10-Q 1 mtn10-qq21801312018.htm 10-Q
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

ý | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended January 31, 2018

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-09614
Vail Resorts, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware |  | 51-0291762
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
390 Interlocken Crescent Broomfield, Colorado |  | 80021
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(303) 404-1800
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ý Yes ¨ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ý Yes ¨ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ý |  | Accelerated filer |  | ¨
Non-accelerated filer |  | ¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ¨
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ¨ Yes ý No
As of March 5, 2018, 40,422,047 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

Table of Contents

PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | Page
Item 1. | Financial Statements (unaudited). |
| Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets as of January 31, 2018, July 31, 2017 and January 31, 2017 | 2
| Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 | 3
| Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Six Months Ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 | 4
| Consolidated Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Six Months Ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 | 5
| Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 | 6
| Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements | 7
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 22
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 42
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 42
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 42
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 43
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 44
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 44
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 44
Item 5. | Other Information | 44
Item 6. | Exhibits | 45

Vail Resorts, Inc.
Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

|  | January 31, 2018 |  | July 31, 2017 |  | January 31, 2017
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 235,460 |  |  | $ | 117,389 |  |  | $ | 140,909 |
Restricted cash |  | 23,566 |  |  | 10,273 |  |  | 17,132 |
Trade receivables, net |  | 85,428 |  |  | 186,913 |  |  | 80,758 |
Inventories, net |  | 97,480 |  |  | 84,814 |  |  | 93,396 |
Other current assets |  | 39,075 |  |  | 33,681 |  |  | 41,519 |
Total current assets |  | 481,009 |  |  | 433,070 |  |  | 373,714 |
Property, plant and equipment, net (Note 6) |  | 1,702,213 |  |  | 1,714,154 |  |  | 1,694,746 |
Real estate held for sale and investment |  | 103,212 |  |  | 103,405 |  |  | 112,633 |
Goodwill, net |  | 1,533,980 |  |  | 1,519,743 |  |  | 1,469,756 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 293,149 |  |  | 294,932 |  |  | 289,208 |
Other assets |  | 43,243 |  |  | 45,414 |  |  | 42,410 |
Total assets |  | $ | 4,156,806 |  |  | $ | 4,110,718 |  |  | $ | 3,982,467 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (Note 6) |  | $ | 588,563 |  |  | $ | 467,669 |  |  | $ | 541,335 |
Income taxes payable |  | 32,497 |  |  | 98,491 |  |  | 51,056 |
Long-term debt due within one year (Note 4) |  | 38,433 |  |  | 38,397 |  |  | 38,379 |
Total current liabilities |  | 659,493 |  |  | 604,557 |  |  | 630,770 |
Long-term debt, net (Note 4) |  | 1,182,349 |  |  | 1,234,024 |  |  | 1,216,721 |
Other long-term liabilities (Note 6) |  | 289,793 |  |  | 301,736 |  |  | 271,935 |
Deferred income taxes, net (Note 2) |  | 144,393 |  |  | 171,442 |  |  | 182,472 |
Total liabilities |  | 2,276,028 |  |  | 2,311,759 |  |  | 2,301,898 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 25,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 100,000 shares authorized, 45,857, 45,448 and 45,419 shares issued, respectively |  | 458 |  |  | 454 |  |  | 454 |
Exchangeable shares, $0.01 par value, 60, 69 and 73 shares issued and outstanding, respectively (Note 5) |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 1,160,243 |  |  | 1,222,510 |  |  | 1,214,064 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 58,750 |  |  | 44,395 |  |  | (914 | )
Retained earnings |  | 673,065 |  |  | 550,985 |  |  | 511,487 |
Treasury stock, at cost, 5,436 shares (Note 10) |  | (247,189 | ) |  | (247,189 | ) |  | (247,189 | )
Total Vail Resorts, Inc. stockholders’ equity |  | 1,645,328 |  |  | 1,571,156 |  |  | 1,477,903 |
Noncontrolling interests |  | 235,450 |  |  | 227,803 |  |  | 202,666 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 1,880,778 |  |  | 1,798,959 |  |  | 1,680,569 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 4,156,806 |  |  | $ | 4,110,718 |  |  | $ | 3,982,467 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements.
2

Vail Resorts, Inc.
Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Six Months Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mountain and Lodging services and other | $ | 594,372 |  |  | $ | 570,640 |  |  | $ | 737,720 |  |  | $ | 685,326 |
Mountain and Lodging retail and dining | 140,069 |  |  | 149,343 |  |  | 216,935 |  |  | 212,826 |
Resort net revenue | 734,441 |  |  | 719,983 |  |  | 954,655 |  |  | 898,152 |
Real Estate | 134 |  |  | 5,215 |  |  | 770 |  |  | 5,311 |
Total net revenue | 734,575 |  |  | 725,198 |  |  | 955,425 |  |  | 903,463 |
Operating expense (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mountain and Lodging operating expense | 297,503 |  |  | 282,895 |  |  | 478,779 |  |  | 435,540 |
Mountain and Lodging retail and dining cost of products sold | 57,237 |  |  | 60,809 |  |  | 92,916 |  |  | 89,749 |
General and administrative | 70,736 |  |  | 71,218 |  |  | 128,599 |  |  | 121,966 |
Resort operating expense | 425,476 |  |  | 414,922 |  |  | 700,294 |  |  | 647,255 |
Real Estate | 1,207 |  |  | 5,841 |  |  | 2,898 |  |  | 7,326 |
Total segment operating expense | 426,683 |  |  | 420,763 |  |  | 703,192 |  |  | 654,581 |
Other operating (expense) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | (51,404 | ) |  | (49,626 | ) |  | (100,028 | ) |  | (90,207 | )
Gain on sale of real property | 515 |  |  | — |  |  | 515 |  |  | 6,466 |
Change in estimated fair value of contingent consideration (Note 7) | — |  |  | (300 | ) |  | — |  |  | (600 | )
Gain (loss) on disposal of fixed assets and other, net | 538 |  |  | (2,231 | ) |  | 1,105 |  |  | (2,781 | )
Income from operations | 257,541 |  |  | 252,278 |  |  | 153,825 |  |  | 161,760 |
Mountain equity investment (loss) income, net | (35 | ) |  | 157 |  |  | 487 |  |  | 989 |
Investment income and other, net | 397 |  |  | 1,148 |  |  | 780 |  |  | 5,671 |
Foreign currency gain on intercompany loans (Note 4) | 10,337 |  |  | 5,166 |  |  | 2,991 |  |  | 5,166 |
Interest expense, net | (15,973 | ) |  | (14,214 | ) |  | (31,147 | ) |  | (26,178 | )
Income before (provision) benefit from income taxes | 252,267 |  |  | 244,535 |  |  | 126,936 |  |  | 147,408 |
(Provision) benefit from income taxes (Note 2) | (3,594 | ) |  | (84,807 | ) |  | 89,810 |  |  | (51,298 | )
Net income | 248,673 |  |  | 159,728 |  |  | 216,746 |  |  | 96,110 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (12,982 | ) |  | (10,549 | ) |  | (9,440 | ) |  | (9,518 | )
Net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. | $ | 235,691 |  |  | $ | 149,179 |  |  | $ | 207,306 |  |  | $ | 86,592 |
Per share amounts (Note 3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic net income per share attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. | $ | 5.82 |  |  | $ | 3.72 |  |  | $ | 5.14 |  |  | $ | 2.25 |
Diluted net income per share attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. | $ | 5.67 |  |  | $ | 3.63 |  |  | $ | 4.97 |  |  | $ | 2.19 |
Cash dividends declared per share | $ | 1.053 |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 2.106 |  |  | $ | 1.62 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements.
3

Vail Resorts, Inc.
Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Six Months Ended January 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income |  | $ | 248,673 |  |  | $ | 159,728 |  |  | $ | 216,746 |  |  | $ | 96,110 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax |  | 65,008 |  |  | 25,650 |  |  | 19,603 |  |  | 1,238 |
Comprehensive income |  | 313,681 |  |  | 185,378 |  |  | 236,349 |  |  | 97,348 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (29,831 | ) |  | (17,329 | ) |  | (14,688 | ) |  | (10,120 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. |  | $ | 283,850 |  |  | $ | 168,049 |  |  | $ | 221,661 |  |  | $ | 87,228 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements.
4

Vail Resorts, Inc.
Consolidated Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Common Stock | Additional Paid in Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Total Vail Resorts, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity | Noncontrolling Interests | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Vail Resorts | Exchangeable |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, July 31, 2016 | $ | 416 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 635,986 |  | $ | (1,550 | ) | $ | 486,667 |  | $ | (246,979 | ) | $ | 874,540 |  | $ | 13,926 |  | $ | 888,466 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 86,592 |  | — |  | 86,592 |  | 9,518 |  | 96,110 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | 636 |  | — |  | — |  | 636 |  | 602 |  | 1,238 |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87,228 |  | 10,120 |  | 97,348 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  | — |  | 9,151 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 9,151 |  | — |  | 9,151 |
Shares issued for acquisition (Note 5) | 33 |  | 4 |  | 574,608 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 574,645 |  | — |  | 574,645 |
Exchangeable shares transfers | 3 |  | (3 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Issuance of shares under share award plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | 2 |  | — |  | (12,977 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (12,975 | ) | — |  | (12,975 | )
Tax benefit from share award plans |  | — |  | 7,296 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 7,296 |  | — |  | 7,296 |
Repurchase of common stock (Note 10) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (210 | ) | (210 | ) | — |  | (210 | )
Dividends (Note 3) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (61,772 | ) | — |  | (61,772 | ) | — |  | (61,772 | )
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest (Note 5) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 182,579 |  | 182,579 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests, net | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (3,959 | ) | (3,959 | )
Balance, January 31, 2017 | $ | 454 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,214,064 |  | $ | (914 | ) | $ | 511,487 |  | $ | (247,189 | ) | $ | 1,477,903 |  | $ | 202,666 |  | $ | 1,680,569 |
Balance, July 31, 2017 | $ | 454 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,222,510 |  | $ | 44,395 |  | $ | 550,985 |  | $ | (247,189 | ) | $ | 1,571,156 |  | $ | 227,803 |  | $ | 1,798,959 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 207,306 |  | — |  | 207,306 |  | 9,440 |  | 216,746 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | 14,355 |  | — |  | — |  | 14,355 |  | 5,248 |  | 19,603 |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 221,661 |  | 14,688 |  | 236,349 |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  | — |  | 9,412 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 9,412 |  | — |  | 9,412 |
Measurement period adjustment (Note 5) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,776 | ) | (1,776 | )
Issuance of shares under share award plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes | 4 |  | — |  | (71,679 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (71,675 | ) | — |  | (71,675 | )
Dividends (Note 3) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (85,226 | ) | — |  | (85,226 | ) | — |  | (85,226 | )
Distributions to noncontrolling interests, net | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (5,265 | ) | (5,265 | )
Balance, January 31, 2018 | $ | 458 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1,160,243 |  | $ | 58,750 |  | $ | 673,065 |  | $ | (247,189 | ) | $ | 1,645,328 |  | $ | 235,450 |  | $ | 1,880,778 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements.
5

Vail Resorts, Inc.
Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Six Months Ended January 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 216,746 |  |  | $ | 96,110 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 100,028 |  |  | 90,207 |
Cost of real estate sales |  | 479 |  |  | 4,203 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 9,412 |  |  | 9,151 |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | (36,728 | ) |  | 51,298 |
Gain on sale of real property |  | (515 | ) |  | (6,466 | )
Foreign exchange gain on intercompany loans |  | (2,991 | ) |  | (5,215 | )
Other non-cash income, net |  | (3,967 | ) |  | (7,678 | )
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Restricted cash |  | (12,843 | ) |  | (4,695 | )
Trade receivables, net |  | 103,691 |  |  | 68,554 |
Inventories, net |  | (11,541 | ) |  | (1,739 | )
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | 73,148 |  |  | 44,912 |
Deferred revenue |  | 52,240 |  |  | 43,333 |
Income taxes payable - excess tax benefit from share award exercises |  | (53,081 | ) |  | (7,296 | )
Income taxes payable - other |  | (12,623 | ) |  | (43,407 | )
Other assets and liabilities, net |  | (550 | ) |  | (1,379 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 420,905 |  |  | 329,893 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  | (87,367 | ) |  | (93,436 | )
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired |  | (1,356 | ) |  | (512,348 | )
Cash received from the sale of real property |  | 515 |  |  | 7,692 |
Other investing activities, net |  | 6,443 |  |  | 6,271 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (81,765 | ) |  | (591,821 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |
Proceeds from borrowings under Vail Holdings Credit Agreement |  | 95,000 |  |  | 619,375 |
Proceeds from borrowings under Whistler Credit Agreement |  | 11,920 |  |  | 2,229 |
Repayments of borrowings under Vail Holdings Credit Agreement |  | (133,750 | ) |  | (194,375 | )
Repayments of borrowings under Whistler Credit Agreement |  | (29,140 | ) |  | (17,573 | )
Employee taxes paid for share award exercises |  | (71,675 | ) |  | (12,975 | )
Dividends paid |  | (85,226 | ) |  | (61,772 | )
Other financing activities, net |  | (9,277 | ) |  | 401 |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | (222,148 | ) |  | 335,310 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | 1,079 |  |  | (370 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | 118,071 |  |  | 73,012 |
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |
Beginning of period |  | 117,389 |  |  | 67,897 |
End of period |  | $ | 235,460 |  |  | $ | 140,909 |
Non-cash investing activities: |  |  |  |
Accrued capital expenditures |  | $ | 12,097 |  |  | $ | 11,102 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements.
6

Vail Resorts, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements
(Unaudited)

1. | Organization and Business

Vail Resorts, Inc. (“Vail Resorts”) is organized as a holding company and operates through various subsidiaries. Vail Resorts and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) operate in three business segments: Mountain, Lodging and Real Estate. The Company refers to “Resort” as the combination of the Mountain and Lodging segments.
In the Mountain segment, the Company operates eleven world-class mountain resort properties and three urban ski areas including:

Mountain Resorts: |  | Location:
1. | Vail Mountain Resort (“Vail Mountain”) |  | Colorado
2. | Breckenridge Ski Resort (“Breckenridge”) |  | Colorado
3. | Keystone Resort (“Keystone”) |  | Colorado
4. | Beaver Creek Resort (“Beaver Creek”) |  | Colorado
5. | Park City Resort (“Park City”) |  | Utah
6. | Heavenly Mountain Resort (“Heavenly”) |  | Lake Tahoe area of Nevada and California
7. | Northstar Resort (“Northstar”) |  | Lake Tahoe area of California
8. | Kirkwood Mountain Resort (“Kirkwood”) |  | Lake Tahoe area of California
9. | Perisher Ski Resort (“Perisher”) |  | New South Wales, Australia
10. | Whistler Blackcomb Resort (“Whistler Blackcomb”) |  | British Columbia, Canada
11. | Stowe Mountain Resort (“Stowe”) |  | Vermont
Urban Ski Areas (“Urban”): |  | Location:
1. | Wilmot Mountain (“Wilmot”) |  | Wisconsin
2. | Afton Alps Ski Area (“Afton Alps”) |  | Minnesota
3. | Mount Brighton Ski Area (“Mt. Brighton”) |  | Michigan

