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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2020
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 000-22418
ITRON, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Washington |  | 91-1011792
(State of Incorporation) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

2111 N Molter Road, Liberty Lake, Washington 99019
(509) 924-9900
(Address and telephone number of registrant's principal executive offices)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, no par value |  | ITRI |  | NASDAQ Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

| Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | ☐ |
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of April 30, 2020, there were outstanding 40,204,114 shares of the registrant's common stock, no par value, which is the only class of common stock of the registrant.

Table of Contents
Itron, Inc.
Table of Contents

| Page
PART I: FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1: Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
Consolidated Statements of Operations | 1
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 2
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 3
Consolidated Statements of Equity | 4
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 5
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 6
Item 2: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 25
Item 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 41
Item 4: Controls and Procedures | 43
PART II: OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1: Legal Proceedings | 44
Item 1A: Risk Factors | 44
Item 2: Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 45
Item 5: Other Information | 45
Item 6: Exhibits | 46
SIGNATURE | 47

Table of Contents
PART I: FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1: Financial Statements (Unaudited)
ITRON, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(UNAUDITED)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
In thousands, except per share data | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Product revenues | $ | 528,137 |  |  | $ | 544,850 |  |  |  |  |
Service revenues | 70,278 |  |  | 69,726 |  |  |  |  |
Total revenues | 598,415 |  |  | 614,576 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Product cost of revenues | 384,681 |  |  | 386,102 |  |  |  |  |
Service cost of revenues | 42,168 |  |  | 41,211 |  |  |  |  |
Total cost of revenues | 426,849 |  |  | 427,313 |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit | 171,566 |  |  | 187,263 |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales, general and administrative | 80,498 |  |  | 92,715 |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 53,781 |  |  | 50,490 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | 11,165 |  |  | 15,973 |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring | (248) |  |  | 7,262 |  |  |  |  |
Total operating expenses | 145,196 |  |  | 166,440 |  |  |  |  |
Operating income | 26,370 |  |  | 20,823 |  |  |  |  |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 553 |  |  | 328 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (11,277) |  |  | (13,535) |  |  |  |  |
Other income (expense), net | 1,066 |  |  | (1,644) |  |  |  |  |
Total other income (expense) | (9,658) |  |  | (14,851) |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes | 16,712 |  |  | 5,972 |  |  |  |  |
Income tax provision | (7,550) |  |  | (6,121) |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | 9,162 |  |  | (149) |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 478 |  |  | 1,758 |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to Itron, Inc. | $ | 8,684 |  |  | $ | (1,907) |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) per common share - Basic | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | (0.05) |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) per common share - Diluted | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | (0.05) |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - Basic | 40,043 |  |  | 39,658 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - Diluted | 40,474 |  |  | 39,658 |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ITRON, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(UNAUDITED)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
In thousands | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 9,162 |  |  | $ | (149) |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (25,445) |  |  | (2,386) |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, designated as cash flow hedges | (767) |  |  | 135 |  |  |  |  |
Pension benefit obligation adjustment | 1,001 |  |  | 471 |  |  |  |  |
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (25,211) |  |  | (1,780) |  |  |  |  |
Total comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (16,049) |  |  | (1,929) |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests, net of tax | 478 |  |  | 1,758 |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Itron, Inc. | $ | (16,527) |  |  | $ | (3,687) |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ITRON, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(UNAUDITED)

In thousands | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 554,520 |  |  | $ | 149,904 |
Accounts receivable, net | 463,613 |  |  | 472,925 |
Inventories | 221,850 |  |  | 227,896 |
Other current assets | 147,743 |  |  | 146,526 |
Total current assets | 1,387,726 |  |  | 997,251 |
Property, plant, and equipment, net | 225,925 |  |  | 233,228 |
Deferred tax assets, net | 62,064 |  |  | 63,899 |
Other long-term assets | 48,282 |  |  | 44,686 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | 76,612 |  |  | 79,773 |
Intangible assets, net | 170,810 |  |  | 185,097 |
Goodwill | 1,100,328 |  |  | 1,103,907 |
Total assets | $ | 3,071,747 |  |  | $ | 2,707,841 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 326,433 |  |  | $ | 328,128 |
Other current liabilities | 64,639 |  |  | 63,785 |
Wages and benefits payable | 97,950 |  |  | 119,220 |
Taxes payable | 16,713 |  |  | 22,193 |
Current portion of debt | 6,719 |  |  | — |
Current portion of warranty | 36,409 |  |  | 38,509 |
Unearned revenue | 118,231 |  |  | 99,556 |
Total current liabilities | 667,094 |  |  | 671,391 |
Long-term debt, net | 1,326,556 |  |  | 932,482 |
Long-term warranty | 12,310 |  |  | 14,732 |
Pension benefit obligation | 97,523 |  |  | 98,712 |
Deferred tax liabilities, net | 1,774 |  |  | 1,809 |
Operating lease liabilities | 66,287 |  |  | 68,919 |
Other long-term obligations | 104,708 |  |  | 118,981 |
Total liabilities | 2,276,252 |  |  | 1,907,026 |
Equity |  |  |
Preferred stock, no par value, 10,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, no par value, 75,000 shares authorized, 40,176 and 39,941 shares issued and outstanding | 1,368,329 |  |  | 1,357,600 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net | (229,883) |  |  | (204,672) |
Accumulated deficit | (367,706) |  |  | (376,390) |
Total Itron, Inc. shareholders' equity | 770,740 |  |  | 776,538 |
Noncontrolling interests | 24,755 |  |  | 24,277 |
Total equity | 795,495 |  |  | 800,815 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 3,071,747 |  |  | $ | 2,707,841 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ITRON, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(UNAUDITED)

| Common Stock |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Itron, Inc. Shareholders' Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total Equity
In thousands | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balances at January 1, 2020 | 39,941 |  |  | $ | 1,357,600 |  |  | $ | (204,672) |  |  | $ | (376,390) |  |  | $ | 776,538 |  |  | $ | 24,277 |  |  | $ | 800,815 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,684 |  |  | 8,684 |  |  | 478 |  |  | 9,162 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  | (25,211) |  |  |  |  | (25,211) |  |  |  |  | (25,211) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net stock issues and repurchases | 235 |  |  |  | 2,247 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,247 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,247 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 8,482 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,482 |  |  |  |  | 8,482 |
Balances at March 31, 2020 | 40,176 |  |  | $ | 1,368,329 |  |  | $ | (229,883) |  |  | $ | (367,706) |  |  | $ | 770,740 |  |  | $ | 24,755 |  |  | $ | 795,495 |

| Common Stock |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Itron, Inc. Shareholders' Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interests |  | Total Equity
In thousands | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balances at January 1, 2019 | 39,498 |  |  | $ | 1,334,364 |  |  | $ | (196,305) |  |  | $ | (425,396) |  |  | $ | 712,663 |  |  | $ | 21,385 |  |  | $ | 734,048 |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,907) |  |  | (1,907) |  |  | 1,758 |  |  | (149) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  | (1,780) |  |  |  |  | (1,780) |  |  |  |  | (1,780) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (517) |  |  | (517) |
Net stock issues and repurchases | 360 |  |  |  | 1,195 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,195 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,195 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 7,048 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,048 |  |  |  |  | 7,048 |
Stock repurchased | (165) |  |  | (7,814) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,814) |  |  |  |  | (7,814) |
Balances at March 31, 2019 | 39,693 |  |  | $ | 1,334,793 |  |  | $ | (198,085) |  |  | $ | (427,303) |  |  | $ | 709,405 |  |  | $ | 22,626 |  |  | $ | 732,031 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ITRON, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(UNAUDITED)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands | 2020 |  | 2019
Operating activities |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 9,162 |  |  | $ | (149) |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 24,031 |  |  | 28,427 |
Non-cash operating lease expense | 5,496 |  |  | 4,910 |
Stock-based compensation | 8,482 |  |  | 7,205 |
Amortization of prepaid debt fees | 1,007 |  |  | 1,200 |
Deferred taxes, net | 4,062 |  |  | (430) |
Restructuring, non-cash | (955) |  |  | 96 |
Other adjustments, net | (874) |  |  | 44 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 1,185 |  |  | (37,977) |
Inventories | (543) |  |  | (1,659) |
Other current assets | (4,526) |  |  | (11,030) |
Other long-term assets | (6,501) |  |  | 334 |
Accounts payable, other current liabilities, and taxes payable | 135 |  |  | 12,312 |
Wages and benefits payable | (19,977) |  |  | 8,465 |
Unearned revenue | 17,395 |  |  | 8,235 |
Warranty | (4,250) |  |  | (2,569) |
Other operating, net | (14,435) |  |  | 7,510 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 18,894 |  |  | 24,924 |
Investing activities |  |  |
Acquisitions of property, plant, and equipment | (12,602) |  |  | (11,415) |
Other investing, net | 3,345 |  |  | 299 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (9,257) |  |  | (11,116) |
Financing activities |  |  |
Proceeds from borrowings | 400,000 |  |  | 30,000 |
Payments on debt | — |  |  | (44,063) |
Issuance of common stock | 2,911 |  |  | 1,758 |
Repurchase of common stock | (664) |  |  | (8,534) |
Prepaid debt fees | (175) |  |  | (175) |
Other financing, net | (335) |  |  | (2,229) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 401,737 |  |  | (23,243) |
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (6,758) |  |  | 72 |
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 404,616 |  |  | (9,363) |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period | 149,904 |  |  | 122,328 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 554,520 |  |  | $ | 112,965 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |
Cash paid (received) during the period for: |  |  |
Income taxes, net | $ | (5,370) |  |  | $ | 3,241 |
Interest | 14,804 |  |  | 16,628 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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ITRON, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
March 31, 2020
(UNAUDITED)
In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the terms "we," "us," "our," "Itron," and the "Company" refer to Itron, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Financial Statement Preparation
The consolidated financial statements presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are unaudited and reflect entries necessary for the fair presentation of the Consolidated Statements of Operations, the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), Consolidated Statements of Equity and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, and the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, of Itron, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All entries required for the fair presentation of the financial statements are of a normal recurring nature, except as disclosed. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year or for any other period.
Certain information and notes normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) have been partially or completely omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regarding interim results. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC in our Annual Report on Form 10-K on February 27, 2020 (2019 Annual Report). There have been no significant changes in financial statement preparation or significant accounting policies since December 31, 2019.
Risks and Uncertainties
The COVID-19 pandemic has had global economic impacts including disrupting global supply chains and creating market volatility. The extent of the recent pandemic and its ongoing impact on our operations is volatile, but is being monitored closely by management. We expect that certain of our customers’ projects and deployments may shift to later in 2020 or possibly 2021. At this time, we have not identified any significant decrease in long-term customer demand for our products and services. Nonetheless, a prolonged pandemic could adversely impact the efficiency and effectiveness of our organization, further impact our global supply chain network, result in delays or decreases in customer collections, reduce demand for our products and services, and inhibit our sales efforts, any of which could materially impact our revenues, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents that are contractually restricted from operating use are classified as restricted cash and cash equivalents.
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

In thousands | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019 |  | March 31, 2019
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 554,520 |  |  | $ | 149,904 |  |  | $ | 110,828 |
Current restricted cash included in other current assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |
Long-term restricted cash | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,086 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 554,520 |  |  | $ | 149,904 |  |  | $ | 112,965 |

Accounts Receivable, net
Accounts receivable are recognized for invoices issued to customers in accordance with our contractual arrangements. Interest and late payment fees are minimal. Unbilled receivables are recognized when revenues are recognized upon product shipment or service delivery and invoicing occurs at a later date. We recognize an allowance for doubtful accounts representing our estimate of the expected losses in accounts receivable at the date of the balance sheet based on our historical experience of bad debts, our specific review of outstanding receivables, and our review of current and expected economic conditions. Accounts receivable are written-off against the allowance when we believe an account, or a portion thereof, is no longer collectible.
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Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. Subsequent to 2016-13 the FASB also issued codification improvements and transition relief in ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-11, ASU 2020-02, and ASU 2020-03, hereafter collectively referred to as Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 326. ASC 326 replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in previous GAAP with a methodology based on expected credit losses, which results in losses being recognized earlier. The estimate of expected credit losses uses a broader range of reasonable and supportable information. We adopted ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, and the impacts on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows, were immaterial.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which amended the disclosure requirements under ASC 820. This update clarifies and unifies the disclosure of Level 3 fair value instruments. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2020, and it did not materially impact our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans, which amends the disclosure requirements under ASC 715-20. This update clarifies annual disclosures for Defined Benefit Plans. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2020, and it did not materially impact our consolidated financial statements.
Recent Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which modifies certain provisions of ASC 740, in an effort to reduce the complexity of accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 is effective for us beginning with our interim financial reports for the first quarter of 2021. We are currently evaluating the effects and do not believe this standard will have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform. ASU 2020-04 applies to contracts that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be terminated because of reference rate reform. An entity may elect certain optional expedients for hedging relationships that exist as of December 31, 2022, and maintain those optional expedients through the end of the hedging relationship. ASU 2020-04 can be adopted as of March 12, 2020. We do not currently have any contracts that have been changed to a new reference rate, but we will continue to evaluate our contracts and the effects of this standard on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows prior to adoption.
Note 2: Earnings Per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share (EPS):

|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands, except per share data |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,684 |  |  | $ | (1,907) |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - Basic |  |  |  |  | 40,043 |  |  | 39,658 |
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards |  |  |  |  | 431 |  |  | — |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - Diluted |  |  |  |  | 40,474 |  |  | 39,658 |
Net income (loss) per common share - Basic |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | (0.05) |
Net income (loss) per common share - Diluted |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | (0.05) |

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Stock-based Awards
For stock-based awards, the dilutive effect is calculated using the treasury stock method. Under this method, the dilutive effect is computed as if the awards were exercised at the beginning of the period (or at time of issuance, if later) and assumes the related proceeds were used to repurchase our common stock at the average market price during the period. Related proceeds include the amount the employee must pay upon exercise and the future compensation cost associated with the stock award. Approximately 0.3 million and 1.0 million stock-based awards were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 because they were anti-dilutive. These stock-based awards could be dilutive in future periods.
Note 3: Certain Balance Sheet Components
A summary of accounts receivable from contracts with customers is as follows:

Accounts receivable, net |  |  |
In thousands | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Trade receivables (net of allowance of $3,046 and $3,064) | $ | 398,025 |  |  | $ | 415,887 |
Unbilled receivables | 65,588 |  |  | 57,038 |
Total accounts receivable, net | $ | 463,613 |  |  | $ | 472,925 |

