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Income taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income taxes Income taxes
The following table summarizes the components of the provision for income taxes from continuing operations:
202420232022
Current:
Federal$74,748 $51,717 $32,798 
State16,476 8,266 8,747 
Non-U.S.43,830 30,408 56,442 
Deferred:
Federal(103,387)(24,396)(27,528)
State(10,265)5,439 10,116 
Non-U.S.(16,086)5,006 2,428 
$5,316 $76,440 $83,003 
At December 31, 2024, the cumulative unremitted earnings of subsidiaries outside the U.S. that are considered non-permanently reinvested and for which taxes have been provided approximated $2.6 billion. At December 31, 2024, no cumulative unremitted earnings of subsidiaries outside the U.S. are considered permanently reinvested.
The following table summarizes the U.S. and non-U.S. components of income from continuing operations before taxes:
202420232022
U.S.$(171,380)$45,363 $164,151 
Non-U.S.246,858 388,649 281,768 
$75,478 $434,012 $445,919 
Reconciliations between the statutory federal income tax rate and the effective income tax rate are as follows:
202420232022
Federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Tax effect of international items(57.6)(6.1)(4.6)
Pension settlement charge
(38.5)(0.2)— 
Legal entity rationalization - deferred taxes
— 5.7 — 
Excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation2.0 (0.3)(0.3)
State taxes, net of federal benefit10.4 0.6 3.4 
Uncertain tax contingencies(1.2)(0.6)(0.4)
Contingent consideration3.8 (1.3)0.1 
Goodwill impairment charge66.8 — — 
Research and development tax credit(5.9)(1.3)(1.0)
Other, net6.2 0.1 0.5 
7.0 %17.6 %18.6 %
The effective income tax rate for 2024 was 7.0% compared to 17.6% for 2023. The effective income tax rate for 2024 reflects a non-deductible goodwill impairment charge recognized in connection with our annual impairment test for goodwill. Tax benefits were recognized in both 2024 and 2023 related to the pension settlement charge recognized in connection with the termination of the TRIP, as described in Note 16. The effective income tax rate for 2023 reflects the impact of deferred charges resulting from a legal entity rationalization, the impact of a non-taxable contingent consideration adjustment recognized in connection with a decrease in the estimated fair value of our contingent consideration liabilities and a tax expense resulting from a deferred charge relating to the 2022 Restructuring Plan.
We are routinely subject to examinations by various taxing authorities. In conjunction with these examinations and as a regular practice, we establish and adjust reserves with respect to its uncertain tax positions to address developments related to those positions. We realized a net benefit of $0.9 million, $2.3 million and $2.0 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022 respectively, as a result of reducing our reserves with respect to uncertain tax positions, principally due to the expiration of a number of applicable statutes of limitations.
The following table summarizes significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023:
20242023
Deferred tax assets:
Tax loss and credit carryforwards$114,244 $114,147 
Lease Liabilities26,897 30,397 
Reserves and accruals77,493 72,040 
Other11,079 33,472 
Less: valuation allowances(88,412)(95,747)
Total deferred tax assets141,301 154,309 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property, plant and equipment16,598 34,852 
Intangibles — stock acquisitions419,172 462,559 
Unremitted non-U.S. earnings51,638 61,734 
Lease Assets26,897 30,397 
Other6,688 14,099 
Total deferred tax liabilities520,993 603,641 
Net deferred tax liability$(379,692)$(449,332)
Under the tax laws of various jurisdictions in which we operate, deductions or credits that cannot be fully utilized for tax purposes during the current year may be carried forward, subject to statutory limitations, to reduce taxable income or taxes payable in a future tax year. At December 31, 2024, the tax effect of such carryforwards
approximated $114.2 million. Of this amount, $21.0 million has no expiration date, $12.5 million expires after 2024 but before the end of 2029 and $80.7 million expires after 2029. A portion of these carryforwards consists of tax losses and credits obtained by us as a result of acquisitions; the utilization of these carryforwards is subject to an annual limitation imposed by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), which limits a company’s ability to deduct prior net operating losses following a more than 50 percent change in ownership. It is not expected that the Section 382 limitation will prevent us ultimately from utilizing the applicable loss carryforwards. The determination of state net operating loss carryforwards is dependent upon the U.S. subsidiaries’ taxable income or loss, the state’s proportion of each subsidiary's taxable net income and the application of state laws, which can change from year to year and impact the amount of such carryforward.
The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets of $88.4 million and $95.7 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, relates principally to the uncertainty of our ability to utilize certain deferred tax assets, primarily tax loss and credit carryforwards in various jurisdictions. The valuation allowance was calculated in accordance with applicable accounting standards, which require that a valuation allowance be established and maintained when it is “more likely than not” that all or a portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized.
Uncertain Tax Positions: The following table is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for liabilities associated with unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:
202420232022
Balance at January 1
$2,020 $4,260 $6,105 
Increase in unrecognized tax benefits related to prior years
— — 215 
Decrease in unrecognized tax benefits related to prior years
— — (761)
Reductions in unrecognized tax benefits due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations
(902)(2,287)(1,117)
(Decrease) increase in unrecognized tax benefits due to foreign currency translation
(97)47 (182)
Balance at December 31
$1,021 $2,020 $4,260 
The total liabilities associated with the unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate for continuing operations, were $0.7 million at December 31, 2024.
We accrue interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income, and the corresponding liability is included in the consolidated balance sheets. The net interest expense (benefit) and penalties reflected in income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $0.1 million and $(0.3) million, respectively; for the year ended December 31, 2023, $0.1 million and $(0.6) million, respectively; and for the year ended December 31, 2022, $0.2 million and $(0.2) million, respectively. The liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets for interest and penalties at December 31, 2024 were $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively, and at December 31, 2023, $0.4 million and $1.0 million, respectively.
The taxable years for which the applicable statute of limitations remains open by major tax jurisdictions are as follows:
 Beginning
Ending
U.S.20172024
Canada20202024
China20192024
Czech Republic20212024
France20222024
Germany20112024
India20172024
Ireland20202024
Italy20192024
Malaysia20182024
Singapore20202024
We are routinely subject to income tax examinations by various taxing authorities. As of December 31, 2024, the most significant tax examinations in process were in Germany and the United States. The date at which these
examinations may be concluded and the ultimate outcome of the examinations are uncertain. As a result of the uncertain outcome of these ongoing examinations, future examinations or the expiration of statutes of limitation, it is reasonably possible that the related unrecognized tax benefits for tax positions taken could materially change from those recorded as liabilities at December 31, 2024. Due to the potential for resolution of certain examinations, and the expiration of various statutes of limitations, it is reasonably possible that our unrecognized tax benefits may change within the next year by a range of zero to $0.7 million.
Supplemental cash flow information
Year Ended December 31,
202420232022
Income taxes paid, net of refunds$164,902 $114,211 $162,046