |  | (61.1 | ) |  | $ | (5,093 | ) |  | $ | 376 |
Balance at March 31, 2018 | 137.1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 6,780 |  |  | $ | (1,344 | ) |  | $ | (22 | ) |  | (55.9 | ) |  | $ | (4,960 | ) |  | $ | 455 |
Cumulative effect of accounting change | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (50 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Total comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (24 | )
Net activity related to restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |
Exercise of stock options | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Repurchase of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  | (67 | ) |  | (67 | )
Balance at June 30, 2018 | 137.1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 6,779 |  |  | $ | (1,316 | ) |  | $ | (72 | ) |  | (57.4 | ) |  | $ | (5,020 | ) |  | $ | 372 |

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | 137.1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 6,771 |  |  | $ | (1,091 | ) |  | $ | (133 | ) |  | (61.5 | ) |  | $ | (5,134 | ) |  | $ | 414 |
Cumulative effect of accounting change | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Total comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (36 | )
Net activity related to restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 9 |
Exercise of stock options | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Option premiums paid | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16 | )
Balance at June 30, 2019 | 137.1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 6,723 |  |  | $ | (1,116 | ) |  | $ | (139 | ) |  | (61.1 | ) |  | $ | (5,093 | ) |  | $ | 376 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | 137.1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 6,820 |  |  | $ | (1,222 | ) |  | $ | (24 | ) |  | (56.3 | ) |  | $ | (5,002 | ) |  | $ | 573 |
Cumulative effect of accounting change | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (39 | )
Comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (61 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (42 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Total comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (103 | )
Net activity related to restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 6 |
Exercise of stock options | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 2 |
Repurchase of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  | (67 | ) |  | (67 | )
Balance at June 30, 2018 | 137.1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 6,779 |  |  | $ | (1,316 | ) |  | $ | (72 | ) |  | (57.4 | ) |  | $ | (5,020 | ) |  | $ | 372 |

See Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited).
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Avis Budget Group, Inc.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
(Unless otherwise noted, all dollar amounts in tables are in millions, except per share amounts)

1. | Basis of Presentation

Avis Budget Group, Inc. provides mobility solutions to businesses and consumers worldwide. The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements include the accounts and transactions of Avis Budget Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries, as well as entities in which Avis Budget Group, Inc. directly or indirectly has a controlling financial interest (collectively, the “Company”), and have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for interim financial reporting.
The Company operates the following reportable business segments:

• | Americas—consisting primarily of (i) vehicle rental operations in North America, South America, Central America and the Caribbean, (ii) car sharing operations in certain of these markets, and (iii) licensees in the areas in which the Company does not operate directly.

• | International—consisting primarily of (i) vehicle rental operations in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia and Australasia, (ii) car sharing operations in certain of these markets, and (iii) licensees in the areas in which the Company does not operate directly.

The operating results of acquired businesses are included in the accompanying Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements from the dates of acquisition. The fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the Company’s 2018 acquisitions of Turiscar Group, Morini S.p.A and various licensees in Europe and North America have not yet been finalized; however, there have been no significant changes to the preliminary allocation of the purchase price during the six months ended June 30, 2019.
In presenting the Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and related disclosures. Estimates, by their nature, are based on judgment and available information. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates. In management’s opinion, the Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements contain all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of interim results reported. The results of operations reported for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for the entire year or any subsequent interim period. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s 2018 Form 10-K.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The Company’s significant accounting policies are fully described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2018.
Cash and cash equivalents, Program cash and Restricted cash. The following table provides a detail of cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets to the amounts shown in the Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows.

| As of June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 534 |  |  | $ | 489 |
Program cash | 48 |  |  | 161 |
Restricted cash (a) | 3 |  |  | 11 |
Total cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash | $ | 585 |  |  | $ | 661 |

________

(a) | Included within other current assets.

Vehicle Programs. The Company presents separately the financial data of its vehicle programs. These programs are distinct from the Company’s other activities since the assets under vehicle programs are
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generally funded through the issuance of debt that is collateralized by such assets. The income generated by these assets is used, in part, to repay the principal and interest associated with the debt. Cash inflows and outflows relating to the acquisition of such assets and the principal debt repayment or financing of such assets are classified as activities of the Company’s vehicle programs. The Company believes it is appropriate to segregate the financial data of its vehicle programs because, ultimately, the source of repayment of such debt is the realization of such assets.
Transaction-related costs, net. Transaction-related costs, net are classified separately in the Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income. These costs are comprised of expenses related to acquisition-related activities such as due diligence and other advisory costs, expenses related to the integration of the acquiree’s operations with those of the Company, including the implementation of best practices and process improvements, non-cash gains and losses related to re-acquired rights, expenses related to pre-acquisition contingencies and contingent consideration related to acquisitions.
Currency Transactions. The Company records the gain or loss on foreign-currency transactions on certain intercompany loans and the gain or loss on intercompany loan hedges within interest expense related to corporate debt, net. During the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded an immaterial amount, in each period, and during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded a gain of $3 million and an immaterial amount, respectively, related to such items.
Divestitures. In 2018, the Company entered into a definitive stock purchase agreement to sell its 50% equity method investment in Anji Car Rental & Leasing Company Limited (“Anji”), located in China, to Shanghai Automotive Industry Sales Company, Ltd., a 50% owner of Anji. Upon receiving clearance from applicable regulatory authorities in China during the second quarter of 2019, the Company completed the sale for $64 million, net of cross-border withholding taxes and recorded a $44 million gain within operating expenses. Anji’s operations are reported within the Company’s International segment.
Other Investments. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had equity method investments with a carrying value of $48 million, in each period, which are recorded within other non-current assets. Earnings from the Company’s equity method investments are reported within operating expenses. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company recorded income of $4 million related to its equity method investments, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, such amounts were not material.
Nonmarketable Equity Securities. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company’s carrying amount of nonmarketable equity securities was $8 million, in each period, and is recorded within other non-current assets. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company realized a $12 million gain from the sale of a nonmarketable equity security which is recorded within operating expenses. No adjustments were made to the carrying amounts during the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, and during the six months ended June 30, 2018.
Revenues. From January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018, the Company’s revenues were recognized in accordance with ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” Effective January 1, 2019, revenues are recognized under ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” with the exception of royalty fee revenue derived from the Company’s licensees and revenue related to the Company’s customer loyalty program, which were approximately $33 million and $63 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by geography.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Americas | $ | 1,627 |  |  | $ | 1,590 |  |  | $ | 2,954 |  |  | $ | 2,938 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa | 572 |  |  | 600 |  |  | 1,005 |  |  | 1,047 |
Asia and Australasia | 138 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 298 |  |  | 311 |
Total revenues | $ | 2,337 |  |  | $ | 2,328 |  |  | $ | 4,257 |  |  | $ | 4,296 |

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The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by brand.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Avis | $ | 1,328 |  |  | $ | 1,351 |  |  | $ | 2,428 |  |  | $ | 2,496 |
Budget | 816 |  |  | 777 |  |  | 1,467 |  |  | 1,419 |
Other | 193 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 381 |
Total revenues | $ | 2,337 |  |  | $ | 2,328 |  |  | $ | 4,257 |  |  | $ | 4,296 |

________
Other includes Zipcar and other operating brands.
Deferred Revenue. The following table presents changes in deferred revenue associated with the Company’s customer loyalty program.

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Balance, January 1 | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 69 |
Revenue deferred | 12 |  |  | 10 |
Revenue recognized | (10 | ) |  | (7 | )
Balance, June 30 | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 72 |

_______
At June 30, 2019 and 2018, $22 million and $18 million was included in accounts payable and other current liabilities, respectively, and $44 million and $54 million, respectively, in other non-current liabilities. Non-current amounts are expected to be recognized as revenue within two to three years.
At January 1, 2018, the Company’s prepaid rentals and membership fees related to its car sharing business were $125 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, additional revenues of $989 million were deferred and revenues of $883 million were recognized. At June 30, 2018, the ending prepaid rentals and car sharing membership fees were $231 million, of which $229 million was included in accounts payable and other current liabilities and $2 million was included in other non-current liabilities.
Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting
On January 1, 2019, as a result of a new accounting pronouncement, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-02, “Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting,” which simplifies the accounting for share-based payments granted to nonemployees for goods and services and aligns most of the guidance on such payments to nonemployees with the requirements for share-based payments granted to employees. The adoption of this accounting pronouncement did not have an impact on the Company's Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.
Accounting for Hedging Activities
On January 1, 2019, as the result of a new accounting pronouncement, the Company adopted ASU 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities,” which amends the existing guidance to allow companies to more accurately present the economic results of an entity’s risk management activities in the financial statements. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.
Leases
On January 1, 2019, as the result of a new accounting pronouncement, the Company adopted Topic 842 along with related updates, which require a lessee to recognize all long-term leases on its balance sheet as a liability for its lease obligation, measured at the present value of lease payments not yet paid, and a corresponding asset representing its right to use the underlying asset over the lease term and expands disclosure of key information about leasing arrangements. Topic 842 does not significantly change a lessee’s
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recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses. Additionally, Topic 842 aligns key aspects of lessor accounting with the revenue recognition guidance in Topic 606.
The Company elected available practical expedients for existing or expired contracts of lessees and lessors wherein the Company is not required to reassess whether such contracts contain leases, the lease classification or the initial direct costs. The Company is not utilizing the practical expedient which allows the use of hindsight by lessees and lessors in determining the lease term and in assessing impairment of its right-of-use (“ROU”) assets. Additionally, the Company elected as accounting policies to not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for short-term property leases (i.e., those with a term of 12 months or less at lease commencement) and, by class of underlying asset, to combine lease and nonlease components in the contract. The Company utilized the transition method allowing entities to only apply the new lease standard in the year of adoption.
Lessor
The Company has determined that revenues derived by providing vehicle rentals and other related products and mobility services to customers are within the scope of the accounting guidance contained in Topic 842 with the exception of royalty fee revenue derived from the Company’s licensees and revenue related to the Company’s customer loyalty program. The Company’s rental related revenues have been accounted for under the revenue accounting standard Topic 606, until the adoption of Topic 842.
The Company excludes from the measurement of its lease revenues any tax assessed by a governmental authority that is both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and collected from a customer. As a result, lease revenues exclude such taxes collected. Fees collected from customers for which the Company is the primary obligor such as airport concessions and vehicle licensing are recorded within revenues and corresponding remittances of these fees by the Company are recorded within operating expenses.
Lessee
The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases, other than those associated with the Company’s vehicle rental programs, are included in operating lease ROU assets, accounts payable and other current liabilities, and long-term operating lease liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets. Finance leases, other than those associated with the Company’s vehicle rental programs, are included in property and equipment, net, short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt, and long-term debt in the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets.
ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU assets are reduced by any lease incentives. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease, which are included in the calculation of ROU assets when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise those options. Lease expense for lease payments is usually recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally not accounted for separately. Additionally, for certain leases, the Company applies a portfolio approach to account for the operating lease ROU assets and liabilities as the leases are similar in nature and have nearly identical contract provisions.
Adoption of this standard resulted in most of the Company’s operating lease commitments being recognized as operating lease liabilities and right-of-use assets, which increased total assets and total liabilities by approximately $2,811 million related to property operating leases and $183 million related to vehicle operating leases. The Company recorded a beginning accumulated deficit adjustment of $5 million, net of tax, related to the adoption of this standard.
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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal—Use Software
In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2018-15, “Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract,” which provides guidance for determining when the arrangement includes a software license. The amendments align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal use software license). The amendments in this update also require the entity to expense the capitalized implementation costs of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract over the term of the hosting arrangement, to present the expense in the same line in its statement of income as the fees associated with the hosting element (service) of the arrangement and classify payments for capitalized implementation costs in its statement of cash flows in the same manner as payments made for fees associated with the hosting element. The entity is also required to present the capitalized implementation costs in its balance sheet in the same line that a prepayment for the fees of the associated hosting arrangement would be presented. ASU 2018-15 becomes effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this accounting pronouncement on its Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.
Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, “Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans,” which adds, removes, and clarifies disclosure requirements related to defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. These changes are part of the FASB’s disclosure framework project, which the Board launched in 2014 to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in notes to financial statements. ASU 2018-14 becomes effective for the Company on January 1, 2021. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this accounting pronouncement is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.
Fair Value Measurement
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement,” which adds, removes, and modifies disclosure requirements related to fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 becomes effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this accounting pronouncement is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.
Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which, along with related clarifying updates, set forth a current expected credit loss impairment model for financial assets that replaces the current incurred loss model. This model requires a financial asset (or group of financial assets), including trade receivables, measured at amortized cost to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected with an allowance for credit losses deducted from the amortized cost basis. The allowance for credit losses should reflect management’s current estimate of credit losses that are expected to occur over the remaining life of a financial asset. ASU 2016-13 becomes effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted as of January 1, 2019. The adoption of this accounting pronouncement is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.

