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Income taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income taxes | Income taxes The following table summarizes the components of the provision for income taxes from continuing operations:
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 32,798 |  |  | $ | 134,336 |  |  | $ | 11,148 |
State | 8,747 |  |  | 16,970 |  |  | 9,644 |
Non-U.S. | 56,442 |  |  | 35,399 |  |  | 35,042 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | (27,528) |  |  | (85,272) |  |  | (9,475) |
State | 10,116 |  |  | (16,933) |  |  | (13,734) |
Non-U.S. | 2,428 |  |  | (10,151) |  |  | (10,694) |
| $ | 83,003 |  |  | $ | 74,349 |  |  | $ | 21,931 |
At December 31, 2022, the cumulative unremitted earnings of subsidiaries outside the U.S. that are considered non-permanently reinvested and for which taxes have been provided approximated $1.1 billion. At December 31, 2022, the cumulative unremitted earnings of subsidiaries outside the U.S. that are considered permanently reinvested approximated $1.2 billion. Earnings considered permanently reinvested are expected to be reinvested indefinitely and, as a result, no additional deferred tax liability has been recognized with regard to these earnings. It is not practical to determine the deferred income tax liability on these earnings if, in the future, they are remitted to the U.S. because the income tax liability to be incurred, if any, is dependent on circumstances existing when remittance occurs. The following table summarizes the U.S. and non-U.S. components of income from continuing operations before taxes:
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
U.S. | $ | 164,151 |  |  | $ | 209,231 |  |  | $ | 233,034 |
Non-U.S. | 281,768 |  |  | 350,237 |  |  | 124,698 |
| $ | 445,919 |  |  | $ | 559,468 |  |  | $ | 357,732 |
Reconciliations between the statutory federal income tax rate and the effective income tax rate are as follows:
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Federal statutory rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Tax effect of international items | (4.6) |  |  | (6.0) |  |  | (5.3) |
Foreign merger - deferred taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation | (0.3) |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | (4.9) |
State taxes, net of federal benefit | 3.4 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.3) |
Uncertain tax contingencies | (0.4) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.5) |
Contingent consideration | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (2.2) |
Intellectual property impairment charge | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.2) |
Research and development tax credit | (1.0) |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (1.1) |
Other, net | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |
| 18.6 | % |  | 13.3 | % |  | 6.1 | %
The effective income tax rate for 2022 was 18.6% compared to 13.3% for 2021. The effective income tax rate for 2022 reflects tax expense resulting from a deferred charge relating to the 2022 Restructuring Plan and from a U.S. law effective in 2022 requiring capitalization of certain research and development expenditures. The effective income tax rate for 2021 reflects tax expense associated with the Respiratory business divestiture. Additionally, the effective tax rates for both 2022 and 2021 reflect a net excess tax benefit related to share-based compensation and a tax benefit from research and development tax credits. We are routinely subject to examinations by various taxing authorities. In conjunction with these examinations and as a regular practice, we establish and adjust reserves with respect to its uncertain tax positions to address developments related to those positions. We realized a net benefit of $2.0 million, $0.8 million and $1.7 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020 respectively, as a result of reducing our reserves with respect to uncertain tax positions, principally due to the expiration of a number of applicable statutes of limitations. The following table summarizes significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| 2022 |  | 2021
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Tax loss and credit carryforwards | $ | 110,857 |  |  | $ | 168,113 |
Lease Liabilities | 32,339 |  |  | 32,127 |
Pension | 1,163 |  |  | 350 |
Reserves and accruals | 64,498 |  |  | 64,421 |
Other | 24,013 |  |  | 4,379 |
Less: valuation allowances | (91,531) |  |  | (143,177) |
Total deferred tax assets | 141,339 |  |  | 126,213 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment | 25,427 |  |  | 24,479 |
Intangibles — stock acquisitions | 379,298 |  |  | 352,139 |
Unremitted non-U.S. earnings | 67,833 |  |  | 73,385 |
Lease Assets | 32,339 |  |  | 32,127 |
Other | 18,926 |  |  | 7,387 |
Total deferred tax liabilities | 523,823 |  |  | 489,517 |
Net deferred tax liability | $ | (382,484) |  |  | $ | (363,304) |