Additionally, the Mountain segment includes ancillary services, primarily including ski school, dining and retail/rental operations, and for Perisher including lodging and transportation operations. The resorts located in the United States (“U.S.”), except for Northstar, Park City, Stowe and the Urban ski areas, operate primarily on federal land under the terms of Special Use Permits granted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. The operations of Whistler Blackcomb are conducted on land owned by the government of the Province of British Columbia, Canada within the traditional territory of the Squamish and Lil’wat Nations. The operations of Perisher are conducted pursuant to a long-term lease and license on land owned by the government of New South Wales, Australia. Stowe operates on land owned by the Company as well as land it leases from the State of Vermont.
In the Lodging segment, the Company owns and/or manages a collection of luxury hotels and condominiums under its RockResorts brand, as well as other strategic lodging properties and a large number of condominiums located in proximity to the Company’s North American mountain resorts, National Park Service (“NPS”) concessionaire properties including the Grand Teton Lodge Company (“GTLC”), which operates destination resorts in Grand Teton National Park, Colorado Mountain Express (“CME”), a Colorado resort ground transportation company, and mountain resort golf courses.
Vail Resorts Development Company (“VRDC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary, conducts the operations of the Company’s Real Estate segment, which owns, develops and sells real estate in and around the Company’s resort communities.
The Company’s mountain business and its lodging properties at or around the Company’s mountain resorts are seasonal in nature with peak operating seasons primarily from mid-November through mid-April in North America. The Company’s operating season at Perisher, its NPS concessionaire properties and its golf courses generally occur from June to early October.
7

2. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation
Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements— In the opinion of the Company, the accompanying Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements reflect all adjustments necessary to state fairly the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. Results for interim periods are not indicative of the results for the entire fiscal year, particularly given the significant seasonality to the Company’s operating cycle. The accompanying Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017. Certain information and footnote disclosures, including significant accounting policies, normally included in fiscal year financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted. The Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheet as of July 31, 2017 was derived from audited financial statements.
The Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended January 31, 2017 have been revised to separately disclose revenues and costs from retail and dining operations, as well as general and administrative costs. Retail and dining revenues were previously included within Mountain and Lodging revenues, and the related costs were previously included in Mountain and Lodging operating costs. Management considers the change in presentation of its Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations to be immaterial to the periods presented. There is no change to previously reported total net revenue, operating expense, income from operations, net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc., per share amounts or segment results for either period.
Use of Estimates— The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Fair Value Instruments— The recorded amounts for cash and cash equivalents, receivables, other current assets, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. The fair value of amounts outstanding under the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement revolver and term loan, Whistler Credit Agreement revolver and the Employee Housing Bonds (all as defined in Note 4, Long-Term Debt) approximate book value due to the variable nature of the interest rate, which is a market rate, associated with the debt.
Income Taxes— On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act includes broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code that impacted the Company’s accounting and reporting for income taxes during the three and six months ended January 31, 2018. These changes primarily consist of the following:

• | A reduction in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, which the Company expects will result in a fiscal 2018 U.S. blended federal statutory income tax rate for the Company of approximately 27%, and then will be reduced to 21% in fiscal 2019 and thereafter.

• | The remeasurement of U.S. net deferred tax liabilities as of the effective date utilizing the new U.S. federal corporate income tax rate of 21%.

• | A territorial tax regime resulting in a one-time transitional repatriation tax on unremitted foreign earnings (“Transition Tax”), which may be paid over an eight-year period.

• | The elimination of the domestic production activities deduction as well as revised limitations on certain business expenses and executive compensation deductions.

On December 22, 2017, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) to provide guidance that companies should apply each reporting period related to the income tax effects of the Tax Act. SAB 118 provides that companies (i) should record the effects of the changes from the Tax Act for which the accounting is complete (not provisional), (ii) should record provisional amounts for the effects of the changes from the Tax Act for which the accounting is not complete, and for which reasonable estimates can be determined, in the period they are identified, and (iii) should not record provisional amounts if reasonable estimates cannot be made for the effects of the changes from the Tax Act, and should continue to apply guidance based on the tax law in effect prior to the enactment on December 22, 2017. In addition, SAB 118 establishes a one-year measurement period (through December 22, 2018) where a provisional amount could be subject to adjustment, and requires certain qualitative and quantitative disclosures related to provisional amounts and accounting during the measurement period.
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As a result of the Tax Act, the Company recorded a one-time, provisional net tax benefit of approximately $64.6 million on its Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 (or approximately $1.55 per diluted share), as described below.
Due to the reduction in the U.S. corporate tax rate, the Company remeasured its U.S. net deferred tax liabilities as of the effective date and recognized an estimated provisional benefit of approximately $71.0 million, as a discrete item in the (provision) benefit from income taxes for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018, which is a reduction in net deferred tax liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheet as of January 31, 2018. The measurement of U.S. net deferred tax liabilities is provisional as the final remeasurement cannot be determined until the underlying temporary differences are known, rather than estimated.
The Company also recorded an estimated provisional charge for the Transition Tax of approximately $6.4 million as a discrete item in the (provision) benefit from income taxes for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018. The Transition Tax recorded is provisional pending the finalization of earnings estimates of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries.
The Company is continuing to analyze the impact of the Tax Act. Adjustments to the provisional charges will be recorded as discrete items in the (provision) benefit from income taxes in the period in which those adjustments become reasonably estimable and/or the accounting is complete. Such adjustments may result from, among other things, future guidance, interpretations and regulatory changes from the Internal Revenue Service, the SEC, the FASB and/or various tax jurisdictions. The Company will complete its analysis no later than December 22, 2018 (the end of the one-year measurement period).
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Adopted Standards
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” The new guidance requires companies to record all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled, as applicable, rather than within additional paid in capital which was required under the previous guidance. The guidance also requires companies to present excess tax benefits as an operating activity and cash paid to a taxing authority to satisfy employee statutory withholding as a financing activity on the statement of cash flows. Additionally, the guidance allows companies to make a policy election to account for forfeitures either upon occurrence or by estimating forfeitures. The Company adopted this standard on August 1, 2017, and is prospectively recording excess tax benefits and deficiencies within the provision or benefit for income taxes on its Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations when stock-based compensation awards vest or are exercised. The Company expects this will increase volatility of the provision or benefit for income taxes as the amount of excess tax benefits or deficiencies from stock-based compensation awards are dependent on the Company’s stock price at the date the awards vest or are exercised. As a result of adopting this provision of the standard, the Company recorded $1.3 million and $53.1 million, respectively, of excess tax benefits within (provision) benefit from income taxes on its Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018, (or approximately $0.03 and $1.27, respectively, per diluted share), resulting from vesting or exercises of equity awards during the respective periods. As of August 1, 2017, the Company prospectively presented excess tax benefits as operating activities on its Consolidated Condensed Statement of Cash Flows for the six months ended January 31, 2018. Additionally, the Company has elected to record actual forfeitures for recording stock-based compensation expense when they occur, rather than estimate expected forfeitures, which did not have a material impact to the Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations for both the three and six months ended January 31, 2018. In accordance with the disclosure provisions of the new guidance, the Company retrospectively adopted the new presentation. Cash paid to taxing authorities on an employee’s behalf was changed to be classified as a financing activity in the Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows, which resulted in a decrease of approximately $13.0 million to cash provided by financing activities with a corresponding increase to cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended January 31, 2017, as shown below (in thousands).

| Six Months Ended January 31, 2017
| Previously Reported (Previous Guidance) |  | Tax Payments Change |  | Revised Reported (New Guidance)
Cash flows provided by operating activities | $ | 316,918 |  |  | $ | 12,975 |  |  | $ | 329,893 |
Cash flows used in investing activities (no change) | (591,821 | ) |  | — |  |  | (591,821 | )
Cash flows provided by financing activities | 348,285 |  |  | (12,975 | ) |  | 335,310 |
Effect of exchange rate changes (no change) | (370 | ) |  | — |  |  | (370 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents (no change) | $ | 73,012 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 73,012 |

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Standards Being Evaluated
The authoritative guidance listed below is currently being evaluated for its impact to Company policies upon adoption as well as any significant implementation matters yet to be addressed.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Accounting Standards Codification 605, “Revenue Recognition.” This ASU is based on the principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The ASU also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. Subsequent to the issuance of ASU 2014-09, the FASB has issued several amendments, which do not change the core principle of the guidance and are intended to clarify and improve understanding of certain topics included within the revenue standard. This standard will be effective for the first interim period within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 (the Company’s first quarter of fiscal 2019), using one of two retrospective application methods. The Company will not early adopt this standard and is evaluating the impacts, if any, the adoption of this accounting standard will have on the Company’s financial position or results of operations and cash flows and related disclosures and is determining the appropriate transition method. The Company has completed the review of revenue streams consisting of (i) season pass sales, (ii) non-season pass lift ticket sales, (iii) retail/rental sales and (iv) dining sales and determined the recognition and measurement shall remain unchanged under the revised standard as compared to the prior guidance. The Company is continuing to evaluate its remaining revenue streams as well as disclosure requirements of the new standard in advance of the required date of adoption.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” which supersedes “Leases (Topic 840).” The standard requires lessees to recognize the assets and liabilities arising from all leases, including those classified as operating leases under previous accounting guidance, on the balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. The standard also allows for an accounting policy election not to recognize on the balance sheet lease assets and liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less. Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use asset on their balance sheets, while lessor accounting will be largely unchanged. The standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years (the Company’s first quarter of fiscal 2020), and must be applied using a modified retrospective transition approach to leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts the adoption of this accounting standard will have on the Company’s financial position or results of operations and cash flows and related disclosures. Additionally, the Company is evaluating the impacts of the standard beyond accounting, including system, data and process changes required to comply with the standard and has selected an information system application that will centralize the Company’s lease information and be utilized for accounting under the new standard.

3. | Net Income per Share

Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income attributable to Vail Resorts stockholders by the weighted-average shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised, resulting in the issuance of shares of common stock that would then share in the earnings of Vail Resorts.
In connection with the Company’s acquisition of Whistler Blackcomb in October 2016 (see Note 5, Acquisitions), the Company issued consideration in the form of shares of Vail Resorts common stock (the “Vail Shares”) and shares of the Company’s wholly-owned Canadian subsidiary (“Exchangeco”). Whistler Blackcomb shareholders elected to receive 3,327,719 Vail Shares and 418,095 shares of Exchangeco (the “Exchangeco Shares”). Both Vail Shares and Exchangeco Shares have a par value of $0.01 per share, and Exchangeco Shares, while outstanding, are substantially the economic equivalent of Vail Shares and are exchangeable, at any time prior to the seventh anniversary of the closing of the acquisition, into Vail Shares. The Company’s calculation of weighted-average shares outstanding includes the Exchangeco Shares.
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Presented below is basic and diluted EPS for the three months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | Three Months Ended January 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | Basic |  | Diluted |  | Basic |  | Diluted
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Vail Resorts |  | $ | 235,691 |  |  | $ | 235,691 |  |  | $ | 149,179 |  |  | $ | 149,179 |
Weighted-average Vail Shares outstanding |  | 40,414 |  |  | 40,414 |  |  | 39,888 |  |  | 39,888 |
Weighted-average Exchangeco Shares outstanding |  | 61 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 162 |
Total Weighted-average shares outstanding |  | 40,475 |  |  | 40,475 |  |  | 40,050 |  |  | 40,050 |
Effect of dilutive securities |  | — |  |  | 1,119 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,057 |
Total shares |  | 40,475 |  |  | 41,594 |  |  | 40,050 |  |  | 41,107 |
Net income per share attributable to Vail Resorts |  | $ | 5.82 |  |  | $ | 5.67 |  |  | $ | 3.72 |  |  | $ | 3.63 |

The Company computes the effect of dilutive securities using the treasury stock method and average market prices during the period. The number of shares issuable upon the exercise of share based awards excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS because the effect of their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive totaled approximately 5,000 and 2,000 for the three months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Presented below is basic and diluted EPS for the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | Six Months Ended January 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | Basic |  | Diluted |  | Basic |  | Diluted
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Vail Resorts |  | $ | 207,306 |  |  | $ | 207,306 |  |  | $ | 86,592 |  |  | $ | 86,592 |
Weighted-average Vail Shares outstanding |  | 40,281 |  |  | 40,281 |  |  | 38,327 |  |  | 38,327 |
Weighted-average Exchangeco Shares outstanding |  | 62 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 115 |
Total Weighted-average shares outstanding |  | 40,343 |  |  | 40,343 |  |  | 38,442 |  |  | 38,442 |
Effect of dilutive securities |  | — |  |  | 1,346 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,087 |
Total shares |  | 40,343 |  |  | 41,689 |  |  | 38,442 |  |  | 39,529 |
Net income per share attributable to Vail Resorts |  | $ | 5.14 |  |  | $ | 4.97 |  |  | $ | 2.25 |  |  | $ | 2.19 |

The number of shares issuable upon the exercise of share based awards excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS because the effect of their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive totaled approximately 5,000 and 1,000 for the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Dividends
During the three and six months ended January 31, 2018, the Company paid cash dividends of $1.053 and $2.106 per share ($42.6 million and $85.2 million, respectively, in the aggregate). During the three and six months ended January 31, 2017, the Company paid cash dividends of $0.81 and $1.62 per share ($32.4 million and $61.8 million, respectively, in the aggregate). On March 7, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $1.47 per share, for Vail Shares, payable on April 11, 2018 to stockholders of record as of March 27, 2018. Additionally, a Canadian dollar equivalent dividend on the Exchangeco Shares will be payable on April 11, 2018 to the shareholders of record on March 27, 2018.
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4. | Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt, net as of January 31, 2018, July 31, 2017 and January 31, 2017 is summarized as follows (in thousands):

|  | Maturity |  | January 31, 2018 |  | July 31, 2017 |  | January 31, 2017
Vail Holdings Credit Agreement term loan (a) |  | 2021 |  | $ | 703,125 |  |  | $ | 721,875 |  |  | $ | 740,625 |
Vail Holdings Credit Agreement revolver (a) |  | 2021 |  | 30,000 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | — |
Whistler Credit Agreement revolver (b) |  | 2022 |  | 97,571 |  |  | 113,119 |  |  | 129,966 |
Employee housing bonds |  | 2027-2039 |  | 52,575 |  |  | 52,575 |  |  | 52,575 |
Canyons obligation |  | 2063 |  | 331,647 |  |  | 328,786 |  |  | 325,942 |
Other |  | 2024-2028 |  | 9,590 |  |  | 10,166 |  |  | 10,468 |
Total debt |  |  |  | 1,224,508 |  |  | 1,276,521 |  |  | 1,259,576 |
Less: Unamortized debt issuance costs |  |  |  | 3,726 |  |  | 4,100 |  |  | 4,476 |
Less: Current maturities (c) |  |  |  | 38,433 |  |  | 38,397 |  |  | 38,379 |
Long-term debt, net |  |  |  | $ | 1,182,349 |  |  | $ | 1,234,024 |  |  | $ | 1,216,721 |

(a) | On October 14, 2016, in order to finance the cash portion of the consideration and payment of associated fees and expenses of the Whistler Blackcomb acquisition (see Note 5, Acquisitions), the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Vail Holdings, Inc. (“VHI”), entered into the Second Amendment to the Seventh Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of May 1, 2015 (the “Vail Holdings Credit Agreement”), with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and other lenders named therein, through which these lenders provided an additional $509.4 million in incremental term loans and agreed, on behalf of all lenders, to extend the maturity date for the outstanding term loans and revolver facility under the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement to October 14, 2021 (the “Amendment”). The Vail Holdings Credit Agreement consists of a $400.0 million revolving credit facility and a $750.0 million term loan facility. The other material terms of the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement were not altered by the Amendment. Borrowings under the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement, including the term loan facility, bear interest annually at the rate of LIBOR plus 1.25% (2.82%, as of January 31, 2018), and interest payments are due monthly. Additionally, the term loan facility is subject to quarterly principal payments of approximately $9.4 million, which began on January 31, 2017. Final payment of the remaining principal outstanding plus accrued and unpaid interest is due upon maturity in October 2021. The Vail Holdings Credit Agreement provides for affirmative and negative covenants that restrict, among other things, the Company’s ability to incur indebtedness, dispose of assets, make capital expenditures, make distributions and make investments.