Allowance for doubtful accounts activity |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Beginning balance |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,064 |  |  | $ | 6,331 |
Provision for (release of) doubtful accounts, net |  |  |  |  | 510 |  |  | (2,103) |
Accounts written-off |  |  |  |  | (415) |  |  | (192) |
Effect of change in exchange rates |  |  |  |  | (113) |  |  | 10 |
Ending balance |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,046 |  |  | $ | 4,046 |

Inventories |  |  |
In thousands | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Raw materials | $ | 133,285 |  |  | $ | 120,861 |
Work in process | 10,473 |  |  | 11,105 |
Finished goods | 78,092 |  |  | 95,930 |
Total inventories | $ | 221,850 |  |  | $ | 227,896 |

Property, plant, and equipment, net |  |  |
In thousands | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Machinery and equipment | $ | 311,771 |  |  | $ | 323,003 |
Computers and software | 111,501 |  |  | 109,924 |
Buildings, furniture, and improvements | 150,847 |  |  | 149,471 |
Land | 14,538 |  |  | 14,988 |
Construction in progress, including purchased equipment | 45,596 |  |  | 54,490 |
Total cost | 634,253 |  |  | 651,876 |
Accumulated depreciation | (408,328) |  |  | (418,648) |
Property, plant, and equipment, net | $ | 225,925 |  |  | $ | 233,228 |

Depreciation expense |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Depreciation expense |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,866 |  |  | $ | 12,384 |

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Note 4: Intangible Assets and Liabilities
The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization (accretion) of our intangible assets and liabilities, other than goodwill, were as follows:

| March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |
In thousands | Gross |  | Accumulated (Amortization) Accretion |  | Net |  | Gross |  | Accumulated (Amortization) Accretion |  | Net
Intangible Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Core-developed technology | $ | 501,124 |  |  | $ | (457,310) |  |  | $ | 43,814 |  |  | $ | 507,669 |  |  | $ | (458,109) |  |  | $ | 49,560 |
Customer contracts and relationships | 372,983 |  |  | (251,122) |  |  | 121,861 |  |  | 381,288 |  |  | (251,509) |  |  | 129,779 |
Trademarks and trade names | 77,613 |  |  | (73,083) |  |  | 4,530 |  |  | 78,837 |  |  | (73,732) |  |  | 5,105 |
Other | 12,019 |  |  | (11,414) |  |  | 605 |  |  | 12,020 |  |  | (11,367) |  |  | 653 |
Total intangible assets | $ | 963,739 |  |  | $ | (792,929) |  |  | $ | 170,810 |  |  | $ | 979,814 |  |  | $ | (794,717) |  |  | $ | 185,097 |
Intangible Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer contracts and relationships | $ | (23,900) |  |  | $ | 15,458 |  |  | $ | (8,442) |  |  | $ | (23,900) |  |  | $ | 13,450 |  |  | $ | (10,450) |

A summary of intangible assets and liabilities activity is as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands | 2020 |  | 2019
Beginning balance, intangible assets, gross | $ | 979,814 |  |  | $ | 981,160 |
Effect of change in exchange rates | (16,075) |  |  | 2,359 |
Ending balance, intangible assets, gross | $ | 963,739 |  |  | $ | 983,519 |
Beginning balance, intangible liabilities, gross | $ | (23,900) |  |  | $ | (23,900) |
Effect of change in exchange rates | — |  |  | — |
Ending balance, intangible liabilities, gross | $ | (23,900) |  |  | $ | (23,900) |

On January 5, 2018, we completed our acquisition of Silver Spring Networks, Inc. (SSNI) and acquired intangible assets including in-process research and development (IPR&D), which were completed during 2019 and are now included within core-developed technology. Assumed intangible liabilities reflect the present value of the projected cash outflows for an existing contract where remaining costs are expected to exceed projected revenues.
Estimated future annual amortization (accretion) is as follows:

Year Ending December 31, |  | Amortization |  | Accretion |  | Estimated Annual Amortization, net
In thousands |  |  |  |  |  |
2020 (amount remaining at March 31, 2020) |  | $ | 39,618 |  |  | $ | (6,020) |  |  | $ | 33,598 |
2021 |  | 37,572 |  |  | (1,963) |  |  | 35,609 |
2022 |  | 27,212 |  |  | (459) |  |  | 26,753 |
2023 |  | 19,674 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,674 |
2024 |  | 15,523 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,523 |
Thereafter |  | 31,211 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,211 |
Total intangible assets subject to amortization (accretion) |  | $ | 170,810 |  |  | $ | (8,442) |  |  | $ | 162,368 |

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Note 5: Goodwill
The following table reflects changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the three months ended March 31, 2020:

In thousands | Device Solutions |  | Networked Solutions |  | Outcomes |  | Total Company
Goodwill balance at January 1, 2020 | $ | 54,930 |  |  | $ | 908,088 |  |  | $ | 140,889 |  |  | $ | 1,103,907 |
Effect of change in exchange rates | (177) |  |  | (2,944) |  |  | (458) |  |  | (3,579) |
Goodwill balance at March 31, 2020 | $ | 54,753 |  |  | $ | 905,144 |  |  | $ | 140,431 |  |  | $ | 1,100,328 |

Note 6: Debt
The components of our borrowings were as follows:

In thousands | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Credit facility |  |  |
USD denominated term loan | $ | 550,156 |  |  | $ | 550,156 |
Multicurrency revolving line of credit | 400,000 |  |  | — |
Senior notes | 400,000 |  |  | 400,000 |
Total debt | 1,350,156 |  |  | 950,156 |
Less: current portion of debt | 6,719 |  |  | — |
Less: unamortized prepaid debt fees - term loan | 3,446 |  |  | 3,661 |
Less: unamortized prepaid debt fees - senior notes | 13,435 |  |  | 14,013 |
Long-term debt, net | $ | 1,326,556 |  |  | $ | 932,482 |

Credit Facility
On October 18, 2019, we amended our credit facility that was initially entered on January 5, 2018 (together with the amendment, the "2018 credit facility"). The 2018 credit facility provides for committed credit facilities in the amount of $1.2 billion U.S. dollars. The 2018 credit facility consists of a $650 million U.S. dollar term loan (the term loan) and a multicurrency revolving line of credit (the revolver) with a principal amount of up to $500 million. The revolver also contains a $300 million standby letter of credit sub-facility and a $50 million swingline sub-facility. The October 18, 2019 amendment extended the maturity date to October 18, 2024 and re-amortized the term loan based on the new balance as of the amendment date. The amendment also modified the required interest payments and made it based on total net leverage instead of total leverage. Amounts not borrowed under the revolver are subject to a commitment fee, which is paid in arrears on the last day of each fiscal quarter, ranging from 0.15% to 0.25% and drawn amounts are subject to a margin ranging from 1.00% to 1.75%. Both the term loan and the revolver can be repaid without penalty. Amounts repaid on the term loan may not be reborrowed, and amounts borrowed under the revolver may be repaid and reborrowed until the revolver's maturity, at which time all outstanding loans together with all accrued and unpaid interest must be repaid.
The 2018 credit facility permits us and certain of our foreign subsidiaries to borrow in U.S. dollars, euros, British pounds, or, with lender approval, other currencies readily convertible into U.S. dollars. All obligations under the 2018 credit facility are guaranteed by Itron, Inc. and material U.S. domestic subsidiaries and are secured by a pledge of substantially all of the assets of Itron, Inc. and material U.S. domestic subsidiaries. This includes a pledge of 100% of the capital stock of material U.S. domestic subsidiaries and up to 66% of the voting stock (100% of the non-voting stock) of first-tier foreign subsidiaries. In addition, the obligations of any foreign subsidiary who is a foreign borrower, as defined by the 2018 credit facility, are guaranteed by the foreign subsidiary and by its direct and indirect foreign parents. The 2018 credit facility includes debt covenants, which contain certain financial thresholds and place certain restrictions on the incurrence of debt, investments, and the issuance of dividends. We were in compliance with the debt covenants under the 2018 credit facility at March 31, 2020.
Under the 2018 credit facility, we elect applicable market interest rates for both the term loan and any outstanding revolving loans. We also pay an applicable margin, which is based on our total net leverage ratio as defined in the credit agreement. The applicable rates per annum may be based on either: (1) the LIBOR rate or EURIBOR rate (subject to a floor of 0%), plus an applicable margin, or (2) the Alternate Base Rate, plus an applicable margin. The Alternate Base Rate election is equal to the greatest of three rates: (i) the prime rate, (ii) the Federal Reserve effective rate plus 0.50%, or (iii) one-month LIBOR plus 1.00%. At March 31, 2020, the interest rate for both the term loan and revolver was 2.49%, which includes the LIBOR rate plus a margin of 1.50%.
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On March 25, 2020, we drew $400 million in U.S. dollars under the revolving line of credit within the 2018 credit facility to increase our cash position and preserve future financial flexibility. At March 31, 2020, $400 million was outstanding under the revolver, and $40.9 million was utilized by outstanding standby letters of credit, resulting in $59.1 million available for additional borrowings or standby letters of credit. At March 31, 2020, no amounts were outstanding under the swingline sub-facility.
Senior Notes
On December 22, 2017 and January 19, 2018, we issued $300 million and $100 million of aggregate principal amount of 5.00% senior notes maturing January 15, 2026 (Senior Notes). The proceeds were used to refinance existing indebtedness related to the acquisition of SSNI, pay related fees and expenses, and for general corporate purposes. Interest on the Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15. The Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a senior unsecured basis by each of our subsidiaries that guarantee the senior credit facilities.
Prior to maturity, we may redeem some or all of the Senior Notes, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, plus a "make-whole" premium. On or after January 15, 2021, we may redeem some or all of the Senior Notes at any time at declining redemption prices equal to 102.50% beginning on January 15, 2021, 101.25% beginning on January 15, 2022 and 100.00% beginning on January 15, 2023 and thereafter to the applicable redemption date. In addition, before January 15, 2021, and subject to certain conditions, we may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes with the net proceeds of certain equity offerings at 105.00% thereof to the date of redemption; provided that (i) at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes remains outstanding after such redemption and (ii) the redemption occurs within 60 days of the closing of any such equity offering.
Debt Maturities
The amount of required minimum principal payments on our long-term debt in aggregate over the next five years is as follows:

Year Ending December 31, |  | Minimum Payments
In thousands |  |
2020 (amount remaining at March 31, 2020) |  | $ | — |
2021 |  | 32,422 |
2022 |  | 44,063 |
2023 |  | 44,063 |
2024 |  | 829,608 |
Thereafter |  | 400,000 |
Total minimum payments on debt |  | $ | 1,350,156 |

Note 7: Derivative Financial Instruments
As part of our risk management strategy, we use derivative instruments to hedge certain foreign currency and interest rate exposures. Refer to "Note 13: Shareholders' Equity" and "Note 14: Fair Values of Financial Instruments" for additional disclosures on our derivative instruments.
The fair values of our derivative instruments are determined using the income approach and significant other observable inputs (and are classified as "Level 2" in the fair value hierarchy). We have used observable market inputs based on the type of derivative and the nature of the underlying instrument. The key inputs include interest rate yield curves (swap rates and futures) and foreign exchange spot and forward rates, all of which are available in an active market. We have utilized the mid-market pricing convention for these inputs. We include, as a discount to the derivative asset, the effect of our counterparty credit risk based on current published credit default swap rates when the net fair value of our derivative instruments is in a net asset position. We consider our own nonperformance risk when the net fair value of our derivative instruments is in a net liability position by discounting our derivative liabilities to reflect the potential credit risk to our counterparty through applying a current market indicative credit spread to all cash flows.
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The fair values of our derivative instruments were as follows:

|  |  |  | Fair Value |  |
Derivative Assets |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815-20 |  |  |  | In thousands |  |
Interest rate swap contract |  | Other current assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 174 |
Interest rate cap contracts |  | Other current assets |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Foreign exchange options |  | Other current assets |  | 1,099 |  |  | — |
Cross currency swap contract |  | Other current assets |  | 473 |  |  | 1,156 |
Cross currency swap contract |  | Other long-term assets |  | 4,481 |  |  | 2,870 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815-20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange forward contracts |  | Other current assets |  | 213 |  |  | 96 |
Total asset derivatives |  |  |  | $ | 6,266 |  |  | $ | 4,297 |
Derivative Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815-20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts |  | Other current liabilities |  | $ | 789 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swap contracts |  | Other long-term obligations |  | 720 |  |  | — |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815-20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange forward contracts |  | Other current liabilities |  | 577 |  |  | 162 |
Total liability derivatives |  |  |  | $ | 2,086 |  |  | $ | 162 |

The changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), net of tax, for our derivative and nonderivative hedging instruments designated as hedging instruments, net of tax, were as follows:

In thousands | 2020 |  | 2019
Net unrealized loss on hedging instruments at January 1, | $ | (15,103) |  |  | $ | (13,179) |
Unrealized gain (loss) on hedging instruments | 282 |  |  | 211 |
Realized (gains) losses reclassified into net income (loss) | (1,049) |  |  | (76) |
Net unrealized loss on hedging instruments at March 31, | $ | (15,870) |  |  | $ | (13,044) |

Reclassification of amounts related to hedging instruments are included in interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. Included in the net unrealized gain (loss) on hedging instruments at March 31, 2020 and 2019 is a loss of $14.4 million, net of tax, related to our nonderivative net investment hedge, which terminated in 2011. This loss on our net investment hedge will remain in AOCI until earnings are impacted by a sale or liquidation of the associated foreign operation.
A summary of the effect of netting arrangements on our financial position related to the offsetting of our recognized derivative assets and liabilities under master netting arrangements or similar agreements is as follows:

Offsetting of Derivative Assets | Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |  |  |
In thousands |  |  | Derivative Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Received |  | Net Amount
March 31, 2020 | $ | 6,266 |  |  | $ | (716) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,550 |
December 31, 2019 | 4,297 |  |  | (56) |  |  | — |  |  | 4,241 |

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Offsetting of Derivative Liabilities | Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |  |  |
In thousands |  |  | Derivative Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Pledged |  | Net Amount
March 31, 2020 | $ | 2,086 |  |  | $ | (716) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,370 |
December 31, 2019 | 162 |  |  | (56) |  |  | — |  |  | 106 |