2. | Leases

Lessor
For periods after January 1, 2019, the Company combines all lease and nonlease components of its vehicle rental contracts for which the timing and pattern of transfer are the same and the lease component meets the classification of an operating lease, and accounts for them in accordance with Topic 842. The Company derives revenues primarily by providing vehicle rentals and other related products and mobility services to
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commercial and leisure customers. Other related products and mobility services include sales of collision and loss damage waivers under which a customer is relieved from financial responsibility arising from vehicle damage incurred during the rental; products and services for driving convenience such as fuel service options, chauffeur drive services, roadside safety net, electronic toll collection, tablet rentals, access to satellite radio, portable navigation units and child safety seat rentals; and rentals of other supplemental items including automobile towing equipment and other moving accessories and supplies. The Company also receives payment from customers for certain operating expenses that it incurs, including airport concession fees that are paid by the Company in exchange for the right to operate at airports and other locations, as well as vehicle licensing fees. Vehicle rentals and other related products and mobility services are recognized evenly over the period of rental, which is on average four days. In addition, the Company collects membership leasing fees in connection with its car sharing business. Membership leasing fees are generally nonrefundable, are deferred and recognized ratably over the period of membership.
The following table presents the Company’s lease revenues disaggregated by geography.

| Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Americas | $ | 1,617 |  |  | $ | 2,936 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa | 553 |  |  | 967 |
Asia and Australasia | 134 |  |  | 291 |
Total lease revenues | $ | 2,304 |  |  | $ | 4,194 |

The following table presents the Company’s lease revenues disaggregated by brand.

| Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Avis | $ | 1,311 |  |  | $ | 2,394 |
Budget | 804 |  |  | 1,444 |
Other | 189 |  |  | 356 |
Total lease revenues | $ | 2,304 |  |  | $ | 4,194 |

________
Other includes Zipcar and other operating brands.
Lessee
The Company has operating and finance leases for rental locations, corporate offices, vehicle rental fleet and equipment. Many of the Company’s operating leases for rental locations contain concession agreements with various airport authorities that allow the Company to conduct its vehicle rental operations on site. In general, concession fees for airport locations are based on a percentage of total commissionable revenue as defined by each airport authority, some of which are subject to minimum annual guaranteed amounts. Concession fees other than minimum annual guaranteed amounts are not included in the measurement of operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities, and are recorded as variable lease expense as incurred. The Company’s operating leases for rental locations often also require the Company to pay or reimburse operating expenses.
The Company leases a portion of its vehicles under operating leases, some of which extend through 2025. As of June 30, 2019, the Company has guaranteed up to $278 million of residual values for these vehicles at the end of their respective lease terms. The Company believes that, based on current market conditions, the net proceeds from the sale of these vehicles at the end of their lease terms will equal or exceed their net book values and therefore has not recorded a liability related to guaranteed residual values.
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The components of lease expense are as follows:

| Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Property leases (a) |  |  |
Operating lease expense | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 356 |
Variable lease expense | 74 |  |  | 126 |
Sublease income | (3 | ) |  | (4 | )
Total property lease expense | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 478 |
Vehicle leases |  |  |
Finance lease expense: |  |  |
Amortization of ROU assets (b) | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 23 |
Interest on lease liabilities (c) | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Operating lease expense (b) | 62 |  |  | 119 |
Total vehicle lease expense | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 144 |

__________

(a) | Primarily included in operating expense.

(b) | Included in vehicle depreciation and lease charges, net.

(c) | Included in vehicle interest, net.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:

| As of June 30, 2019
Property leases |
Operating lease ROU assets | $ | 2,409 |
Short-term operating lease liabilities (a) | $ | 433 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | 1,995 |
Operating lease liabilities | $ | 2,428 |
Weighted average remaining lease term | 9.5 years |
Weighted average discount rate | 4.57 | %
Vehicle leases |
Finance |
Finance lease ROU assets, gross | $ | 332 |
Accumulated amortization | (53 | )
Finance lease ROU assets, net (b) | $ | 279 |
Short-term vehicle finance lease liabilities | $ | 105 |
Long-term vehicle finance lease liabilities | 141 |
Vehicle finance lease liabilities (c) | $ | 246 |
Weighted average remaining lease term | 1.6 years |
Weighted average discount rate | 1.48 | %
Operating |
Vehicle operating lease ROU assets (d) | $ | 216 |
Short-term vehicle operating lease liabilities | $ | 170 |
Long-term vehicle operating lease liabilities | 46 |
Vehicle operating lease liabilities (e) | $ | 216 |
Weighted average remaining lease term | 2.2 years |
Weighted average discount rate | 2.89 | %

_________

(a) | Included in Accounts payable and other current liabilities.

(b) | Included in Vehicles, net within Assets under vehicle programs.

(c) | Included in Debt within Liabilities under vehicle programs.

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(d) | Included in Receivables from vehicle manufacturers and other within Assets under vehicle programs.

(e) | Included in Other within Liabilities under vehicle programs.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:

| Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Cash payments for lease liabilities within operating activities: |
Property operating leases | $ | 378 |
Vehicle operating leases | 105 |
Vehicle finance leases | 2 |
Cash payments for lease liabilities within financing activities: |
Vehicle finance leases | 90 |
Non-cash activities - increase (decrease) in ROU assets in exchange for lease liabilities: |
Property operating leases (a) | (17 | )
Vehicle operating leases (a) | 136 |
Vehicle finance leases | 133 |

_________

(a) | ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities from initial recognition.

Maturities of lease liabilities as of June 30, 2019 are as follows:

| Property Operating Leases |  | Vehicle Finance Leases |  | Vehicle Operating Leases
Within 1 year | $ | 531 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 149 |
Between 1 and 2 years | 420 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 56 |
Between 2 and 3 years | 360 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 14 |
Between 3 and 4 years | 297 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 3 |
Between 4 and 5 years | 229 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Thereafter | 1,199 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total lease payments | 3,036 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 222 |
Less: Imputed interest | (608 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6 | )
Total | $ | 2,428 |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 216 |

Future minimum lease payments required under noncancelable operating leases, including minimum concession fees charged by airport authorities, which in many locations are recoverable from vehicle rental customers, as of December 31, 2018, were as follows:

| Amount
2019 | $ | 835 |
2020 | 476 |
2021 | 345 |
2022 | 253 |
2023 | 162 |
Thereafter | 590 |
| $ | 2,661 |

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3. | Restructuring and Other Related Charges

Restructuring
During first quarter 2019, the Company initiated a restructuring plan to drive global efficiency by improving processes and consolidating functions, and to create new objectives and strategies for its U.S. truck rental operations by reducing headcount, large vehicles and rental locations (“T19”). During the six months ended June 30, 2019, as part of this process, the Company formally communicated the termination of employment to approximately 240 employees, and as of June 30, 2019, the Company had terminated approximately 225 of these employees. The Company expects further restructuring expense of approximately $25 million related to this initiative to be incurred in 2019.
During first quarter 2018, the Company initiated a strategic restructuring plan to improve processes and reduce headcount in response to its new workforce planning technology that allows more effective management of staff levels (“Workforce planning”). The costs associated with this initiative primarily represent severance, outplacement services and other costs associated with employee terminations, the majority of which have been settled in cash. This initiative is complete.
The following tables summarize the changes to our restructuring-related liabilities and identifies the amounts recorded within the Company’s reporting segments for restructuring charges and corresponding payments and utilizations:

|  | Americas |  | International |  | Total
Balance as of January 1, 2019 | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 2 |
| Restructuring expense: |  |  |  |  |
| T19 | 25 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 33 |
| Restructuring payment/utilization: |  |  |  |  |
| T19 | (20 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (27 | )
| Workforce planning | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2019 | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 7 |
|  | Personnel Related |  | Other (a) |  | Total
Balance as of January 1, 2019 | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2 |
| Restructuring expense: |  |  |  |  |
| T19 | 13 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 33 |
| Restructuring payment/utilization: |  |  |  |  |
| T19 | (12 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | (27 | )
| Workforce planning | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2019 | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 7 |

__________

(a) | Includes expenses primarily related to the disposition of vehicles.

Other Related Charges
Officer Separation Costs
In March 2019, the Company announced the resignation of Mark J. Servodidio as the Company’s President, International effective June 14, 2019. In connection with Mr. Servodidio’s departure, the Company recorded other related charges of approximately $3 million, inclusive of accelerated stock-based compensation expense.
In May 2019, the Company announced the resignation of Larry D. De Shon as the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. De Shon will continue to serve in his role until a successor has been named and will be employed by the Company through December 31, 2019. In connection with Mr. De Shon’s departure, the Company recorded other related charges of approximately $8 million, inclusive of
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accelerated stock-based compensation expense, and expects another $5 million to be incurred in 2019 for the remaining portion of accelerated stock-based compensation expense.

4. | Earnings Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) (shares in millions):

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income (loss) for basic and diluted EPS | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | (29 | ) |  | $ | (61 | )
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 76.0 |  |  | 80.7 |  |  | 75.9 |  |  | 80.8 |
Options and non-vested stock (a) | 0.4 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 76.4 |  |  | 81.5 |  |  | 75.9 |  |  | 80.8 |
Earnings (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Basic | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 0.33 |  |  | $ | (0.39 | ) |  | $ | (0.75 | )
| Diluted | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | (0.39 | ) |  | $ | (0.75 | )

__________

(a) | For the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, 0.5 million and 0.2 million non-vested stock awards at June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, have an anti-dilutive effect and therefore are excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding. As the Company incurred a net loss for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, 0.1 million outstanding options, at June 30, 2018, and 1.2 million and 1.5 million non-vested stock awards at June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, have an anti-dilutive effect and therefore are excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding.

5. | Acquisitions

Avis and Budget Licensees
In 2019, the Company completed the acquisitions of various licensees primarily in North America, for approximately $32 million, plus $19 million for acquired fleet. These investments were in-line with the Company’s strategy to re-acquire licensees when advantageous to expand its footprint of Company-operated locations. The acquired fleet was financed under the Company’s existing financing arrangements. The excess of the purchase price over preliminary fair value of net assets acquired was allocated to goodwill, which was assigned to the Company’s Americas reportable segment. In connection with these acquisitions, approximately $21 million was recorded in goodwill, other intangibles of $7 million related to customer relationships and $4 million related to license agreements. The license agreements and customer relationships are being amortized over a weighted average useful life of approximately four years. The goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed has not yet been finalized and is therefore subject to change.

6. | Other Current Assets

Other current assets consisted of:

| As of June 30, 2019 |  | As of December 31, 2018
Sales and use taxes | $ | 376 |  |  | $ | 180 |
Prepaid expenses | 281 |  |  | 241 |
Other | 175 |  |  | 183 |
Other current assets | $ | 832 |  |  | $ | 604 |

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7. | Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consisted of:

| As of June 30, 2019 |  | As of December 31, 2018
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Amortized Intangible Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
License agreements | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | 183 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 305 |  |  | $ | 168 |  |  | $ | 137 |
Customer relationships | 258 |  |  | 154 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 141 |  |  | 110 |
Other | 52 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 31 |
Total | $ | 618 |  |  | $ | 361 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 608 |  |  | $ | 330 |  |  | $ | 278 |
Unamortized Intangible Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | $ | 1,107 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,092 |  |  |  |  |
Trademarks | $ | 549 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 547 |  |  |  |  |

For the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, amortization expense related to amortizable intangible assets was approximately $14 million and $19 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, amortization expense related to amortizable intangible assets was approximately $31 million and $33 million, respectively. Based on the Company’s amortizable intangible assets at June 30, 2019, the Company expects amortization expense of approximately $27 million for the remainder of 2019, $51 million for 2020, $38 million for 2021, $27 million for 2022, $23 million for 2023 and $20 million for 2024, excluding effects of currency exchange rates.

