Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. There is a hierarchy of three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:


Level 1			Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2			Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities
Level 3			Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities

A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Transfers of financial instruments between levels within the fair value hierarchy are recognized on the date management determines that the underlying circumstances or assumptions have changed.

Available-for-sale securities - the Company's available-for-sale securities are considered to be Level 2 securities. The Level 2 securities consist primarily of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, mortgage-backed securities plus state and political subdivisions. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

The Company reviews the prices supplied by the independent pricing service, as well as their underlying pricing methodologies, for reasonableness and to ensure such prices are aligned with traditional pricing matrices. In general, the Company does not purchase investment portfolio securities with complicated structures. Pricing for the Company’s investment securities is fairly generic and is easily obtained. The Company uses a third-party comparison pricing vendor in order to reflect consistency in the fair values of the investment securities sampled by the Company each quarter.

Held-to-maturity securities – the Company's held-to-maturity securities are considered to be Level 2 securities. The Level 2 securities consist primarily of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, mortgage-backed securities plus state and political subdivisions. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

Impaired loans - Impaired loans include loans individually analyzed for credit losses for which a specific reserve has been recorded, non-accrual loans, loans past due 90 days or more and restructured loans made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Impaired loans are carried at the net realizable value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. A portion of the allowance for credit losses is allocated to impaired loans if the value of such loans is deemed to be less than the unpaid balance. If these allocations cause the allowance for credit losses to require an increase, such increase is reported as a component of the provision for credit losses. The fair value of loans with specific allocated losses was $10.5 million and $168.6 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This valuation is considered Level 3, consisting of appraisals of underlying collateral. The Company reversed $2.4 million and $1.1 million of accrued interest receivable when impaired loans were put on non-accrual status during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Foreclosed assets held for sale - Foreclosed assets held for sale are held by the Company at fair value, less estimated costs to sell. At foreclosure, if the fair value, less estimated costs to sell, of the real estate acquired is less than the Company’s recorded investment in the related loan, a write-down is recognized through a charge to the allowance for credit losses. Additionally, valuations are periodically performed by management and any subsequent reduction in value is recognized by a charge to income. The fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale is estimated using Level 3 inputs based on appraisals of underlying collateral. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale, less estimated costs to sell, was $30.5 million and $546,000, respectively.

No foreclosed assets held for sale were remeasured during the year ended December 31, 2023. No foreclosed assets held for sale were remeasured during the year ended December 31, 2022. Regulatory guidelines require the Company to reevaluate the fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale on at least an annual basis. The Company’s policy is to comply with the regulatory guidelines.

The significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs used in the fair value measurement of collateral for collateral-dependent impaired loans and foreclosed assets primarily relate to customized discounting criteria applied to the customer’s reported amount of collateral. The amount of the collateral discount depends upon the condition and marketability of the underlying collateral. As the Company’s primary objective in the event of default would be to monetize the collateral to settle the outstanding balance of the loan, less marketable collateral would receive a larger discount.

The following table presents the estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments. Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.


	December 31, 2023
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level
	(In thousands)
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,000,213	$	1,000,213	1
Investment securities - available for sale	3,507,841		3,507,841		2
Investment securities - held-to-maturity	1,281,982		1,170,481		2
Loans receivable, net of impaired loans and allowance	14,048,002		14,071,775		3
Accrued interest receivable	118,966		118,966		1
FHLB, FRB & FNBB stock; other equity investments	223,748		223,748		3
Marketable equity securities	49,419		49,419		1
Financial liabilities:
Deposits:
Demand and non-interest bearing	$	4,085,501	$	4,085,501	1
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	11,050,347		11,050,347		1
Time deposits	1,651,863		1,633,091		3
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	142,085		142,085		1
FHLB and other borrowed funds	1,301,300		1,291,926		2
Accrued interest payable	19,124		19,124		1
Subordinated debentures	439,834		358,682		3


	December 31, 2022
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level
	(In thousands)
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	724,790	$	724,790	1
Investment securities - available for sale	4,041,590		4,041,590		2
Investment securities - held-to-maturity	1,287,705		1,126,146		2
Loans receivable, net of impaired loans and allowance	13,929,892		13,723,865		3
Accrued interest receivable	103,199		103,199		1
FHLB, FRB & FNBB stock; other equity investments	215,952		215,952		3
Marketable equity securities	52,034		52,034		1
Financial liabilities:
Deposits:
Demand and non-interest bearing	$	5,164,997	$	5,164,997	1
Savings and interest-bearing transaction accounts	11,730,552		11,730,552		1
Time deposits	1,043,234		1,014,348		3

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	131,146		131,146		1
FHLB and other borrowed funds	650,000		595,886		2
Accrued interest payable	10,622		10,622		1
Subordinated debentures	440,420		411,686		3