Our derivative assets and liabilities subject to netting arrangements consist of foreign exchange forwards and options and interest rate contracts with eight counterparties at March 31, 2020 and five counterparties at December 31, 2019. No derivative asset or liability balance with any of our counterparties was individually significant at March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019. Our derivative contracts with each of these counterparties exist under agreements that provide for the net settlement of all contracts through a single payment in a single currency in the event of default. We have no pledges of cash collateral against our obligations, and we have not received pledges of cash collateral from our counterparties under the associated derivative contracts.
Cash Flow Hedges
As a result of our floating rate debt, we are exposed to variability in our cash flows from changes in the applicable interest rate index. We enter into interest rate caps and swaps to reduce the variability of cash flows from increases in the LIBOR based borrowing rates on our floating rate credit facility. These instruments do not protect us from changes to the applicable margin under our credit facility. At March 31, 2020, our LIBOR-based debt balance was $950.2 million.
In October 2015, we entered into one interest rate swap, which is effective from August 31, 2016 to June 23, 2020, and converts $214 million of our LIBOR-based debt from a floating LIBOR interest rate to a fixed interest rate of 1.42% (excluding the applicable margin on the debt). The notional balance will amortize to maturity at the same rate as required minimum payments on our term loan. In March 2020, we entered into an interest rate swap, which is effective from June 30, 2020 to June 30, 2023, and converts $240 million of our LIBOR-based debt from a floating LIBOR interest rate to a fixed interest rate of 0.617% (excluding the applicable margin). The notional balance will amortize to maturity at the same rate of originally required amortizations on our term loan. Changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (OCI) and are recognized in earnings when the hedged item affects earnings. The amounts paid or received on the hedges are recognized as an adjustment to interest expense along with the earnings effect of the hedged item. The amount of net losses expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months is $0.8 million.
In November 2015, we entered into three interest rate cap contracts with a total notional amount of $100 million at a cost of $1.7 million. The interest rate cap contracts expire on June 23, 2020 and were entered into in order to limit our interest rate exposure on $100 million of our variable LIBOR based debt up to 2.00%. In the event LIBOR is higher than 2.00%, we will pay interest at the capped rate of 2.00% with respect to the $100 million notional amount of such agreements. The interest rate cap contracts do not include the effect of the applicable margin. Changes in the fair value of these instruments will be recognized as a component of OCI and will be recognized in earnings when the hedged item affects earnings. The amounts received on the hedge are recognized as an adjustment to interest expense along with the earnings effect of the hedged item. The amount of net losses expected to be reclassified into earnings for all interest rate cap contracts in the next 12 months is $0.2 million.
In April 2018, we entered into one cross-currency swap, which converts $56.0 million of floating LIBOR-based U.S. dollar denominated debt into 1.38% fixed rate euro denominated debt. This cross-currency swap matures on April 30, 2021 and mitigates the risk associated with fluctuations in currency rates impacting cash flows related to U.S. dollar denominated debt in a euro functional currency entity. Changes in the fair value of the cross-currency swap are recognized as a component of OCI and will be recognized in earnings when the hedged item affects earnings. The amounts paid or received on the hedge are recognized as an adjustment to interest expense along with the earnings effect of the hedged item. The amount of net gains expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months is $0.5 million.
As a result of our forecasted inventory purchases in a non-functional currency, we are exposed to foreign exchange risk. We hedge portions of these purchases. During February 2020, we entered into foreign exchange option contracts for a total notional amount of $96 million at a cost of $1.2 million. The contracts will mature ratably through the year with final maturity in October 2020. Changes in the fair value of the option contracts are recognized as a component of OCI and will be recognized in product cost of revenues when the hedged item affects earnings.
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The before-tax effects of our accounting for derivative instruments designated as hedges on AOCI were as follows:

Derivatives in ASC 815-20 Cash Flow Hedging Relationships |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative |  |  |  | Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Location |  | Amount |  |
In thousands |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contract |  | $ | (1,579) |  |  | $ | (318) |  |  | Interest expense |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 466 |
Interest rate cap contracts |  | 393 |  |  | 156 |  |  | Interest expense |  | 197 |  |  | 292 |
Foreign exchange options |  | (89) |  |  | 307 |  |  | Product cost of revenues |  | — |  |  | — |
Cross currency swap contract |  | 1,255 |  |  | 2,008 |  |  | Interest expense |  | 305 |  |  | 494 |
Cross currency swap contract |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | Other income/(expense), net |  | 517 |  |  | 892 |

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Relationships
We are also exposed to foreign exchange risk when we enter into non-functional currency transactions, both intercompany and third party. At each period-end, non-functional currency monetary assets and liabilities are revalued with the change recognized within other income and expense. We enter into monthly foreign exchange forward contracts, which are not designated for hedge accounting, with the intent to reduce earnings volatility associated with currency exposures. As of March 31, 2020, a total of 53 contracts were offsetting our exposures from the euro, Indonesian rupiah, Chinese yuan, Canadian dollar, Indian rupee and various other currencies, with notional amounts ranging from $113,000 to $26.4 million.
The effect of our derivative instruments not designated as hedges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations was as follows:

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instrument under ASC 815-20 |  | Location |  | Gain (Loss) Recognized on Derivatives in Other Income (Expense) |  |
In thousands |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange forward contracts |  | Other income (expense), net |  |  | $ | 1,493 |  |  | $ | (790) |

We will continue to monitor and assess our interest rate and foreign exchange risk and may institute additional derivative instruments to manage such risk in the future.
Note 8: Defined Benefit Pension Plans
We sponsor both funded and unfunded defined benefit pension plans offering death and disability, retirement, and special termination benefits for certain of our international employees, primarily in Germany, France, Indonesia, India, and Italy. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by using the projected unit credit method. The measurement date for the pension plans was December 31, 2019.
Amounts recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of:

In thousands | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Assets |  |  |
Plan assets in other long-term assets | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 44 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Current portion of pension benefit obligation in wages and benefits payable | 3,033 |  |  | 2,885 |
Long-term portion of pension benefit obligation | 97,523 |  |  | 98,712 |
Pension benefit obligation, net | $ | 100,520 |  |  | $ | 101,553 |

Our asset investment strategy focuses on maintaining a portfolio using primarily insurance funds, which are accounted for as investments and measured at fair value, in order to achieve our long-term investment objectives on a risk adjusted basis. Our general funding policy for these qualified pension plans is to contribute amounts sufficient to satisfy regulatory funding standards of the respective countries for each plan.
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Net periodic pension benefit cost for our plans include the following components:

|  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Service cost |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 976 |  |  | $ | 1,079 |
Interest cost |  |  |  |  |  | 473 |  |  | 582 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  |  |  |  | (146) |  |  | (156) |
Amortization of prior service costs |  |  |  |  |  | 16 |  |  | 17 |
Amortization of actuarial net loss |  |  |  |  |  | 455 |  |  | 345 |
Net periodic benefit cost |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,774 |  |  | $ | 1,867 |

The components of net periodic benefit cost, other than the service cost component, are included in total other income (expense) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Note 9: Stock-Based Compensation
We grant stock-based compensation awards under the Second Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (Stock Incentive Plan), including stock options, restricted stock units, phantom stock, and unrestricted stock units. In the Stock Incentive Plan, we have 12,623,538 shares of common stock reserved and authorized for issuance subject to stock splits, dividends, and other similar events. At March 31, 2020, 5,611,169 shares were available for grant under the Stock Incentive Plan. We issue new shares of common stock upon the exercise of stock options or when vesting conditions on restricted stock units are fully satisfied. These shares are subject to a fungible share provision such that the authorized share reserve is reduced by (i) one share for every one share subject to a stock option or share appreciation right granted under the Plan and (ii) 1.7 shares for every one share of common stock that was subject to an award other than an option or share appreciation right.
We also periodically award phantom stock units, which are settled in cash upon vesting and accounted for as liability-based awards with no impact to the shares available for grant.
In addition, we maintain the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), for which 222,922 shares of common stock were available for future issuance at March 31, 2020.
All other forms of stock grants, including, Unrestricted stock, ESPP, and Phantom stock units were not significant for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
Total stock-based compensation expense and the related tax benefit were as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Stock options |  |  |  |  | $ | 467 |  |  | $ | 581 |
Restricted stock units |  |  |  |  | 7,809 |  |  | 6,467 |
Unrestricted stock awards |  |  |  |  | 206 |  |  | 157 |
Phantom stock units |  |  |  |  | 433 |  |  | 918 |
Total stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,915 |  |  | $ | 8,123 |
Related tax benefit |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,767 |  |  | $ | 1,443 |

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Stock Options
A summary of our stock option activity is as follows:

| Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
| (in thousands) |  |  |  | (years) |  | (in thousands) |  |
Outstanding, January 1, 2019 | 895 |  |  | $ | 47.93 |  |  | 6.2 |  | $ | 4,806 |  |  |
Exercised | (20) |  |  | 44.99 |  |  |  |  | 211 |  |  |
Forfeited | (7) |  |  | 67.53 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, March 31, 2019 | 868 |  |  | $ | 47.83 |  |  | 6.0 |  | $ | 4,402 |  |  |
Outstanding, January 1, 2020 | 458 |  |  | $ | 56.38 |  |  | 7.0 |  | $ | 12,641 |  |  |
Granted | 73 |  |  | 87.27 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 26.72 |
Exercised | (40) |  |  | 54.03 |  |  |  |  | 934 |  |  |
Outstanding, March 31, 2020 | 491 |  |  | $ | 61.13 |  |  | 7.5 |  | $ | 3,106 |  |  |
Exercisable, March 31, 2020 | 295 |  |  | $ | 49.74 |  |  | 6.3 |  | $ | 3,096 |  |  |

At March 31, 2020, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to nonvested stock options was $4.0 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2.4 years.
The weighted average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted and the resulting weighted average fair value are as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Expected volatility |  |  |  |  | 31.0 | % |  | — | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | — | %
Expected term (years) |  |  |  |  | 5.3 |  | N/A

There were no employee stock options granted for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
Restricted Stock Units
The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity:

In thousands, except fair value | Number of Restricted Stock Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding, January 1, 2019 | 817 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 107 |  |  | $ | 56.04 |  |  |
Released (1) | (316) |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,074 |
Forfeited | (17) |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, March 31, 2019 | 591 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, January 1, 2020 | 684 |  |  | $ | 64.38 |  |  |
Granted | 182 |  |  | 87.17 |  |  |
Released (1) | (192) |  |  | 65.08 |  |  | $ | 12,454 |
Forfeited | (7) |  |  | 67.42 |  |  |
Outstanding, March 31, 2020 | 667 |  |  | 70.55 |  |  |
Vested but not released, March 31, 2020 | 8 |  |  |  |  | $ | 473 |

(1) Shares released is presented gross of shares netted for employee payroll tax obligations.
At March 31, 2020, total unrecognized compensation expense on restricted stock units was $44.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2.1 years.
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The weighted average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of performance-based restricted stock units granted with a service and market condition and the resulting weighted average fair value are as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Expected volatility |  |  |  |  | 37.6 | % |  | 31.3 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 2.5 | %
Expected term (years) |  |  |  |  | 1.8 |  | 1.6
Weighted average fair value |  |  |  |  | $ | 94.28 |  |  | $ | 60.91 |

Note 10: Income Taxes
We determine the interim tax benefit (provision) by applying an estimate of the annual effective tax rate to the year-to-date pretax book income (loss) and adjusting for discrete items during the reporting period, if any. Tax jurisdictions with losses for which tax benefits cannot be realized are excluded.
Our tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2020 of 45%, differed from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to losses in jurisdictions for which no benefit is recognized because of valuation allowances on deferred tax assets as well as the forecasted mix of earnings in domestic and international jurisdictions, a benefit related to excess stock-based compensation, and uncertain tax positions.
Our tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2019 of 102% differed from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to losses in jurisdictions for which no benefit is recognized because of valuation allowances on deferred tax assets as well as the forecasted mix of earnings in domestic and international jurisdictions, a benefit related to excess stock-based compensation, and uncertain tax positions.
We classify interest expense and penalties related to unrecognized tax liabilities and interest income on tax overpayments as components of income tax expense. The net interest and penalties expense amounts recognized were as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net interest and penalties expense |  |  |  |  | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | 301 |

Accrued interest and penalties recognized were as follows:

In thousands | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Accrued interest | $ | 3,050 |  |  | $ | 2,849 |
Accrued penalties | 1,692 |  |  | 1,681 |

Unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions and the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate were as follows:

In thousands | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions | $ | 121,729 |  |  | $ | 121,715 |
The amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate | 120,436 |  |  | 120,410 |

At March 31, 2020, we are under examination by certain tax authorities. We believe we have appropriately accrued for the expected outcome of all tax matters and do not currently anticipate that the ultimate resolution of these examinations will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, future results of operations, or cash flows.
Based upon the timing and outcome of examinations, litigation, the impact of legislative, regulatory, and judicial developments, and the impact of these items on the statute of limitations, it is reasonably possible that the related unrecognized tax benefits could change from those recognized within the next twelve months. However, at this time, an estimate of the range of reasonably possible adjustments to the balance of unrecognized tax benefits cannot be made.
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We file income tax returns in various jurisdictions. The material jurisdictions where we are subject to examination include, among others, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Brazil, and the United Kingdom.
On March 27, 2020, the U.S. Federal government passed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act to provide economic relief from COVID-19. The CARES Act contains significant business tax provisions, including modifications to the rules allowing for enhanced deductibility of net operating losses (NOLs) and interest expense as well as accelerated depreciation treatment for qualified improvement property (QIP). While the Company continues to evaluate the impact of the CARES Act, it does not currently believe it will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or related disclosures.
The CARES Act also provides employer payroll tax credits for wages paid to employees who are unable to work during the COVID-19 outbreak and options to defer payroll tax payments. The Company does plan to defer remittances of payroll and other taxes into the future as provided for under the Act, and may assess in subsequent quarters the impact and availability of payroll tax credits from the U.S. and similar programs provided for by foreign governments, as applicable.
Note 11: Commitments and Contingencies
Guarantees and Indemnifications
We are often required to obtain standby letters of credit (LOCs) or bonds in support of our obligations for customer contracts. These standby LOCs or bonds typically provide a guarantee to the customer for our future performance, which usually covers the installation phase of a contract and may, on occasion, cover the operations and maintenance phase of outsourcing contracts.
Our available lines of credit, outstanding standby LOCs, and bonds were as follows:

In thousands | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Credit facility |  |  |
Multicurrency revolving line of credit | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 500,000 |
Long-term borrowings | (400,000) |  |  | — |
Standby LOCs issued and outstanding | (40,934) |  |  | (41,072) |
Net available for additional borrowings under the multi-currency revolving line of credit | $ | 59,066 |  |  | $ | 458,928 |
Net available for additional standby LOCs under sub-facility | $ | 59,066 |  |  | $ | 258,928 |
Unsecured multicurrency revolving lines of credit with various financial institutions |  |  |
Multicurrency revolving lines of credit | $ | 102,494 |  |  | $ | 107,206 |
Standby LOCs issued and outstanding | (24,023) |  |  | (25,100) |
Short-term borrowings | (137) |  |  | (173) |
Net available for additional borrowings and LOCs | $ | 78,334 |  |  | $ | 81,933 |
Unsecured surety bonds in force | $ | 155,962 |  |  | $ | 136,004 |

In the event any such standby LOC or bond is called, we would be obligated to reimburse the issuer of the standby LOC or bond; however, as of May 4, 2020, we do not believe that any outstanding LOC or bond will be called.
We generally provide an indemnification related to the infringement of any patent, copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property right on software or equipment within our sales contracts, which indemnifies the customer from and pays the resulting costs, damages, and attorney's fees awarded against a customer with respect to such a claim provided that (a) the customer promptly notifies us in writing of the claim and (b) we have the sole control of the defense and all related settlement negotiations. We may also provide an indemnification to our customers for third-party claims resulting from damages caused by the negligence or willful misconduct of our employees/agents in connection with the performance of certain contracts. The terms of our indemnifications generally do not limit the maximum potential payments. It is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under these or similar agreements.
Legal Matters
We are subject to various legal proceedings and claims of which the outcomes are subject to significant uncertainty. Our policy is to assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes related to legal matters, as well as ranges of probable losses. A
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determination of the amount of the liability required, if any, for these contingencies is made after an analysis of each known issue. A liability would be recognized and charged to operating expense when we determine that a loss is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Additionally, we disclose contingencies for which a material loss is reasonably possible, but not probable.
Warranty
A summary of the warranty accrual account activity is as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Beginning balance |  |  |  |  | $ | 53,242 |  |  | $ | 60,443 |
New product warranties |  |  |  |  | 1,070 |  |  | 1,718 |
Other adjustments and expirations, net |  |  |  |  | 693 |  |  | 1,861 |
Claims activity |  |  |  |  | (5,940) |  |  | (6,083) |
Effect of change in exchange rates |  |  |  |  | (346) |  |  | (407) |
Ending balance |  |  |  |  | 48,719 |  |  | 57,532 |
Less: current portion of warranty |  |  |  |  | 36,409 |  |  | 39,737 |
Long-term warranty |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,310 |  |  | $ | 17,795 |

Total warranty expense is classified within cost of revenues and consists of new product warranties issued, costs related to insurance and supplier recoveries, other changes and adjustments to warranties, and customer claims. Warranty expense was as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Total warranty expense |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,763 |  |  | $ | 1,779 |

Note 12: Restructuring
2018 Projects
On February 22, 2018, our Board of Directors approved a restructuring plan (the 2018 Projects) to continue our efforts to optimize our global supply chain and manufacturing operations, research and development, and sales and marketing organizations. We expect to substantially complete expense recognition on the plan by the end of 2020. Many of the affected employees are represented by unions or works councils, which require consultation, and potential restructuring projects may be subject to regulatory approval, both of which could impact the timing of charges, total expected charges, cost recognized, and planned savings in certain jurisdictions. All prior restructuring plans are substantially complete and are not presented below.
The total expected restructuring costs, the restructuring costs recognized, and the remaining expected restructuring costs related to the 2018 Projects were as follows:

In thousands | Total Expected Costs at March 31, 2020 |  | Costs Recognized in Prior Periods |  | Costs Recognized During the Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 |  | Expected Remaining Costs to be Recognized at March 31, 2020
Employee severance costs | $ | 71,616 |  |  | $ | 72,133 |  |  | $ | (517) |  |  | $ | — |
Asset impairments & net loss (gain) on sale or disposal | 2,887 |  |  | 3,842 |  |  | (955) |  |  | — |
Other restructuring costs | 22,809 |  |  | 11,420 |  |  | 1,224 |  |  | 10,165 |
Total | $ | 97,312 |  |  | $ | 87,395 |  |  | $ | (248) |  |  | $ | 10,165 |

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The following table summarizes the activity within the restructuring related balance sheet accounts for the 2018 Projects during the three months ended March 31, 2020:

In thousands | Accrued Employee Severance |  | Asset Impairments & Net Loss (Gain) on Sale or Disposal |  | Other Accrued Costs |  | Total
Beginning balance, January 1, 2020 | $ | 53,741 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,366 |  |  | $ | 56,107 |
Costs charged to expense | (517) |  |  | (955) |  |  | 1,224 |  |  | (248) |
Cash (payments) receipts | (4,319) |  |  | 2,312 |  |  | (1,246) |  |  | (3,253) |
Net assets disposed and impaired | — |  |  | (1,357) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,357) |
Effect of change in exchange rates | (487) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (487) |
Ending balance, March 31, 2020 | $ | 48,418 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,344 |  |  | $ | 50,762 |

Asset impairments are determined at the asset group level. Revenues and net operating income from the activities we have exited or will exit under the restructuring projects are not material to our operating segments or consolidated results.
Other restructuring costs include expenses for employee relocation, professional fees associated with employee severance, and costs to exit the facilities once the operations in those facilities have ceased. Costs associated with restructuring activities are generally presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as restructuring, except for certain costs associated with inventory write-downs, which are classified within cost of revenues, and accelerated depreciation expense, which is recognized according to the use of the asset. Restructuring expense is part of the Corporate unallocated segment and is not part of the operating segments.
The current portion of restructuring liabilities was $22.2 million and $18.9 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The current portion of restructuring liabilities is classified within other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The long-term portion of restructuring liabilities balances was $28.6 million and $37.2 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The long-term portion of restructuring liabilities is classified within other long-term obligations on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and includes severance accruals and facility exit costs.
Note 13: Shareholders' Equity
Preferred Stock
We have authorized the issuance of 10 million shares of preferred stock with no par value. In the event of a liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the affairs of the corporation, whether voluntary or involuntary, the holders of any outstanding preferred stock will be entitled to be paid a preferential amount per share to be determined by the Board of Directors prior to any payment to holders of common stock. There was no preferred stock issued or outstanding at March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.
Stock Repurchase Authorization
On March 14, 2019, Itron's Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to $50 million of our common stock over a 12-month period (the 2019 Stock Repurchase Program). Following the announcement of the program and through December 31, 2019, we repurchased 529,396 shares at an average share price of $47.22 (including commissions) for a total of $25 million. The program expired on March 13, 2020 and no additional shares were repurchased during the quarter ended March 31, 2020.
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Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The changes in the components of AOCI, net of tax, were as follows:

In thousands | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments |  | Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Nonderivative Instruments |  | Pension Benefit Obligation Adjustments |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balances at January 1, 2019 | $ | (157,489) |  |  | $ | 1,201 |  |  | $ | (14,380) |  |  | $ | (25,637) |  |  | $ | (196,305) |
OCI before reclassifications | (2,386) |  |  | 211 |  |  | — |  |  | 327 |  |  | (1,848) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI | — |  |  | (76) |  |  | — |  |  | 144 |  |  | 68 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | (2,386) |  |  | 135 |  |  | — |  |  | 471 |  |  | (1,780) |
Balances at March 31, 2019 | $ | (159,875) |  |  | $ | 1,336 |  |  | $ | (14,380) |  |  | $ | (25,166) |  |  | $ | (198,085) |
Balances at January 1, 2020 | $ | (157,999) |  |  | $ | (723) |  |  | $ | (14,380) |  |  | $ | (31,570) |  |  | $ | (204,672) |
OCI before reclassifications | (25,445) |  |  | 282 |  |  | — |  |  | 534 |  |  | (24,629) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI | — |  |  | (1,049) |  |  | — |  |  | 467 |  |  | (582) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | (25,445) |  |  | (767) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,001 |  |  | (25,211) |
Balances at March 31, 2020 | $ | (183,444) |  |  | $ | (1,490) |  |  | $ | (14,380) |  |  | $ | (30,569) |  |  | $ | (229,883) |

The before-tax, income tax (provision) benefit, and net-of-tax amounts related to each component of OCI were as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Before-tax amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  | $ | (26,593) |  |  | $ | (2,254) |
Net unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, designated as cash flow hedges |  |  |  |  | (10) |  |  | 171 |
Net hedging (gain) loss reclassified to net income |  |  |  |  | (1,123) |  |  | (264) |
Net unrealized gain (loss) on defined benefit plans |  |  |  |  | 538 |  |  | 342 |
Net defined benefit plan (gain) loss reclassified to net income |  |  |  |  | 471 |  |  | 179 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss), before tax |  |  |  |  | $ | (26,717) |  |  | $ | (1,826) |
Tax (provision) benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,148 |  |  | $ | (132) |
Net unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, designated as cash flow hedges |  |  |  |  | 292 |  |  | 40 |
Net hedging (gain) loss reclassified to net income |  |  |  |  | 74 |  |  | 188 |
Net unrealized gain (loss) on defined benefit plans |  |  |  |  | (4) |  |  | (15) |
Net defined benefit plan (gain) loss reclassified to net income |  |  |  |  | (4) |  |  | (35) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) tax benefit |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,506 |  |  | $ | 46 |
Net-of-tax amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  | $ | (25,445) |  |  | $ | (2,386) |
Net unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, designated as cash flow hedges |  |  |  |  | 282 |  |  | 211 |
Net hedging (gain) loss reclassified to net income |  |  |  |  | (1,049) |  |  | (76) |
Net unrealized gain (loss) on defined benefit plans |  |  |  |  | 534 |  |  | 327 |
Net defined benefit plan (gain) loss reclassified to net income |  |  |  |  | 467 |  |  | 144 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  | $ | (25,211) |  |  | $ | (1,780) |

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Note 14: Fair Values of Financial Instruments
The fair values at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 do not reflect subsequent changes in the economy, interest rates, tax rates, and other variables that may affect the determination of fair value.

| March 31, 2020 |  |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |
In thousands | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
Credit facility |  |  |  |  |  |  |
USD denominated term loan | $ | 546,710 |  |  | $ | 550,136 |  |  | $ | 546,495 |  |  | $ | 550,135 |
Multicurrency revolving line of credit | 400,000 |  |  | 399,984 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Senior notes | 386,564 |  |  | 371,000 |  |  | 385,987 |  |  | 416,500 |

The following methods and assumptions were used in estimating fair values:
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash: Due to the liquid nature of these instruments, the carrying amount approximates fair value (Level 1).
Credit Facility - term loan and multicurrency revolving line of credit: The term loan and revolver are not traded publicly. The fair values, which are determined based upon a hypothetical market participant, are calculated using a discounted cash flow model with Level 2 inputs, including estimates of incremental borrowing rates for debt with similar terms, maturities, and credit profiles. Refer to "Note 6: Debt" for a further discussion of our debt.
Senior Notes: The Senior Notes are not registered securities nor listed on any securities exchange but may be actively traded by qualified institutional buyers. The fair value is estimated using Level 1 inputs, as it is based on quoted prices for these instruments in active markets.
Derivatives: See "Note 7: Derivative Financial Instruments" for a description of our methods and assumptions in determining the fair value of our derivatives, which were determined using Level 2 inputs. Each derivative asset and liability has a carrying value equal to fair value.
Note 15: Segment Information
We operate under the Itron brand worldwide and manage and report under three operating segments: Device Solutions, Networked Solutions, and Outcomes.
We have three GAAP measures of segment performance: revenues, gross profit (gross margin), and operating income (operating margin). Intersegment revenues are minimal. Certain operating expenses are allocated to the operating segments based upon internally established allocation methodologies. Corporate operating expenses, interest income, interest expense, other income (expense), and the income tax provision (benefit) are neither allocated to the segments, nor are they included in the measure of segment performance. In addition, we allocate only certain production assets and intangible assets to our operating segments. We do not manage the performance of the segments on a balance sheet basis.
Segment Products
Device Solutions – This segment primarily includes hardware products used for measurement, control, or sensing that do not have communications capability embedded for use with our broader Itron systems, i.e., hardware-based products not part of a complete "end-to-end" solution. Examples from the Device Solutions portfolio include: standard endpoints that are shipped without Itron communications, such as our standard gas meters, electricity IEC meters, and water meters, in addition to our heat and allocation products; communicating meters that are not a part of an Itron solution such as Smart Spec meters; and the implementation and installation of non-communicating devices, such as gas regulators.
Networked Solutions – This segment primarily includes a combination of communicating devices (smart meters, modules, endpoints, and sensors), network infrastructure, and associated application software designed and sold as a complete solution for acquiring and transporting robust application-specific data. Networked Solutions combines the majority of the assets from the recently acquired SSNI organization with our legacy Itron networking products and software and the implementation and installation of communicating devices into one operating segment. Examples from the Networked Solutions portfolio include:
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communicating measurement, control, or sensing endpoints such as our Itron® and OpenWay® Riva meters, Itron traditional ERT® technology, Intelis smart gas or water meters, 500G gas communication modules, 500W water communication modules; GenX networking products, network modules and interface cards; and specific network control and management software applications. The IIoT solutions supported by this segment include automated meter reading (AMR), advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), smart grid and distribution automation (DA), and smart street lighting and smart city solutions.
Outcomes – This segment primarily includes our value-added, enhanced software and services in which we manage, organize, analyze, and interpret data to improve decision making, maximize operational profitability, drive resource efficiency, and deliver results for consumers, utilities, and smart cities. Outcomes places an emphasis on delivering to Itron customers high-value, turn-key, digital experiences by leveraging the footprint of our Device Solutions and Networked Solutions segments. The revenues from these offerings are primarily recurring in nature and would include any direct management of Device Solutions, Networked Solutions, and other products on behalf of our end customers. Examples from the Outcomes portfolio include: our meter data management and analytics offerings; our managed service solutions including network-as-a-service and platform-as-a-service, forecasting software and services; and any consulting-based engagement. Within the Outcomes segment, we also identify new business models, including performance-based contracting, to drive broader portfolio offerings across utilities and cities.
Revenues, gross profit, and operating income associated with our operating segments were as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Product revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Device Solutions |  |  |  |  | $ | 200,168 |  |  | $ | 218,569 |
Networked Solutions |  |  |  |  | 315,437 |  |  | 314,350 |
Outcomes |  |  |  |  | 12,532 |  |  | 11,931 |
Total Company |  |  |  |  | $ | 528,137 |  |  | $ | 544,850 |
Service revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Device Solutions |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,111 |  |  | $ | 3,186 |
Networked Solutions |  |  |  |  | 25,408 |  |  | 22,077 |
Outcomes |  |  |  |  | 42,759 |  |  | 44,463 |
Total Company |  |  |  |  | $ | 70,278 |  |  | $ | 69,726 |
Total revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Device Solutions |  |  |  |  | $ | 202,279 |  |  | $ | 221,755 |
Networked Solutions |  |  |  |  | 340,845 |  |  | 336,427 |
Outcomes |  |  |  |  | 55,291 |  |  | 56,394 |
Total Company |  |  |  |  | $ | 598,415 |  |  | $ | 614,576 |
Gross profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Device Solutions |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,367 |  |  | $ | 39,916 |
Networked Solutions |  |  |  |  | 121,750 |  |  | 127,068 |
Outcomes |  |  |  |  | 17,449 |  |  | 20,279 |
Total Company |  |  |  |  | $ | 171,566 |  |  | $ | 187,263 |
Operating income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Device Solutions |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,198 |  |  | $ | 25,457 |
Networked Solutions |  |  |  |  | 88,680 |  |  | 95,322 |
Outcomes |  |  |  |  | 8,198 |  |  | 10,410 |
Corporate unallocated |  |  |  |  | (88,706) |  |  | (110,366) |
Total Company |  |  |  |  | 26,370 |  |  | 20,823 |
Total other income (expense) |  |  |  |  | (9,658) |  |  | (14,851) |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,712 |  |  | $ | 5,972 |

