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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes Beginning January 1, 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenditures currently and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize them over five or fifteen years, dependent upon the geography in which the expenditures are incurred. Although Congress has considered legislation that would defer, modify, or repeal the capitalization and amortization requirement, as of year-end no such deferral has been passed. The income tax provision has been prepared according to currently enacted tax legislation, including the effect of guidance issued in December 2023 that provided clarity regarding research providers and recipients. In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act was signed into law, which made a number of changes to the Internal Revenue Code, including adding a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks by publicly traded corporations and a 15% minimum tax on adjusted financial statement income of certain large companies. We are subject to the new 1% excise tax beginning January 1, 2023, but the amount will vary depending upon various factors. The 15% minimum tax only applies to corporations with average book income in excess of $1 billion, therefore it is not currently applicable. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance under the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative aims to minimize perceived tax abuses and modernize global tax policy, including the implementation of a global minimum effective tax rate of 15%. In December 2022, the Council of the European Union adopted OECD Pillar 2 for implementation by European Union member states by December 31, 2023. Legislation is in various stages of adoption, from formal legislative proposals to passage into law, in most countries where Itron has significant operations, and is expected to take effect for calendar year 2024. The OECD continues to release more guidance on these rules and framework and we are evaluating the impact to our financial position. These enactments or amendments could adversely affect our tax rate and ultimately result in a negative impact on our operating results and cash flows. Based upon preliminary calculations for calendar year 2024, the Company anticipates it will meet the safe harbors in most jurisdictions, and any remaining top-up tax should be immaterial. The following table summarizes the provision (benefit) for U.S. federal, state, and foreign taxes on income from continuing operations:
| Year Ended December 31,
In thousands | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 43,101 |  |  | $ | (2,692) |  |  | $ | 20,197 |
State and local | 12,039 |  |  | 3,698 |  |  | 7,271 |
Foreign | 8,573 |  |  | 25,433 |  |  | 12,594 |
Total current | 63,713 |  |  | 26,439 |  |  | 40,062 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | (29,717) |  |  | (24,167) |  |  | (36,196) |
State and local | (6,471) |  |  | (4,723) |  |  | (12,186) |
Foreign | 1,071 |  |  | (23,832) |  |  | (12,657) |
Total deferred | (35,117) |  |  | (52,722) |  |  | (61,039) |
Change in valuation allowance | 472 |  |  | 20,087 |  |  | (24,535) |
Total provision (benefit) for income taxes | $ | 29,068 |  |  | $ | (6,196) |  |  | $ | (45,512) |
The change in the valuation allowance does not include the impacts of currency translation adjustments, acquisitions, or significant intercompany transactions. Our tax provision (benefit) as a percentage of income before tax was 23%, 39%, and 37% for 2023, 2022, and 2021. A reconciliation of income taxes at the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% to the consolidated actual tax rate is as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
In thousands | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  |  |
Domestic | $ | 88,258 |  |  | $ | (19,104) |  |  | $ | (91,579) |
Foreign | 39,128 |  |  | 3,361 |  |  | (32,231) |
Total income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 127,386 |  |  | $ | (15,743) |  |  | $ | (123,810) |
Expected federal income tax provision (benefit) | $ | 26,751 |  |  | $ | (3,306) |  |  | $ | (26,000) |
Divestitures | — |  |  | 1,578 |  |  | — |
Change in valuation allowance | 472 |  |  | 20,087 |  |  | (24,535) |
Onshoring of international operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,933) |
Stock-based compensation | 928 |  |  | 1,611 |  |  | (2,465) |
Foreign earnings | 3,921 |  |  | (22,244) |  |  | 25,738 |
Tax credits | (11,906) |  |  | (10,967) |  |  | (8,988) |
Uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties | (57) |  |  | (2,053) |  |  | 6,693 |
Change in tax rates | 106 |  |  | 385 |  |  | (1,919) |
State income tax provision (benefit), net of federal effect | 2,324 |  |  | (2,873) |  |  | (5,722) |
U.S. tax provision on foreign earnings | 404 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 58 |
Nondeductible goodwill impairment | — |  |  | 6,375 |  |  | — |
Local foreign taxes | 509 |  |  | 551 |  |  | 667 |
Other, net | 5,616 |  |  | 4,514 |  |  | 1,894 |
Total provision (benefit) from income taxes | $ | 29,068 |  |  | $ | (6,196) |  |  | $ | (45,512) |
Deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following:
| December 31,
In thousands | 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets |  |  |
Loss carryforwards(1) | $ | 419,327 |  |  | $ | 405,674 |
Tax credits(2) | 23,441 |  |  | 44,790 |
Accrued expenses | 37,609 |  |  | 18,774 |
Pension plan benefits expense | 7,671 |  |  | 7,037 |
Warranty reserves | 8,265 |  |  | 8,535 |
Depreciation and amortization | 64,959 |  |  | 72,505 |
Equity compensation | 9,362 |  |  | 7,061 |
Inventory valuation | 4,883 |  |  | 5,356 |
Deferred revenue | 12,264 |  |  | 13,346 |
Interest | 8,228 |  |  | 11,721 |
Leases | 7,173 |  |  | 9,543 |
Capitalized research costs | 113,465 |  |  | 74,058 |
Other deferred tax assets, net | 9,004 |  |  | 7,986 |
Total deferred tax assets | 725,651 |  |  | 686,386 |
Valuation allowance | (445,170) |  |  | (427,423) |
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | 280,481 |  |  | 258,963 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | (23,313) |  |  | (34,909) |
Leases | (6,064) |  |  | (8,274) |
Other deferred tax liabilities, net | (4,590) |  |  | (4,631) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (33,967) |  |  | (47,814) |
Net deferred tax assets | $ | 246,514 |  |  | $ | 211,149 |