8. | Vehicle Rental Activities

The components of vehicles, net within assets under vehicle programs were as follows:

| As of |  | As of
| June 30, |  | December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Rental vehicles | $ | 15,466 |  |  | $ | 12,548 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | (1,482 | ) |  | (1,670 | )
| 13,984 |  |  | 10,878 |
Vehicles held for sale | 294 |  |  | 596 |
Vehicles, net | $ | 14,278 |  |  | $ | 11,474 |

The components of vehicle depreciation and lease charges, net are summarized below:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Depreciation expense | $ | 505 |  |  | $ | 536 |  |  | $ | 941 |  |  | $ | 996 |
Lease charges | 62 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 120 |
(Gain) loss on sale of vehicles, net | (24 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | (32 | ) |  | (10 | )
Vehicle depreciation and lease charges, net | $ | 543 |  |  | $ | 591 |  |  | $ | 1,028 |  |  | $ | 1,106 |

At June 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company had payables related to vehicle purchases included in liabilities under vehicle programs - other of $782 million and $856 million, respectively, and receivables related to vehicle sales included in assets under vehicle programs - receivables from vehicle manufacturers and other of $214 million and $248 million, respectively.

9. | Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was a benefit of 47.3%. Such rate differed from the Federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to foreign taxes on our international operations, state taxes, and a one-time net tax benefit from the sale of equity investment in Anji during the
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second quarter of 2019.
The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was a benefit of 33.0%. Such rate differed from the Federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to U.S. and foreign taxes on our international operations and state taxes. Tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation increased the benefit for income taxes recorded in the current period.

10. | Accounts Payable and Other Current Liabilities

Accounts payable and other current liabilities consisted of:

| As of |  | As of
| June 30, |  | December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Short-term operating lease liabilities | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | — |
Accounts payable | 400 |  |  | 371 |
Deferred lease revenues – current | 230 |  |  | 140 |
Accrued sales and use taxes | 228 |  |  | 208 |
Accrued payroll and related | 185 |  |  | 200 |
Accrued advertising and marketing | 180 |  |  | 192 |
Public liability and property damage insurance liabilities – current | 152 |  |  | 149 |
Other | 441 |  |  | 433 |
Accounts payable and other current liabilities | $ | 2,249 |  |  | $ | 1,693 |

11. | Long-term Corporate Debt and Borrowing Arrangements

Long-term corporate debt and borrowing arrangements consisted of:

|  |  | As of |  | As of
| Maturity Dates |  | June 30, |  | December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
5½% Senior Notes (a) | April 2023 |  | $ | 675 |  |  | $ | 675 |
6⅜% Senior Notes | April 2024 |  | 350 |  |  | 350 |
4⅛% euro-denominated Senior Notes | November 2024 |  | 341 |  |  | 344 |
Floating Rate Term Loan (b) | February 2025 |  | 1,118 |  |  | 1,123 |
5¼% Senior Notes | March 2025 |  | 375 |  |  | 375 |
4½% euro-denominated Senior Notes | May 2025 |  | 284 |  |  | 287 |
4¾% euro-denominated Senior Notes | January 2026 |  | 398 |  |  | 401 |
Other (c) |  |  | 34 |  |  | 41 |
Deferred financing fees |  |  | (40 | ) |  | (45 | )
Total |  |  | 3,535 |  |  | 3,551 |
Less: Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt |  |  | 420 |  |  | 23 |
Long-term debt |  |  | $ | 3,115 |  |  | $ | 3,528 |

__________

(a) | A portion of these notes have been called for redemption.

(b) | The floating rate term loan is part of the Company’s senior revolving credit facility, which is secured by pledges of capital stock of certain subsidiaries of the Company, and liens on substantially all of the Company’s intellectual property and certain other real and personal property. As of June 30, 2019, the floating rate term loan due 2025 bears interest at one-month LIBOR plus 200 basis points, for an aggregate rate of 4.41%. The Company has entered into a swap to hedge $700 million of its interest rate exposure related to the floating rate term loan at an aggregate rate of 3.67%.

(c) | Primarily includes finance leases which are secured by liens on the related assets.

In June 2019, the Company called $400 million of its 5½% Senior Notes due April 2023 to be redeemed upon the issuance of its 5¾% Senior Notes in July 2019 (see Note 19–Subsequent Events.)
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Committed Credit Facilities and Available Funding Arrangements
At June 30, 2019, the committed corporate credit facilities available to the Company and/or its subsidiaries were as follows:

| Total Capacity |  | Outstanding Borrowings |  | Letters of Credit Issued |  | Available Capacity
Senior revolving credit facility maturing 2023 (a) | $ | 1,800 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,225 |  |  | $ | 575 |

__________

(a) | The senior revolving credit facility bears interest at one-month LIBOR plus 200 basis points and is part of the Company’s senior credit facility, which is secured by pledges of capital stock of certain subsidiaries of the Company, and liens on substantially all of the Company’s intellectual property and certain other real and personal property.

At June 30, 2019, the Company had various uncommitted credit facilities available, under which it had drawn approximately $1 million, which bear interest at rates between 0.79% and 1.53%.
Debt Covenants
The agreements governing the Company’s indebtedness contain restrictive covenants, including restrictions on dividends paid to the Company by certain of its subsidiaries, the incurrence of additional indebtedness by the Company and certain of its subsidiaries, acquisitions, mergers, liquidations, and sale and leaseback transactions. The Company’s senior credit facility also contains a consolidated first lien leverage ratio requirement. As of June 30, 2019, the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants governing its indebtedness.

12. | Debt Under Vehicle Programs and Borrowing Arrangements

Debt under vehicle programs, including related party debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC (“Avis Budget Rental Car Funding”), consisted of:

| As of |  | As of
| June 30, |  | December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Americas - Debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (a) | $ | 8,951 |  |  | $ | 7,393 |
Americas - Debt borrowings (a) | 986 |  |  | 635 |
International - Debt borrowings (a) | 2,342 |  |  | 2,060 |
International - Finance leases (a) | 226 |  |  | 191 |
Other | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Deferred financing fees (b) | (50 | ) |  | (49 | )
Total | $ | 12,456 |  |  | $ | 10,232 |

__________

(a) | The increase reflects additional borrowings principally to fund increases in the Company’s car rental fleet.

(b) | Deferred financing fees related to Debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was $38 million and $35 million, respectively.

In February 2019, the Company’s Avis Budget Rental Car Funding subsidiary issued approximately $600 million in asset-backed notes with an expected final payment date of March 2022 incurring interest at a weighted average rate of 3.56%.
In April 2019, the Company’s Avis Budget Rental Car Funding subsidiary issued approximately $650 million in asset-backed notes with an expected final payment date of September 2024 incurring interest at a weighted average rate of 3.44%.
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Debt Maturities
The following table provides the contractual maturities of the Company’s debt under vehicle programs, including related party debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding, at June 30, 2019.

| Debt under Vehicle Programs (a)
Within 1 year | $ | 1,636 |
Between 1 and 2 years (b) | 4,747 |
Between 2 and 3 years (c) | 3,102 |
Between 3 and 4 years | 1,207 |
Between 4 and 5 years | 1,275 |
Thereafter | 539 |
Total | $ | 12,506 |

__________

(a) | Vehicle-backed debt primarily represents asset-backed securities.

(b) | Includes $3.5 billion of bank and bank-sponsored facilities.

(c) | Includes $1.7 billion of bank and bank-sponsored facilities.

Committed Credit Facilities and Available Funding Arrangements
As of June 30, 2019, available funding under the Company’s vehicle programs, including related party debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding, consisted of:

| Total Capacity (a) |  | Outstanding Borrowings (b) |  | Available Capacity
Americas - Debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding | $ | 9,526 |  |  | $ | 8,951 |  |  | $ | 575 |
Americas - Debt borrowings | 1,008 |  |  | 986 |  |  | 22 |
International - Debt borrowings | 3,017 |  |  | 2,342 |  |  | 675 |
International - Finance leases | 248 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 22 |
Other | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 13,800 |  |  | $ | 12,506 |  |  | $ | 1,294 |

__________

(a) | Capacity is subject to maintaining sufficient assets to collateralize debt.

(b) | The outstanding debt is collateralized by vehicles and related assets of $10.4 billion for Americas - Debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding; $1.1 billion for Americas - Debt borrowings; $2.7 billion for International - Debt borrowings; and $0.2 billion for International - Finance leases.

Debt Covenants
The agreements under the Company’s vehicle-backed funding programs contain restrictive covenants, including restrictions on dividends paid to the Company by certain of its subsidiaries and restrictions on indebtedness, mergers, liens, liquidations, and sale and leaseback transactions and in some cases also require compliance with certain financial requirements. As of June 30, 2019, the Company is not aware of any instances of non-compliance with any of the financial covenants contained in the debt agreements under its vehicle-backed funding programs.

13. | Commitments and Contingencies

Contingencies
In 2006, the Company completed the spin-offs of its Realogy and Wyndham subsidiaries. The Company does not believe that the impact of any resolution of pre-existing contingent liabilities in connection with the spin-offs should result in a material liability to the Company in relation to its consolidated financial position or liquidity, as Realogy and Wyndham each have agreed to assume responsibility for these liabilities. The Company is also named in litigation that is primarily related to the businesses of its former subsidiaries, including Realogy and Wyndham. The Company is entitled to indemnification from such entities for any liability resulting from such litigation.
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In February 2017, following a state court trial in Georgia, a jury found the Company liable for damages in a case brought by a plaintiff who was injured in a vehicle accident allegedly caused by an employee of an independent contractor of the Company who was acting outside of the scope of employment. In March 2017, the Company was also found liable for damages in a companion case arising from the same incident. The Company is appealing both verdicts and considers the attribution of liability to the Company, and the amount of damages awarded, to be unsupported by the facts of these cases. The Company has recognized a liability for the expected loss related to these cases, net of recoverable insurance proceeds, of approximately $12 million.
The Company is involved in claims, legal proceedings and governmental inquiries that are incidental to its vehicle rental and car sharing operations, including, among others, contract and licensee disputes, competition matters, employment and wage-and-hour claims, insurance and liability claims, intellectual property claims, business practice disputes and other regulatory, environmental, commercial and tax matters. Litigation is inherently unpredictable and, although the Company believes that its accruals are adequate and/or that it has valid defenses in these matters, unfavorable resolutions could occur. The Company estimates that the potential exposure resulting from adverse outcomes of legal proceedings in which it is reasonably possible that a loss may be incurred could, in the aggregate, be up to approximately $45 million in excess of amounts accrued as of June 30, 2019. The Company does not believe that the impact should result in a material liability to the Company in relation to its consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
Commitments to Purchase Vehicles
The Company maintains agreements with vehicle manufacturers under which the Company has agreed to purchase approximately $3.1 billion of vehicles from manufacturers over the next 12 months financed primarily through the issuance of vehicle-backed debt and cash received upon the disposition of vehicles. Certain of these commitments are subject to the vehicle manufacturers satisfying their obligations under their respective repurchase and guaranteed depreciation agreements.
Concentrations
Concentrations of credit risk at June 30, 2019 include (i) risks related to the Company’s repurchase and guaranteed depreciation agreements with domestic and foreign car manufacturers, primarily with respect to receivables for program cars that have been disposed but for which the Company has not yet received payment from the manufacturers and (ii) risks related to Realogy and Wyndham, including receivables of $25 million and $15 million, respectively, related to certain contingent, income tax and other corporate liabilities assumed by Realogy and Wyndham in connection with their disposition.