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For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, one customer represented 11% of total company revenues.
We currently buy a majority of our integrated circuit board assemblies from three suppliers. Management believes that other suppliers could provide similar products, but a change in suppliers, disputes with our suppliers, or unexpected constraints on the suppliers' production capacity could adversely affect operating results.
Revenues by region were as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
United States and Canada |  |  |  |  | $ | 385,325 |  |  | $ | 397,566 |
Europe, Middle East, and Africa (EMEA) |  |  |  |  | 166,984 |  |  | 171,242 |
Latin America and Asia Pacific |  |  |  |  | 46,106 |  |  | 45,768 |
Total Company |  |  |  |  | $ | 598,415 |  |  | $ | 614,576 |

Depreciation expense is allocated to the operating segments based upon each segments use of the assets. All amortization expense is recognized within Corporate unallocated. Depreciation and amortization of intangible assets expense associated with our operating segments was as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Device Solutions |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,435 |  |  | $ | 6,436 |
Networked Solutions |  |  |  |  | 3,737 |  |  | 3,248 |
Outcomes |  |  |  |  | 1,393 |  |  | 1,302 |
Corporate unallocated |  |  |  |  | 12,466 |  |  | 17,441 |
Total Company |  |  |  |  | $ | 24,031 |  |  | $ | 28,427 |

Note 16: Revenues
A summary of significant net changes in the contract assets and the contract liabilities balances during the period is as follows:

In thousands | Contract liabilities, less contract assets
Beginning balance, January 1, 2020 | $ | 88,215 |
Revenues recognized from beginning contract liability | (57,077) |
Increases due to amounts collected or due | 112,394 |
Revenues recognized from current period increases | (45,304) |
Other | (999) |
Ending balance, March 31, 2020 | $ | 97,229 |

On January 1, 2020, total contract assets were $50.7 million and total contract liabilities were $138.9 million. On March 31, 2020, total contract assets were $58.2 million and total contract liabilities were $155.4 million. The contract assets primarily relate to contracts that include a retention clause and allocations related to contracts with multiple performance obligations. The contract liabilities primarily relate to deferred revenue, such as extended warranty and maintenance cost.
Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations
Total transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations represents committed but undelivered products and services for contracts and purchase orders at period end. Twelve-month remaining performance obligations represent the portion of total transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations that we estimate will be recognized as revenue over the next 12 months. Total transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations is not a complete measure of our future revenues as we also receive orders where the customer may have legal termination rights but are not likely to terminate.
Total transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations related to contracts is approximately $1.2 billion for the next twelve months and approximately $1.1 billion for periods longer than 12 months. The total remaining performance
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obligations consist of product and service components. The service component relates primarily to maintenance agreements for which customers pay a full year's maintenance in advance, and service revenues are generally recognized over the service period. Total transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations also includes our extended warranty contracts, for which revenue is recognized over the warranty period, and hardware, which is recognized as units are delivered. The estimate of when remaining performance obligations will be recognized requires significant judgment.
Cost to obtain a contract and cost to fulfill a contract with a customer
Cost to obtain a contract and costs to fulfill a contract were capitalized and amortized using a systematic rational approach to align with the transfer of control of underlying contracts with customers. While amounts were capitalized, they are not material.
Disaggregation of revenue
Refer to "Note 15: Segment Information" and the Consolidated Statements of Operations for disclosure regarding the disaggregation of revenue into categories, which depict how revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. Specifically, our operating segments and geographical regions as disclosed, and categories for products, which include hardware and software and services, are presented.
Item 2: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes included in this report and with the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in our Annual Report on Form 10-K on February 27, 2020 (2019 Annual Report).
Documents we provide to the SEC are available free of charge under the Investors section of our website at www.itron.com as soon as practicable after they are filed with or furnished to the SEC. In addition, these documents are available at the SEC's website (http://www.sec.gov).
Certain Forward-Looking Statements
This document contains forward-looking statements concerning our operations, financial performance, revenues, earnings growth, liquidity, and other items. This document reflects our current plans and expectations and is based on information currently available as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. When we use the words "expect," "intend," "anticipate," "believe," "plan," "project," "estimate," "future," "objective," "may," "will," "will continue," and similar expressions, they are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements rely on a number of assumptions and estimates. Although we believe that these assumptions and estimates are reasonable, any of these assumptions and estimates could be inaccurate and cause our actual results to vary materially from expected results. Such factors include, but are not limited to, uncertainties caused by adverse economic conditions, including, without limitation those resulting from extraordinary events or circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and their impact on our customers’ businesses and workforce levels, disruptions of our business and operations, including limitations on, or closures of, our facilities, or the business and operations of our customers or suppliers. For a more complete description of these and other risks, refer to Item 1A: "Risk Factors" included in our 2019 Annual Report, Part II - Item 1A of this document, and our other reports on file with the SEC. We do not have any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement in this document.
Overview
We are a technology and service company, which is a leader in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). We offer solutions that enable utilities and municipalities to safely, securely, and reliably operate their critical infrastructure. Our solutions include the deployment of smart networks, software, services, devices, sensors, and data analytics that allow our customers to manage assets, secure revenue, lower operational costs, improve customer service, improve safety, and enable efficient management of valuable resources. Our comprehensive solutions and data analytics address the unique challenges facing the energy, water, and municipality sectors, including increasing demand on resources, non-technical loss, leak detection, environmental and regulatory compliance, and improved operational reliability.
We operate under the Itron brand worldwide and manage and report under three operating segments: Device Solutions, Networked Solutions, and Outcomes. The product and operating definitions of the three segments are as follows:
Device Solutions – This segment primarily includes hardware products used for measurement, control, or sensing that do not have communications capability embedded for use with our broader Itron systems, i.e., hardware-based products not part of a complete "end-to-end" solution. Examples from the Device Solutions portfolio include: standard endpoints that are shipped
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without Itron communications, such as our standard gas meters, electricity IEC meters, and water meters, in addition to our heat and allocation products; communicating meters that are not a part of an Itron solution such as Smart Spec meters; and the implementation and installation of non-communicating devices, such as gas regulators.
Networked Solutions – This segment primarily includes a combination of communicating devices (smart meters, modules, endpoints, and sensors), network infrastructure, and associated application software designed and sold as a complete solution for acquiring and transporting robust application-specific data. Networked Solutions combines the majority of the assets from the recently acquired SSNI organization with our legacy Itron networking products and software and the implementation and installation of communicating devices into one operating segment. Examples from the Networked Solutions portfolio include: communicating measurement, control, or sensing endpoints such as our Itron® and OpenWay® Riva meters, Itron traditional ERT® technology, Intelis smart gas or water meters, 500G gas communication modules, 500W water communication modules; GenX networking products, network modules and interface cards; and specific network control and management software applications. The IIoT solutions supported by this segment include automated meter reading (AMR), advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), smart grid and distribution automation (DA), and smart street lighting and smart city solutions.
Outcomes – This segment primarily includes our value-added, enhanced software and services in which we manage, organize, analyze, and interpret data to improve decision making, maximize operational profitability, drive resource efficiency, and deliver results for consumers, utilities, and smart cities. Outcomes places an emphasis on delivering to Itron customers high-value, turn-key, digital experiences by leveraging the footprint of our Device Solutions and Networked Solutions segments. The revenues from these offerings are primarily recurring in nature and would include any direct management of Device Solutions, Networked Solutions, and other products on behalf of our end customers. Examples from the Outcomes portfolio include: our meter data management and analytics offerings; our managed service solutions including network-as-a-service and platform-as-a-service, forecasting software and services; and any consulting-based engagement. Within the Outcomes segment, we also identify new business models, including performance-based contracting, to drive broader portfolio offerings across utilities and cities.
We have three measures of segment performance: revenues, gross profit (margin), and operating income (margin). Intersegment revenues are minimal. Certain operating expenses are allocated to the operating segments based upon internally established allocation methodologies. Interest income, interest expense, other income (expense), the income tax provision (benefit), and certain corporate operating expenses are neither allocated to the segments nor included in the measures of segment performance.
Non-GAAP Measures
The following discussion includes financial information prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP), as well as certain adjusted or non-GAAP financial measures, such as constant currency, free cash flow, non-GAAP operating expenses, non-GAAP operating income, non-GAAP net income, adjusted EBITDA, and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share (EPS). We believe that non-GAAP financial measures, when reviewed in conjunction with GAAP financial measures, can provide more information to assist investors in evaluating current period performance and in assessing future performance. For these reasons, our internal management reporting also includes non-GAAP measures. We strongly encourage investors and shareholders to review our financial statements and publicly-filed reports in their entirety and not to rely on any single financial measure. Non-GAAP measures as presented herein may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.
In our discussions of the operating results below, we sometimes refer to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, which are references to the differences between the foreign currency exchange rates we use to convert operating results from local currencies into U.S. dollars for reporting purposes. We also use the term "constant currency," which represents results adjusted to exclude foreign currency exchange rate impacts. We calculate the constant currency change as the difference between the current period results translated using the current period currency exchange rates and the comparable prior period's results restated using current period currency exchange rates. We believe the reconciliations of changes in constant currency provide useful supplementary information to investors in light of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
Refer to the Non-GAAP Measures section below on pages 38-40 for information about these non-GAAP measures and the detailed reconciliation of items that impacted free cash flow, non-GAAP operating expense, non-GAAP operating income, non-GAAP net income, adjusted EBITDA, and non-GAAP diluted EPS in the presented periods.
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Total Company Highlights
Highlights and significant developments for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared with the three months ended March 31, 2019
•Revenues were $598.4 million compared with $614.6 million in 2019, a decrease of $16.2 million, or 3%
•Gross margin was 28.7%, compared with 30.5% in the same period last year
•Operating expenses decreased $21.2 million, or 13%, compared with 2019
•Net income attributable to Itron, Inc. was $8.7 million compared with a net loss of $1.9 million in 2019
•GAAP diluted EPS increased by $0.26 to $0.21 compared with 2019
•Non-GAAP net income attributable to Itron, Inc. was $23.0 million compared with $27.9 million in 2019
•Non-GAAP diluted EPS was $0.57, a decrease of $0.13 compared with 2019
•Adjusted EBITDA decreased $13.8 million, or 21%, compared with 2019
•Total backlog was $3.0 billion and twelve-month backlog was $1.3 billion at March 31, 2020.
Outlook for 2020 due to COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has had global economic impacts including disrupting global supply chains and creating market volatility. The extent of the recent pandemic and its ongoing impact on our operations is volatile, but is being monitored closely by management. Certain of our European factories were closed since the second half of March, and most had not reopened as of the end of the quarter, due to government actions and local conditions. Some of the factories have reopened subsequent to March 31, 2020. These closures as well as any further closures imposed on us could impact our results for the remainder of 2020. We expect that certain of our customers’ projects and deployments may shift to later in 2020 or possibly 2021. At this time, we expect that the Q2 2020 financial results of operations will be most affected by the pandemic. However, due to the fluid nature of the COVID-19 impact, we are not able to quantify the potential impact to our results of operations for the full year. Incremental costs to us related to the COVID-19 impact, such as personal protective equipment, increased cleaning and sanitizing of our facilities, and other such items, have not been material to date. At this time, we have not identified any significant decrease in long-term customer demand for our products and services. Nonetheless, a prolonged pandemic could adversely impact the efficiency and effectiveness of our organization, further impact our global supply chain network, result in delays or decreases in customer collections, reduce demand for our products and services, and inhibit our sales efforts, any of which could materially impact our revenues, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. For more information on risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, please see our updated risk in Part II, Item 1A, "Risk Factors".
The COVID 19 pandemic remains a rapidly evolving situation. Changes in the mix of earnings or losses from our different geographical operations, as well as any future enactment of tax legislation and other factors, may result in more volatile quarterly and annual effective tax rates. The detrimental impacts to financial results may be partially offset by financial assistance from the U.S. and foreign governments, including employer payroll tax credits for wages paid to employees who are unable to work during the COVID-19 outbreak. Other benefits, including options to defer payroll tax payments and additional deductions, may reduce future cash outlays.
Credit Facility
We drew $400 million U.S. dollars under the revolving line of credit within the 2018 credit facility on March 25, 2020. In light of the current uncertain environment, we deemed it prudent to increase our cash position and preserve future financial flexibility. The Total Net Leverage Ratio, as defined in the amended 2018 credit facility agreement, was unchanged by this drawing.
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Total Company GAAP and Non-GAAP Highlights and Unit Shipments:

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |
In thousands, except margin and per share data |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | % Change
GAAP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Product revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 528,137 |  |  | $ | 544,850 |  |  | (3)%
Service revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  | 70,278 |  |  | 69,726 |  |  | 1%
Total revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  | 598,415 |  |  | 614,576 |  |  | (3)%
Gross profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 171,566 |  |  | $ | 187,263 |  |  | (8)%
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | 145,196 |  |  | 166,440 |  |  | (13)%
Operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 26,370 |  |  | 20,823 |  |  | 27%
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9,658) |  |  | (14,851) |  |  | (35)%
Income tax provision |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,550) |  |  | (6,121) |  |  | 23%
Net income (loss) attributable to Itron, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,684 |  |  | (1,907) |  |  | NM
Non-GAAP(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 133,047 |  |  | $ | 130,557 |  |  | 2%
Non-GAAP operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 38,519 |  |  | 56,706 |  |  | (32)%
Non-GAAP net income attributable to Itron, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22,969 |  |  | 27,890 |  |  | (18)%
Adjusted EBITDA |  |  |  |  |  |  | 51,973 |  |  | 65,758 |  |  | (21)%
GAAP Margins and Earnings Per Share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Product gross margin |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27.2 | % |  | 29.1 | % |  |
Service gross margin |  |  |  |  |  |  | 40.0 | % |  | 40.9 | % |  |
Total gross margin |  |  |  |  |  |  | 28.7 | % |  | 30.5 | % |  |
Operating margin |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 3.4 | % |  |
Net income (loss) per common share - Basic |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | (0.05) |  |  |
Net income (loss) per common share - Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | (0.05) |  |  |
Non-GAAP Earnings Per Share(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-GAAP diluted EPS |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  |

(1)These measures exclude certain expenses that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating results. See pages 38-40 for information about these non-GAAP measures and reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measures.
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Endpoints Summary
Our revenue is driven significantly by sales of endpoints. We classify our endpoints into two categories:
•Standard Endpoints – an Itron product delivered primarily via our Device Solutions segment. The majority of our standard endpoint devices are used for delivery and metrology in the electricity, water, and gas distribution industries, and have no built-in remote reading communication technology. However, some standard endpoint devices are shipped with non-Itron communications capabilities and are not a part of an Itron solution, such as the Smart Spec meters, and are classified as a standard endpoint.
•Networked Endpoints – an Itron product with the capability of one-way communication or two-way communication of data including remote device configuration and upgrade (consisting primarily of our OpenWay® or Gen X technology). This primarily includes Itron devices used in electricity, water, and gas distribution industries. Networked endpoints also include smart communication modules and network interface cards (NICs). NICs are communicating modules that can be sold separately from the device directly to our customers or to third party manufacturers for use in endpoints such as electric, water, and gas meters; streetlights and smart city devices; sensors or another standard device that the end customer would like to connect to our OpenWay or Gen X Networked Solutions. These endpoints are primarily delivered via our Networked Solutions segment.
A summary of our endpoints shipped is as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
Units in thousands |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Itron Endpoints |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Standard endpoints (1) |  |  |  |  | 5,390 |  |  | 5,470 |
Networked endpoints (1) |  |  |  |  | 3,900 |  |  | 3,980 |
Total endpoints |  |  |  |  | 9,290 |  |  | 9,450 |

(1)As of the second quarter of 2019, we have refined the definition of a standard endpoint to more closely align to the segment performance of Device Solutions and Networked Solutions as reported in the Operating Segment Results section below. The quantities presented for the three months ended March 31, 2019 have been recast to align with the refined definitions of standard and networked endpoints. The total endpoints shipped for the period is unchanged.
Results of Operations
Revenues and Gross Margin
The actual results of and effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on revenues and gross profit were as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  | Effect of Changes in Foreign Currency Exchange Rates |  | Constant Currency Change |  | Total Change
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In thousands |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Company |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Revenues | $ | 598,415 |  |  | $ | 614,576 |  |  | $ | (8,414) |  |  | $ | (7,747) |  |  | $ | (16,161) |
| Gross profit | 171,566 |  |  | 187,263 |  |  | (1,866) |  |  | (13,831) |  |  | (15,697) |

Revenues
Revenues decreased $16.2 million, or 3%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared with the same period in 2019. We were negatively impacted by COVID-19 related delays, which played a significant role in lower year-over-year comparisons. Product revenues decreased by $16.7 million, and service revenues were substantially flat. For the first quarter of 2020, the Device Solutions segment decreased by $19.5 million, and the Outcomes segment decreased by $1.1 million when compared with the same period last year. The Networked Solutions segment increased by $4.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared with the same period in 2019. During the first quarter of 2020, changes in exchange rates unfavorably impacted total revenues by $8.4 million, of which $7.6 million unfavorably impacted the Device Solutions segment total revenue.
Gross Margin
Gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was 28.7%, compared with 30.5% in 2019. We were negatively impacted by unfavorable product mix and manufacturing inefficiencies. Product sales gross margin decreased to 27.2% in the
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first quarter of 2020, compared with 29.1% in 2019. Gross margin on service revenues decreased to 40.0% in 2020, compared with 40.9% in 2019.
Refer to Operating Segment Results section below for further detail on total company revenues and gross margin.
Operating Expenses
The actual results of and effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on operating expenses were as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  | Effect of Changes in Foreign Currency Exchange Rates |  | Constant Currency Change |  | Total Change
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In thousands |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Company |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Sales, general and administrative | $ | 80,498 |  |  | $ | 92,715 |  |  | $ | (1,229) |  |  | $ | (10,988) |  |  | $ | (12,217) |
| Research and development | 53,781 |  |  | 50,490 |  |  | (131) |  |  | 3,422 |  |  | 3,291 |
| Amortization of intangible assets | 11,165 |  |  | 15,973 |  |  | (64) |  |  | (4,744) |  |  | (4,808) |
| Restructuring | (248) |  |  | 7,262 |  |  | (159) |  |  | (7,351) |  |  | (7,510) |
| Total Operating expenses | $ | 145,196 |  |  | $ | 166,440 |  |  | $ | (1,583) |  |  | $ | (19,661) |  |  | $ | (21,244) |

Operating expenses decreased $21.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared with the same period in 2019. This was primarily due to a decrease of $10.3 million in acquisition and integration costs that are classified within sales, general and administrative expenses, and a decrease of $7.5 million in restructuring expense.
Other Income (Expense)
The following table shows the components of other income (expense):

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  | % Change
In thousands |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |
Interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 553 |  |  | $ | 328 |  |  | 69%
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10,270) |  |  | (12,335) |  |  | (17)%
Amortization of prepaid debt fees |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,007) |  |  | (1,200) |  |  | (16)%
Other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,066 |  |  | (1,644) |  |  | NM
Total other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (9,658) |  |  | $ | (14,851) |  |  | (35)%

The change in other income (expense), net, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, as compared with the same period in 2019, was primarily the result of $2.5 million decrease in interest expense for the credit facility and the effect of recognized foreign currency exchange gains and losses due to transactions denominated in a currency other than the reporting entity's functional currency.
Income Tax Provision
For the three months ended March 31, 2020, our income tax expense was $7.6 million compared with income tax expense of $6.1 million for the same period in 2019. Our tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2020 of 45% differed from the federal statutory rate of 21% due to the forecasted mix of earnings in domestic and international jurisdictions, losses experienced in jurisdictions with valuation allowances on deferred tax assets, a benefit related to excess stock-based compensation, and uncertain tax positions. Our tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2019 of 102% differed from the federal statutory rate of 21% due to the forecasted mix of earnings in domestic and international jurisdictions, a benefit related to excess stock based compensation, and losses experienced in jurisdictions with valuation allowances on deferred tax assets.
For additional discussion related to income taxes, see Item 1: "Financial Statements (Unaudited), Note 10: Income Taxes".
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Operating Segment Results
For a description of our operating segments, refer to Item 1: "Financial Statements (Unaudited) Note 15: Segment Information". The following tables and discussion highlight significant changes in trends or components of each operating segment:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | % Change |  |
Segment Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Device Solutions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 202,279 |  |  | $ | 221,755 |  |  | (9)% |  |
Networked Solutions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 340,845 |  |  | 336,427 |  |  | 1% |  |
Outcomes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 55,291 |  |  | 56,394 |  |  | (2)% |  |
Total revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 598,415 |  |  | $ | 614,576 |  |  | (3)% |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  |  |  | 2019 |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Profit |  | Gross Margin |  | Gross Profit |  | Gross Margin
Segment Gross Profit and Margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Device Solutions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,367 |  |  | 16.0% |  | $ | 39,916 |  |  | 18.0%
Networked Solutions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 121,750 |  |  | 35.7% |  | 127,068 |  |  | 37.8%
Outcomes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,449 |  |  | 31.6% |  | 20,279 |  |  | 36.0%
Total gross profit and margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 171,566 |  |  | 28.7% |  | $ | 187,263 |  |  | 30.5%
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | % Change |  |
Segment Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Device Solutions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,169 |  |  | $ | 14,459 |  |  | (2)% |  |
Networked Solutions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 33,070 |  |  | 31,746 |  |  | 4% |  |
Outcomes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,251 |  |  | 9,869 |  |  | (6)% |  |
Corporate unallocated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 88,706 |  |  | 110,366 |  |  | (20)% |  |
Total operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 145,196 |  |  | $ | 166,440 |  |  | (13)% |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  |  |  | 2019 |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Operating Income (Loss) |  | Operating Margin |  | Operating Income (Loss) |  | Operating Margin
Segment Operating Income (Loss) and Operating Margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Device Solutions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,198 |  |  | 9.0% |  | $ | 25,457 |  |  | 11.5%
Networked Solutions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 88,680 |  |  | 26.0% |  | 95,322 |  |  | 28.3%
Outcomes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,198 |  |  | 14.8% |  | 10,410 |  |  | 18.5%
Corporate unallocated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (88,706) |  |  | (14.8)% |  | (110,366) |  |  | (18.0)%
Total operating income and operating margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,370 |  |  | 4.4% |  | $ | 20,823 |  |  | 3.4%

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Device Solutions
The effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and the constant currency changes in certain Device Solutions segment financial results were as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  | Effect of Changes in Foreign Currency Exchange Rates |  | Constant Currency Change |  | Total Change
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In thousands |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
Device Solutions Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Revenues | $ | 202,279 |  |  | $ | 221,755 |  |  | $ | (7,633) |  |  | $ | (11,843) |  |  | $ | (19,476) |
| Gross profit | 32,367 |  |  | 39,916 |  |  | (1,505) |  |  | (6,044) |  |  | (7,549) |
| Operating expenses | 14,169 |  |  | 14,459 |  |  | (111) |  |  | (179) |  |  | (290) |

Revenues - Three months ended March 31, 2020 vs. Three months ended March 31, 2019
Revenues decreased $19.5 million, or 9%. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates unfavorably impacted revenues by
$7.6 million, and we were also impacted by COVID-19 related delays. The decrease in revenue was due to lower EMEA water and gas shipments of $12.9 million. These decreases were partially offset by higher shipments for electricity devices of
$1.8 million.
Gross Margin - Three months ended March 31, 2020 vs. Three months ended March 31, 2019
For the three months ended March 31, 2020, gross margin was 16.0%, compared with 18.0% for the three months in 2019. During 2020, the 200 basis point reduction over the prior year was primarily due to $6.9 million from unfavorable product mix and manufacturing inefficiencies, partially offset by lower warranty expense of $0.7 million.
Operating Expenses - Three months ended March 31, 2020 vs. Three months ended March 31, 2019
Operating expenses decreased $0.3 million, or 2%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared with the same period in 2019. The decrease was primarily a result of lower research and development expense.
Networked Solutions
The effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and the constant currency changes in certain Networked Solutions segment financial results were as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  | Effect of Changes in Foreign Currency Exchange Rates |  | Constant Currency Change |  | Total Change
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In thousands |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
Networked Solutions Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Revenues | $ | 340,845 |  |  | $ | 336,427 |  |  | $ | (389) |  |  | $ | 4,807 |  |  | $ | 4,418 |
| Gross profit | 121,750 |  |  | 127,068 |  |  | (157) |  |  | (5,161) |  |  | (5,318) |
| Operating expenses | 33,070 |  |  | 31,746 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 1,346 |  |  | 1,324 |

Revenues - Three months ended March 31, 2020 vs. Three months ended March 31, 2019
Revenues increased $4.4 million, or 1%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared with the same period in 2019, despite COVID-19 related delays. The change was primarily driven by continued strength in North America AMI deployments, with higher maintenance service revenue of $3.3 million and product revenue of $1.1 million.
Gross Margin - Three months ended March 31, 2020 vs. Three months ended March 31, 2019
Gross margin was 35.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared with 37.8% for the same period in 2019. The 210 basis point decrease was primarily related to higher deployment cost and unfavorable product mix.
Operating Expenses - Three months ended March 31, 2020 vs. Three months ended March 31, 2019
Operating expenses increased $1.3 million, or 4%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared with the same period in 2019. The increase was primarily related to higher research and development expenses of $1.8 million, partially offset by a decrease of $0.5 in sales and marketing labor expense.
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Outcomes
The effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and the constant currency changes in certain Outcomes segment financial results were as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  | Effect of Changes in Foreign Currency Exchange Rates |  | Constant Currency Change |  | Total Change
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In thousands |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
Outcomes Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Revenues | $ | 55,291 |  |  | $ | 56,394 |  |  | $ | (392) |  |  | $ | (711) |  |  | $ | (1,103) |
| Gross profit | 17,449 |  |  | 20,279 |  |  | (203) |  |  | (2,627) |  |  | (2,830) |
| Operating expenses | 9,251 |  |  | 9,869 |  |  | (21) |  |  | (597) |  |  | (618) |

Revenues - Three months ended March 31, 2020 vs. Three months ended March 31, 2019
Revenues decreased $1.1 million, or 2%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared with the same period in 2019. This decline was driven by a decrease in managed services of $1.7 million, partially offset by an increase in maintenance revenue of $1.2 million.
Gross Margin - Three months ended March 31, 2020 vs. Three months ended March 31, 2019
Gross margin decreased to 31.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared with 36.0% for the same period last year. The 440 basis point decrease was driven by product mix and infrastructure investments, partially offset by an increase in maintenance.
Operating Expenses - Three months ended March 31, 2020 vs. Three months ended March 31, 2019
Operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 decreased $0.6 million, or 6%, compared with the same period last year. This was primarily related to lower product marketing expenses of $0.4 million and lower research and development expenses of $0.2 million.
Corporate Unallocated
Corporate Unallocated Expenses - Three months ended March 31, 2020 vs. Three months ended March 31, 2019
Operating expenses not directly associated with an operating segment are classified as "Corporate unallocated." These expenses decreased $21.7 million, or 20%, for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared with the same period in 2019. This was primarily the result of a $10.3 million decrease in acquisition and integration costs and a $7.5 million decrease in restructuring expense.
Bookings and Backlog of Orders
Bookings for a reported period represent customer contracts and purchase orders received during the period for hardware, software, and services that have met certain conditions, such as regulatory and/or contractual approval. Total backlog represents committed but undelivered products and services for contracts and purchase orders at period-end. Twelve-month backlog represents the portion of total backlog that we estimate will be recognized as revenue over the next 12 months. Backlog is not a complete measure of our future revenues as we also receive significant book-and-ship orders, as well as frame contracts. Bookings and backlog may fluctuate significantly due to the timing of large project awards. In addition, annual or multi-year contracts are subject to rescheduling and cancellation by customers due to the long-term nature of the contracts. Beginning total backlog, plus bookings, minus revenues, will not equal ending total backlog due to miscellaneous contract adjustments, foreign currency fluctuations, and other factors. Total bookings and backlog include certain contracts with termination for convenience clause, which will not agree to the total transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations disclosed in Item 1: "Financial Statements (Unaudited), Note 16: Revenues".
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Quarter Ended |  | Quarterly Bookings |  | Ending Total Backlog |  | Ending 12-Month Backlog
In millions |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2020 |  | $ | 418 |  |  | $ | 3,020 |  |  | $ | 1,319 |
December 31, 2019 |  | 767 |  |  | 3,207 |  |  | 1,499 |
September 30, 2019 |  | 609 |  |  | 3,063 |  |  | 1,361 |
June 30, 2019 |  | 702 |  |  | 3,090 |  |  | 1,403 |
March 31, 2019 |  | 473 |  |  | 3,022 |  |  | 1,375 |