(b) | The WB Partnerships (as defined in Note 5, Acquisitions) are party to a credit agreement, dated as of November 12, 2013 (as amended, the “Whistler Credit Agreement”), by and among Whistler Mountain Resort Limited Partnership (“Whistler LP”), Blackcomb Skiing Enterprises Limited Partnership (“Blackcomb LP”), certain subsidiaries of Whistler LP and Blackcomb LP party thereto as guarantors (the “Whistler Subsidiary Guarantors”), the financial institutions party thereto as lenders and The Toronto-Dominion Bank, as administrative agent. The Whistler Credit Agreement consists of a C$300.0 million revolving credit facility, and during the six months ended January 31, 2018, the Company exercised its right under the Whistler Credit Agreement, with the consent of the lender parties thereto, to extend the maturity date for the Whistler Credit Agreement from November 12, 2021 to November 12, 2022. No other terms of the Whistler Credit agreement were altered. The WB Partnerships’ obligations under the Whistler Credit Agreement are guaranteed by the Whistler Subsidiary Guarantors and are collateralized by a pledge of the capital stock of the Whistler Subsidiary Guarantors and a pledge of substantially all of the assets of Whistler LP, Blackcomb LP and the Whistler Subsidiary Guarantors. In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Whistler Credit Agreement, the WB Partnerships have the ability to increase the commitment amount by up to C$75.0 million subject to lender approval. Borrowings under the Whistler Credit Agreement are available in Canadian or U.S. dollars and bear interest annually, subject to an applicable margin based on the WB Partnerships’ Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Whistler Credit Agreement), with pricing as of January 31, 2018, in the case of borrowings (i) in Canadian dollars, at the WB Partnerships’ option, either (a) at the Canadian Prime Rate plus 0.75% per annum or (b) by way of the issuance of bankers’ acceptances plus 1.75% per annum; and (ii) in U.S. dollars, at the WB Partnerships option, either at (a) the U.S. Base Rate plus 0.75% per annum or (b) Bankers Acceptance Rate plus 1.75% per annum. As of January 31, 2018 all borrowings under the Whistler Credit Agreement were made in Canadian dollars and by way of the issuance of bankers’ acceptances plus 1.75% (approximately 3.36%). The Whistler Credit Agreement also includes a quarterly unused commitment fee based on the Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio, which as of January 31, 2018 is equal to 0.3937% per annum. The Whistler Credit Agreement provides for affirmative and negative covenants that restrict, among other things, the WB Partnerships’ ability to incur indebtedness and liens, dispose of assets, make capital expenditures, make distributions and make investments. In addition, the Whistler Credit Agreement includes the restrictive financial covenants (leverage ratios and interest coverage ratios) customary for facilities of this type.

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(c) | Current maturities represent principal payments due in the next 12 months.

Aggregate maturities of debt outstanding as of January 31, 2018 reflected by fiscal year (August 1 through July 31) are as follows (in thousands):

| Total
2018 (February 2018 through July 2018) | $ | 19,069 |
2019 | 38,455 |
2020 | 38,516 |
2021 | 38,580 |
2022 | 603,023 |
Thereafter | 486,865 |
Total debt | $ | 1,224,508 |

The Company recorded gross interest expense of $16.0 million and $14.2 million for the three months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of which $0.3 million was amortization of deferred financing costs in both periods. The Company recorded gross interest expense of $31.1 million and $26.2 million for the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of which $0.6 million and $0.5 million, respectively, were amortization of deferred financing costs. The Company was in compliance with all of its financial and operating covenants required to be maintained under its debt instruments for all periods presented.
In connection with the acquisition of Whistler Blackcomb, VHI funded a portion of the purchase price through an intercompany loan to Whistler Blackcomb of $210.0 million, which was effective as of November 1, 2016, and requires foreign currency remeasurement to Canadian dollars, the functional currency for Whistler Blackcomb. As a result, foreign currency fluctuations associated with the loan are recorded within the Company’s results of operations. The Company recognized approximately $10.3 million and $3.0 million, respectively, of non-cash foreign currency gains on the intercompany loan to Whistler Blackcomb for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 on the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations. The Company recognized approximately $5.2 million in foreign currency gains on the intercompany loan to Whistler Blackcomb for both the three and six months ended January 31, 2017 on the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations.

5. | Acquisitions

Stowe
On June 7, 2017, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, acquired Stowe Mountain Resort in Stowe, Vermont, from Mt. Mansfield Company, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of American International Group, Inc., for total cash consideration of $40.7 million. The Company acquired all of the assets related to the mountain operations of the resort, including base area skier services (food and beverage, retail and rental, lift ticket offices and ski and snowboard school facilities). The purchase price was allocated to identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The Company has completed its preliminary purchase price allocation and has recorded $39.1 million in property, plant and equipment; $3.0 million in intangible assets; $2.3 million in other assets; and $3.7 million of assumed liabilities on the date of acquisition. The operating results of Stowe are reported within the Mountain segment.
Whistler Blackcomb
On October 17, 2016, the Company, through Exchangeco, acquired all of the outstanding common shares of Whistler Blackcomb, for aggregate purchase consideration paid to Whistler Blackcomb shareholders of $1.09 billion. The consideration paid consisted of (i) approximately C$673.8 million ($512.6 million) in cash (or C$17.50 per Whistler Blackcomb share), (ii) 3,327,719 Vail Shares and (iii) 418,095 Exchangeco Shares. Each Exchangeco Share is exchangeable by the holder thereof for one Vail Share (subject to customary adjustments for stock splits or other reorganizations). In addition, the Company may require all outstanding Exchangeco Shares to be exchanged into an equal number of Vail Shares upon the occurrence of certain events and at any time following the seventh anniversary of the closing of the acquisition. While outstanding, holders of Exchangeco Shares are entitled to cast votes on matters for which holders of Vail Shares are entitled to vote and are entitled to receive dividends economically equivalent to the dividends declared by the Company with respect to the Vail Shares.
Whistler Blackcomb owns a 75% interest in each of Whistler LP and Blackcomb LP (the “WB Partnerships”), which together operate Whistler Blackcomb Resort, a year round mountain resort in British Columbia, Canada with a comprehensive offering of
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recreational activities, including both snow sports and summer activities. The remaining 25% limited partnership interest in each of the WB Partnerships is owned by Nippon Cable Co. Ltd. (“Nippon Cable”), an unrelated party to the Company. The WB Partnerships hold land leases and rights-of-way under long-term agreements with the government of the province of British Columbia, Canada within the traditional territory of the Squamish and Lil’wat Nations, which provide for the use of land at Whistler Mountain and Blackcomb Mountain.
The Company executed forward contracts for the underlying Canadian dollar cash consideration to economically hedge the risk associated with the U.S. dollar to Canadian dollar exchange rates. The Company’s total cost was $509.2 million to accumulate C$673.8 million which was required for the cash component of the purchase consideration. The estimated fair value of the Canadian dollars was approximately $512.6 million upon settlement. Accordingly, the Company realized a gain of $3.4 million on foreign currency exchange rate changes during the six months ended January 31, 2017. The gain on foreign currency is a separate transaction as it primarily benefited the Company and therefore the Company recorded this gain within Investment income and other, net in its Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations. The estimated fair value of $512.6 million is considered the cash component of the purchase consideration.
The Company held shares of Whistler Blackcomb common stock prior to the acquisition and, as such, the acquisition-date estimated fair value of this previously held investment was a component of the purchase consideration. Based on the acquisition-date estimated fair value of this investment of $4.3 million, the Company recorded a gain of $0.8 million within Investment income and other, net in its Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations during the six months ended January 31, 2017.
Nippon Cable’s 25% limited partnership interest is a noncontrolling economic interest containing certain protective rights and no ability to participate in the day to day operations of the WB Partnerships. The WB Partnership agreements provide that distributions made out of the partnerships be made on the basis of 75% to Whistler Blackcomb and 25% to Nippon Cable. In addition, based upon the terms of the WB Partnership agreements, the annual distribution rights are non-transferable and transfer of the limited partnership interest is limited to Nippon Cable’s entire interest. Accordingly, the estimate of fair value associated with the noncontrolling interest at the date of acquisition has been determined based on expected underlying cash flows of the WB Partnerships discounted at a rate commensurate with a market participant’s expected rate of return for an equity instrument with these associated restrictions.
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The following summarizes the purchase consideration and the estimated fair values of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date the transaction was effective (in thousands, except exchange ratio and share price):

(in thousands, except exchange ratio and share price amounts) |  | Acquisition Date Estimated Fair Value
Total Whistler Blackcomb shares acquired |  | 38,500 |
Exchange ratio as of October 14, 2016 |  | 0.097294 |
Total Vail Shares issued to Whistler Blackcomb shareholders |  | 3,746 |
Vail Resorts closing share price on October 14, 2016 |  | $ | 153.41 |
Total value of Vail Shares issued |  | $ | 574,645 |
Total cash consideration paid at C$17.50 ($13.31 on October 17, 2016) per Whistler Blackcomb share |  | 512,558 |
Total purchase consideration to Whistler Blackcomb shareholders |  | 1,087,203 |
Estimated fair value of previously held investment in Whistler Blackcomb |  | 4,308 |
Estimated fair value of Nippon Cable’s 25% interest in Whistler Blackcomb |  | 180,803 |
Total estimated purchase consideration |  | $ | 1,272,314 |
Allocation of total estimated purchase consideration: |  |
Estimated fair values of assets acquired: |  |
Current assets |  | $ | 36,820 |
Property, plant and equipment |  | 332,609 |
Real estate held for sale and investment |  | 8,216 |
Goodwill |  | 956,459 |
Identifiable intangibles |  | 150,681 |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | 7,992 |
Other assets |  | 1,973 |
Current liabilities |  | (74,358 | )
Assumed long-term debt |  | (144,922 | )
Other long-term liabilities |  | (3,156 | )
Net assets acquired |  | $ | 1,272,314 |

During the six months ended January 31, 2018, the Company recorded adjustments in the measurement period to its purchase price allocation which decreased the estimated fair value of noncontrolling interest and season pass holder relationships intangible asset with a corresponding net decrease to goodwill.
The estimated fair values of definite-lived and indefinite-lived identifiable intangible assets were determined using significant estimates and assumptions. The estimated fair value and estimated useful lives of identifiable intangible assets, where applicable, are as follows.

| Estimated Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Amortization Period
| ($ in thousands) |  | (in years) (1)
Trademarks and trade names | $ | 139,977 |  |  | n/a
Season pass holder relationships | 6,596 |  |  | 5
Property management contracts | 4,108 |  |  | n/a
Total acquired identifiable intangible assets | $ | 150,681 |  |  |

(1) Trademarks and trade names and property management contracts are indefinite-lived intangible assets.
The excess of the purchase consideration over the aggregate estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed was recorded as goodwill. The goodwill recognized is attributable primarily to expected cost efficiencies from the elimination of certain public company costs as well as other select areas of general and administrative functions, synergies (including utilization of the Company’s yield management strategies at Whistler Blackcomb and increased season pass sales and visitation across the Company’s resort portfolio) the assembled workforce of Whistler Blackcomb and other factors. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The operating results of Whistler Blackcomb, which are primarily recorded in the Mountain segment, contributed $105.5 million of net revenue for the six months ended January 31, 2017, prospectively from the acquisition date
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(acquired on October 17, 2016). The Company recognized $3.0 million of transaction related expenses in Mountain operating expense in the Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations for the six months ended January 31, 2017.
Whistler Blackcomb Pro Forma Financial Information
The following presents the unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information of the Company as if the acquisition of Whistler Blackcomb was completed on August 1, 2015. The following unaudited pro forma financial information includes adjustments for (i) depreciation on acquired property, plant and equipment; (ii) amortization of intangible assets recorded at the date of the transactions; (iii) transaction and business integration related costs; (iv) interest expense associated with financing the cash portion of the transaction; and (v) total weighted average shares outstanding related to the acquisition; and excludes the impact of the intercompany loan. This unaudited pro forma financial information is presented for informational purposes only and does not purport to be indicative of the results of future operations or the results that would have occurred had the transaction taken place on August 1, 2015 (in thousands, except per share amounts).

| Six Months Ended January 31, 2017
Pro forma net revenue | $ | 926,127 |
Pro forma net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. | $ | 85,126 |
Pro forma basic net income per share attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. | $ | 2.13 |
Pro forma diluted net income per share attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. | $ | 2.07 |

6. | Supplementary Balance Sheet Information

The composition of property, plant and equipment follows (in thousands):

|  | January 31, 2018 |  | July 31, 2017 |  | January 31, 2017
Land and land improvements |  | $ | 559,135 |  |  | $ | 553,655 |  |  | $ | 535,577 |
Buildings and building improvements |  | 1,206,465 |  |  | 1,210,864 |  |  | 1,180,941 |
Machinery and equipment |  | 1,046,134 |  |  | 987,080 |  |  | 997,225 |
Furniture and fixtures |  | 298,932 |  |  | 280,292 |  |  | 302,446 |
Software |  | 116,210 |  |  | 108,048 |  |  | 114,750 |
Vehicles |  | 62,172 |  |  | 59,596 |  |  | 69,723 |
Construction in progress |  | 25,556 |  |  | 49,359 |  |  | 23,704 |
Gross property, plant and equipment |  | 3,314,604 |  |  | 3,248,894 |  |  | 3,224,366 |
Accumulated depreciation |  | (1,612,391 | ) |  | (1,534,740 | ) |  | (1,529,620 | )
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | $ | 1,702,213 |  |  | $ | 1,714,154 |  |  | $ | 1,694,746 |

The composition of accounts payable and accrued liabilities follows (in thousands):

|  | January 31, 2018 |  | July 31, 2017 |  | January 31, 2017
Trade payables |  | $ | 94,680 |  |  | $ | 71,558 |  |  | $ | 88,814 |
Deferred revenue |  | 292,336 |  |  | 240,096 |  |  | 259,212 |
Accrued salaries, wages and deferred compensation |  | 52,329 |  |  | 44,869 |  |  | 50,923 |
Accrued benefits |  | 35,109 |  |  | 32,505 |  |  | 32,269 |
Deposits |  | 43,457 |  |  | 23,742 |  |  | 42,024 |
Other liabilities |  | 70,652 |  |  | 54,899 |  |  | 68,093 |
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | $ | 588,563 |  |  | $ | 467,669 |  |  | $ | 541,335 |

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The composition of other long-term liabilities follows (in thousands):

|  | January 31, 2018 |  | July 31, 2017 |  | January 31, 2017
Private club deferred initiation fee revenue |  | $ | 116,726 |  |  | $ | 118,417 |  |  | $ | 120,659 |
Unfavorable lease obligation, net |  | 23,309 |  |  | 24,664 |  |  | 25,953 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 149,758 |  |  | 158,655 |  |  | 125,323 |
Total other long-term liabilities |  | $ | 289,793 |  |  | $ | 301,736 |  |  | $ | 271,935 |

7. Fair Value Measurements
The FASB issued fair value guidance that establishes how reporting entities should measure fair value for measurement and disclosure purposes. The guidance establishes a common definition of fair value applicable to all assets and liabilities measured at fair value and prioritizes the inputs into valuation techniques used to measure fair value. Accordingly, the Company uses valuation techniques which maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:
Level 1: Inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible to the Company for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2: Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active and inactive markets or that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly; and
Level 3: Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.
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The table below summarizes the Company’s cash equivalents, Contingent Consideration and Interest Rate Swap measured at estimated fair value (all other assets and liabilities measured at fair value are immaterial) (in thousands).