14. | Stockholders’ Equity

Share Repurchases
The Company’s Board of Directors has authorized the repurchase of up to $1.7 billion of its common stock under a plan originally approved in 2013 and subsequently expanded, most recently in August 2018. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company did not repurchase any shares of common stock under the program. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company repurchased approximately 1.6 million shares of common stock at a cost of approximately $67 million under the program. As of June 30, 2019, approximately $150 million of authorization remains available to repurchase common stock under this plan. In August 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors increased the Company’s share repurchase program authorization by $100 million.
In June 2019 as part of its share repurchase program, the Company entered into a structured repurchase agreement involving the use of capped call options for the purchase of the Company’s common stock. The Company paid a fixed sum upon the execution of the agreement in exchange for the right to receive either a pre-determined amount of cash or stock. Upon the expiration dates set forth in the agreement, if the closing market price of our common stock is above the pre-determined price, the Company’s initial investment will be returned with a premium. If the closing market price of our common stock is at or below the pre-
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determined price, the Company will receive the number of shares specified in the agreement. The Company paid net premiums of $16 million to enter into this agreement, which is recorded as a reduction of additional paid in capital. As of June 30, 2019, the Company had outstanding options for the purchase of 0.6 million shares that will settle during 2019.
Total Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income (loss) and other gains and losses affecting stockholders’ equity that, under GAAP, are excluded from net income (loss).
The components of other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income (loss) | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | (29 | ) |  | $ | (61 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Currency translation adjustments (net of tax of $4, $(10), $(2), and $(5) respectively) | 9 |  |  | (54 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | (53 | )
| Net unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges (net of tax of $4, $(1), and $7, and $(3) respectively) | (13 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (21 | ) |  | 8 |
| Minimum pension liability adjustment (net of tax of $0, $0, $0, and $(1), respectively) | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |
|  | (2 | ) |  | (50 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (42 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | (24 | ) |  | $ | (36 | ) |  | $ | (103 | )

__________
Currency translation adjustments exclude income taxes related to indefinite investments in foreign subsidiaries.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows:

|  | Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges(a) |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available-for-Sale Securities |  | Minimum Pension Liability Adjustment(b) |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance, December 31, 2018 | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (132 | ) |  | $ | (133 | )
| Cumulative effect of accounting change (c) | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Balance, January 1, 2019 | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (132 | ) |  | $ | (132 | )
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 10 |  |  | (19 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (8 | )
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) | 10 |  |  | (21 | ) |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | (7 | )
Balance, June 30, 2019 | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (18 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (128 | ) |  | $ | (139 | )
Balance, December 31, 2017 | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (102 | ) |  | $ | (24 | )
| Cumulative effect of accounting change | 7 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | (6 | )
Balance, January 1, 2018 | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (114 | ) |  | $ | (30 | )
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | (53 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (44 | )
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) | (53 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (42 | )
Balance, June 30, 2018 | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (111 | ) |  | $ | (72 | )

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__________
All components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are net of tax, except currency translation adjustments, which exclude income taxes related to indefinite investments in foreign subsidiaries and include a $69 million gain, net of tax, as of June 30, 2019 related to the Company’s hedge of its net investment in euro-denominated foreign operations (see Note 16–Financial Instruments).

(a) | For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into corporate interest expense was $1 million ($1 million, net of tax) and $3 million ($2 million, net of tax), respectively.

(b) | For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into selling, general and administrative expenses were $2 million ($2 million, net of tax) and $4 million ($3 million, net of tax), respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into selling, general and administrative expenses were $2 million ($1 million, net of tax) and $4 million ($2 million, net of tax), respectively.

(c) | See Note 1–Basis of Presentation for the impact of adoption of ASU 2017-12.

15. | Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $7 million ($5 million, net of tax) during the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, in each period, and $12 million and ($9 million, net of tax) during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, in each period.
The activity related to restricted stock units (“RSUs”) consisted of (in thousands of shares):

|  |  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Time-based RSUs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Outstanding at January 1, 2019 | 838 |  |  | $ | 38.67 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Granted (a) | 485 |  |  | 34.90 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Vested (b) | (361 | ) |  | 35.80 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Forfeited | (55 | ) |  | 38.73 |  |  |  |  |
| Outstanding and expected to vest at June 30, 2019 (c) | 907 |  |  | $ | 37.79 |  |  | 1.3 |  | $ | 32 |
Performance-based and market-based RSUs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Outstanding at January 1, 2019 | 1,169 |  |  | $ | 35.14 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Granted (a) | 522 |  |  | 34.87 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Vested | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
|  | Forfeited | (430 | ) |  | 24.85 |  |  |  |  |
| Outstanding at June 30, 2019 | 1,261 |  |  | $ | 38.54 |  |  | 1.8 |  | $ | 44 |
| Outstanding and expected to vest at June 30, 2019 (c) | 518 |  |  | $ | 39.96 |  |  | 2.1 |  | $ | 18 |

__________

(a) | Reflects the maximum number of stock units assuming achievement of all performance-, market- and time-vesting criteria and does not include those for non-employee directors. The weighted-average fair value of time-based RSUs and performance-based RSUs granted during the six months ended June 30, 2018 was $48.66 and $48.72, respectively.

(b) | The total fair value of RSUs vested during June 30, 2019 and 2018 was $13 million, in each period.

(c) | Aggregate unrecognized compensation expense related to time-based RSUs and performance-based RSUs amounted to $40 million and will be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 1.6 years.

The stock option activity consisted of (in thousands of shares):

|  | Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at January 1, 2019 | 57 |  |  | $ | 0.79 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 1 |
| Granted | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
| Exercised (a) | (57 | ) |  | 0.79 |  |  |  |  | 1 |
| Forfeited/expired | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Outstanding and exercisable at June 30, 2019 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |

__________

(a) | Stock options exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2018 had an intrinsic value of $7 million and the cash received was $2 million.

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16. | Financial Instruments

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
Currency Risk. The Company uses currency exchange contracts to manage its exposure to changes in currency exchange rates associated with certain of its non-U.S.-dollar denominated receivables and forecasted royalties, forecasted earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries and forecasted non-U.S.-dollar denominated acquisitions. The Company primarily hedges a portion of its current-year currency exposure to the Australian, Canadian and New Zealand dollars, the euro and the British pound sterling. The majority of forward contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. The fluctuations in the value of these forward contracts do, however, largely offset the impact of changes in the value of the underlying risk they economically hedge. Forward contracts used to hedge forecasted third-party receipts and disbursements up to 12 months are designated and do qualify as cash flow hedges. The Company has designated its euro-denominated notes as a hedge of its investment in euro-denominated foreign operations.
The estimated net amount of existing gains or losses the Company expects to reclassify from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to earnings for cash flow and net investment hedges over the next 12 months is not material.
Interest Rate Risk. The Company uses various hedging strategies including interest rate swaps and interest rate caps to create what it deems an appropriate mix of fixed and floating rate assets and liabilities. The Company uses interest rate swaps and interest rate caps to manage the risk related to its floating rate corporate debt and its floating rate vehicle-backed debt. The Company records the changes in the fair value of its cash flow hedges to other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, and subsequently reclassifies these amounts into earnings in the period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings and is presented in the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged item. The Company records the gains or losses related to freestanding derivatives, which are not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes, currently in earnings and are presented in the same line of the income statement expected for the hedged item. The Company estimates that an immaterial amount of gains currently recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) will be recognized in earnings over the next 12 months.
Commodity Risk. The Company periodically enters into derivative commodity contracts to manage its exposure to changes in the price of gasoline. These instruments were designated as freestanding derivatives and the changes in fair value are recorded in earnings and are presented in the same line of the income statement expected for the hedged item.
The Company held derivative instruments with absolute notional values as follows:

| As of June 30, 2019
Foreign exchange contracts | $ | 1,393 |
Interest rate caps (a) | 8,398 |
Interest rate swaps | 1,500 |
Commodity contracts (millions of gallons of unleaded gasoline) | 9 |

__________

(a) | Represents $5.7 billion of interest rate caps sold, partially offset by approximately $2.7 billion of interest rate caps purchased. These amounts exclude $3.0 billion of interest rate caps purchased by the Company’s Avis Budget Rental Car Funding subsidiary as it is not consolidated by the Company.

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Estimated fair values (Level 2) of derivative instruments were as follows:

|  | As of June 30, 2019 |  | As of December 31, 2018
|  | Fair Value, Derivative Assets |  | Fair Value, Derivative Liabilities |  | Fair Value, Derivative Assets |  | Fair Value, Derivative Liabilities
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Interest rate swaps (a) | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 8 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Foreign exchange contracts (b) | 5 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 11 |
| Interest rate caps (c) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
| Commodity contracts (b) | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
| Total | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 22 |

__________
Amounts in this table exclude derivatives issued by Avis Budget Rental Car Funding, as it is not consolidated by the Company; however, certain amounts related to the derivatives held by Avis Budget Rental Car Funding are included within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), as discussed in Note 14-Stockholders’ Equity.

(a) | Included in other non-current assets or other non-current liabilities.

(b) | Included in other current assets or other current liabilities.

(c) | Included in assets under vehicle programs or liabilities under vehicle programs.

The effects of derivatives recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Interest rate swaps (b) | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (21 | ) |  | $ | 8 |
| Euro-denominated notes (c) | (11 | ) |  | 26 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 13 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (d) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Foreign exchange contracts (e) | 10 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 19 |
| Interest rate caps (f) | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
| Commodity contracts (g) | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |
| Total | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 40 |

__________

(a) | Recognized, net of tax, as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity.

(b) | Classified as a net unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Refer to Note 14–Stockholders’ Equity for amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings.

(c) | Classified as a net investment hedge within currency translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

(d) | Gains (losses) related to derivative instruments are expected to be largely offset by (losses) gains on the underlying exposures being hedged.

(e) | For the three months ended June 30, 2019, included a $15 million gain in interest expense and a $5 million loss in operating expense and for the six months ended June 30, 2019, included a $11 million gain in interest expense. For the three months ended June 30, 2018, included $20 million gain in interest expense and a $8 million gain in operating expense and for the six months ended June 30, 2018, included a $7 million gain in interest expense and a $12 million gain in operating expense.

(f) | Included primarily in vehicle interest, net.

(g) | Included in operating expense.

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Debt Instruments
The carrying amounts and estimated fair values (Level 2) of debt instruments were as follows:

|  | As of June 30, 2019 |  | As of December 31, 2018
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value
Corporate debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt | $ | 420 |  |  | $ | 431 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 23 |
| Long-term debt | 3,115 |  |  | 3,233 |  |  | 3,528 |  |  | 3,462 |
Debt under vehicle programs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Vehicle-backed debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding | $ | 8,913 |  |  | $ | 9,067 |  |  | $ | 7,358 |  |  | $ | 7,383 |
| Vehicle-backed debt | 3,540 |  |  | 3,557 |  |  | 2,871 |  |  | 2,881 |
| Interest rate swaps and interest rate caps (a) | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |

__________

(a) | Derivatives in a liability position.