Financial Condition
Cash Flow Information

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands | 2020 |  | 2019
Cash provided by operating activities | $ | 18,894 |  |  | $ | 24,924 |
Cash used in investing activities | (9,257) |  |  | (11,116) |
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 401,737 |  |  | (23,243) |
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (6,758) |  |  | 72 |
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 404,616 |  |  | $ | (9,363) |

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash was $554.5 million at March 31, 2020, compared with $149.9 million at December 31, 2019. The $404.6 million increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the 2020 period was primarily the result of a $400 million draw from our credit facility, along with cash flows from operating activities, partially offset by acquisitions of property, plant, and equipment.
Operating activities
Cash provided by operating activities during the three months in 2020 was $18.9 million compared with $24.9 million during the same period in 2019. The decrease was primarily due to changes in working capital, with increased variable compensation payouts, partially offset by higher net income in 2020.
Investing activities
Cash used by investing activities during 2020 was $1.9 million lower than in 2019. This decrease in use of cash was primarily related to proceeds received from the sale of property, plant and equipment, partially offset by a $1.2 million greater investment in property, plant, and equipment.
Financing activities
Net cash provided by financing activities during the three months in 2020 was $401.7 million, compared with net cash used of $23.2 million for the same period in 2019. On March 25, 2020, we drew on our revolver in the amount of $400 million to increase our cash position and preserve future financial flexibility. In 2019, we had net repayments of debt of $14.1 million.
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents
The effect of exchange rates on the cash balances of currencies held in foreign denominations at March 31, 2020 was a decrease of $6.8 million, compared with an increase of $0.1 million for the same period in 2019. Our foreign currency exposure relates to non-U.S. dollar denominated balances in our international subsidiary operations.
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Free cash flow (Non-GAAP)
To supplement our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows presented on a GAAP basis, we use the non-GAAP measure of free cash flow to analyze cash flows generated from our operations. The presentation of non-GAAP free cash flow is not meant to be considered in isolation or as an alternative to net income as an indicator of our performance, or as an alternative to cash flows from operating activities as a measure of liquidity. We calculate free cash flows, using amounts from our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands | 2020 |  | 2019
Cash provided by operating activities | $ | 18,894 |  |  | $ | 24,924 |
Acquisitions of property, plant, and equipment | (12,602) |  |  | (11,415) |
Free cash flow | $ | 6,292 |  |  | $ | 13,509 |

Free cash flow fluctuated primarily as a result of changes in cash provided by operating activities. See the cash flow discussion of operating activities above.
Off-balance sheet arrangements
We have no off-balance sheet financing agreements or guarantees as defined by Item 303 of Regulation S-K at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 that we believe could reasonably likely have a current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations, borrowings, and sales of common stock. Cash flows may fluctuate and are sensitive to many factors including changes in working capital and the timing and magnitude of capital expenditures and payments of debt. Working capital, which represents current assets less current liabilities, continues to be in a net favorable position.
Borrowings
On October 18, 2019 we amended our credit facility that was initially entered on January 5, 2018 (together with the amendment, the "2018 credit facility"). The 2018 credit facility provides for committed credit facilities in the amount of $1.2 billion U.S. dollars. The 2018 credit facility consists of a $650 million U.S. dollar term loan (the term loan) and a multicurrency revolving line of credit (the revolver) with a principal amount of up to $500 million. The revolver also contains a $300 million standby letter of credit sub-facility and a $50 million swingline sub-facility. The October 18, 2019, amendment extended the maturity date to October 18, 2024 and re-amortized the term loan based on the new balance as of the amendment date.
We drew $400 million in U.S. dollars under the revolving line of credit within the 2018 credit facility on March 25, 2020. In light of the current uncertain environment, we deemed it prudent to increase our cash position and preserve future financial flexibility. The Total Net Leverage Ratio, as defined in the amended 2018 credit facility agreement, is unchanged by this drawing.
In December 2017 and January 2018, we issued a combined $400 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.00% senior notes maturing January 15, 2026 (Senior Notes). The proceeds were used to refinance existing indebtedness related to the acquisition of SSNI, pay related fees and expenses, and for general corporate purposes. Interest on the Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15, commencing on July 15, 2018. The Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a senior unsecured basis by each of our subsidiaries that guarantee the 2018 credit facility.
Prior to maturity, we may redeem some or all of the Senior Notes, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, plus a "make-whole" premium. On or after January 15, 2021, we may redeem some or all of the Senior Notes at any time at declining redemption prices equal to 102.50% beginning on January 15, 2021, 101.25% beginning on January 15, 2022 and 100.00% beginning on January 15, 2023 and thereafter to the applicable redemption date. In addition, before January 15, 2021, and subject to certain conditions, we may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes with the net proceeds of certain equity offerings at 105.00% of the principal amount thereof to the date of redemption; provided that (i) at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes remains outstanding after such redemption and (ii) the redemption occurs within 60 days of the closing of any such equity offering.
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For further description of our borrowings, refer to Item 1: "Financial Statements (Unaudited), Note 6: Debt".
For a description of our letters of credit and performance bonds, and the amounts available for additional borrowings or letters of credit under our lines of credit, including the revolver that is part of our credit facility, refer to Item 1: "Financial Statements (Unaudited), Note 11: Commitments and Contingencies".
Silver Spring Networks, Inc. Acquisition
As part of the acquisition of SSNI, we announced an integration plan to obtain approximately $50 million of annualized savings by the end of 2020. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, we paid out $6.0 million and we have approximately
$10 million to $15 million of estimated cash payments remaining on the integration plan, the majority of which is expected to be paid out in the next 12 months. We have recognized $1.3 million of acquisition and integration related expenses during the first quarter of 2020.
Restructuring
For the three months ended March 31, 2020, we paid out a net $3.3 million related to the restructuring projects. As of March 31, 2020, $50.8 million was accrued for restructuring projects, of which $22.2 million is expected to be paid over the next 12 months.
For further details regarding our restructuring activities, refer to Item 1: "Financial Statements (Unaudited), Note 12: Restructuring".
Other Liquidity Considerations
We have tax credits and net operating loss carryforwards in various jurisdictions that are available to reduce cash taxes. However, utilization of tax credits and net operating losses are limited in certain jurisdictions. Based on current projections, we expect to pay, net of refunds, approximately $3 million in state taxes and approximately $6 million in local and foreign taxes during 2020. We expect to receive approximately $7 million in U.S. federal tax refunds. For a discussion of our tax provision and unrecognized tax benefits, see Item 1: "Financial Statements (Unaudited), Note 10: Income Taxes".
At March 31, 2020, we are under examination by certain tax authorities. We believe we have appropriately accrued for the expected outcome of all tax matters and do not currently anticipate that the ultimate resolution of these examinations will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, future results of operations, or liquidity.
As of March 31, 2020, there was $41.4 million of cash and short-term investments held by certain foreign subsidiaries in which we are permanently reinvested for tax purposes. As a result of recent changes in U.S. tax legislation, any repatriation in the future would not result in U.S. federal income tax. Accordingly, there is no provision for U.S. deferred taxes on this cash. If this cash were repatriated to fund U.S. operations, additional withholding tax costs may be incurred. Tax is only one of the many factors that we consider in the management of global cash. Accordingly, the amount of taxes that we would need to accrue and pay to repatriate foreign cash could vary significantly.
In several of our consolidated international subsidiaries, we have joint venture partners, who are minority shareholders. Although these entities are not wholly-owned by Itron, Inc., we consolidate them because we have a greater than 50% ownership interest and/or because we exercise control over the operations. The noncontrolling interest balance in our Consolidated Balance Sheets represents the proportional share of the equity of the joint venture entities, which is attributable to the minority shareholders. At March 31, 2020, $8.9 million of our consolidated cash balance is held in our joint venture entities. As a result, the minority shareholders of these entities have rights to their proportional share of this cash balance, and there may be limitations on our ability to repatriate cash to the United States from these entities.
General Liquidity Overview
We expect to grow through a combination of internal new research and development, licensing technology from and to others, distribution agreements, partnering arrangements, and acquisitions of technology or other companies. We expect these activities to be funded with existing cash, cash flow from operations, borrowings, or the sale of common stock or other securities. We believe existing sources of liquidity will be sufficient to fund our existing operations and obligations for the next 12 months and into the foreseeable future, but offer no assurances. Our liquidity could be affected by the stability of the electricity, gas, and water industries, competitive pressures, our dependence on certain key vendors and components, changes in estimated liabilities for product warranties and/or litigation, duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, future business combinations, capital market fluctuations, international risks, and other factors described under "Risk Factors" within Item 1A of Part I of our 2019 Annual Report, as well as "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" within Item 3 of Part I included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Contingencies
Refer to Item 1: "Financial Statements (Unaudited), Note 11: Commitments and Contingencies".
Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies
Our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Preparing consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses. These estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions management believes to be reasonable. Actual results could differ from the amounts reported and disclosed herein. Our critical accounting policies that require the use of estimates and assumptions were discussed in detail in the 2019 Annual Report and have not changed materially.
Refer to Item 1: "Financial Statements (Unaudited), Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further disclosures regarding new accounting pronouncements.
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Non-GAAP Measures
The accompanying schedule contains non-GAAP financial measures. To supplement our consolidated financial statements, which are prepared in accordance with GAAP, we use certain non-GAAP financial measures, including non-GAAP operating expense, non-GAAP operating income, non-GAAP net income, non-GAAP diluted EPS, adjusted EBITDA, free cash flow, and constant currency. The presentation of this financial information is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, and other companies may define such measures differently. For more information on these non-GAAP financial measures, please see the table captioned "Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures to the most Directly Comparable GAAP Financial Measures".
We use these non-GAAP financial measures for financial and operational decision making and/or as a means for determining executive compensation. Management believes that these non-GAAP financial measures provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance and ability to service debt by excluding certain expenses that may not be indicative of our recurring core operating results. These non-GAAP financial measures facilitate management's internal comparisons to our historical performance, as well as comparisons to our competitors' operating results. Our executive compensation plans exclude non-cash charges related to amortization of intangibles and certain discrete cash and non-cash charges, such as acquisition and integration related expenses, restructuring charges or goodwill impairment charges. We believe that both management and investors benefit from referring to these non-GAAP financial measures in assessing our performance and when planning, forecasting and analyzing future periods. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures are useful to investors because they provide greater transparency with respect to key metrics used by management in its financial and operational decision making and because they are used by our institutional investors and the analyst community to analyze the health of our business.
Non-GAAP operating expenses and non-GAAP operating income – We define non-GAAP operating expenses as operating expenses excluding certain expenses related to the amortization of intangible assets, restructuring, corporate transition cost, acquisition and integration, and goodwill impairment. We define non-GAAP operating income as operating income excluding the expenses related to the amortization of intangible assets, restructuring, corporate transition cost, acquisition and integration, and goodwill impairment. Acquisition and integration related expenses include costs, which are incurred to affect and integrate business combinations, such as professional fees, certain employee retention and salaries related to integration, severances, contract terminations, travel costs related to knowledge transfer, system conversion costs, and asset impairment charges. We consider these non-GAAP financial measures to be useful metrics for management and investors because they exclude the effect of expenses that are related to acquisitions and restructuring projects. By excluding these expenses, we believe that it is easier for management and investors to compare our financial results over multiple periods and analyze trends in our operations. For example, in certain periods, expenses related to amortization of intangible assets may decrease, which would improve GAAP operating margins, yet the improvement in GAAP operating margins due to this lower expense is not necessarily reflective of an improvement in our core business. There are some limitations related to the use of non-GAAP operating expenses and non-GAAP operating income versus operating expenses and operating income calculated in accordance with GAAP. We compensate for these limitations by providing specific information about the GAAP amounts excluded from non-GAAP operating expense and non-GAAP operating income and evaluating non-GAAP operating expense and non-GAAP operating income together with GAAP operating expense and operating income.
Non-GAAP net income and non-GAAP diluted EPS – We define non-GAAP net income as net income attributable to Itron, Inc. excluding the expenses associated with amortization of intangible assets, amortization of debt placement fees, restructuring, corporate transition cost, acquisition and integration, goodwill impairment, and the tax effect of excluding these expenses. We define non-GAAP diluted EPS as non-GAAP net income divided by the weighted average shares, on a diluted basis, outstanding during each period. We consider these financial measures to be useful metrics for management and investors for the same reasons that we use non-GAAP operating income. The same limitations described above regarding our use of non-GAAP operating income apply to our use of non-GAAP net income and non-GAAP diluted EPS. We compensate for these limitations by providing specific information regarding the GAAP amounts excluded from these non-GAAP measures and evaluating non-GAAP net income and non-GAAP diluted EPS together with GAAP net income attributable to Itron, Inc. and GAAP diluted EPS.
For interim periods, beginning the first quarter of 2019, the budgeted annual effective tax rate (AETR) is used, adjusted for any discrete items, as defined in ASC 740 - Income Taxes. The budgeted AETR is determined at the beginning of the fiscal year. The AETR is revised throughout the year based on changes to our full-year forecast. If the revised AETR increases or decreases by 200 basis points or more from the budgeted AETR due to changes in the full-year forecast during the year, the revised AETR is used in place of the budgeted AETR beginning with the quarter the 200 basis point threshold is exceeded and going forward for all subsequent interim quarters in the year. We continue to assess the AETR based on latest forecast throughout the year and use the most recent AETR anytime it increases or decreases by 200 basis points or more from the prior interim period.
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Adjusted EBITDA – We define adjusted EBITDA as net income (a) minus interest income, (b) plus interest expense, depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, restructuring, corporate transition cost, acquisition and integration related expense, goodwill impairment and (c) excluding income tax provision or benefit. Management uses adjusted EBITDA as a performance measure for executive compensation. A limitation to using adjusted EBITDA is that it does not represent the total increase or decrease in the cash balance for the period and the measure includes some non-cash items and excludes other non-cash items. Additionally, the items that we exclude in our calculation of adjusted EBITDA may differ from the items that our peer companies exclude when they report their results. We compensate for these limitations by providing a reconciliation of this measure to GAAP net income (loss).
Free cash flow – We define free cash flow as net cash provided by operating activities less cash used for acquisitions of property, plant and equipment. We believe free cash flow provides investors with a relevant measure of liquidity and a useful basis for assessing our ability to fund our operations and repay our debt. The same limitations described above regarding our use of adjusted EBITDA apply to our use of free cash flow. We compensate for these limitations by providing specific information regarding the GAAP amounts and reconciling to free cash flow.
Constant currency – We refer to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations in our discussions of financial results, which references the differences between the foreign currency exchange rates used to translate operating results from local currencies into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. We also use the term "constant currency," which represents financial results adjusted to exclude changes in foreign currency exchange rates as compared with the rates in the comparable prior year period. We calculate the constant currency change as the difference between the current period results and the comparable prior period's results restated using current period foreign currency exchange rates.
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Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures to the most Directly Comparable GAAP Financial Measures
The tables below reconcile the non-GAAP financial measures of operating expenses, operating income, net income, diluted EPS, adjusted EBITDA, and free cash flow with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