|  | Estimated Fair Value Measurement as of January 31, 2018
Description |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money Market |  | $ | 3,013 |  |  | $ | 3,013 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial Paper |  | $ | 2,401 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,401 |  |  | $ | — |
Certificates of Deposit |  | $ | 7,162 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,162 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent Consideration |  | $ | 23,754 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,754 |
|  | Estimated Fair Value Measurement as of July 31, 2017
Description |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money Market |  | $ | 3,008 |  |  | $ | 3,008 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial Paper |  | $ | 2,401 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,401 |  |  | $ | — |
Certificates of Deposit |  | $ | 2,403 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,403 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest Rate Swap |  | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent Consideration |  | $ | 27,400 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,400 |
|  | Estimated Fair Value Measurement as of January 31, 2017
Description |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money Market |  | $ | 3,003 |  |  | $ | 3,003 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial Paper |  | $ | 2,401 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,401 |  |  | $ | — |
Certificates of Deposit |  | $ | 2,626 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,626 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent Consideration |  | $ | 11,700 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,700 |
Interest Rate Swap |  | $ | 1,060 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,060 |  |  | $ | — |

The Company’s cash equivalents and Interest Rate Swap are measured utilizing quoted market prices or pricing models whereby all significant inputs are either observable or corroborated by observable market data. The Interest Rate Swap was an instrument assumed in the Whistler Blackcomb acquisition that was a C$125.0 million fixed swap on the floating interest rate for the assumed Whistler Credit Agreement, and was originally set to expire in September 2020. However, the Company settled the Interest Rate Swap in September 2017 and therefore no longer utilized an Interest Rate Swap as of January 31, 2018. Interest Rate Swap settlements and changes in estimated fair value were recognized in interest expense, net on the Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations.
The changes in Contingent Consideration during the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

Balance as of July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively |  | $ | 27,400 |  |  | $ | 11,100 |
Payments |  | (3,646 | ) |  | — |
Change in estimated fair value |  | — |  |  | 600 |
Balance as of January 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively |  | $ | 23,754 |  |  | $ | 11,700 |

The lease for Park City provides for participating contingent payments (the “Contingent Consideration”) to the landlord of 42% of the amount by which EBITDA for the Park City resort operations, as calculated under the lease, exceeds approximately $35 million, as established at the transaction date, with such threshold amount subsequently increased annually by an inflation linked index and a 10% adjustment for any capital improvements or investments made under the lease by the Company. The estimated
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fair value of Contingent Consideration includes the future period resort operations of Park City in the calculation of EBITDA on which participating contingent payments are made, which is determined on the basis of estimated subsequent year performance, escalated by an assumed growth factor. The Company estimated the fair value of the Contingent Consideration payments using an option pricing valuation model. Key assumptions included a discount rate of 10.2%, volatility of 16.0% and future period Park City EBITDA and capital expenditures, which are unobservable inputs and thus are considered Level 3 inputs. The Company prepared a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the effect that changes on certain key assumptions would have on the estimated fair value of the Contingent Consideration. A change in the discount rate of 100 basis points or a 5% change in estimated subsequent year performance would result in a change in the estimated fair value within the range of approximately $4.5 million to $6.5 million.
Contingent Consideration is classified as a liability, which is remeasured to fair value at each reporting date until the contingency is resolved. During the six months ended January 31, 2018, the Company made a payment to the landlord for Contingent Consideration of approximately $3.6 million, resulting in an estimated fair value of the Contingent Consideration of approximately $23.8 million, which is reflected in other long-term liabilities in the Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheet.
8. Commitments and Contingencies
Metropolitan Districts
The Company credit-enhances $6.3 million of bonds issued by Holland Creek Metropolitan District (“HCMD”) through a $6.4 million letter of credit issued under the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement. HCMD’s bonds were issued and used to build infrastructure associated with the Company’s Red Sky Ranch residential development. The Company has agreed to pay capital improvement fees to the Red Sky Ranch Metropolitan District (“RSRMD”) until RSRMD’s revenue streams from property taxes are sufficient to meet debt service requirements under HCMD’s bonds. The Company has recorded a liability of $2.0 million primarily within other long-term liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets, as of January 31, 2018, July 31, 2017 and January 31, 2017, respectively, with respect to the estimated present value of future RSRMD capital improvement fees. The Company estimates it will make capital improvement fee payments under this arrangement through the fiscal year ending July 31, 2031.
Guarantees/Indemnifications
As of January 31, 2018, the Company had various other letters of credit totaling $64.7 million, consisting of $53.4 million to support the Employee Housing Bonds and $11.3 million for workers’ compensation, general liability construction related deductibles and other activities. The Company also had surety bonds of $9.3 million as of January 31, 2018, primarily to provide collateral for its U.S. workers compensation self-insurance programs.
In addition to the guarantees noted above, the Company has entered into contracts in the normal course of business that include certain indemnifications under which it could be required to make payments to third parties upon the occurrence or non-occurrence of certain future events. These indemnities include indemnities related to licensees in connection with third-parties’ use of the Company’s trademarks and logos, liabilities associated with the infringement of other parties’ technology and software products, liabilities associated with the use of easements, liabilities associated with employment of contract workers and the Company’s use of trustees, and liabilities associated with the Company’s use of public lands and environmental matters. The duration of these indemnities generally is indefinite and generally do not limit the future payments the Company could be obligated to make.
As permitted under applicable law, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries have agreed to indemnify their directors and officers over their lifetimes for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving the Company or its subsidiaries in such a capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, the Company has a director and officer insurance policy that should enable the Company to recover a portion of any amounts paid.
Unless otherwise noted, the Company has not recorded any significant liabilities for the letters of credit, indemnities and other guarantees noted above in the accompanying Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements, either because the Company has recorded on its Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets the underlying liability associated with the guarantee, the guarantee is with respect to the Company’s own performance and is therefore not subject to the measurement requirements as prescribed by GAAP, or because the Company has calculated the estimated fair value of the indemnification or guarantee to be immaterial based on the current facts and circumstances that would trigger a payment under the indemnification clause. In addition, with respect to certain indemnifications, it is not possible to determine the maximum potential amount of liability under these potential obligations due to the unique set of facts and circumstances likely to be involved in each particular claim and indemnification provision. Historically, payments made by the Company under these obligations have not been material.
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As noted above, the Company makes certain indemnifications to licensees for their use of the Company’s trademarks and logos. The Company does not record any liabilities with respect to these indemnifications.
Self-Insurance
The Company is self-insured for claims under its U.S. health benefit plans and for the majority of workers’ compensation claims in the U.S. Workers compensation claims in the U.S. are subject to stop loss policies. The self-insurance liability related to workers’ compensation is determined actuarially based on claims filed. The self-insurance liability related to claims under the Company’s U.S. health benefit plans is determined based on analysis of actual claims. The amounts related to these claims are included as a component of accrued benefits in accounts payable and accrued liabilities (see Note 6, Supplementary Balance Sheet Information).
Legal
The Company is a party to various lawsuits arising in the ordinary course of business. Management believes the Company has adequate insurance coverage and/or has accrued for all loss contingencies for asserted and unasserted matters deemed to be probable losses and estimable. As of January 31, 2018, July 31, 2017 and January 31, 2017, the accruals for the above loss contingencies were not material individually or in the aggregate.
9. Segment Information
The Company has three reportable segments: Mountain, Lodging and Real Estate. The Company refers to “Resort” as the combination of the Mountain and Lodging segments. The Mountain segment includes the operations of the Company’s mountain resorts/ski areas and related ancillary activities. The Lodging segment includes the operations of the Company’s owned hotels, RockResorts, NPS concessionaire properties, condominium management, CME and mountain resort golf operations. The Real Estate segment owns, develops and sells real estate in and around the Company’s resort communities. The Company’s reportable segments, although integral to the success of the others, offer distinctly different products and services and require different types of management focus. As such, these segments are managed separately.
The Company reports its segment results using Reported EBITDA (defined as segment net revenue less segment operating expenses, plus or minus segment equity investment income or loss, and for the Real Estate segment, plus gain or loss on sale of real property). The Company reports segment results in a manner consistent with management’s internal reporting of operating results to the chief operating decision maker (Chief Executive Officer) for purposes of evaluating segment performance.
Items excluded from Reported EBITDA are significant components in understanding and assessing financial performance. Reported EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to, or substitute for, net income, net change in cash and cash equivalents or other financial statement data presented in the consolidated condensed financial statements as indicators of financial performance or liquidity.
The Company utilizes Reported EBITDA in evaluating the performance of the Company and in allocating resources to its segments. Mountain Reported EBITDA consists of Mountain net revenue less Mountain operating expense plus or minus Mountain equity investment income or loss. Lodging Reported EBITDA consists of Lodging net revenue less Lodging operating expense. Real Estate Reported EBITDA consists of Real Estate net revenue less Real Estate operating expense plus gain or loss on sale of real property. All segment expenses include an allocation of corporate administrative expense. Assets are not allocated between segments, or used to evaluate performance, except as shown in the table below.
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The following table presents financial information by reportable segment, which is used by management in evaluating performance and allocating resources (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Six Months Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lift | $ | 381,912 |  |  | $ | 358,251 |  |  | $ | 407,380 |  |  | $ | 379,677 |
Ski school | 80,116 |  |  | 78,119 |  |  | 84,554 |  |  | 81,970 |
Dining | 53,910 |  |  | 54,366 |  |  | 72,212 |  |  | 67,734 |
Retail/rental | 115,446 |  |  | 123,233 |  |  | 160,853 |  |  | 159,712 |
Other | 39,518 |  |  | 40,130 |  |  | 94,028 |  |  | 75,773 |
Total Mountain net revenue | 670,902 |  |  | 654,099 |  |  | 819,027 |  |  | 764,866 |
Lodging | 63,539 |  |  | 65,884 |  |  | 135,628 |  |  | 133,286 |
Total Resort net revenue | 734,441 |  |  | 719,983 |  |  | 954,655 |  |  | 898,152 |
Real Estate | 134 |  |  | 5,215 |  |  | 770 |  |  | 5,311 |
Total net revenue | $ | 734,575 |  |  | $ | 725,198 |  |  | $ | 955,425 |  |  | $ | 903,463 |
Segment operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mountain | $ | 365,605 |  |  | $ | 355,239 |  |  | $ | 572,689 |  |  | $ | 523,492 |
Lodging | 59,871 |  |  | 59,683 |  |  | 127,605 |  |  | 123,763 |
Resort | 425,476 |  |  | 414,922 |  |  | 700,294 |  |  | 647,255 |
Real Estate | 1,207 |  |  | 5,841 |  |  | 2,898 |  |  | 7,326 |
Total segment operating expense | $ | 426,683 |  |  | $ | 420,763 |  |  | $ | 703,192 |  |  | $ | 654,581 |
Gain on sale of real property | $ | 515 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 515 |  |  | $ | 6,466 |
Mountain equity investment (loss) income, net | $ | (35 | ) |  | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 487 |  |  | $ | 989 |
Reported EBITDA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mountain | $ | 305,262 |  |  | $ | 299,017 |  |  | $ | 246,825 |  |  | $ | 242,363 |
Lodging | 3,668 |  |  | 6,201 |  |  | 8,023 |  |  | 9,523 |
Resort | 308,930 |  |  | 305,218 |  |  | 254,848 |  |  | 251,886 |
Real Estate | (558 | ) |  | (626 | ) |  | (1,613 | ) |  | 4,451 |
Total Reported EBITDA | $ | 308,372 |  |  | $ | 304,592 |  |  | $ | 253,235 |  |  | $ | 256,337 |
Real estate held for sale and investment | $ | 103,212 |  |  | $ | 112,633 |  |  | $ | 103,212 |  |  | $ | 112,633 |
Reconciliation to net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc.: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Reported EBITDA | $ | 308,372 |  |  | $ | 304,592 |  |  | $ | 253,235 |  |  | $ | 256,337 |
Depreciation and amortization | (51,404 | ) |  | (49,626 | ) |  | (100,028 | ) |  | (90,207 | )
Change in estimated fair value of contingent consideration | — |  |  | (300 | ) |  | — |  |  | (600 | )
Gain (loss) on disposal of fixed assets and other, net | 538 |  |  | (2,231 | ) |  | 1,105 |  |  | (2,781 | )
Investment income and other, net | 397 |  |  | 1,148 |  |  | 780 |  |  | 5,671 |
Foreign currency gain on intercompany loans | 10,337 |  |  | 5,166 |  |  | 2,991 |  |  | 5,166 |
Interest expense, net | (15,973 | ) |  | (14,214 | ) |  | (31,147 | ) |  | (26,178 | )
Income before (provision) benefit from income taxes | 252,267 |  |  | 244,535 |  |  | 126,936 |  |  | 147,408 |
(Provision) benefit from income taxes | (3,594 | ) |  | (84,807 | ) |  | 89,810 |  |  | (51,298 | )
Net income | 248,673 |  |  | 159,728 |  |  | 216,746 |  |  | 96,110 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (12,982 | ) |  | (10,549 | ) |  | (9,440 | ) |  | (9,518 | )
Net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. | $ | 235,691 |  |  | $ | 149,179 |  |  | $ | 207,306 |  |  | $ | 86,592 |

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10. Share Repurchase Program
On March 9, 2006, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program, authorizing the Company to repurchase up to 3,000,000 Vail Shares. On July 16, 2008, the Company’s Board of Directors increased the authorization by an additional 3,000,000 Vail Shares, and on December 4, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors increased the authorization by an additional 1,500,000 Vail Shares for a total authorization to repurchase up to 7,500,000 total shares. The Company did not repurchase any Vail Shares during the three or six months ended January 31, 2018. The Company repurchased 1,317 Vail Shares (at a total cost of $0.2 million) during the three and six months ended January 31, 2017. Since inception of its share repurchase program through January 31, 2018, the Company has repurchased 5,436,294 Vail Shares for $247.2 million. As of January 31, 2018, 2,063,706 Vail Shares remained available to repurchase under the existing share repurchase program, which has no expiration date. Vail Shares purchased pursuant to the repurchase program will be held as treasury shares and may be used for the issuance of Vail Shares under the Company’s employee share award plan.
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Vail Resorts, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, is referred to throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the periods ended January 31, 2018 (“Form 10-Q”) as “we,” “us,” “our” or the “Company.”
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017 (“Form 10-K”) and the Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements as of January 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the three and six months then ended, included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, which provide additional information regarding our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. To the extent that the following MD&A contains statements which are not of a historical nature, such statements are forward-looking statements, which involve risks and uncertainties. See “Forward-Looking Statements” below. These risks include, but are not limited to, those discussed in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including the risks described in Item 1A “Risk Factors” of Part I of our Form 10-K, which was filed on September 28, 2017.
The MD&A includes discussion of financial performance within each of our three segments. We have chosen to specifically include Reported EBITDA (defined as segment net revenue less segment operating expense, plus or minus segment equity investment income or loss and for the Real Estate segment, plus gain or loss on sale of real property) and Net Debt (defined as long-term debt, net plus long-term debt due within one year less cash and cash equivalents), in the following discussion because we consider these measurements to be significant indications of our financial performance and available capital resources. Resort Reported EBITDA, Total Reported EBITDA and Net Debt are not measures of financial performance or liquidity under generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). We utilize segment Reported EBITDA in evaluating our performance and in allocating resources to our segments. Refer to the end of the Results of Operations section for a reconciliation of segment Reported EBITDA to net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. We also believe that Net Debt is an important measurement as it is an indicator of our ability to obtain additional capital resources for our future cash needs. Refer to the end of the Results of Operations section for a reconciliation of Net Debt to long-term debt, net.
Items excluded from Reported EBITDA and Net Debt are significant components in understanding and assessing financial performance or liquidity. Reported EBITDA and Net Debt should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to, or substitute for, net income (loss), net change in cash and cash equivalents or other financial statement data presented in the Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements as indicators of financial performance or liquidity. Because Resort Reported EBITDA, Total Reported EBITDA and Net Debt are not measurements determined in accordance with GAAP and are thus susceptible to varying calculations, Resort Reported EBITDA, Total Reported EBITDA and Net Debt, as presented herein, may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. In addition, our segment Reported EBITDA (i.e. Mountain, Lodging and Real Estate), the measure of segment profit or loss required to be disclosed in accordance with GAAP, may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies.
Overview
Our operations are grouped into three integrated and interdependent segments: Mountain, Lodging and Real Estate. We refer to “Resort” as the combination of the Mountain and Lodging segments.
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Mountain Segment
The Mountain segment is comprised of the operations of eleven mountain resort properties and three urban ski areas including:

Mountain Resorts: |  | Location:
1. | Vail Mountain Resort (“Vail Mountain”) |  | Colorado
2. | Breckenridge Ski Resort (“Breckenridge”) |  | Colorado
3. | Keystone Resort (“Keystone”) |  | Colorado
4. | Beaver Creek Resort (“Beaver Creek”) |  | Colorado
5. | Park City Resort (“Park City”) |  | Utah
6. | Heavenly Mountain Resort (“Heavenly”) |  | Lake Tahoe area of Nevada and California
7. | Northstar Resort (“Northstar”) |  | Lake Tahoe area of California
8. | Kirkwood Mountain Resort (“Kirkwood”) |  | Lake Tahoe area of California
9. | Perisher Ski Resort (“Perisher”) |  | New South Wales, Australia
10. | Whistler Blackcomb Resort (“Whistler Blackcomb”) |  | British Columbia, Canada
11. | Stowe Mountain Resort (“Stowe”) |  | Vermont
Urban Ski Areas (“Urban”): |  | Location:
1. | Wilmot Mountain (“Wilmot”) |  | Wisconsin
2. | Afton Alps Ski Area (“Afton Alps”) |  | Minnesota
3. | Mount Brighton Ski Area (“Mt. Brighton”) |  | Michigan

Additionally, we operate ancillary services, primarily including ski school, dining and retail/rental operations, and for Perisher, including lodging and transportation operations. Mountain segment revenue is seasonal, with the majority of revenue earned from our North American mountain resorts and ski areas occurring in our second and third fiscal quarters and the majority of revenue earned from Perisher occurring in our first and fourth fiscal quarters. Our North American mountain resorts are typically open for business from mid-November through mid-April, which is the peak operating season for the Mountain segment, and Perisher is typically open for business from June to early October. Consequently, our first fiscal quarter is a seasonally low period as our North American ski operations are generally not open for business until our second fiscal quarter, while the activity of Perisher’s peak season and our North American summer operating results are not sufficient to offset the losses incurred during the seasonally low periods at our North American mountain resorts and ski areas. Revenue of the Mountain segment during the first fiscal quarter is primarily generated from summer and group related visitation at our North American mountain resorts, retail/rental operations and peak season Perisher operations. Our largest source of Mountain segment revenue is the sale of lift tickets (including season passes), which represented approximately 57% and 55% of Mountain net revenue for the three months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Lift revenue is driven by volume and pricing. Pricing is impacted by both absolute pricing, as well as the demographic mix of guests, which impacts the price points at which various products are purchased. The demographic mix of guests that visit our U.S. mountain resorts is divided into two primary categories: (i) out-of-state and international (“Destination”) guests and (ii) in-state and local (“Local”) guests. For the three months ended January 31, 2018, Destination guests comprised approximately 59% of our U.S. mountain resort skier visits, while Local guests comprised approximately 41% of our U.S. mountain resort skier visits, which compares to 57% and 43%, respectively, for the three months ended January 31, 2017. Destination guests generally purchase our higher-priced lift ticket products and utilize more ancillary services such as ski school, dining and retail/rental, as well as lodging at or around our mountain resorts. Destination guest visitation is less likely to be impacted by changes in the weather, but may be more impacted by adverse economic conditions or the global geopolitical climate. Local guests tend to be more value-oriented and weather sensitive.
We offer a variety of season pass products for all of our mountain resorts and ski areas (collectively, “Resorts”), marketed towards both Destination and Local guests. Our season pass product offerings range from providing access to one or a combination of our Resorts to our Epic Season Pass, which allows pass holders unlimited and unrestricted access to all of our Resorts. Our season pass program provides a compelling value proposition to our guests, which in turn assists us in developing a loyal base of customers who commit to ski at our Resorts generally in advance of the ski season and typically ski more days each season at our Resorts than those guests who do not buy season passes. As such, our season pass program drives strong customer loyalty; mitigates exposure to more weather sensitive guests; generates additional ancillary spending; and provides cash flow in advance of winter season operations. In addition, our season pass program attracts new guests to our Resorts. All of our season pass products, including
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the Epic Pass, are predominately sold prior to the start of the ski season. Season pass revenue, although primarily collected prior to the ski season, is recognized in the Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations throughout the ski season.
Lift revenue consists of season pass lift revenue (“pass revenue”) and non-season pass lift revenue (“non-pass revenue”). For the three months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017, approximately 56% and 50%, respectively, of our total lift revenue recognized was comprised of pass revenue. Pass revenue recognized for the quarter represents approximately 53% of our total North American pass sales for both the 2017/2018 and 2016/2017 North American ski seasons, with the remaining North American pass revenue almost entirely recognized as lift revenue in our third fiscal quarter ending April 30.
The cost structure of our mountain resort operations has a significant fixed component with variable expenses including, but not limited to, land use permit or lease fees, credit card fees, retail/rental cost of sales and labor, ski school labor and dining operations; as such, profit margins can fluctuate greatly based on the level of revenues.
Lodging Segment
Operations within the Lodging segment include (i) ownership/management of a group of luxury hotels and condominiums through the RockResorts brand proximate to our Colorado and Utah mountain resorts; (ii) ownership/management of non-RockResorts branded hotels and condominiums proximate to our North American mountain resorts; (iii) National Park Service (“NPS”) concessionaire properties including the Grand Teton Lodge Company (“GTLC”); (iv) Colorado Mountain Express (“CME”), a Colorado resort ground transportation company; and (v) mountain resort golf courses.
The performance of our Lodging segment properties (including managed condominium units) proximate to our mountain resorts as well as CME is closely aligned with the performance of the Mountain segment and generally experiences similar seasonal trends, particularly with respect to visitation by Destination guests. Revenues from such properties represented approximately 93% of Lodging segment revenue (excluding Lodging segment revenue associated with reimbursement of payroll costs) for both the three months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017. Management primarily focuses on Lodging net revenue excluding payroll cost reimbursements and Lodging operating expense excluding reimbursed payroll costs (which are not measures of financial performance under GAAP) as the reimbursements are made based upon the costs incurred with no added margin, as such the revenue and corresponding expense have no effect on our Lodging Reported EBITDA, which we use to evaluate Lodging segment performance. Revenue of the Lodging segment during our first and fourth fiscal quarters is generated primarily by the operations of our NPS concessionaire properties (as their operating season generally occurs from June to the end of September); mountain resort golf operations and seasonally lower volume from our other owned and managed properties and businesses.
Real Estate Segment
The principal activities of our Real Estate segment include the sale of land parcels to third-party developers and planning for future real estate development projects, including zoning and acquisition of applicable permits. We continue undertaking preliminary planning and design work on future projects and are pursuing opportunities with third-party developers rather than undertaking our own significant vertical development projects. Additionally, real estate development projects by third-party developers most often result in the creation of certain resort assets that provide additional benefit to the Mountain segment. We believe that, due to our low carrying cost of real estate land investments, we are well situated to promote future projects by third-party developers while limiting our financial risk. Our revenue from the Real Estate segment and associated expense can fluctuate significantly based upon the timing of closings and the type of real estate being sold, causing volatility in the Real Estate segment’s operating results from period to period.
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Recent Trends, Risks and Uncertainties
Together with those risk factors we have identified in our Form 10-K, we have identified the following important factors (as well as risks and uncertainties associated with such factors) that could impact our future financial performance or condition:

• | The timing and amount of snowfall can have an impact on Mountain and Lodging revenue, particularly in regards to skier visits and the duration and frequency of guest visitation. To help mitigate this impact, we sell a variety of pass products prior to the beginning of the ski season resulting in a more stabilized stream of lift revenue. Additionally, our pass products provide a compelling value proposition to our guests, which in turn create a guest commitment predominately prior to the start of the ski season. During fiscal year 2017, pass revenue represented approximately 43% of total lift revenue. Due to increased pass sales for the 2017/2018 North American ski season compared to the 2016/2017 North American ski season, pass revenue increased approximately $35.5 million, or 20.0%, for the three months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the same period in the prior year. Additionally, deferred revenue related to North American pass sales was $192.0 million as of January 31, 2018 (compared to $162.0 million as of January 31, 2017), which will be almost entirely recognized as lift revenue during our third fiscal quarter ending April 30, 2018.

• | We have experienced at or near historical low snowfall levels across our western U.S. resorts for the first half of the 2017/2018 North American ski season, which had an adverse impact on skier visitation and our results of operations for the three months ended January 31, 2018. For the season to date period through January 31, 2018, conditions across the western U.S. remained challenging, with season to date snowfall in Vail, Beaver Creek and Park City at the lowest levels in over 30 years while Tahoe was more than 50% below the 20-year average. We cannot predict the impact that the historically low snowfall experienced in the first half of the 2017/2018 North American ski season will have on our skier visitation and results of operations for the remainder of the 2017/2018 North American ski season, next season’s pass sales or whether snowfall conditions will improve for the remainder of this season.

• | Key U.S. economic indicators have remained steady into 2018, including strong consumer confidence and declines in the unemployment rate. However, the growth in the U.S. economy may be impacted by economic challenges in the U.S. or declining or slowing growth in economies outside of the U.S., accompanied by devaluation of currencies, rising inflation and lower commodity prices. Given these economic uncertainties, we cannot predict what the impact will be on overall travel and leisure spending or more specifically, on our guest visitation, guest spending or other related trends for the remainder of the 2017/2018 North American ski season.

• | On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act transitions the U.S. tax system to a new territorial system and lowers the statutory federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. The reduction of the statutory federal corporate tax rate to 21% became effective on January 1, 2018. In fiscal 2018, we expect our U.S. blended federal statutory income tax rate to be approximately 27%, which will be reduced to 21% in fiscal 2019 and thereafter. As a result of the Tax Act, we recorded a one-time, provisional net tax benefit of approximately $64.6 million on our Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 (or approximately $1.55 per diluted share). Due to the reduction in the federal corporate tax rate, we remeasured our U.S net deferred tax liabilities as of the effective date of the Tax Act. The U.S. net deferred tax liabilities remeasurement resulted in a one-time tax benefit estimated to be approximately $71.0 million and was recorded during the three month period ended January 31, 2018. Also, in transitioning to the new territorial tax system, the Tax Act requires us to include certain foreign earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries in our fiscal 2018 taxable income. Such foreign earnings are subject to a one-time tax referred to as the “Transition Tax,” which was estimated to be $6.4 million, and was recorded during the three month period ended January 31, 2018. The above-mentioned accounting impacts of the deferred tax remeasurement and Transition Tax are provisional, based on currently available information and technical guidance on the interpretation of the new law. The provisional accounting impacts may change in future reporting periods until the accounting analysis is finalized, which will occur no later than December 22, 2018, as permitted by the SEC. For further discussion related to the Tax Act see “Other Items” within MD&A and Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements, Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Income Taxes.

• | As of January 31, 2018, we had $299.7 million available under the revolver component of our Seventh Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of May 1, 2015 (the “Vail Holdings Credit Agreement”), which represents the total commitment of $400.0 million less outstanding borrowings of $30.0 million and certain letters of credit outstanding of $70.3 million. Additionally, under our Whistler Blackcomb credit facility (the “Whistler Credit Agreement”), as of January 31, 2018, we had C$179.1 million ($145.6 million) available under the revolver component of the Whistler Credit Agreement (which represents the total commitment of C$300.0 million ($243.9 million) less outstanding borrowings of C$120.0 million ($97.6 million) and a letter of credit outstanding of C$0.9 million ($0.7 million)). During the six months

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ended January 31, 2018, we exercised our right under the Whistler Credit Agreement, with the consent of the lender parties thereto, to extend the maturity date for the Whistler Credit Agreement from November 12, 2021 to November 12, 2022.
We believe that the terms of our credit agreements allow for sufficient flexibility in our ability to make future acquisitions, investments, distributions to stockholders and incur additional debt. This, combined with the continued positive cash flow from operating activities of our Mountain and Lodging segments less resort capital expenditures, has and is anticipated to continue to provide us with significant liquidity. We believe our liquidity will allow us to consider strategic investments and other forms of returning value to our stockholders including additional share repurchases and the continued payment of a quarterly cash dividend. On March 7, 2018 our Board of Directors approved a 40% increase in our regular quarterly cash dividend on our common stock to $1.47 per share (or approximately $59.5 million quarterly based upon shares outstanding as of January 31, 2018).
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Summary
Below is a summary of operating results for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018, compared to the three and six months ended January 31, 2017 (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Six Months Ended January 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Mountain Reported EBITDA |  | $ | 305,262 |  |  | $ | 299,017 |  |  | $ | 246,825 |  |  | $ | 242,363 |
Lodging Reported EBITDA |  | 3,668 |  |  | 6,201 |  |  | 8,023 |  |  | 9,523 |
Resort Reported EBITDA |  | $ | 308,930 |  |  | $ | 305,218 |  |  | $ | 254,848 |  |  | $ | 251,886 |
Real Estate Reported EBITDA |  | $ | (558 | ) |  | $ | (626 | ) |  | $ | (1,613 | ) |  | $ | 4,451 |
Income before (provision) benefit from income taxes |  | $ | 252,267 |  |  | $ | 244,535 |  |  | $ | 126,936 |  |  | $ | 147,408 |
Net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. |  | $ | 235,691 |  |  | $ | 149,179 |  |  | $ | 207,306 |  |  | $ | 86,592 |

A discussion of the segment results and other items can be found below.
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Mountain Segment
Three months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the three months ended January 31, 2017
Mountain segment operating results for the three months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 are presented by category as follows (in thousands, except effective ticket price (“ETP”)):

|  | Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Percentage Increase (Decrease)
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Net Mountain revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Lift |  | $ | 381,912 |  |  | $ | 358,251 |  |  | 6.6 | %
Ski school |  | 80,116 |  |  | 78,119 |  |  | 2.6 | %
Dining |  | 53,910 |  |  | 54,366 |  |  | (0.8 | )%
Retail/rental |  | 115,446 |  |  | 123,233 |  |  | (6.3 | )%
Other |  | 39,518 |  |  | 40,130 |  |  | (1.5 | )%
Total Mountain net revenue |  | 670,902 |  |  | 654,099 |  |  | 2.6 | %
Mountain operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Labor and labor-related benefits |  | 144,240 |  |  | 136,531 |  |  | 5.6 | %
Retail cost of sales |  | 40,540 |  |  | 44,984 |  |  | (9.9 | )%
Resort related fees |  | 34,257 |  |  | 34,722 |  |  | (1.3 | )%
General and administrative |  | 59,609 |  |  | 60,470 |  |  | (1.4 | )%
Other |  | 86,959 |  |  | 78,532 |  |  | 10.7 | %
Total Mountain operating expense |  | 365,605 |  |  | 355,239 |  |  | 2.9 | %
Mountain equity investment (loss) income, net |  | (35 | ) |  | 157 |  |  | (122.3 | )%
Mountain Reported EBITDA |  | $ | 305,262 |  |  | $ | 299,017 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Total skier visits |  | 5,133 |  |  | 5,299 |  |  | (3.1 | )%
ETP |  | $ | 74.40 |  |  | $ | 67.61 |  |  | 10.0 | %