17. | Segment Information

The Company’s chief operating decision-maker assesses performance and allocates resources based upon the separate financial information from each of the Company’s operating segments. In identifying its reportable segments, the Company considered the nature of services provided, the geographical areas in which the segments operated and other relevant factors. The Company aggregates certain of its operating segments into its reportable segments.
Management evaluates the operating results of each of its reportable segments based upon revenues and “Adjusted EBITDA,” which the Company defines as income (loss) from continuing operations before non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization, any impairment charges, restructuring and other related charges, early extinguishment of debt costs, non-vehicle related interest, transaction-related costs, net charges for unprecedented personal-injury legal matters, non-operational charges related to shareholder activist activity, gain on sale of equity method investment in Anji and income taxes. Net charges for unprecedented personal-injury legal matters and gain on sale of equity method investment in Anji are recorded within operating expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Statement of Comprehensive Income. Non-operational charges related to shareholder activist activity include third party advisory, legal and other professional service fees and are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Statement of Comprehensive Income. The Company has revised the definition of Adjusted EBITDA to exclude the gain on sale of equity method investment in Anji. The Company did not revise prior years’ Adjusted EBITDA because there were no gains similar in nature to this gain. The Company’s presentation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures used by other companies.
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|  |  |  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018
|  |  |  | Revenues |  | Adjusted EBITDA |  | Revenues |  | Adjusted EBITDA
Americas | $ | 1,627 |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 1,590 |  |  | $ | 107 |
International | 710 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 738 |  |  | 71 |
Corporate and Other (a) | — |  |  | (16 | ) |  | — |  |  | (17 | )
| Total Company | $ | 2,337 |  |  | $ | 175 |  |  | $ | 2,328 |  |  | $ | 161 |
Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to income before income taxes |  |  |  |
|  |  | 2019 |  |  |  | 2018
Adjusted EBITDA |  |  | $ | 175 |  |  |  |  | $ | 161 |
Less: | Non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization |  | 66 |  |  |  |  | 67 |
|  | Interest expense related to corporate debt, net |  | 48 |  |  |  |  | 49 |
|  | Restructuring and other related charges |  | 23 |  |  |  |  | 4 |
|  | Transaction-related costs, net |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 3 |
|  | Gain on sale of equity method investment in Anji |  | (44 | ) |  |  |  | — |
Income before income taxes |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  |  |  | $ | 38 |

__________

(a) | Includes unallocated corporate overhead which is not attributable to a particular segment.

|  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018
|  |  |  | Revenues |  | Adjusted EBITDA |  | Revenues |  | Adjusted EBITDA
Americas | $ | 2,954 |  |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 2,938 |  |  | $ | 122 |
International | 1,303 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 1,358 |  |  | 74 |
Corporate and Other (a) | — |  |  | (31 | ) |  | — |  |  | (33 | )
| Total Company | $ | 4,257 |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 4,296 |  |  | $ | 163 |
Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to loss before income taxes |  |  |  |
|  |  | 2019 |  |  |  | 2018
Adjusted EBITDA |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  |  |  | $ | 163 |
Less: | Non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization |  | 133 |  |  |  |  | 128 |
|  | Interest expense related to corporate debt, net: |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Interest expense |  | 90 |  |  |  |  | 95 |
|  | Early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5 |
|  | Restructuring and other related charges |  | 44 |  |  |  |  | 10 |
|  | Transaction-related costs, net |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  | 7 |
|  | Non-operational charges related to shareholder activist activity |  | — |  |  |  |  | 9 |
|  | Gain on sale of equity method investment in Anji |  | (44 | ) |  |  |  | — |
Loss before income taxes |  |  | $ | (55 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (91 | )

__________

(a) | Includes unallocated corporate overhead which is not attributable to a particular segment.

As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, Americas’ segment assets exclusive of assets under vehicle programs were approximately $5.9 billion and $3.8 billion, respectively, and International segment assets exclusive of assets under vehicle programs were approximately $3.0 billion and $2.5 billion, respectively. The increases in assets exclusive of assets under vehicle programs is primarily due to the adoption of ASU 2016-02 (see Note 1–Basis of Presentation).
As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, Americas’ assets under vehicle programs were approximately $11.8 billion and $9.7 billion, respectively, and International assets under vehicle programs were approximately $3.6 billion and $3.1 billion, respectively. The increases in assets under vehicle programs is primarily due to seasonality.
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18. | Guarantor and Non-Guarantor Consolidating Condensed Financial Statements

The following consolidating financial information presents Consolidating Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, Consolidating Condensed Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, and Consolidating Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 for: (i) Avis Budget Group, Inc. (the “Parent”); (ii) ABCR and Avis Budget Finance, Inc. (the “Subsidiary Issuers”); (iii) the guarantor subsidiaries; (iv) the non-guarantor subsidiaries; (v) elimination entries necessary to consolidate the Parent with the Subsidiary Issuers, and the guarantor and non-guarantor subsidiaries; and (vi) the Company on a consolidated basis. The Subsidiary Issuers and the guarantor and non-guarantor subsidiaries are 100% owned by the Parent, either directly or indirectly. All guarantees are full and unconditional and joint and several. This financial information is being presented in relation to the Company’s guarantee of the payment of principal, premium (if any) and interest on the notes issued by the Subsidiary Issuers. See Note 11–Long-term Corporate Debt and Borrowing Arrangements for additional description of these guaranteed notes. The Senior Notes are guaranteed by the Parent and certain subsidiaries.
Investments in subsidiaries are accounted for using the equity method of accounting for purposes of the consolidating presentation. The principal elimination entries relate to investments in subsidiaries and intercompany balances and transactions. For purposes of the accompanying Consolidating Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income, certain expenses incurred by the Subsidiary Issuers are allocated to the guarantor and non-guarantor subsidiaries.
The following table provides a reconciliation of the cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash reported within the Consolidating Condensed Balance Sheets to the amounts shown in the Consolidating Condensed Statements of Cash Flows.

| As of June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
| Non-Guarantor |  | Total |  | Non-Guarantor |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 520 |  |  | $ | 534 |  |  | $ | 475 |  |  | $ | 489 |
Program cash | 48 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 161 |
Restricted cash (a) | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 11 |
Total cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash | $ | 571 |  |  | $ | 585 |  |  | $ | 647 |  |  | $ | 661 |

_________

(a) | Included within other current assets.

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Consolidating Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019

|  |  | Parent |  | Subsidiary Issuers |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,442 |  |  | $ | 1,541 |  |  | $ | (646 | ) |  | $ | 2,337 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Operating | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 720 |  |  | 451 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,172 |
| Vehicle depreciation and lease charges, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 597 |  |  | 521 |  |  | (575 | ) |  | 543 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 10 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 129 |  |  | — |  |  | 313 |
| Vehicle interest, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 72 |  |  | 89 |  |  | (71 | ) |  | 90 |
| Non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | 66 |
| Interest expense related to corporate debt, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Interest expense | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |
|  | Intercompany interest expense (income) | (3 | ) |  | 22 |  |  | 7 |  |  | (26 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
| Restructuring and other related charges | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |
| Transaction-related costs, net | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Total expenses | 16 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 1,604 |  |  | 1,214 |  |  | (646 | ) |  | 2,256 |
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in earnings of subsidiaries | (16 | ) |  | (68 | ) |  | (162 | ) |  | 327 |  |  | — |  |  | 81 |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | (6 | ) |  | (24 | ) |  | 39 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | 72 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 317 |  |  | — |  |  | (505 | ) |  | — |
Net income | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 317 |  |  | $ | (505 | ) |  | $ | 62 |
Comprehensive income | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | 326 |  |  | $ | (522 | ) |  | $ | 60 |

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Six Months Ended June 30, 2019

|  |  | Parent |  | Subsidiary Issuers |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,630 |  |  | $ | 2,845 |  |  | $ | (1,218 | ) |  | $ | 4,257 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Operating | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,334 |  |  | 908 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,243 |
| Vehicle depreciation and lease charges, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,126 |  |  | 985 |  |  | (1,083 | ) |  | 1,028 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 21 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 331 |  |  | 237 |  |  | — |  |  | 597 |
| Vehicle interest, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 135 |  |  | 171 |  |  | (135 | ) |  | 171 |
| Non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 133 |
| Interest expense related to corporate debt, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Interest expense | — |  |  | 68 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 90 |
|  | Intercompany interest expense (income) | (6 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
| Restructuring and other related charges | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |
| Transaction-related costs, net | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Total expenses | 27 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 3,033 |  |  | 2,380 |  |  | (1,218 | ) |  | 4,312 |
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in earnings of subsidiaries | (27 | ) |  | (90 | ) |  | (403 | ) |  | 465 |  |  | — |  |  | (55 | )
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | (10 | ) |  | (32 | ) |  | 24 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (26 | )
Equity in earnings (loss) of subsidiaries | (12 | ) |  | 46 |  |  | 473 |  |  | — |  |  | (507 | ) |  | — |
Net income (loss) | $ | (29 | ) |  | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | (507 | ) |  | $ | (29 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (36 | ) |  | $ | (19 | ) |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 484 |  |  | $ | (523 | ) |  | $ | (36 | )

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Three Months Ended June 30, 2018

|  |  | Parent |  | Subsidiary Issuers |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,395 |  |  | $ | 1,590 |  |  | $ | (657 | ) |  | $ | 2,328 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Operating | 1 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 677 |  |  | 500 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,175 |
| Vehicle depreciation and lease charges, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 605 |  |  | 582 |  |  | (596 | ) |  | 591 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 10 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 132 |  |  | — |  |  | 321 |
| Vehicle interest, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |  |  | 80 |  |  | (61 | ) |  | 80 |
| Non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 67 |
| Interest expense related to corporate debt, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Interest expense | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 49 |
|  | Intercompany interest expense (income) | (3 | ) |  | (31 | ) |  | 5 |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| Restructuring and other related charges | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
| Transaction-related costs, net | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Total expenses | 8 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 1,563 |  |  | 1,366 |  |  | (657 | ) |  | 2,290 |
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in earnings of subsidiaries | (8 | ) |  | (10 | ) |  | (168 | ) |  | 224 |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | (5 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | 14 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | 29 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 218 |  |  | — |  |  | (283 | ) |  | — |
Net income | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | (283 | ) |  | $ | 26 |
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (24 | ) |  | $ | (21 | ) |  | $ | (16 | ) |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | (128 | ) |  | $ | (24 | )

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Six Months Ended June 30, 2018

|  |  | Parent |  | Subsidiary Issuers |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Revenues | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,579 |  |  | $ | 2,949 |  |  | $ | (1,232 | ) |  | $ | 4,296 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Operating | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,298 |  |  | 966 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,267 |
| Vehicle depreciation and lease charges, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,141 |  |  | 1,086 |  |  | (1,121 | ) |  | 1,106 |
| Selling, general and administrative | 28 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 331 |  |  | 252 |  |  | — |  |  | 617 |
| Vehicle interest, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 113 |  |  | 150 |  |  | (111 | ) |  | 152 |
| Non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |
| Interest expense related to corporate debt, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Interest expense | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 95 |
|  | Intercompany interest expense (income) | (6 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | 11 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | Early extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
| Restructuring and other related charges | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
| Transaction-related costs, net | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Total expenses | 24 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 2,973 |  |  | 2,539 |  |  | (1,232 | ) |  | 4,387 |
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in earnings of subsidiaries | (24 | ) |  | (83 | ) |  | (394 | ) |  | 410 |  |  | — |  |  | (91 | )
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | (11 | ) |  | (22 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | (30 | )
Equity in earnings (loss) of subsidiaries | (48 | ) |  | 13 |  |  | 402 |  |  | — |  |  | (367 | ) |  | — |
Net income (loss) | $ | (61 | ) |  | $ | (48 | ) |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 402 |  |  | $ | (367 | ) |  | $ | (61 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (103 | ) |  | $ | (90 | ) |  | $ | (37 | ) |  | $ | 349 |  |  | $ | (222 | ) |  | $ | (103 | )