TOTAL COMPANY RECONCILIATIONS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| In thousands, except per share data |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
| NON-GAAP OPERATING EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | GAAP operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 145,196 |  |  | $ | 166,440 |
|  |  | Amortization of intangible assets |  |  |  |  | (11,165) |  |  | (15,973) |
|  |  | Restructuring |  |  |  |  | 248 |  |  | (7,262) |
|  |  | Corporate transition cost |  |  |  |  | 40 |  |  | (1,083) |
|  |  | Acquisition and integration related expense |  |  |  |  | (1,272) |  |  | (11,565) |
|  | Non-GAAP operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 133,047 |  |  | $ | 130,557 |
| NON-GAAP OPERATING INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | GAAP operating income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,370 |  |  | $ | 20,823 |
|  |  | Amortization of intangible assets |  |  |  |  | 11,165 |  |  | 15,973 |
|  |  | Restructuring |  |  |  |  | (248) |  |  | 7,262 |
|  |  | Corporate transition cost |  |  |  |  | (40) |  |  | 1,083 |
|  |  | Acquisition and integration related expense |  |  |  |  | 1,272 |  |  | 11,565 |
|  | Non-GAAP operating income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 38,519 |  |  | $ | 56,706 |
| NON-GAAP NET INCOME & DILUTED EPS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Itron, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,684 |  |  | $ | (1,907) |
|  |  | Amortization of intangible assets |  |  |  |  | 11,165 |  |  | 15,973 |
|  |  | Amortization of debt placement fees |  |  |  |  | 963 |  |  | 1,156 |
|  |  | Restructuring |  |  |  |  | (248) |  |  | 7,262 |
|  |  | Corporate transition cost |  |  |  |  | (40) |  |  | 1,083 |
|  |  | Acquisition and integration related expense |  |  |  |  | 1,272 |  |  | 11,565 |
|  |  | Income tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments |  |  |  |  | 1,173 |  |  | (7,242) |
|  | Non-GAAP net income attributable to Itron, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,969 |  |  | $ | 27,890 |
|  | Non-GAAP diluted EPS |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 0.70 |
|  | Weighted average common shares outstanding - Diluted |  |  |  |  |  | 40,474 |  |  | 40,066 |
| ADJUSTED EBITDA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Itron, Inc. |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,684 |  |  | $ | (1,907) |
|  |  | Interest income |  |  |  |  | (553) |  |  | (328) |
|  |  | Interest expense |  |  |  |  | 11,277 |  |  | 13,535 |
|  |  | Income tax provision |  |  |  |  | 7,550 |  |  | 6,121 |
|  |  | Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  | 24,031 |  |  | 28,427 |
|  |  | Restructuring |  |  |  |  | (248) |  |  | 7,262 |
|  |  | Corporate transition cost |  |  |  |  | (40) |  |  | 1,083 |
|  |  | Acquisition and integration related expense |  |  |  |  | 1,272 |  |  | 11,565 |
|  | Adjusted EBITDA |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 51,973 |  |  | $ | 65,758 |
| FREE CASH FLOW |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,894 |  |  | $ | 24,924 |
|  |  | Acquisitions of property, plant, and equipment |  |  |  |  | (12,602) |  |  | (11,415) |
|  | Free Cash Flow |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,292 |  |  | $ | 13,509 |

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Item 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate risks that could impact our financial position and results of operations. As part of our risk management strategy, we may use derivative financial instruments to hedge certain foreign currency and interest rate exposures. Our objective is to offset gains and losses resulting from these exposures with losses and gains on the derivative contracts used to hedge them, therefore reducing the impact of volatility on earnings or protecting the fair values of assets and liabilities. We use derivative contracts only to manage existing underlying exposures. Accordingly, we do not use derivative contracts for trading or speculative purposes.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to interest rate risk through our variable rate debt instruments. In October 2015, we entered into an interest rate swap, which is effective from August 31, 2016 to June 23, 2020, and converts $214 million of our LIBOR-based debt from a floating LIBOR interest rate to a fixed interest rate of 1.42% (excluding the applicable margin on the debt). The notional balance will amortize to maturity at the same rate as required minimum payments on our term loan. In March 2020, we entered into an interest rate swap, which is effective from June 30, 2020 to June 30, 2023, and converts $240 million of our LIBOR-based debt from a floating LIBOR interest rate to a fixed interest rate of 0.617% (excluding the applicable margin). The notional balance will amortize to maturity at the same rate of originally required amortizations on our term loan. At March 31, 2020, our LIBOR-based debt balance was $950.2 million.
In November 2015, we entered into three interest rate cap contracts with a total notional amount of $100 million. The interest rate cap contracts expire on June 23, 2020 and were entered into in order to limit our interest rate exposure on $100 million of our variable LIBOR-based debt up to 2.00%. In the event LIBOR is higher than 2.00%, we will pay interest at the capped rate of 2.00% with respect to the $100 million notional amount of such agreements. The interest rate cap contracts do not include the effect of the applicable margin.
In April 2018, we entered into a cross-currency swap, which converts $56.0 million of floating rate LIBOR-based U.S. dollar denominated debt into 1.38% fixed rate euro denominated debt. This cross-currency swap matures on April 30, 2021 and mitigates the risk associated with fluctuations in interest and currency rates impacting cash flows related to a U.S. dollar denominated debt in a euro functional currency entity.
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The table below provides information about our financial instruments that are sensitive to changes in interest rates and the scheduled minimum repayment of principal and the weighted average interest rates at March 31, 2020. Weighted average variable rates in the table are based on implied forward rates in the Reuters U.S. dollar yield curve as of March 31, 2020 and our estimated leverage ratio, which determines our additional interest rate margin at March 31, 2020.

Dollars in thousands | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | Total |  | Fair Value
Variable Rate Debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Principal: U.S. dollar term loan | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,422 |  |  | $ | 44,063 |  |  | $ | 44,063 |  |  | $ | 429,608 |  |  | $ | 550,156 |  |  | $ | 550,136 |
Weighted average interest rate | 1.82 | % |  | 1.70 | % |  | 1.82 | % |  | 1.89 | % |  | 2.01 | % |  |  |  |
Principal: Multicurrency revolving line of credit | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 399,984 |
Weighted average interest rate | 1.82 | % |  | 1.70 | % |  | 1.82 | % |  | 1.89 | % |  | 2.01 | % |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average interest rate (pay) Fixed | 0.88 | % |  | 0.62 | % |  | 0.62 | % |  | 0.62 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average interest rate (receive) Floating LIBOR | 0.32 | % |  | 0.20 | % |  | 0.32 | % |  | 0.34 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate cap |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cap rate | 2.00 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average interest rate Floating LIBOR | 0.61 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cross currency swap |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average interest rate (pay) Fixed - EURIBOR | 1.38 | % |  | 1.38 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average interest rate (receive) Floating - LIBOR | 0.32 | % |  | 0.18 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Based on a sensitivity analysis as of March 31, 2020, we estimate that, if market interest rates average one percentage point higher in 2020 than in the table above, our financial results in 2020 would not be materially impacted.
We continually monitor and assess our interest rate risk and may institute additional interest rate swaps or other derivative instruments to manage such risk in the future.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
We conduct business in a number of countries. As a result, approximately half of our revenues and operating expenses are denominated in foreign currencies, which expose our account balances to movements in foreign currency exchange rates that could have a material effect on our financial results. Our primary foreign currency exposure relates to non-U.S. dollar denominated transactions in our international subsidiary operations, the most significant of which is the euro. Revenues denominated in functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar were 39% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared with 37% for the same respective periods in 2019.
We are also exposed to foreign exchange risk when we enter into non-functional currency transactions, both intercompany and third party. At each period-end, non-functional currency monetary assets and liabilities are revalued with the change recognized to other income and expense. We enter into monthly foreign exchange forward contracts, which are not designated for hedge accounting, with the intent to reduce earnings volatility associated with currency exposures. As of March 31, 2020, a total of 53 contracts were offsetting our exposures from the euro, Indonesian rupiah, Chinese yuan, Canadian dollar, Indian rupee and various other currencies, with notional amounts ranging from $113,000 to $26.4 million. Based on a sensitivity analysis as of March 31, 2020, we estimate that, if foreign currency exchange rates average ten percentage points higher in 2019 for these financial instruments, our financial results in 2019 would not be materially impacted.
In future periods, we may use additional derivative contracts to protect against foreign currency exchange rate risks.
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Item 4: Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our Company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended. Based on that evaluation, the Company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that as of March 31, 2020, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure the information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.
Changes in internal controls over financial reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2020 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II: OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1: Legal Proceedings
Refer to Item 1: "Financial Statements (Unaudited), Note 11: Commitments and Contingencies".
Item 1A: Risk Factors
For a complete list of Risk Factors, refer to Item 1A: "Risk Factors" of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2020.
We have been and will continue to be affected by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and such effects could have an adverse effect on our business operations, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
We have experienced disruptions to our business from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all aspects of our business and geographic markets is highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence. This includes how it may impact our customers, employees, vendors, strategic partners, managed services, and manufacturing operations. The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant volatility, uncertainty, and economic disruption, which may materially and adversely affect our business operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
The impact of the virus on third parties on which we rely, such as our suppliers, contract manufacturers, distributors, and strategic partners, cannot be fully known or controlled by us. As a result, we may experience difficulties sourcing components and other critical inventory. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our customers and demand for our products is also uncertain. Due to resulting financial constraints, illness within their organizations, quarantine and travel restrictions placed upon our customers’ employees, as well as individual actions our customers may take in response to the spread of COVID-19, our customers may have difficulty in making timely payments to us or may have an inability or unwillingness to purchase our products and services. Also, certain of our projects require regulatory approvals, and our customers may experience delays in regulatory approvals. Any of these effects may materially and adversely affect us.
Our company is also taking measures, both voluntary and as a result of government directives and guidance, to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on us and others. These measures include, among others, restrictions on our employees' access to our physical work locations and the purchase of personal protective equipment. Additionally, we have implemented the temporary closure or reduction in operations of certain of our manufacturing facilities, which is disruptive to our operations. We have also implemented measures to allow certain employees to work remotely, which may place a burden on our IT systems and may expose us to increased vulnerability to cyber-attack and other cyber-disruption. Many of these measures may result in incremental costs to us, and such costs may not be recoverable or adequately covered by our insurance. Further, any focus by our management on mitigating COVID-19 effects has required, and will continue to require, a large investment of time and resources, which may delay other value-add initiatives.
As a company with global operations, we are subject to numerous government jurisdictions at all levels that are addressing COVID-19 differently. The guidance and directives provided by these governmental authorities is difficult to predict, may be unclear in their application, and are unknown in duration. This includes uncertainty in governmental authorities’ assessments of our business as “essential”. If governmental authorities were to reverse their designation of our business as “essential”, it could have a material effect on our results of operations and cash flows.
The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts us depends on numerous evolving factors and future developments that we are not able to predict at this time, including: medical advancements to treat or stop the virus, governmental, business, and other actions (which could include limitations on our operations to provide products or services); the duration of the outbreak and the related limitations on our ability to conduct business; or the length of time and velocity at which we will return to more normalized operations. In addition, we cannot predict the impact that COVID-19 will have on our customers, vendors, strategic partners, and other business partners, and each of their financial conditions; however, any material effect on these parties could materially and adversely impact us. The impact of COVID-19 may also include possible impairment or other charges and may exacerbate other risks discussed in Item 1A. Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, any of which could have a material effect on us. This situation is changing rapidly and additional impacts may arise that we are not aware of currently.
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Item 2: Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
(a)Not applicable.
(b)Not applicable.
(c)Issuer Repurchase of Equity Securities

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share (2) |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (in thousands)
January 1 through January 31, 2020 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 25,000 |
February 1, 2020 through February 29, 2020 |  | 8,082 |  |  | 82.10 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,000 |
March 1, 2020 through March 31, 2020 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 8,082 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |

(1)Shares repurchased represent shares transferred to us by certain employees who vested in restricted stock units and used shares to pay all, or a portion of, the related taxes. On March 14, 2019, Itron's Board authorized a repurchase program of up to $50 million of our common stock over a 12-month period. Repurchases are made in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, and in accordance with applicable securities laws. There were no repurchases of equity securities during the quarter ended March 31, 2020.
(2)Includes commissions.
Item 5: Other Information
(a)No information was required to be disclosed in a report on Form 8-K during the first quarter of 2020 that was not reported.
(b)Not applicable.
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Item 6: Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Description of Exhibits
31.1 |  | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 |  | Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101 |  | The following financial information from Itron, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) includes: (i) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | ITRON, INC. |
May 4, 2020 |  | By: | /s/ JOAN S. HOOPER
Date |  |  | Joan S. Hooper
|  |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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