Mountain Reported EBITDA includes $4.0 million and $3.7 million of stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Mountain Reported EBITDA increased $6.2 million, or 2.1%. This increase was primarily the result of strong North American pass sales growth for the 2017/2018 North American ski season and incremental operations of Stowe (acquired in June 2017). However, historically low snowfall across our western U.S. resorts adversely impacted our results of operations for the three months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the same period in the prior year. Furthermore, total skier visitation was down 3.1% for the three months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the three months ended January 31, 2017 and was driven by the low snowfall across our western U.S. resorts, which resulted in lower non-pass revenue and ancillary revenue at our western U.S. resorts. Additionally, we recorded $1.4 million and $2.1 million of acquisition and integration related expenses for the three months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Lift revenue increased $23.7 million, or 6.6%, primarily due to an increase in pass revenue and incremental revenue from Stowe, partially offset by decreases in non-pass revenue at our western U.S. resorts as a result of lower non-pass skier visitation, which was driven by low snowfall. Pass revenue increased 20.0%, which was driven by a combination of an increase in both pricing and units sold and was also favorably impacted by increased pass sales to Destination guests. Non-pass revenue decreased 6.5%, which was primarily the result of a decrease in non-pass skier visitation to our western U.S. resorts. Total ETP increased $6.79, or 10.0%, due to price increases in both our lift ticket and season pass products, and lower average visitation by season pass holders during the three months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the same period in the prior year.
Ski school revenue increased $2.0 million, or 2.6%, primarily as a result of an increase in revenue at Whistler Blackcomb and incremental revenue from Stowe, partially offset by decreases in revenue at our western U.S. resorts. Dining revenue decreased $0.5 million, or 0.8%, primarily as a result of delays in the opening of certain on-mountain dining venues and lower skier visitation at our western U.S. resorts, which were impacted by challenging ski season conditions, partially offset by incremental revenue from Stowe and an increase in revenue at Whistler Blackcomb.
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Retail/rental revenue decreased $7.8 million, or 6.3%, for which retail sales decreased $7.5 million, or 8.8%, and rental revenue decreased $0.3 million, or 0.7%. The decrease in both retail revenue and rental revenue was primarily attributable to lower sales volumes at stores proximate to our western U.S. resorts, our other stores in Colorado and our stores in the San Francisco Bay Area, which were also adversely impacted by challenging weather and ski conditions. These decreases were partially offset by incremental revenue from Stowe.
Other revenue mainly consists of other mountain activities revenue, employee housing revenue, guest services revenue, commercial leasing revenue, marketing and internet advertising revenue, private club revenue (which includes both club dues and amortization of initiation fees), municipal services revenue and other recreation activity revenue. Other revenue decreased $0.6 million, or 1.5%.
Operating expense increased $10.4 million, or 2.9%, which was primarily attributable to the inclusion of incremental operating expenses from Stowe.
Labor and labor-related benefits increased 5.6% primarily due to incremental expense from Stowe and normal wage adjustments, partially offset by lower staffing levels at our western U.S. resorts and lower estimated performance-based variable compensation. Retail cost of sales decreased 9.9%, compared to a decrease in retail sales of 8.8%. General and administrative expense decreased 1.4% due to lower corporate overhead costs, primarily driven by lower estimated performance-based variable compensation, partially offset by incremental expenses from Stowe. Other expense increased 10.7% primarily due to incremental expenses from Stowe, as well as higher utilities expense related to increased snowmaking operations, and increases in repairs and maintenance expense, partially offset by a reduction of acquisition and integration related expenses.
Mountain equity investment (loss) income, net primarily includes our share of income from the operations of a real estate brokerage joint venture.
Six months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the six months ended January 31, 2017
Mountain segment operating results for the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 are presented by category as follows (in thousands, except ETP):

|  | Six Months Ended January 31, |  | Percentage Increase (Decrease)
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Net Mountain revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Lift |  | $ | 407,380 |  |  | $ | 379,677 |  |  | 7.3 | %
Ski school |  | 84,554 |  |  | 81,970 |  |  | 3.2 | %
Dining |  | 72,212 |  |  | 67,734 |  |  | 6.6 | %
Retail/rental |  | 160,853 |  |  | 159,712 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Other |  | 94,028 |  |  | 75,773 |  |  | 24.1 | %
Total Mountain net revenue |  | 819,027 |  |  | 764,866 |  |  | 7.1 | %
Mountain operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Labor and labor-related benefits |  | 217,896 |  |  | 194,213 |  |  | 12.2 | %
Retail cost of sales |  | 63,481 |  |  | 63,388 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Resort related fees |  | 37,383 |  |  | 37,066 |  |  | 0.9 | %
General and administrative |  | 108,933 |  |  | 102,454 |  |  | 6.3 | %
Other |  | 144,996 |  |  | 126,371 |  |  | 14.7 | %
Total Mountain operating expense |  | 572,689 |  |  | 523,492 |  |  | 9.4 | %
Mountain equity investment income, net |  | 487 |  |  | 989 |  |  | (50.8 | )%
Mountain Reported EBITDA |  | $ | 246,825 |  |  | $ | 242,363 |  |  | 1.8 | %
Total skier visits |  | 5,631 |  |  | 5,728 |  |  | (1.7 | )%
ETP |  | $ | 72.35 |  |  | $ | 66.28 |  |  | 9.2 | %

Mountain Reported EBITDA includes $7.8 million and $7.5 million of stock-based compensation expense for the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
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Mountain Reported EBITDA increased $4.5 million, or 1.8%. This increase was primarily the result of strong North American pass sales growth for the 2017/2018 North American ski season, improved operating results at Perisher and incremental operations of Stowe (acquired in June 2017). However, historically low snowfall across our western U.S. resorts adversely impacted our results of operations for the six months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the same period in the prior year. Additionally, we recorded $2.2 million and $4.9 million of acquisition and integration related expenses for the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
As our North American resorts opened for ski season operations during our second fiscal quarter, the results of the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 for lift revenue and ski school revenue at our North American resorts are the same as the three months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017, as previously discussed. Additionally, Perisher generated increases of $4.0 million and $0.6 million in lift revenue and ski school revenue, respectively, primarily due to increases in pricing and higher visitation.
Dining revenue increased $4.5 million, or 6.6%, primarily due to incremental revenue from Whistler Blackcomb, reflecting a full quarter of operations for the three months ended October 31, 2017, as compared to prior year period which included operations from the date of acquisition, October 17, 2016, through January 31, 2017. Additionally, dining revenue increased as a result of the inclusion of Stowe operations and an increase in revenue at Perisher. However, these increases were partially offset by lower revenue at our western U.S. resorts, which experienced delays in the opening of certain on-mountain dining venues and lower skier visitation as a result of challenging ski season conditions.
Retail/rental revenue increased $1.1 million, or 0.7%, for which rental revenue increased $1.3 million, or 3.2%, and retail revenue decreased $0.2 million, or 0.2%. Retail/rental revenue was favorably impacted by incremental revenue from Whistler Blackcomb and Stowe, as well as increased rental sales at Perisher. However, these increases were offset by lower sales volumes at stores proximate to our western U.S. resorts, our other stores in Colorado and our stores in the San Francisco Bay Area which were also adversely impacted by challenging weather and ski conditions.
Other revenue mainly consists of summer visitation and mountain activities revenue, employee housing revenue, guest services revenue, commercial leasing revenue, marketing and internet advertising revenue, private club revenue (which includes both club dues and amortization of initiation fees), municipal services revenue and other recreation activity revenue. Other revenue is also comprised of Perisher lodging and transportation revenue. Other revenue increased $18.3 million, or 24.1%, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily attributable to incremental summer activities and events revenue at Whistler Blackcomb and the inclusion of Stowe operations.
Operating expense increased $49.2 million, or 9.4%, which was primarily attributable to incremental operating expenses from Whistler Blackcomb as a result of reflecting a full quarter of operations for the three months ended October 31, 2017, as compared to prior year period which included operations from the date of acquisition, October 17, 2016, through January 31, 2017, as well as the inclusion of Stowe operations.
Labor and labor-related benefits increased 12.2% primarily due to incremental expense from Whistler Blackcomb and Stowe, normal wage adjustments and increased staffing levels at Perisher during the three months ended October 31, 2017 to support higher visitation, partially offset by lower staffing levels at our western U.S. resorts and lower estimated performance-based variable compensation. Resort related fees increased 0.9% primarily due to incremental expenses from Stowe. General and administrative expense increased 6.3% primarily due to incremental expenses from Whistler Blackcomb and Stowe, as well as higher corporate overhead costs. Other expense increased 14.7% due to incremental expenses from Whistler Blackcomb and Stowe, as well as higher utilities expense related to increased snowmaking operations, and increases in repairs and maintenance and food and beverage cost of sales commensurate with increases in dining revenue, partially offset by a reduction of acquisition and integration related expenses.
Mountain equity investment income, net primarily includes our share of income from the operations of a real estate brokerage joint venture.
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Lodging Segment
Three months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the three months ended January 31, 2017
Lodging segment operating results for the three months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 are presented by category as follows (in thousands, except average daily rates (“ADR”) and revenue per available room (“RevPAR”)):

|  | Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Percentage Increase (Decrease)
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Lodging net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Owned hotel rooms |  | $ | 11,353 |  |  | $ | 12,002 |  |  | (5.4 | )%
Managed condominium rooms |  | 23,358 |  |  | 22,989 |  |  | 1.6 | %
Dining |  | 7,869 |  |  | 8,723 |  |  | (9.8 | )%
Transportation |  | 7,460 |  |  | 8,344 |  |  | (10.6 | )%
Other |  | 9,914 |  |  | 9,976 |  |  | (0.6 | )%
|  | 59,954 |  |  | 62,034 |  |  | (3.4 | )%
Payroll cost reimbursements |  | 3,585 |  |  | 3,850 |  |  | (6.9 | )%
Total Lodging net revenue |  | 63,539 |  |  | 65,884 |  |  | (3.6 | )%
Lodging operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Labor and labor-related benefits |  | 27,556 |  |  | 27,434 |  |  | 0.4 | %
General and administrative |  | 11,127 |  |  | 10,748 |  |  | 3.5 | %
Other |  | 17,603 |  |  | 17,651 |  |  | (0.3 | )%
|  | 56,286 |  |  | 55,833 |  |  | 0.8 | %
Reimbursed payroll costs |  | 3,585 |  |  | 3,850 |  |  | (6.9 | )%
Total Lodging operating expense |  | 59,871 |  |  | 59,683 |  |  | 0.3 | %
Lodging Reported EBITDA |  | $ | 3,668 |  |  | $ | 6,201 |  |  | (40.8 | )%
Owned hotel statistics: |  |  |  |  |  |
ADR |  | $ | 278.82 |  |  | $ | 289.03 |  |  | (3.5 | )%
RevPAR |  | $ | 175.04 |  |  | $ | 181.82 |  |  | (3.7 | )%
Managed condominium statistics: |  |  |  |  |  |
ADR |  | $ | 435.15 |  |  | $ | 442.05 |  |  | (1.6 | )%
RevPAR |  | $ | 166.77 |  |  | $ | 167.14 |  |  | (0.2 | )%
Owned hotel and managed condominium statistics (combined): |  |  |  |  |  |
ADR |  | $ | 389.35 |  |  | $ | 395.58 |  |  | (1.6 | )%
RevPAR |  | $ | 168.43 |  |  | $ | 170.19 |  |  | (1.0 | )%

Lodging Reported EBITDA includes $0.8 million of stock-based compensation expense for both the three months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017.
Lodging Reported EBITDA decreased $2.5 million, or 40.8%, primarily due to a decrease in ADR at our Colorado lodging properties and a reduction in operating results for CME. These decreases were attributable to historically low snowfall at our Colorado resorts, which adversely impacted visitation during the three months ended January 31, 2018 (as discussed in the Mountain segment).
Revenue from owned hotel rooms decreased $0.6 million, or 5.4%, primarily due to a decrease in transient visitation at our owned lodging properties proximate to our Colorado mountain resorts, as well as a decrease in ADR, partially offset by an increase in group visitation. Revenue from managed condominium rooms increased $0.4 million, or 1.6%.
Dining revenue decreased $0.9 million, or 9.8%, primarily due to decreased revenue at our Colorado and Park City lodging properties. Transportation revenue decreased $0.9 million, or 10.6%, primarily due to decreased passenger volume.
Operating expense (excluding reimbursed payroll costs) increased 0.8%. General and administrative expenses increased 3.5% due to higher corporate overhead costs.
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Revenue from payroll cost reimbursement and the corresponding reimbursed payroll costs relate to payroll costs at managed hotel properties where we are the employer and all payroll costs are reimbursed by the owners of the properties under contractual arrangements. Since the reimbursements are made based upon the costs incurred with no added margin, the revenue and corresponding expense have no effect on our Lodging Reported EBITDA.
Six months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the six months ended January 31, 2017
Lodging segment operating results for the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 are presented by category as follows (in thousands, except ADR and RevPAR):

|  | Six Months Ended January 31, |  | Percentage Increase (Decrease)
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Lodging net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Owned hotel rooms |  | $ | 30,988 |  |  | $ | 30,065 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Managed condominium rooms |  | 33,529 |  |  | 31,510 |  |  | 6.4 | %
Dining |  | 23,749 |  |  | 24,060 |  |  | (1.3 | )%
Transportation |  | 10,013 |  |  | 10,817 |  |  | (7.4 | )%
Golf |  | 8,767 |  |  | 8,729 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Other |  | 21,688 |  |  | 21,178 |  |  | 2.4 | %
|  | 128,734 |  |  | 126,359 |  |  | 1.9 | %
Payroll cost reimbursements |  | 6,894 |  |  | 6,927 |  |  | (0.5 | )%
Total Lodging net revenue |  | 135,628 |  |  | 133,286 |  |  | 1.8 | %
Lodging operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Labor and labor-related benefits |  | 59,648 |  |  | 57,311 |  |  | 4.1 | %
General and administrative |  | 19,666 |  |  | 19,512 |  |  | 0.8 | %
Other |  | 41,397 |  |  | 40,013 |  |  | 3.5 | %
|  | 120,711 |  |  | 116,836 |  |  | 3.3 | %
Reimbursed payroll costs |  | 6,894 |  |  | 6,927 |  |  | (0.5 | )%
Total Lodging operating expense |  | 127,605 |  |  | 123,763 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Lodging Reported EBITDA |  | $ | 8,023 |  |  | $ | 9,523 |  |  | (15.8 | )%
Owned hotel statistics: |  |  |  |  |  |
ADR |  | $ | 245.08 |  |  | $ | 240.20 |  |  | 2.0 | %
RevPAR |  | $ | 167.54 |  |  | $ | 157.56 |  |  | 6.3 | %
Managed condominium statistics: |  |  |  |  |  |
ADR |  | $ | 331.95 |  |  | $ | 350.56 |  |  | (5.3 | )%
RevPAR |  | $ | 110.45 |  |  | $ | 109.92 |  |  | 0.5 | %
Owned hotel and managed condominium statistics (combined): |  |  |  |  |  |
ADR |  | $ | 295.74 |  |  | $ | 301.52 |  |  | (1.9 | )%
RevPAR |  | $ | 125.18 |  |  | $ | 123.10 |  |  | 1.7 | %