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Consolidating Condensed Balance Sheets
As of June 30, 2019

|  |  | Parent |  | Subsidiary Issuers |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 520 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 534 |
| Receivables, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 277 |  |  | 643 |  |  | — |  |  | 920 |
| Other current assets | 1 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 566 |  |  | — |  |  | 832 |
Total current assets | 2 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 409 |  |  | 1,729 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,286 |
Property and equipment, net | — |  |  | 214 |  |  | 326 |  |  | 209 |  |  | — |  |  | 749 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | — |  |  | 700 |  |  | 1,138 |  |  | 571 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,409 |
Deferred income taxes | 14 |  |  | 1,136 |  |  | 207 |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,438 |
Goodwill | — |  |  | — |  |  | 471 |  |  | 636 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,107 |
Other intangibles, net | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 471 |  |  | 310 |  |  | — |  |  | 806 |
Other non-current assets | 49 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | 223 |
Intercompany receivables | 165 |  |  | 416 |  |  | 2,213 |  |  | 1,372 |  |  | (4,166 | ) |  | — |
Investment in subsidiaries | 203 |  |  | 4,779 |  |  | 3,847 |  |  | — |  |  | (8,829 | ) |  | — |
Total assets exclusive of assets under vehicle programs | 433 |  |  | 7,448 |  |  | 9,097 |  |  | 5,035 |  |  | (12,995 | ) |  | 9,018 |
Assets under vehicle programs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Program cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |
| Vehicles, net | — |  |  | 68 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 14,158 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,278 |
| Receivables from vehicle manufacturers and other | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 335 |  |  | — |  |  | 432 |
| Investment in Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC-related party | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 679 |  |  | — |  |  | 679 |
|  |  | — |  |  | 71 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 15,220 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,437 |
Total assets | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 7,519 |  |  | $ | 9,243 |  |  | $ | 20,255 |  |  | $ | (12,995 | ) |  | $ | 24,455 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Accounts payable and other current liabilities | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | 862 |  |  | $ | 1,075 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,249 |
| Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt | — |  |  | 415 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 420 |
Total current liabilities | 15 |  |  | 712 |  |  | 864 |  |  | 1,078 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,669 |
Long-term debt | — |  |  | 2,099 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,014 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,115 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | — |  |  | 622 |  |  | 968 |  |  | 405 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,995 |
Other non-current liabilities | 42 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 379 |  |  | — |  |  | 752 |
Intercompany payables | — |  |  | 3,749 |  |  | 416 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (4,166 | ) |  | — |
Total liabilities exclusive of liabilities under vehicle programs | 57 |  |  | 7,284 |  |  | 2,479 |  |  | 2,877 |  |  | (4,166 | ) |  | 8,531 |
Liabilities under vehicle programs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Debt | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 3,465 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,543 |
| Due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC-related party | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,913 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,913 |
Deferred income taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,840 |  |  | 189 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,029 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 99 |  |  | 964 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,063 |
|  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | 1,985 |  |  | 13,531 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,548 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 376 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 4,779 |  |  | 3,847 |  |  | (8,829 | ) |  | 376 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 7,519 |  |  | $ | 9,243 |  |  | $ | 20,255 |  |  | $ | (12,995 | ) |  | $ | 24,455 |

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As of December 31, 2018

|  |  | Parent |  | Subsidiary Issuers |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 601 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 615 |
| Receivables, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 239 |  |  | 716 |  |  | — |  |  | 955 |
| Other current assets | 5 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 371 |  |  | — |  |  | 604 |
Total current assets | 6 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 1,688 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,174 |
Property and equipment, net | — |  |  | 199 |  |  | 319 |  |  | 218 |  |  | — |  |  | 736 |
Deferred income taxes | 13 |  |  | 1,015 |  |  | 207 |  |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,301 |
Goodwill | — |  |  | — |  |  | 471 |  |  | 621 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,092 |
Other intangibles, net | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | 475 |  |  | 324 |  |  | — |  |  | 825 |
Other non-current assets | 47 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 140 |  |  | — |  |  | 242 |
Intercompany receivables | 159 |  |  | 404 |  |  | 2,104 |  |  | 1,262 |  |  | (3,929 | ) |  | — |
Investment in subsidiaries | 246 |  |  | 4,786 |  |  | 3,852 |  |  | — |  |  | (8,884 | ) |  | — |
Total assets exclusive of assets under vehicle programs | 471 |  |  | 6,593 |  |  | 7,800 |  |  | 4,319 |  |  | (12,813 | ) |  | 6,370 |
Assets under vehicle programs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Program cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 115 |  |  | — |  |  | 115 |
| Vehicles, net | — |  |  | 55 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 11,365 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,474 |
| Receivables from vehicle manufacturers and other | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 629 |  |  | — |  |  | 631 |
| Investment in Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC-related party | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 559 |  |  | — |  |  | 559 |
|  |  | — |  |  | 57 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 12,668 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,779 |
Total assets | $ | 471 |  |  | $ | 6,650 |  |  | $ | 7,854 |  |  | $ | 16,987 |  |  | $ | (12,813 | ) |  | $ | 19,149 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Accounts payable and other current liabilities | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 582 |  |  | $ | 849 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,693 |
| Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |
Total current liabilities | 16 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 585 |  |  | 851 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,716 |
Long-term debt | — |  |  | 2,501 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1,024 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,528 |
Other non-current liabilities | 41 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 382 |  |  | — |  |  | 767 |
Intercompany payables | — |  |  | 3,524 |  |  | 404 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (3,929 | ) |  | — |
Total liabilities exclusive of liabilities under vehicle programs | 57 |  |  | 6,376 |  |  | 1,249 |  |  | 2,258 |  |  | (3,929 | ) |  | 6,011 |
Liabilities under vehicle programs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Debt | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 2,797 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,874 |
| Due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC-related party | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,358 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,358 |
| Deferred income taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,770 |  |  | 191 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,961 |
| Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 531 |  |  | — |  |  | 531 |
|  |  | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | 1,819 |  |  | 10,877 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,724 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 414 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 4,786 |  |  | 3,852 |  |  | (8,884 | ) |  | 414 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 471 |  |  | $ | 6,650 |  |  | $ | 7,854 |  |  | $ | 16,987 |  |  | $ | (12,813 | ) |  | $ | 19,149 |

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Consolidating Condensed Statements of Cash Flows
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019

| Parent |  | Subsidiary Issuers |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 868 |  |  | $ | (16 | ) |  | $ | 965 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and equipment additions | — |  |  | (35 | ) |  | (49 | ) |  | (33 | ) |  | — |  |  | (117 | )
Proceeds received on asset sales | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Net assets acquired (net of cash acquired) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (50 | ) |  | — |  |  | (54 | )
Other, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | 81 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities exclusive of vehicle programs | — |  |  | (34 | ) |  | (41 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (84 | )
Vehicle programs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in vehicles | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (8,708 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8,715 | )
Proceeds received on disposition of vehicles | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,749 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,773 |
Investment in debt securities of Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC—related party | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (167 | ) |  | — |  |  | (167 | )
Proceeds from debt securities of Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC—related party | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |
| — |  |  | 19 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (3,079 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,062 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | — |  |  | (15 | ) |  | (43 | ) |  | (3,088 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,146 | )
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from long-term borrowings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Payments on long-term borrowings | — |  |  | (9 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12 | )
Repurchases of common stock | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | )
Other, net | (16 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | (17 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities exclusive of vehicle programs | (20 | ) |  | (26 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | 16 |  |  | (31 | )
Vehicle programs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from borrowings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,758 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,758 |
Payments on borrowings | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (9,681 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9,688 | )
Debt financing fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12 | )
| — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | 2,065 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,058 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (20 | ) |  | (28 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | 2,066 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 2,027 |
Effect of changes in exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (150 | ) |  | — |  |  | (150 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash, beginning of period | 1 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 721 |  |  | — |  |  | 735 |
Cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 571 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 585 |

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Six Months Ended June 30, 2018

| Parent |  | Subsidiary Issuers |  | Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Net cash provided by (used-in) operating activities | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 968 |  |  | $ | (95 | ) |  | $ | 1,121 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and equipment additions | — |  |  | (33 | ) |  | (43 | ) |  | (39 | ) |  | — |  |  | (115 | )
Proceeds received on asset sales | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Net assets acquired (net of cash acquired) | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (21 | ) |  | — |  |  | (28 | )
Other, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (37 | ) |  | — |  |  | (37 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities exclusive of vehicle programs | — |  |  | (34 | ) |  | (47 | ) |  | (93 | ) |  | — |  |  | (174 | )
Vehicle programs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in vehicles | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (8,357 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8,359 | )
Proceeds received on disposition of vehicles | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,790 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,807 |
Investment in debt securities of Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC—related party | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22 | ) |  | — |  |  | (22 | )
| — |  |  | 16 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (3,589 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,574 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | — |  |  | (18 | ) |  | (48 | ) |  | (3,682 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,748 | )
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from long-term borrowings | — |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81 |
Payments on long-term borrowings | — |  |  | (92 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (94 | )
Net change in short-term borrowings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | )
Repurchases of common stock | (78 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (78 | )
Debt financing fees | — |  |  | (9 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9 | )
Other, net | 2 |  |  | (71 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | 95 |  |  | 2 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities exclusive of vehicle programs | (76 | ) |  | (91 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | 95 |  |  | (100 | )
Vehicle programs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from borrowings | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,145 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,145 |
Payments on borrowings | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (7,637 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7,643 | )
Debt financing fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13 | ) |  | — |  |  | (13 | )
| — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | 2,495 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,489 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (76 | ) |  | (92 | ) |  | (18 | ) |  | 2,480 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 2,389 |
Effect of changes in exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash | (1 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (236 | ) |  | — |  |  | (240 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash, beginning of period | 4 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 883 |  |  | — |  |  | 901 |
Cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 647 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 661 |

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19. | Subsequent Events

In July 2019, the Company issued $400 million of 5¾% Senior Notes due July 2027, at par. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering to redeem a portion of its 5½% Senior Notes due April 2023 for $400 million plus accrued interest.
In August 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors increased the Company’s share repurchase program authorization by $100 million.
* * * *
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Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements and accompanying Notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and with our 2018 Form 10-K. Our actual results of operations may differ materially from those discussed in forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including but not limited to those included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and those included in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Risk Factors” and other portions of our 2018 Form 10-K. Unless otherwise noted, all dollar amounts in tables are in millions.

OVERVIEW

Our Company
We operate three of the most globally recognized brands in mobility solutions, Avis, Budget and Zipcar, together with several other regional brands well recognized in their respective markets. We are a leading vehicle rental operator in North America, Europe and Australasia with an average rental fleet during 2018 of nearly 650,000 vehicles. We also license the use of our trademarks to licensees in the areas in which we do not operate directly. We and our licensees operate our brands in approximately 180 countries throughout the world.
Our Segments
We categorize our operations into two reportable business segments: Americas, consisting primarily of our vehicle rental operations in North America, South America, Central America and the Caribbean, car sharing operations in certain of these markets, and licensees in the areas in which we do not operate directly; and International, consisting primarily of our vehicle rental operations in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia and Australasia, car sharing operations in certain of these markets, and licensees in the areas in which we do not operate directly.
Business and Trends
Our revenues are derived principally from vehicle rental operations and include:

• | time & mileage fees charged to our customers for vehicle rentals;

• | sales of loss damage waivers and insurance and other supplemental items in conjunction with vehicle rentals; and

• | payments from our customers with respect to certain operating expenses we incur, including gasoline, vehicle licensing fees and concession fees, which provide the right to operate at airports and other locations.

