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Stock-Based Compensation | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2020
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation We grant stock-based compensation awards under the Second Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (Stock Incentive Plan), including stock options, restricted stock units, phantom stock, and unrestricted stock units. In the Stock Incentive Plan, we have 12,623,538 shares of common stock reserved and authorized for issuance subject to stock splits, dividends, and other similar events. At March 31, 2020, 5,611,169 shares were available for grant under the Stock Incentive Plan. We issue new shares of common stock upon the exercise of stock options or when vesting conditions on restricted stock units are fully satisfied. These shares are subject to a fungible share provision such that the authorized share reserve is reduced by (i) one share for every one share subject to a stock option or share appreciation right granted under the Plan and (ii) 1.7 shares for every one share of common stock that was subject to an award other than an option or share appreciation right. We also periodically award phantom stock units, which are settled in cash upon vesting and accounted for as liability-based awards with no impact to the shares available for grant. In addition, we maintain the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), for which 222,922 shares of common stock were available for future issuance at March 31, 2020. All other forms of stock grants, including, Unrestricted stock, ESPP, and Phantom stock units were not significant for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. Stock-Based Compensation Expense Total stock-based compensation expense and the related tax benefit were as follows:
|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
In thousands |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Stock options |  |  |  |  | $ | 467 |  |  | $ | 581 |
Restricted stock units |  |  |  |  | 7,809 |  |  | 6,467 |
Unrestricted stock awards |  |  |  |  | 206 |  |  | 157 |
Phantom stock units |  |  |  |  | 433 |  |  | 918 |
Total stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,915 |  |  | $ | 8,123 |
Related tax benefit |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,767 |  |  | $ | 1,443 |
Stock Options A summary of our stock option activity is as follows:
| Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
| (in thousands) |  |  |  | (years) |  | (in thousands) |  |
Outstanding, January 1, 2019 | 895 |  |  | $ | 47.93 |  |  | 6.2 |  | $ | 4,806 |  |  |
Exercised | (20) |  |  | 44.99 |  |  |  |  | 211 |  |  |
Forfeited | (7) |  |  | 67.53 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, March 31, 2019 | 868 |  |  | $ | 47.83 |  |  | 6.0 |  | $ | 4,402 |  |  |
Outstanding, January 1, 2020 | 458 |  |  | $ | 56.38 |  |  | 7.0 |  | $ | 12,641 |  |  |
Granted | 73 |  |  | 87.27 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 26.72 |
Exercised | (40) |  |  | 54.03 |  |  |  |  | 934 |  |  |
Outstanding, March 31, 2020 | 491 |  |  | $ | 61.13 |  |  | 7.5 |  | $ | 3,106 |  |  |
Exercisable, March 31, 2020 | 295 |  |  | $ | 49.74 |  |  | 6.3 |  | $ | 3,096 |  |  |
At March 31, 2020, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to nonvested stock options was $4.0 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2.4 years. The weighted average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted and the resulting weighted average fair value are as follows:
|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Expected volatility |  |  |  |  | 31.0 | % |  | — | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | — | %
Expected term (years) |  |  |  |  | 5.3 |  | N/A
There were no employee stock options granted for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Restricted Stock Units The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity:
In thousands, except fair value | Number of Restricted Stock Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding, January 1, 2019 | 817 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 107 |  |  | $ | 56.04 |  |  |
Released (1) | (316) |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,074 |
Forfeited | (17) |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, March 31, 2019 | 591 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, January 1, 2020 | 684 |  |  | $ | 64.38 |  |  |
Granted | 182 |  |  | 87.17 |  |  |
Released (1) | (192) |  |  | 65.08 |  |  | $ | 12,454 |
Forfeited | (7) |  |  | 67.42 |  |  |
Outstanding, March 31, 2020 | 667 |  |  | 70.55 |  |  |
Vested but not released, March 31, 2020 | 8 |  |  |  |  | $ | 473 |
(1) Shares released is presented gross of shares netted for employee payroll tax obligations. At March 31, 2020, total unrecognized compensation expense on restricted stock units was $44.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2.1 years. The weighted average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of performance-based restricted stock units granted with a service and market condition and the resulting weighted average fair value are as follows:
|  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  |  |  |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Expected volatility |  |  |  |  | 37.6 | % |  | 31.3 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 2.5 | %
Expected term (years) |  |  |  |  | 1.8 |  | 1.6
Weighted average fair value |  |  |  |  | $ | 94.28 |  |  | $ | 60.91 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for share-based payment arrangement. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2228938 + Details
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