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Income Taxes | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes We determine the interim tax benefit (provision) by applying an estimate of the annual effective tax rate to the year-to-date pretax book income (loss) and adjusting for discrete items during the reporting period, if any. Tax jurisdictions with losses for which tax benefits cannot be realized, as well as significant unusual or infrequently occurring items that are separately reported, are excluded from the annual effective tax rate. While our tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 of 21% is in line with the federal statutory rate of 21%, it is overall impacted by the effect of valuation allowances on deferred tax assets, the forecasted mix of earnings in domestic and international jurisdictions, U.S. taxation of foreign earnings including GILTI (Global Intangible Low Taxed Income) tax, net of Section 250 deduction (largely driven by research and development capitalization), Subpart F income, a benefit related to stock-based compensation, tax credits, state taxes, and uncertain tax positions. Our tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 of 1%, differed from the federal statutory rate of 21% due to the impact of valuation allowances on deferred tax assets, the forecasted mix of earnings in domestic and international jurisdictions, U.S. taxation of foreign earnings including GILTI (Global Intangible Low Taxed Income) tax, net of Section 250 deduction (largely driven by research and development capitalization), Subpart F income, an expense related to stock-based compensation, tax credits, and uncertain tax positions. Beginning January 1, 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenditures currently and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize them over five or fifteen years, dependent upon the geography in which the expenditures are incurred. Although Congress has considered legislation that would defer, modify, or repeal the capitalization and amortization requirement, as of quarter end no such deferral has been passed. The income tax provision has been prepared according to currently enacted tax legislation, including the effect of guidance issued in December 2023 that provided clarity regarding research providers and recipients. In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act was signed into law, which made a number of changes to the Internal Revenue Code, including adding a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks by publicly traded corporations and a 15% minimum tax on adjusted financial statement income of certain large companies. We are subject to the new 1% excise tax beginning January 1, 2023, but the amount will vary depending upon various factors. The 15% minimum tax only applies to corporations with average book income in excess of $1 billion, therefore it is not currently applicable. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance under the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative aims to minimize perceived tax abuses and modernize global tax policy, including the implementation of a global minimum effective tax rate of 15%. In December 2022, the Council of the European Union adopted OECD Pillar 2 for implementation by European Union member states by December 31, 2023. Legislation is in various stages of adoption, from formal legislative proposals to passage into law, in most countries where Itron has significant operations, and is expected to take effect for calendar year 2024. The OECD continues to release more guidance on these rules and framework and we are evaluating the impact to our financial position. These enactments or amendments could adversely affect our tax rate and ultimately result in a negative impact on our operating results and cash flows. Based upon forecast calculations for calendar year 2024, the Company expects to meet the safe harbors in most jurisdictions, and the remaining top-up tax is forecasted to be immaterial. We classify interest expense and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits and interest income on tax overpayments as components of income tax expense. The net interest and penalties expense amounts recognized were as follows:
|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
In thousands |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net interest and penalties expense |  |  |  |  | $ | 474 |  |  | $ | 250 |
Accrued interest and penalties recognized were as follows:
In thousands | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Accrued interest | $ | 10,176 |  |  | $ | 9,794 |
Accrued penalties | 360 |  |  | 466 |
Unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions and the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate were as follows:
In thousands | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions | $ | 128,992 |  |  | $ | 130,067 |
The amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate | 128,528 |  |  | 129,591 |
At March 31, 2024, we are under examination by certain tax authorities. We have received assessments of approximately $13 million from German tax authorities for years 2014-2017 and have reflected those amounts as current liabilities, and plan to appeal certain items not taken into account in the assessments. We believe we have appropriately accrued for the expected outcome of all tax matters and do not currently anticipate that the ultimate resolution of these examinations will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, future results of operations, or cash flows. Based upon the timing and outcome of examinations, litigation, the impact of legislative, regulatory, and judicial developments, and the impact of these items on the statute of limitations, it is reasonably possible that the related unrecognized tax benefits could change from those recognized within the next twelve months. However, at this time, an estimate of the range of reasonably possible adjustments to the balance of unrecognized tax benefits cannot be made. We file income tax returns in various jurisdictions. The material jurisdictions where we are subject to examination include, among others, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Indonesia, and the United Kingdom.

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