In addition, we receive revenue for royalties and associated fees from our licensees in conjunction with their vehicle rental transactions.
Our operating results are subject to variability due to seasonality, macroeconomic conditions and other factors. Car rental volumes tend to be associated with the travel industry, particularly airline passenger volumes, or enplanements, which in turn tend to reflect general economic conditions. Our operations are also seasonal, with the third quarter of the year historically having been our strongest due to the increased level of leisure travel during such quarter. We have a partially variable cost structure and routinely adjust the size, and therefore the cost, of our rental fleet in response to fluctuations in demand.
Thus far in 2019, worldwide demand for mobility solutions has increased, and used-vehicle values in the U.S. have stabilized, counterbalanced by the incremental impact of rising interest rates, higher salaries, wages and related benefits. We expect such economic conditions to continue throughout 2019.
We pursue opportunities to enhance profitability and increase return on invested capital. Our strategies are intended to support and strengthen our brands, to grow our margins and earnings over time and to achieve growth and efficiency opportunities as mobility solutions continue to evolve.
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We operate in a highly competitive industry and we expect to continue to face challenges and risks in managing our business. We seek to mitigate our exposure to risks in numerous ways, including delivering upon our core strategic initiatives and through continued optimization of fleet levels to match changes in demand for vehicle rentals, maintenance of liquidity to fund our fleet investment and operations, appropriate investments in technology, and adjustments in the size and the nature and terms of our relationships with vehicle manufacturers.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
We measure performance principally using the following key metrics: (i) rental days, which represent the total number of days (or portion thereof) a vehicle was rented, (ii) revenue per day, which represents revenues divided by rental days, (iii) vehicle utilization, which represents rental days divided by available rental days, available rental days is defined as average rental fleet times the number of days in the period, and (iv) per-unit fleet costs, which represent vehicle depreciation, lease charges and gain or loss on vehicle sales, divided by average rental fleet. Our rental days, revenue per day and vehicle utilization metrics are all calculated based on the actual rental of the vehicle during a 24-hour period. We believe that this methodology provides us with the most relevant metrics in order to manage the business. Our calculation may not be comparable to the calculation of similarly-titled metrics by other companies. We present currency exchange rate effects to provide a method of assessing how our business performed excluding the effects of foreign currency rate fluctuations. Currency exchange rate effects are calculated by translating the current-year results at the prior-period average exchange rate plus any related gains and losses on currency hedges.
We assess performance and allocate resources based upon the separate financial information of our operating segments. In identifying our reportable segments, we also consider the nature of services provided by our operating segments, the geographical areas in which our segments operate and other relevant factors. Management evaluates the operating results of each of our reportable segments based upon revenues and “Adjusted EBITDA,” which we define as income from continuing operations before non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization, any impairment charges, restructuring and other related charges, early extinguishment of debt costs, non-vehicle related interest, transaction-related costs, net charges for unprecedented personal-injury legal matters, non-operational charges related to shareholder activist activity, gain on sale of equity method investment in Anji and income taxes. Net charges for unprecedented personal-injury legal matters and gain on sale of equity method investment in Anji are recorded within operating expenses in our consolidated condensed statement of operations. Non-operational charges related to shareholder activist activity include third party advisory, legal and other professional service fees and are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated results of operations. We have revised our definition of Adjusted EBITDA to exclude the gain on sale of equity method investment in Anji. We did not revise prior years’ Adjusted EBITDA amounts because there were no gains similar in nature to this gain. We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful as a supplemental measure in evaluating the performance of our operating businesses and in comparing our results from period to period. We also believe that Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors because it allows them to assess our results of operations and financial condition on the same basis that management uses internally. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income or other income statement data prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures used by other companies.
During the six months ended June 30, 2019:

• | Our revenues totaled $4.3 billion and decreased 1% compared to the similar period in 2018, primarily due to a 2% negative impact from currency exchange rate movements.

• | Our net loss was $29 million and our Adjusted EBITDA was $174 million, representing an $11 million year-over-year increase, primarily due to Americas’ lower per-unit fleet costs, partially offset by lower revenues, higher salaries, wages and related benefits and higher interest rates.

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Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 vs. Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Our consolidated condensed results of operations comprised the following:

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Revenues | $ | 2,337 |  |  | $ | 2,328 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | 0 | %
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Operating | 1,172 |  |  | 1,175 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 0 | %
| Vehicle depreciation and lease charges, net | 543 |  |  | 591 |  |  | (48 | ) |  | (8 | %)
| Selling, general and administrative | 313 |  |  | 321 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | (2 | %)
| Vehicle interest, net | 90 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 13 | %
| Non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization | 66 |  |  | 67 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | %)
| Interest expense related to corporate debt, net | 48 |  |  | 49 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (2 | %)
| Restructuring and other related charges | 23 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 19 |  |  | n/m |
| Transaction-related costs, net | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (67 | %)
Total expenses | 2,256 |  |  | 2,290 |  |  | (34 | ) |  | (1 | %)
Income before income taxes | 81 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 43 |  |  | n/m |
Provision for income taxes | 19 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 58 | %
Net income | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | n/m |

__________

n/m | Not meaningful.

Revenues during the three months ended June 30, 2019 were comparable to the similar period in 2018, primarily as a result of a 2% increase in volume, partially offset by a $46 million negative impact from currency exchange rate movements. Total expenses decreased during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the similar period in 2018, primarily due to a $44 million gain on the sale of an equity method investment in Anji, Americas’ lower per-unit fleet costs and a $32 million favorable impact from currency exchange rate movements, partially offset by higher salaries, wages and related benefits and higher interest rates.
Operating expenses decreased to 50.2% of revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 50.5% during the similar period in 2018. Vehicle depreciation and lease charges decreased to 23.2% of revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 25.4% during the similar period in 2018, primarily due to Americas’ lower per-unit fleet costs. Selling, general and administrative costs decreased to 13.4% of revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 13.8% during the similar period in 2018, primarily due to lower marketing commissions, partially offset by higher salaries, wages, and related benefits. Vehicle interest costs increased to 3.9% of revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 3.5% during the similar period in 2018, due to higher interest rates.
Our effective tax rates were provisions of 23% and 32% for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As a result of these items, our net income increased by $36 million compared to 2018.
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Following is a more detailed discussion of the results of each of our reportable segments and reconciliation of net income to Adjusted EBITDA:

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018
|  |  |  | Revenues |  | Adjusted EBITDA |  | Revenues |  | Adjusted EBITDA
Americas | $ | 1,627 |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 1,590 |  |  | $ | 107 |
International | 710 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 738 |  |  | 71 |
Corporate and Other (a) | — |  |  | (16 | ) |  | — |  |  | (17 | )
| Total Company | $ | 2,337 |  |  | $ | 175 |  |  | $ | 2,328 |  |  | $ | 161 |
|  |  |  | Reconciliation to Adjusted EBITDA |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 26 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 19 |  |  | 12 |
Income before income taxes |  | 81 |  |  | 38 |
Add: | Non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization |  | 66 |  |  | 67 |
|  | Interest expense related to corporate debt, net |  | 48 |  |  | 49 |
|  | Restructuring and other related charges |  | 23 |  |  | 4 |
|  | Transaction-related costs, net (b) |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
|  | Gain on sale of equity method investment in Anji (c) |  | (44 | ) |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 175 |  |  | $ | 161 |

__________

(a) | Includes unallocated corporate overhead which is not attributable to a particular segment.

(b) | Primarily comprised of acquisition- and integration-related expenses.

(c) | Reported within operating expenses in our consolidated condensed results of operations (see Note 1 to our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements).

Americas

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Revenues |  | $ | 1,627 |  |  | $ | 1,590 |  |  | 2 | %
Adjusted EBITDA |  | 152 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 42 | %

Revenues increased 2% during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the similar period in 2018, primarily due to 2% increase in volume and a 1% increase in revenue per day, partially offset by a $3 million negative impact from currency exchange rate movements.
Operating expenses increased to 50.4% of revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 49.2% during the similar period in 2018, primarily due to higher maintenance and damage expense and increased salaries, wages, and related benefits. Vehicle depreciation and lease charges decreased to 24.2% of revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 27.5% during the similar period in 2018, primarily due to a 10% decrease in per-unit fleet costs and higher utilization. Selling, general and administrative costs decreased to 11.5% of revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 12.3% during the similar period in 2018, primarily due to lower marketing commissions, partially offset by higher salaries, wages, and related benefits. Vehicle interest costs increased to 4.6% of revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 4.3% during the similar period in 2018, due to higher interest rates.
Adjusted EBITDA was $45 million higher in second quarter 2019 compared to the similar period in 2018, primarily due to higher revenues, lower per-unit fleet costs and higher utilization, partially offset by higher maintenance and damage expense, higher salaries, wages, and related benefits and higher interest rates.
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International

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Revenues |  | $ | 710 |  |  | $ | 738 |  |  | (4 | %)
Adjusted EBITDA |  | 39 |  |  | 71 |  |  | (45 | %)

Revenues decreased 4% during the three months ended June 30, 2019, compared to the similar period in 2018, primarily due to a 1% decrease in revenue per day excluding exchange rate movements and a $43 million negative impact from currency exchange rate movements, partially offset by 3% higher rental volume.
Operating expenses decreased to 49.8% of revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 52.7% during the similar period in 2018, primarily due to a gain on the sale of an equity method investment in Anji, partially offset by lower revenues and higher public liability and property damage expense. Vehicle depreciation and lease charges increased to 21.0% of revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 20.8% during the similar period in 2018. Selling, general and administrative costs increased to 15.5% of revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 15.2% during the similar period in 2018. Vehicle interest costs increased to 2.0% of revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 1.7% during the similar period in 2018.
Adjusted EBITDA was $32 million lower in second quarter 2019 compared to the similar period in 2018, primarily due to lower revenue per day, higher public liability and property damage expense and an $11 million negative impact from currency exchange rate movements.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 vs. Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Our consolidated results of operations comprised the following:

|  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Revenues | $ | 4,257 |  |  | $ | 4,296 |  |  | $ | (39 | ) |  | (1 | %)
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Operating | 2,243 |  |  | 2,267 |  |  | (24 | ) |  | (1 | %)
| Vehicle depreciation and lease charges, net | 1,028 |  |  | 1,106 |  |  | (78 | ) |  | (7 | %)
| Selling, general and administrative | 597 |  |  | 617 |  |  | (20 | ) |  | (3 | %)
| Vehicle interest, net | 171 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 13 | %
| Non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization | 133 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 4 | %
| Interest expense related to corporate debt, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Interest expense | 90 |  |  | 95 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | (5 | %)
| Early extinguishment of debt | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | n/m |
| Restructuring and other related charges | 44 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 34 |  |  | n/m |
| Transaction-related costs, net | 6 |  |  | 7 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (14 | %)
Total expenses | 4,312 |  |  | 4,387 |  |  | (75 | ) |  | (2 | %)
Loss before income taxes | (55 | ) |  | (91 | ) |  | 36 |  |  | (40 | %)
Benefit from income taxes | (26 | ) |  | (30 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (13 | %)
Net loss | $ | (29 | ) |  | $ | (61 | ) |  | $ | 32 |  |  | (52 | %)

__________

n/m | Not meaningful.

Revenues decreased during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the similar period in 2018, primarily as a result of a 1% decrease in revenue per day excluding exchange rate movements and a $102 million negative impact from currency exchange rate movements, partially offset by a 2% increase in volume. Total expenses decreased during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the similar period in 2018, primarily due to a $93 million favorable impact from currency exchange rate movements, Americas’ lower per-unit fleet
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costs and a $44 million gain on the sale of an equity method investment in Anji, partially offset by higher restructuring and other related charges and higher interest rates.
Operating expenses decreased to 52.7% of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 52.8% during the similar period in 2018, due to a gain on the sale of an equity method investment in Anji, partially offset by higher salaries, wages, and related benefits and higher maintenance and damage expense. Vehicle depreciation and lease charges decreased to 24.2% of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 25.8% during the similar period in 2018, primarily due to Americas’ lower per-unit fleet costs. Selling, general and administrative costs decreased to 14.0% of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 14.4% during the similar period in 2018, primarily due to lower marketing commissions, partially offset by higher salaries, wages and related benefits. Vehicle interest costs increased to 4.0% of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 3.5% during the similar period in 2018, due to higher interest rates.
Our effective tax rates were benefits of 47% and 33% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As a result of these items, our net loss decreased by $32 million compared to 2018.
Following is a more detailed discussion of the results of each of our reportable segments and reconciliation of net loss to Adjusted EBITDA:

|  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018
|  |  |  | Revenues |  | Adjusted EBITDA |  | Revenues |  | Adjusted EBITDA
Americas | $ | 2,954 |  |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 2,938 |  |  | $ | 122 |
International | 1,303 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 1,358 |  |  | 74 |
Corporate and Other (a) | — |  |  | (31 | ) |  | — |  |  | (33 | )
| Total Company | $ | 4,257 |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 4,296 |  |  | $ | 163 |
|  |  |  | Reconciliation to Adjusted EBITDA |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net loss |  | $ | (29 | ) |  | $ | (61 | )
Benefit from income taxes |  | (26 | ) |  | (30 | )
Loss before income taxes |  | (55 | ) |  | (91 | )
Add: | Non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization |  | 133 |  |  | 128 |
|  | Interest expense related to corporate debt, net |  |  |  |
|  | Interest expense |  | 90 |  |  | 95 |
|  | Early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | 5 |
|  | Restructuring and other related charges |  | 44 |  |  | 10 |
|  | Transaction-related costs, net (b) |  | 6 |  |  | 7 |
|  | Non-operational charges related to shareholder activist activity (c) |  | — |  |  | 9 |
|  | Gain on sale of equity method investment in Anji (d) |  | (44 | ) |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 163 |

_________

(a) | Includes unallocated corporate overhead which is not attributable to a particular segment.

