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Income Taxes
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
We determine the interim tax benefit (provision) by applying an estimate of the annual effective tax rate to the year-to-date pretax book income (loss) and adjusting for discrete items during the reporting period, if any. Tax jurisdictions with losses for which tax benefits cannot be realized, as well as significant unusual or infrequently occurring items that are separately reported, are excluded from the annual effective tax rate.

Our tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 of 10% and (19)%, respectively, differed from the federal statutory rate of 21% due to the impact of valuation allowances on deferred tax assets, the forecasted mix of earnings in domestic and international jurisdictions, U.S. taxation of foreign earnings including GILTI (Global Intangible Low Taxed Income), Subpart F and ECI (Effectively Connected Income), discrete tax expense related to the Dresser divestiture, a discrete tax benefit due to goodwill impairment, an expense related to stock-based compensation, tax credits, and uncertain tax positions.

Our tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 of 902% and (39)%, respectively, differed from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to reserves recognized on deferred sales price receivables in the second quarter related to the 2020 divestiture of the majority of our Latin American business activities. This item was recognized for tax as a discrete and resulted in no tax benefit. Other rate drivers include losses in jurisdictions for which no benefit is recognized because of valuation allowances on deferred tax assets, the forecasted mix of earnings in domestic and international jurisdictions, a benefit related to stock-based compensation, and uncertain tax positions.

Beginning January 1, 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminates the option to deduct research and development expenditures currently and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize them over five or fifteen years, dependent upon the geography in which the expenditures are incurred. Although Congress is considering legislation that would defer the capitalization and amortization requirement, there is no assurance that the provision will be repealed or otherwise modified. As a result of research and development conducted outside of the U.S., the amount of expected inclusion of foreign earnings in our U.S. taxable income is largely driven by research and development cost capitalization, and may decrease significantly should these rules be deferred or revoked effective for 2022. The income tax provision has been prepared according to currently enacted tax legislation, but a change in tax law with regards to capitalization of research and development expenditures would have a material beneficial impact on our annual effective tax rate.

We classify interest expense and penalties related to unrecognized tax liabilities and interest income on tax overpayments as components of income tax expense. The net interest and penalties expense amounts recognized were as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
In thousands2022202120222021
Net interest and penalties expense$373 $195 $989 $153 

Accrued interest and penalties recognized were as follows:
In thousandsSeptember 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Accrued interest$3,637 $2,964 
Accrued penalties613 747 
Unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions and the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate were as follows:
In thousandsSeptember 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions$136,559 $139,529 
The amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate
136,552 139,503 

At September 30, 2022, we are under examination by certain tax authorities. We believe we have appropriately accrued for the expected outcome of all tax matters and do not currently anticipate that the ultimate resolution of these examinations will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, future results of operations, or cash flows.

Based upon the timing and outcome of examinations, litigation, the impact of legislative, regulatory, and judicial developments, and the impact of these items on the statute of limitations, it is reasonably possible that the related unrecognized tax benefits could change from those recognized within the next 12 months. However, at this time, an estimate of the range of reasonably possible adjustments to the balance of unrecognized tax benefits cannot be made.

We file income tax returns in various jurisdictions. The material jurisdictions where we are subject to examination include, among others, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Indonesia, and the United Kingdom.

On March 27, 2020, the U.S. Federal government passed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act to provide economic relief from COVID-19. The CARES Act also provides employer payroll tax credits for wages paid to employees who are unable to work during the COVID-19 outbreak and options to defer payroll tax payments. The Company has elected to defer remittances of payroll and other taxes into the future as provided for under the Act.