Under the tax laws of various jurisdictions in which we operate, deductions or credits that cannot be fully utilized for tax purposes during the current year may be carried forward, subject to statutory limitations, to reduce taxable income or taxes payable in a future tax year. At December 31, 2022, the tax effect of such carryforwards approximated $110.9 million. Of this amount, $16.0 million has no expiration date, $20.1 million expires after 2022 but before the end of 2027 and $74.8 million expires after 2027. A portion of these carryforwards consists of tax losses and credits obtained by us as a result of acquisitions; the utilization of these carryforwards is subject to an annual limitation imposed by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, which limits a company’s ability to deduct prior net operating losses following a more than 50 percent change in ownership. It is not expected that the Section 382 limitation will prevent us ultimately from utilizing the applicable loss carryforwards. The determination of state net operating loss carryforwards is dependent upon the U.S. subsidiaries’ taxable income or loss, the state’s proportion of each subsidiary's taxable net income and the application of state laws, which can change from year to year and impact the amount of such carryforward. The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets of $91.5 million and $143.2 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, relates principally to the uncertainty of our ability to utilize certain deferred tax assets, primarily tax loss and credit carryforwards in various jurisdictions. The valuation allowance was calculated in accordance with applicable accounting standards, which require that a valuation allowance be established and maintained when it is “more likely than not” that all or a portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized. Uncertain Tax Positions: The following table is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for liabilities associated with unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Balance at January 1 | $ | 6,105 |  |  | $ | 7,230 |  |  | $ | 7,561 |
Increase in unrecognized tax benefits related to prior years | 215 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,286 |
Decrease in unrecognized tax benefits related to prior years | (761) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Reductions in unrecognized tax benefits due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations | (1,117) |  |  | (956) |  |  | (1,864) |
(Decrease) increase in unrecognized tax benefits due to foreign currency translation | (182) |  |  | (169) |  |  | 247 |
Balance at December 31 | $ | 4,260 |  |  | $ | 6,105 |  |  | $ | 7,230 |
The total liabilities associated with the unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate for continuing operations, were $2.7 million at December 31, 2022. We accrue interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income, and the corresponding liability is included in the consolidated balance sheets. The net interest expense (benefit) and penalties reflected in income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0.2 million and $(0.2) million, respectively; for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $0.2 million and $(0.3) million, respectively; and for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $0.2 million and $(0.5) million, respectively. The liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets for interest and penalties at December 31, 2022 were $0.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively, and at December 31, 2021 were $0.8 million and $1.8 million, respectively. The taxable years for which the applicable statute of limitations remains open by major tax jurisdictions are as follows:
| Beginning |  | Ending
U.S. | 2019 |  | 2022
Canada | 2018 |  | 2022
China | 2017 |  | 2022
Czech Republic | 2019 |  | 2022
France | 2019 |  | 2022
Germany | 2011 |  | 2022
India | 2002 |  | 2022
Ireland | 2018 |  | 2022
Italy | 2017 |  | 2022
Malaysia | 2015 |  | 2022
Singapore | 2018 |  | 2022
We are routinely subject to income tax examinations by various taxing authorities. As of December 31, 2022, the most significant tax examinations in process were in Ireland, Germany and France. The date at which these examinations may be concluded and the ultimate outcome of the examinations are uncertain. As a result of the uncertain outcome of these ongoing examinations, future examinations or the expiration of statutes of limitation, it is reasonably possible that the related unrecognized tax benefits for tax positions taken could materially change from those recorded as liabilities at December 31, 2022. Due to the potential for resolution of certain examinations, and the expiration of various statutes of limitations, it is reasonably possible that our unrecognized tax benefits may change within the next year by a range of zero to $2.0 million. Supplemental cash flow information
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Income taxes paid, net of refunds | $ | 162,046 |  |  | $ | 108,609 |  |  | $ | 77,163 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 21 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32857-109319 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=122134291&loc=d3e330215-122817 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 17 -Subparagraph (b) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32809-109319 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=122134291&loc=d3e330036-122817 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 14 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32705-109319 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 270 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424409&loc=d3e44925-109338 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144680 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 30 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (a) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424122&loc=d3e41874-109331 Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2)) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=120395691&loc=d3e23780-122690 + Details
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