(1)For tax return purposes at December 31, 2023, we had U.S. federal loss carryforwards of $3.6 million, which begin to expire in the year 2024. At December 31, 2023, we have net operating loss carryforwards in Luxembourg of $1.3 billion, the majority of which can be carried forward indefinitely, offset by a full valuation allowance. The remaining portion of the loss carryforwards are composed primarily of losses in various other state and foreign jurisdictions. The majority of these losses can be carried forward indefinitely. At December 31, 2023, there was a valuation allowance of $445.2 million primarily associated with foreign loss carryforwards. (2)For tax return purposes at December 31, 2023, we had: U.S. general business credits of $5.4 million, which begin to expire in 2043; and state tax credits of $41.9 million, which begin to expire in 2024. Changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets are summarized as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
In thousands | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 427,423 |  |  | $ | 443,593 |  |  | $ | 503,859 |
Other adjustments | 17,275 |  |  | (36,257) |  |  | (35,731) |
Additions charged to costs and expenses | 472 |  |  | 20,087 |  |  | (24,535) |
Balance at end of period, noncurrent | $ | 445,170 |  |  | $ | 427,423 |  |  | $ | 443,593 |
We recognize valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets to the extent we believe it is more likely than not that a portion of such assets will not be realized. In making such determinations, we consider all available favorable and unfavorable evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and our ability to carry back losses to prior years. We are required to make assumptions and judgments about potential outcomes that lie outside management's control. Our most sensitive and critical factors are the projection, source, and character of future taxable income. Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance, will be realized. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable, however, could be reduced in the near term if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward periods are reduced. We do not provide U.S. deferred taxes on temporary differences related to our foreign investments that are considered permanent in duration. These temporary differences include undistributed foreign earnings of $30.8 million and $43.0 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Foreign taxes have been provided on these undistributed foreign earnings. As a result of recent changes in U.S. tax legislation, any repatriation of these earnings would not result in additional U.S. federal income tax. We are subject to income tax in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in evaluating our tax positions and determining our provision for income taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We establish reserves for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. These reserves are established when we believe that certain positions might be challenged despite our belief that our tax return positions are fully supportable. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the outcome of tax audits. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of reserve positions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits were as follows:
In thousands | Total
Unrecognized tax benefits at January 1, 2021 | $ | 135,910 |
Gross increase to positions in prior years | 570 |
Gross decrease to positions in prior years | (19,709) |
Gross increases to current period tax positions | 31,456 |
Audit settlements | — |
Decrease related to lapsing of statute of limitations | (4,535) |
Effect of change in exchange rates | (4,163) |
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2021 | $ | 139,529 |
Gross increase to positions in prior years | 14,450 |
Gross decrease to positions in prior years | (2,786) |
Gross increases to current period tax positions | 4,702 |
Audit settlements | — |
Decrease related to lapsing of statute of limitations | (23,164) |
Effect of change in exchange rates | (2,587) |
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2022 | $ | 130,144 |
Gross increase to positions in prior years | 1,182 |
Gross decrease to positions in prior years | (8,666) |
Gross increases to current period tax positions | 10,967 |
Audit settlements | (3,234) |
Decrease related to lapsing of statute of limitations | (2,000) |
Effect of change in exchange rates | 1,674 |
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023 | $ | 130,067 |
| December 31,
In thousands | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
The amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate | $ | 129,591 |  |  | $ | 130,137 |  |  | $ | 139,503 |
If certain unrecognized tax benefits are recognized they would create additional deferred tax assets. These assets would require a full valuation allowance in certain locations based upon present circumstances. We classify interest expense and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits and interest income on tax overpayments as components of income tax expense. The net interest and penalties expense recognized were as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
In thousands | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net interest and penalties expense (benefit) | $ | 1,821 |  |  | $ | 4,665 |  |  | $ | (1,097) |
Accrued interest and penalties recognized were as follows:
| December 31,
In thousands | 2023 |  | 2022
Accrued interest | $ | 9,794 |  |  | $ | 7,575 |
Accrued penalties | 466 |  |  | 567 |
At December 31, 2023, we are under examination by certain tax authorities. We believe we have appropriately accrued for the expected outcome of all tax matters and do not currently anticipate that the ultimate resolution of these examinations will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, future results of operations, or cash flows. Based upon the timing and outcome of examinations, litigation, the impact of legislative, regulatory, and judicial developments, and the impact of these items on the statute of limitations, it is reasonably possible that the related unrecognized tax benefits could change from those recognized within the next twelve months. However, at this time, an estimate of the range of reasonably possible adjustments to the balance of unrecognized tax benefits cannot be made. We file income tax returns in various jurisdictions. We are subject to income tax examination by tax authorities in our major tax jurisdictions as follows:
Tax Jurisdiction |  | Years Subject to Audit
U.S. federal |  | Subsequent to 2019
France |  | Subsequent to 2020
Germany |  | Subsequent to 2013
United Kingdom |  | Subsequent to 2018
Indonesia |  | Subsequent to 2017
Italy |  | Subsequent to 2017
While the above years are subject to audit based on the local jurisdiction's statute of limitations, tax attributes carrying over into the above years may also be adjusted upon audit.

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