Lodging Reported EBITDA includes $1.6 million of stock-based compensation expense for both the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017.
Lodging Reported EBITDA decreased $1.5 million, or 15.8%, primarily due to a decrease in ADR and ancillary revenue at our Colorado lodging properties and a reduction in operating results from CME. These decreases were attributable to historically low snowfall at our Colorado resorts, which adversely impacted visitation during the three months ended January 31, 2018 (as discussed in the Mountain segment).
Revenue from owned hotel rooms increased $0.9 million, or 3.1%, primarily due to an increase in occupancy at Flagg Ranch, which incurred an early closure in the prior fiscal year period as a result of a forest fire in Grand Teton National Park, as well as an increase in revenue at GTLC, partially offset by decreased revenue at our owned Colorado lodging properties as a result of lower winter visitation. Revenue from managed condominium rooms increased $2.0 million, or 6.4%, primarily due to incremental
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revenue from Whistler Blackcomb and increased revenue at our Colorado managed properties primarily as a result of increased occupancy during the three months ended October 31, 2017.
Dining revenue decreased $0.3 million, or 1.3%, primarily due to decreased dining revenue generated at our Colorado lodging properties, partially offset by increases in revenue at Park City and GTLC. Transportation revenue decreased $0.8 million, or 7.4%, primarily due to decreased passenger volume. Other revenue increased $0.5 million, or 2.4%, primarily due to increases in ancillary services, conference services and lodging retail, partially offset by the recording of business interruption insurance recovery in the prior year related to the early closure of our Flagg Ranch property in September 2016.
Operating expense (excluding reimbursed payroll costs) increased 3.3%. Labor and labor-related benefits increased 4.1%, primarily resulting from incremental expenses from Whistler Blackcomb, normal wage increases and higher labor expense for Flagg Ranch, which was closed for a portion of the prior year period. Other expense increased 3.5%, primarily due to increases in variable operating expenses, as well as an increase in property taxes.
Revenue from payroll cost reimbursement and the corresponding reimbursed payroll costs relate to payroll costs at managed hotel properties where we are the employer and all payroll costs are reimbursed by the owners of the properties under contractual arrangements. Since the reimbursements are made based upon the costs incurred with no added margin, the revenue and corresponding expense have no effect on our Lodging Reported EBITDA.
Real Estate Segment
Three months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the three months ended January 31, 2017
Real Estate segment operating results for the three months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 are presented by category as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Percentage Increase (Decrease)
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Total Real Estate net revenue |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 5,215 |  |  | (97.4 | )%
Real Estate operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales (including sales commission) |  | — |  |  | 4,596 |  |  | (100.0 | )%
Other |  | 1,207 |  |  | 1,245 |  |  | (3.1 | )%
Total Real Estate operating expense |  | 1,207 |  |  | 5,841 |  |  | (79.3 | )%
Gain on sale of real property |  | 515 |  |  | — |  |  | nm |
Real Estate Reported EBITDA |  | $ | (558 | ) |  | $ | (626 | ) |  | 10.9 | %

Our Real Estate net revenue is primarily determined by the timing of closings and the mix of real estate sold in any given period. Different types of projects have different revenue and profit margins; therefore, as the real estate inventory mix changes it can greatly impact Real Estate segment net revenue, operating expense, gain on sale of real property and Real Estate Reported EBITDA.
Three months ended January 31, 2018
Real Estate Reported EBITDA included a gain on sale of real property of $0.5 million for the sale of a land parcel.
Other operating expense of $1.2 million was primarily comprised of general and administrative costs, such as labor and labor-related benefits and allocated corporate costs.
Three months ended January 31, 2017
Real Estate segment net revenue for the three months ended January 31, 2017 was primarily driven by the closing of one condominium unit at The Ritz-Carlton Residences, Vail ($2.8 million of revenue and a price per square foot of $1,569) and two condominium units at One Ski Hill Place in Breckenridge ($2.3 million of revenue with an average price per square foot of $983). The average price per square foot of both of these projects is driven by their premier location and the comprehensive and exclusive amenities related to these projects.
Operating expense for the three months ended January 31, 2017 included cost of sales of $4.3 million resulting from the closing of one condominium unit at The Ritz-Carlton Residences, Vail (average cost per square foot of $1,317) and two condominium units at One Ski Hill Place Breckenridge (average cost per square foot of $838). The cost per square foot for these projects reflects the high-end features and amenities and high construction costs associated with mountain resort development. Additionally, sales
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commissions of approximately $0.3 million were incurred commensurate with revenue recognized. Other operating expense of $1.2 million for the three months ended January 31, 2017 was primarily comprised of general and administrative costs, carrying costs for units available for sale and overhead costs, such as labor and labor-related benefits and allocated corporate costs.
Six months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the six months ended January 31, 2017
Real Estate segment operating results for the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 are presented by category as follows (in thousands):

|  | Six Months Ended January 31, |  | Percentage Increase (Decrease)
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Total Real Estate net revenue |  | $ | 770 |  |  | $ | 5,311 |  |  | (85.5 | )%
Real Estate operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales (including sales commission) |  | 511 |  |  | 4,596 |  |  | (88.9 | )%
Other |  | 2,387 |  |  | 2,730 |  |  | (12.6 | )%
Total Real Estate operating expense |  | 2,898 |  |  | 7,326 |  |  | (60.4 | )%
Gain on sale of real property |  | 515 |  |  | 6,466 |  |  | (92.0 | )%
Real Estate Reported EBITDA |  | $ | (1,613 | ) |  | $ | 4,451 |  |  | (136.2 | )%

Six months ended January 31, 2018
During the six months ended January 31, 2018, we closed on the sale of a development land parcel for $0.5 million which was recorded within Real Estate net revenue. Additionally, Real Estate Reported EBITDA included a gain on sale of real property of $0.5 million for the sale of a land parcel.
Other operating expense of $2.4 million was primarily comprised of general and administrative costs, such as labor and labor-related benefits and allocated corporate costs.
Six months ended January 31, 2017
Real Estate segment net revenue for the six months ended January 31, 2017 was primarily driven by the closing of one condominium unit at The Ritz-Carlton Residences, Vail ($2.8 million of revenue and a price per square foot of $1,569) and two condominium units at One Ski Hill Place Breckenridge ($2.3 million of revenue with an average price per square foot of $983). Additionally, we recorded a gain on sale of real property of $6.5 million for a land parcel in Breckenridge which sold for $9.3 million during the three months ended October 31, 2016.
Operating expense for the six months ended January 31, 2017 included cost of sales of $4.3 million resulting from the closing of one condominium unit at The Ritz-Carlton Residences, Vail (average cost per square foot of $1,317) and two condominium units at One Ski Hill Place Breckenridge (average cost per square foot of $838). Additionally, sales commissions of approximately $0.3 million were incurred commensurate with revenue recognized. Other operating expense of $2.7 million for the six months ended January 31, 2017 was primarily comprised of general and administrative costs, carrying costs for units available for sale and overhead costs, such as labor and labor-related benefits and allocated corporate costs.
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Other Items
In addition to segment operating results, the following material items contribute to our overall financial position (in thousands).

| Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Six Months Ended January 31, | Increase (Decrease)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Depreciation and amortization | $ | (51,404 | ) |  | $ | (49,626 | ) |  | 3.6 | % |  | $ | (100,028 | ) |  | $ | (90,207 | ) |  | 10.9 | %
Investment income and other, net | $ | 397 |  |  | $ | 1,148 |  |  | (65.4 | )% |  | $ | 780 |  |  | $ | 5,671 |  |  | (86.2 | )%
Foreign currency gain on intercompany loans | $ | 10,337 |  |  | $ | 5,166 |  |  | 100.1 | % |  | $ | 2,991 |  |  | $ | 5,166 |  |  | (42.1 | )%
Interest expense, net | $ | (15,973 | ) |  | $ | (14,214 | ) |  | 12.4 | % |  | $ | (31,147 | ) |  | $ | (26,178 | ) |  | 19.0 | %
(Provision) benefit from income taxes | $ | (3,594 | ) |  | $ | (84,807 | ) |  | (95.8 | )% |  | $ | 89,810 |  |  | $ | (51,298 | ) |  | (275.1 | )%
Effective tax rate (expense) benefit | (1.4 | )% |  | (34.7 | )% |  | (33.3 pts) |  |  | 70.8 | % |  | (34.8 | )% |  | (105.6 pts) |

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 increased $1.8 million and $9.8 million, respectively, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to assets acquired in the Whistler Blackcomb and Stowe acquisitions.
Investment income and other, net. Investment income and other, net for the three and six months ended January 31, 2017 included a $0.9 million gain recorded for the sale of a lodging property during the three months ended January 31, 2017, as well as a $3.4 million gain recognized on short-term foreign currency forward contracts that were entered into in conjunction with funding the cash consideration required for the Whistler Blackcomb acquisition and a $0.8 million non-cash gain recognized on an investment in Whistler Blackcomb shares that we held prior to the acquisition during the three months ended October 31, 2016. As a result, investment income and other, net for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 decreased $0.8 million and $4.9 million, respectively, compared to the same period in the prior year.
Foreign currency gain on intercompany loans. Foreign currency gain on intercompany loans for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 increased $5.2 million and decreased $2.2 million, respectively, and was associated with an intercompany loan from Vail Holdings, Inc. to Whistler Blackcomb in the amount of $210.0 million that was funded, effective as of November 1, 2016, in connection with the acquisition of Whistler Blackcomb. This intercompany loan requires foreign currency remeasurement to Canadian dollars, the functional currency for Whistler Blackcomb. As a result, foreign currency fluctuations associated with the loan are recorded within our results of operations.
Interest expense, net. Interest expense, net for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 increased $1.8 million and $5.0 million, respectively, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to interest expense associated with incremental term loan borrowings under the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement of $509.4 million, which was used to fund the cash consideration portion of the Whistler Blackcomb acquisition, as well as the Whistler Credit Agreement, which was assumed as part of the Whistler Blackcomb acquisition and had $97.6 million (C$120.0 million) outstanding as of January 31, 2018.
(Provision) benefit from income taxes. The effective tax rate (provision) benefit for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 was (1.4% ) and 70.8%, respectively, compared to (34.7%) and (34.8%), respectively, for the three and six months ended January 31, 2017. The interim period effective tax rate is primarily driven by anticipated pre-tax book income for the full fiscal year adjusted for items that are deductible/non-deductible for tax purposes only (i.e., permanent items), excess tax benefits from employee share awards and enacted tax legislation, which are both recorded as discrete items, taxable income generated by state and foreign jurisdictions that varies from anticipated consolidated pre-tax book income (loss) and the amount of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the three and six months ended January 31, 2017 was primarily driven by the Tax Act and excess tax benefits from employee share awards that were exercised as further discussed below.
On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Act. The Tax Act transitions the U.S. tax system to a new territorial system and lowers the statutory federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. The reduction of the statutory federal corporate tax rate to 21% became effective on January 1, 2018. As a result of the Tax Act, we recorded a one-time, provisional net tax benefit of approximately $64.6 million on our Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018, or approximately $1.55 per diluted share. Due to the reduction in the federal corporate tax rate, we remeasured our U.S. net deferred tax liabilities as of the effective date of the Tax Act using the reduced statutory federal corporate income tax rate. The U.S. net deferred tax liabilities remeasurement resulted in a one-time tax benefit estimated to be approximately $71.0 million which was recognized as a discrete item and was recorded
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within (provision) benefit from income taxes on our Consolidated Condensed Statement of Operations during the three and six months ended January 31, 2018. Also, in transitioning to the new territorial tax system, the Tax Act requires us to include certain foreign earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries in our fiscal 2018 taxable income. Such foreign earnings are subject to a one-time tax. The Transition Tax was estimated to be approximately $6.4 million and was recorded during the three and six months ended January 31, 2018. The above-mentioned accounting impacts of the deferred tax remeasurement and Transition Tax are provisional, based on currently available information and technical guidance on the interpretation of the new law. The provisional accounting impacts may change in future reporting periods until the accounting analysis is finalized, which will occur not later than the second quarter of fiscal 2019, as permitted by the SEC.
Additionally, the decrease in the effective tax rate during the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the three and six months ended January 31, 2017 was also due to excess tax benefits from employee share awards that were exercised (stock appreciation awards) and that vested (restricted stock awards), which were recorded within (provision) benefit from income taxes during the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 as a result of new accounting guidance that was adopted prospectively as of August 1, 2017. The new guidance requires excess tax benefits to be recorded in the period realized as a discrete item within earnings rather than within equity. As a result of adopting this guidance, we recorded $1.3 million and $53.1 million, respectively, of excess tax benefits within (provision) benefit from income taxes on our Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 (or approximately $0.03 and $1.27 earnings per diluted share, respectively).
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Reconciliation of Segment Earnings and Net Debt
The following table reconciles from segment Reported EBITDA to net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Six Months Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Mountain Reported EBITDA | $ | 305,262 |  |  | $ | 299,017 |  |  | $ | 246,825 |  |  | $ | 242,363 |
Lodging Reported EBITDA | 3,668 |  |  | 6,201 |  |  | 8,023 |  |  | 9,523 |
Resort Reported EBITDA | 308,930 |  |  | 305,218 |  |  | 254,848 |  |  | 251,886 |
Real Estate Reported EBITDA | (558 | ) |  | (626 | ) |  | (1,613 | ) |  | 4,451 |
Total Reported EBITDA | 308,372 |  |  | 304,592 |  |  | 253,235 |  |  | 256,337 |
Depreciation and amortization | (51,404 | ) |  | (49,626 | ) |  | (100,028 | ) |  | (90,207 | )
Gain (loss) on disposal of fixed assets and other, net | 538 |  |  | (2,231 | ) |  | 1,105 |  |  | (2,781 | )
Change in estimated fair value of contingent consideration | — |  |  | (300 | ) |  | — |  |  | (600 | )
Investment income and other, net | 397 |  |  | 1,148 |  |  | 780 |  |  | 5,671 |
Foreign currency gain on intercompany loans | 10,337 |  |  | 5,166 |  |  | 2,991 |  |  | 5,166 |
Interest expense, net | (15,973 | ) |  | (14,214 | ) |  | (31,147 | ) |  | (26,178 | )
Income before (provision) benefit from income taxes | 252,267 |  |  | 244,535 |  |  | 126,936 |  |  | 147,408 |
(Provision) benefit from income taxes | (3,594 | ) |  | (84,807 | ) |  | 89,810 |  |  | (51,298 | )
Net income | 248,673 |  |  | 159,728 |  |  | 216,746 |  |  | 96,110 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (12,982 | ) |  | (10,549 | ) |  | (9,440 | ) |  | (9,518 | )
Net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. | $ | 235,691 |  |  | $ | 149,179 |  |  | $ | 207,306 |  |  | $ | 86,592 |

The following table reconciles Net Debt to long-term debt, net (in thousands):

|  | January 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Long-term debt, net |  | $ | 1,182,349 |  |  | $ | 1,216,721 |
Long-term debt due within one year |  | 38,433 |  |  | 38,379 |
Total debt |  | 1,220,782 |  |  | 1,255,100 |
Less: cash and cash equivalents |  | 235,460 |  |  | 140,909 |
Net Debt |  | $ | 985,322 |  |  | $ | 1,114,191 |

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Changes in significant sources of cash for the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017 are presented by categories as follows (in thousands).