(b) | Primarily comprised of acquisition- and integration-related expenses.

(c) | Reported within selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated condensed results of operations.

(d) | Reported within operating expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Operations (see Note 1 to our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements).

Americas

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Revenue |  | $ | 2,954 |  |  | $ | 2,938 |  |  | 1 | %
Adjusted EBITDA |  | 187 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 53 | %

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Revenues increased 1% during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the similar period in 2018, primarily due to an increase in both rental volume and revenue per day, partially offset by a $9 million negative impact from currency exchange rate movements.
Operating expenses increased to 51.3% of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 51.1% during the similar period in 2018. Vehicle depreciation and lease charges decreased to 25.3% of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 28.0% during the similar period in 2018, primarily due to a 9% decrease in per-unit fleet costs. Selling, general and administrative costs decreased to 12.3% of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 12.5% during the similar period in 2018. Vehicle interest costs increased to 4.8% of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 4.2% during the similar period in 2018, due to higher interest rates.
Adjusted EBITDA increased 53% in the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the similar period in 2018, due to lower per-unit fleet costs, partially offset by higher interest rates.
International

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Revenue |  | $ | 1,303 |  |  | $ | 1,358 |  |  | (4 | %)
Adjusted EBITDA |  | 18 |  |  | 74 |  |  | (76 | %)

Revenues decreased 4% during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the similar period in 2018, primarily due to a 3% decrease in revenue per day excluding exchange rate movements and a $93 million negative effect from currency exchange rate movements, partially offset by a 6% increase in volume.
Operating expenses decreased to 55.7% of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 55.8% during the similar period in 2018, primarily due to a gain on the sale of an equity method investment in Anji, partially offset by higher public liability and property damage expense and higher salaries, wages and related benefits. Vehicle depreciation and lease charges increased to 21.6% of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 20.8% during the similar period in 2018, primarily due to lower revenues. Selling, general and administrative costs decreased to 15.7% of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 15.9% during the similar period in 2018. Vehicle interest costs increased to 2.2% of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 2.0% during the similar period in 2018.
Adjusted EBITDA was $56 million lower during the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to the similar period in 2018, primarily due to lower revenues, higher public liability and property damage expense and higher salaries, wages and related benefits and a $12 million negative effect from currency exchange rate movements.
FINANCIAL CONDITION, LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
We present separately the financial data of our vehicle programs. These programs are distinct from our other activities as the assets under vehicle programs are generally funded through the issuance of debt that is collateralized by such assets. The income generated by these assets is used, in part, to repay the principal and interest associated with the debt. Cash inflows and outflows relating to the generation or acquisition of such assets and the principal debt repayment or financing of such assets are classified as activities of our vehicle programs. We believe it is appropriate to segregate the financial data of our vehicle programs because, ultimately, the source of repayment of such debt is the realization of such assets.
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FINANCIAL CONDITION

|  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |  | Change
Total assets exclusive of assets under vehicle programs |  | $ | 9,018 |  |  | $ | 6,370 |  |  | $ | 2,648 |
Total liabilities exclusive of liabilities under vehicle programs |  | 8,531 |  |  | 6,011 |  |  | 2,520 |
Assets under vehicle programs |  | 15,437 |  |  | 12,779 |  |  | 2,658 |
Liabilities under vehicle programs |  | 15,548 |  |  | 12,724 |  |  | 2,824 |
Stockholders’ equity |  | 376 |  |  | 414 |  |  | (38 | )

Total assets exclusive of assets under vehicle programs and total liabilities exclusive of liabilities under vehicle programs increased primarily due to the adoption of ASU 2016-02 (see Note 1 to our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements).
The increases in assets under vehicle programs and liabilities under vehicle programs are principally related to the seasonal increase in the size of our vehicle rental fleet and operating leases recognized upon the adoption of ASU 2016-02 (see Note 1 to our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements). The decrease in stockholders’ equity is primarily due to our comprehensive loss.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our principal sources of liquidity are cash on hand and our ability to generate cash through operations and financing activities, as well as available funding arrangements and committed credit facilities, each of which is discussed below.
During the six months ended June 30, 2019, our Avis Budget Rental Car Funding subsidiary issued approximately $600 million and $650 million in asset-backed notes with an expected final payment date of March 2022 and September 2024, and a weighted average interest rate of 3.56% and 3.44%, respectively. The proceeds from these borrowings were used to fund the repayment of maturing vehicle-backed debt and the acquisition of rental cars in the United States. In June 2019, we called $400 million of our 5½% Senior Notes due April 2023 to be redeemed upon the issuance of our 5¾% Senior Notes in July 2019 (see Note 19 to our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements).
CASH FLOWS
The following table summarizes our cash flows:

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change
Cash provided by (used in): |  |  |  |  |
| Operating activities | $ | 965 |  |  | $ | 1,121 |  |  | $ | (156 | )
| Investing activities | (3,146 | ) |  | (3,748 | ) |  | 602 |
| Financing activities | 2,027 |  |  | 2,389 |  |  | (362 | )
Effect of changes in exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash | 4 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 6 |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash | (150 | ) |  | (240 | ) |  | 90 |
Cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash, beginning of period | 735 |  |  | 901 |  |  | (166 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 585 |  |  | $ | 661 |  |  | $ | (76 | )

The decrease in cash provided by operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared with the same period in 2018 is primarily due to changes in the components of working capital.
The decrease in cash used in investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared with the same period in 2018 is primarily due to an increase in proceeds received on the disposition of vehicles, partially offset by an increase in investment in vehicles.
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The decrease in cash provided by financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared with the same period in 2018 is primarily due to a decrease in net borrowings under vehicle programs.
DEBT AND FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS
At June 30, 2019, we had approximately $16 billion of indebtedness, including corporate indebtedness of approximately $3.5 billion and debt under vehicle programs of approximately $12.5 billion. For detailed information regarding our debt and borrowing arrangements, see Notes 11 and 12 to our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.
LIQUIDITY RISK
Our primary liquidity needs include the procurement of rental vehicles to be used in our operations, servicing of corporate and vehicle-related debt and the payment of operating expenses. The present intention of management is to reinvest the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries indefinitely into our foreign operations. Our primary sources of funding are operating revenue, cash received upon the sale of vehicles, borrowings under our vehicle-backed borrowing arrangements and our senior revolving credit facility, and other financing activities.
As of June 30, 2019, we have cash and cash equivalents of $0.5 billion, available borrowing capacity under our committed credit facilities of $0.6 billion and available capacity under our vehicle programs of approximately $1.3 billion.
Our liquidity position could be negatively affected by financial market disruptions or a downturn in the U.S. and worldwide economies, which may result in unfavorable conditions in the mobility industry, in the asset-backed financing market and in the credit markets generally. We believe these factors have in the past affected and could in the future affect the debt ratings assigned to us by credit rating agencies and the cost of our borrowings. Additionally, a downturn in the worldwide economy or a disruption in the credit markets could impact our liquidity due to (i) decreased demand and pricing for vehicles in the used-vehicle market, (ii) increased costs associated with, and/or reduced capacity or increased collateral needs under, our financings, (iii) the adverse impact of vehicle manufacturers being unable or unwilling to honor their obligations to repurchase or guarantee the depreciation on the related program vehicles and (iv) disruption in our ability to obtain financing due to negative credit events specific to us or affecting the overall debt market.
Our liquidity position could also be negatively impacted if we are unable to remain in compliance with the financial and other covenants associated with our senior revolving credit facility and other borrowings, including a maximum leverage ratio. As of June 30, 2019, we were in compliance with the financial covenants governing our indebtedness. For additional information regarding our liquidity risks, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our 2018 Form 10-K.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
Our future contractual obligations have not changed significantly from the amounts reported within our 2018 Form 10-K with the exception of our commitment to purchase vehicles, which decreased by approximately $5.6 billion from December 31, 2018, to approximately $3.1 billion at June 30, 2019 due to seasonality. Changes to our obligations related to corporate indebtedness and debt under vehicle programs are presented above within the section titled “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt and Financing Arrangements” and also within Notes 11 and 12 to our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The results of the majority of our recurring operations are recorded in our financial statements using accounting policies that are not particularly subjective, nor complex. However, in presenting our financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported therein. Several of the estimates and assumptions that we are required to make pertain to matters that are inherently uncertain as they relate to future events. Presented within the section titled “Critical Accounting Policies” of our 2018 Form 10-K are the accounting policies (related to goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets, vehicles, income taxes and public liability, property damage and other insurance
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liabilities) that we believe require subjective and/or complex judgments that could potentially affect 2019 reported results. There have been no significant changes to those accounting policies or our assessment of which accounting policies we would consider to be critical accounting policies.
New Accounting Standards
For detailed information regarding new accounting standards and their impact on our business, see Note 1 to our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.

Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We are exposed to a variety of market risks, including changes in currency exchange rates, interest rates and gasoline prices. We assess our market risks based on changes in interest and currency exchange rates utilizing a sensitivity analysis that measures the potential impact on earnings, fair values and cash flows based on a hypothetical 10% change (increase and decrease) in interest and foreign currency exchange rates. We used June 30, 2019 market rates to perform a sensitivity analysis separately for each of these market risk exposures. We have determined, through such analyses, that the impact of a 10% change in interest or currency exchange rates on our results of operations, balance sheet and cash flows would not be material. Additionally, we have commodity price exposure related to fluctuations in the price of unleaded gasoline. We anticipate that such commodity risk will remain a market risk exposure for the foreseeable future. We determined that a 10% change in the price of unleaded gasoline would not have a material impact on our earnings for the period ended June 30, 2019. For additional information regarding our long-term borrowings and financial instruments, see Notes 11, 12 and 16 to our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.

Item 4. | Controls and Procedures

(a) | Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)). Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2019.

(b) | Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. During the fiscal quarter to which this report relates, there has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings

During the quarter ended June 30, 2019, the Company had no material developments to report with respect to its legal proceedings. For additional information regarding the Company’s legal proceedings, see Note 13 to our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements and refer to the Company’s 2018 Form 10-K.

Item 1A. | Risk Factors

During the quarter ended June 30, 2019, the Company had no material developments to report with respect to its risk factors. For additional information regarding the Company’s risk factors, please refer to the Company’s 2018 Form 10-K.

Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The Company’s Board of Directors has authorized the repurchase of up to $1.7 billion of its common stock under a plan originally approved in 2013 and subsequently expanded. In August 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors increased the Company’s share repurchase program authorization by $100 million. The Company’s stock repurchases may occur through open market purchases or trading plans pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The amount and timing of specific repurchases are subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements and other factors. The repurchase program may be suspended, modified or discontinued at any time without prior notice. The repurchase program has no set expiration or termination date. During the three months ended June 30, 2019, no common stock repurchases were made under the plan and 11,301 shares were withheld by the Company to satisfy employees’ income tax liabilities attributable to the vesting of restricted stock unit awards.

Item 6. | Exhibits

See Exhibit Index.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  | AVIS BUDGET GROUP, INC.
Date: | August 6, 2019 |  |  |
|  |  |  | /s/ David T. Calabria
|  |  |  | David T. Calabria
|  |  |  | Senior Vice President and
|  |  |  | Chief Accounting Officer

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Exhibit Index

Exhibit No. | Description
4.1 | Indenture dated as of July 3, 2019 among Avis Budget Car Rental, LLC and Avis Budget Finance, Inc., as Issuers, the Guarantors from time to time parties thereto and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as Trustee.
4.2 | Form of 5.75% Senior Notes Due 2027.
10.1 | Avis Budget Group, Inc. Amended and Restated Equity and Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Annex A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A dated March 26, 2019).
10.2 | Series 2019-2 Supplement, dated as of April 23, 2019, between Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee and as Series 2019-2 Agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 29, 2019).
10.3 | Separation Agreement between Mr. De Shon and Avis Budget Group, Inc. dated May 26, 2019 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 31, 2019).
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13(a)-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13(a)-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.

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