| Six Months Ended January 31,
| 2018 | 2017
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 420,905 |  | $ | 329,893 |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (81,765 | ) | $ | (591,821 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | $ | (222,148 | ) | $ | 335,310 |

Significant Sources of Cash
Our second and third fiscal quarters historically result in seasonally high cash on hand as our North American mountain resorts and Urban ski areas are generally open for ski operations from mid-November to mid-April, from which we have historically generated a significant portion of our operating cash flows for the fiscal year.
We had $235.5 million of cash and cash equivalents as of January 31, 2018, compared to $140.9 million as of January 31, 2017. We currently anticipate that our Mountain and Lodging segment operating results will continue to provide a significant source of future operating cash flows (primarily those generated in our second and third fiscal quarters).
As of January 31, 2018, we had $299.7 million available under the revolver component of our Vail Holdings Credit Agreement (which represents the total commitment of $400.0 million less borrowings of $30.0 million and certain letters of credit outstanding of $70.3 million). Also, to further support the liquidity needs of Whistler Blackcomb, we had C$179.1 million ($145.6 million) available under the revolver component of our Whistler Credit Agreement (which represents the total commitment of C$300.0 million ($243.9 million) less outstanding borrowings of C$120.0 million ($97.6 million) and a letter of credit outstanding of C$0.9 million ($0.7 million)). We expect that our liquidity needs in the near term will be met by continued use of operating cash flows and borrowings under both the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement and Whistler Credit Agreement, if needed. We believe the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement, which matures in October 2021, provides adequate flexibility and is priced favorably with any new borrowings currently priced at LIBOR plus 1.25%.
Six months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the six months ended January 31, 2017
As a result of the adoption of revised accounting guidance related to employee stock based compensation, we prospectively presented excess tax benefits as operating activities on our Consolidated Condensed Statement of Cash Flows for the six months ended January 31, 2018. Additionally, as of August 1, 2017, we retrospectively presented cash paid to taxing authorities on an employee’s behalf as financing activities on our Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows, which resulted in a $13.0 million decrease to cash provided by financing activities with a corresponding increase to cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended January 31, 2017, as shown below (in thousands).

| Six Months Ended January 31, 2017
| Previously Reported (Previous Guidance) |  | Tax Payments Change |  | Revised Reported (New Guidance)
Cash flows provided by operating activities | $ | 316,918 |  |  | $ | 12,975 |  |  | $ | 329,893 |
Cash flows used in investing activities (no change) | (591,821 | ) |  | — |  |  | (591,821 | )
Cash flows provided by financing activities | 348,285 |  |  | (12,975 | ) |  | 335,310 |
Effect of exchange rate changes (no change) | (370 | ) |  | — |  |  | (370 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents (no change) | $ | 73,012 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 73,012 |

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The adoption of this revised accounting guidance did not have an impact on our total cash flows for the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017.
We generated $420.9 million of cash from operating activities during the six months ended January 31, 2018, an increase of $91.0 million compared to $329.9 million of cash generated during the six months ended January 31, 2017. The increase in operating cash flows was primarily a result of an increase in accounts payable and a decrease in estimated tax payments primarily as a result of an increase in excess tax benefits from employee share awards that vested (restricted stock awards) and were exercised (stock appreciation awards) during the six months ended January 31, 2018, as well as increased North American pass sales for the 2017/2018 North American ski season compared to the 2016/2017 North American ski season, of which only a portion has been reflected as lift revenue in operating results. These increases were partially offset by an increase in cash interest payments during the six months ended January 31, 2018, compared to the six months ended January 31, 2017, from incremental term loan borrowings under our Vail Holdings Credit Agreement and borrowings under the Whistler Credit Agreement assumed by us as a result of the acquisition of Whistler Blackcomb in October 2016. Additionally, we generated $0.5 million of proceeds from real estate development land parcel sales during the six months ended January 31, 2018 compared to $4.9 million in proceeds (net of sales commissions and deposits previously received) from real estate development project closings that occurred in the six months ended January 31, 2017.
Cash used in investing activities for the six months ended January 31, 2018 decreased by $510.1 million, primarily due to cash payments related to the acquisition of Whistler Blackcomb during the six months ended January 31, 2017 of $512.3 million, net of cash acquired, and a decrease in capital expenditures of $6.1 million during the six months ended January 31, 2018 compared to the six months ended January 31, 2017, partially offset by a reduction in cash received from the sale of real property.
Cash used in financing activities increased $557.5 million during the six months ended January 31, 2018, compared to the six months ended January 31, 2017, primarily due to the reduction of net proceeds from borrowings under our Vail Holdings Credit Agreement during the six months ended January 31, 2017, which was used to fund a portion of the cash consideration for the Whistler Blackcomb acquisition. Additionally, dividends paid increased $23.5 million during the six months ended January 31, 2018, compared to January 31, 2017, and cash payments for employee taxes related to exercises of share awards increased $58.7 million. Due to the adoption of revised accounting guidance as discussed above, there was an elimination of excess tax benefits of $13.0 million recorded within financing activities, with a corresponding increase in operating activities, which resulted in a decrease of $13.0 million in financing activities and an increase of $13.0 million in operating activities during the six months ended January 31, 2018, compared to January 31, 2017.
U.S. Tax Reform
Beginning with our taxable year ending December 31, 2018, we expect to realize an increase in our operating cash flows as a result of the Tax Act, which will reduce our statutory federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. We expect that incremental cash flows generated from the reduction of the statutory federal corporate income tax rate and the accelerated deductibility of capital expenditures will be approximately $40.0 million in calendar 2018. We plan to use those incremental cash flows to reinvest in wages for our employees, in capital for our resorts and by increasing our return of capital to shareholders.
Significant Uses of Cash
Capital Expenditures
We have historically invested significant amounts of cash in capital expenditures for our resort operations, and we expect to continue to do so subject to operating performance particularly as it relates to discretionary projects. In addition, we may incur capital expenditures for retained ownership interests associated with third-party real estate development projects. Currently planned capital expenditures primarily include investments that will allow us to maintain our high-quality standards, as well as certain incremental discretionary improvements at our Resorts and throughout our owned hotels. We evaluate additional discretionary capital improvements based on an expected level of return on investment. We currently anticipate we will spend approximately $150.0 million on resort capital expenditures during calendar year 2018, excluding anticipated investments for U.S. summer related activities, one-time integration related capital expenditures and capital investments associated with third party reimbursements. This estimated spending includes normal inflation on our capital investments at our resorts. Included in these estimated capital expenditures are approximately $80.0 million of maintenance capital expenditures, which are necessary to maintain appearance and level of service appropriate to our resort operations. Additionally, we plan to make a discretionary investment of approximately $40.0 million (C$52.0 million) at Whistler Blackcomb, as part of an approximate $50.0 million (C$65.0 million) total capital plan at the resort. Discretionary expenditures for calendar year 2018 include, among other projects, a new gondola at Whistler Blackcomb running from the base to the top of Blackcomb Mountain, replacing the Wizard and Solar four person chairs with a single state-of-the-art gondola, and upgrading several other chair lifts at Whistler Blackcomb; upgrading the fixed grip High Meadow chair at Park City to a four person high speed lift; expanding Cloud Dine restaurant at Park City by adding 200 additional seats and
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upgrading the Park City Mid-Mountain Lodge; replacing the Galaxy two-person chairlift at Heavenly with a three-person chairlift; and upgrading the Leichhardt T-bar at Perisher to a four-person chairlift. We also expect to invest approximately $3.0 million in calendar year 2018 for summer investments. Additionally, we expect to invest approximately $8.0 million in capital for the integration of Stowe and the completion of Whistler Blackcomb integration. Lastly, we plan to spend approximately $6.0 million during calendar year 2018 on capital projects to repair infrastructure that was damaged due to snowfall, including the Heavenly coaster and the Ten Mile Room in Breckenridge. We expect that repair costs will be covered by insurance proceeds. We currently plan to utilize cash on hand, borrowings available under our credit agreements and/or cash flow generated from future operations to provide the cash necessary to complete our capital plans.
Debt
Principal payments on the majority of our long-term debt ($1,089.9 million of the total $1,224.5 million debt outstanding as of January 31, 2018) are not due until fiscal 2022 and beyond. As of January 31, 2018 and 2017, total long-term debt, net (including long-term debt due within one year) was $1,220.8 million and $1,255.1 million, respectively. Net Debt (defined as long-term debt, net plus long-term debt due within one year less cash and cash equivalents) decreased from $1,114.2 million as of January 31, 2017 to $985.3 million as of January 31, 2018, primarily due to a reduction in the borrowings outstanding under the term loan of our Vail Holdings Credit Agreement and an increase in cash and cash equivalents. In addition, we exercised our right under the Whistler Credit Agreement, with the consent of the lender parties thereto, to extend the maturity date of our Whistler Credit Agreement to November 2022 during the six months ended January 31, 2018. There were no other changes to the terms of the Whistler Credit Agreement.
Our debt service requirements can be impacted by changing interest rates as we had $883.3 million of variable-rate debt outstanding as of January 31, 2018. A 100-basis point change in our borrowing rates would cause our annual interest payments to change by approximately $8.8 million. Additionally, the annual payments associated with the financing of the Canyons Resort transaction increase by the greater of CPI less 1%, or 2%. The fluctuation in our debt service requirements, in addition to interest rate and inflation changes, may be impacted by future borrowings under our credit agreements or other alternative financing arrangements we may enter into. Our long term liquidity needs depend upon operating results that impact the borrowing capacity under our credit agreements, which can be mitigated by adjustments to capital expenditures, flexibility of investment activities and the ability to obtain favorable future financing. We can respond to liquidity impacts of changes in the business and economic environment by managing our capital expenditures, the timing of new real estate development activity and the payment of our regular quarterly cash dividend on our common stock.
Dividend Payments
In fiscal 2011, our Board of Directors approved the commencement of a regular quarterly cash dividend on our common stock at an annual rate of $0.60 per share, subject to quarterly declaration. Since the initial commencement of a regular quarterly cash dividend, our Board of Directors has annually approved an increase to our cash dividend on our common stock and on March 7, 2018, our Board of Directors approved a 40% increase to our quarterly cash dividend to $1.47 per share (or approximately $59.5 million per quarter based upon shares outstanding as of January 31, 2018). For the six months ended January 31, 2018, we paid cash dividends of $2.106 per share ($85.2 million in the aggregate). These dividends were funded through available cash on hand and borrowings under the revolving portion of our Vail Holdings Credit Agreement. Subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors, applicable law and contractual restrictions, we anticipate paying regular quarterly cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. The amount, if any, of the dividends to be paid in the future will depend on our available cash on hand, anticipated cash needs, overall financial condition, restrictions contained in our Vail Holdings Credit Agreement, future prospects for earnings and cash flows, as well as other factors considered relevant by our Board of Directors.
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Share Repurchase Program
Our share repurchase program is conducted under authorizations made from time to time by our Board of Directors. On March 9, 2006, our Board of Directors initially authorized the repurchase of up to 3,000,000 shares of Vail Resorts common stock (“Vail Shares”) and later authorized additional repurchases of up to 3,000,000 additional Vail Shares (July 16, 2008) and 1,500,000 shares (December 4, 2015), for a total authorization to repurchase up to 7,500,000 Vail Shares. We did not repurchase any Vail Shares during the six months ended January 31, 2018. During the six months ended January 31, 2017, we repurchased 1,317 Vail Shares at a cost of $0.2 million. Since inception of this stock repurchase program through January 31, 2018, we have repurchased 5,436,294 Vail Shares at a cost of approximately $247.2 million. As of January 31, 2018, 2,063,706 Vail Shares remained available to repurchase under the existing repurchase authorization. Vail Shares purchased pursuant to the repurchase program will be held as treasury shares and may be used for the issuance of shares under our share award plan. Repurchases under the program may be made from time to time at prevailing prices as permitted by applicable laws, and subject to market conditions and other factors. The timing as well as the number of Vail Shares that may be repurchased under the program will depend on several factors, including our future financial performance, our available cash resources and competing uses for cash that may arise in the future, the restrictions in our Vail Holdings Credit Agreement, prevailing prices of Vail Shares and the number of Vail Shares that become available for sale at prices that we believe are attractive. The share repurchase program has no expiration date.
Covenants and Limitations
We must abide by certain restrictive financial covenants under our credit agreements. The most restrictive of those covenants include the following covenants: for the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement, Net Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio and the Interest Coverage ratio (each as defined in the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement); and for the Whistler Credit Agreement, Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio and Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio (each as defined in the Whistler Credit Agreement). In addition, our financing arrangements limit our ability to make certain restricted payments, pay dividends on or redeem or repurchase stock, make certain investments, make certain affiliate transfers and may limit our ability to enter into certain mergers, consolidations or sales of assets and incur certain indebtedness. Our borrowing availability under the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement is primarily determined by the Net Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio, which is based on our segment operating performance, as defined in the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement. Our borrowing availability under the Whistler Credit Agreement is primarily determined based on the commitment size of the credit facility and our compliance with the terms of the Whistler Credit Agreement.
We were in compliance with all restrictive financial covenants in our debt instruments as of January 31, 2018. We expect that we will meet all applicable financial maintenance covenants in our credit agreements throughout the fiscal year ending July 31, 2018. However, there can be no assurance we will meet such financial covenants. If such covenants are not met, we would be required to seek a waiver or amendment from the banks participating in the credit agreements. There can be no assurance that such waivers or amendments would be granted, which could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity.
OFF BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
We do not have off balance sheet transactions that are expected to have a material effect on our financial condition, revenue, expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Except for any historical information contained herein, the matters discussed or incorporated by reference in this Form 10-Q contain certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These statements relate to analyses and other information available as of the date hereof, which are based on forecasts of future results and estimates of amounts not yet determinable. These statements also relate to our contemplated future prospects, developments and business strategies.
These forward-looking statements are identified by their use of terms and phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “will” and similar terms and phrases, including references to assumptions. Although we believe that our plans, intentions and expectations reflected in or suggested by such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure you that such plans, intentions or expectations will be achieved. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

• | prolonged weakness in general economic conditions, including adverse effects on the overall travel and leisure related industries;

• | unfavorable weather conditions or the impact of natural disasters;

• | willingness of our guests to travel due to terrorism, the uncertainty of military conflicts or outbreaks of contagious diseases, and the cost and availability of travel options and changing consumer preferences;

• | the seasonality of our business combined with adverse events that occur during our peak operating periods;

• | competition in our mountain and lodging businesses;

• | high fixed cost structure of our business;

• | our ability to fund resort capital expenditures;

• | our reliance on government permits or approvals for our use of public land or to make operational and capital improvements;

• | risks related to a disruption in our water supply that would impact our snowmaking capabilities and operations;

• | risks related to federal, state, local and foreign government laws, rules and regulations;

• | risks related to our reliance on information technology, including our failure to maintain the integrity of our customer or employee data;

• | our ability to hire and retain a sufficient seasonal workforce;

• | risks related to our workforce, including increased labor costs;

• | loss of key personnel;

• | adverse consequences of current or future legal claims;

• | a deterioration in the quality or reputation of our brands, including our ability to protect our intellectual property and the risk of accidents at our mountain resorts;

• | our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses, or that acquired businesses may fail to perform in accordance with expectations, including Whistler Blackcomb, Stowe or future acquisitions;

• | our ability to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, with respect to acquired businesses;

• | risks associated with international operations;

• | fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates where the Company has foreign currency exposure, primarily the Canadian and Australian dollars;

• | changes in accounting judgments and estimates, tax law, accounting principles, policies or guidelines or adverse determinations by taxing authorities; and

• | a materially adverse change in our financial condition.

All forward-looking statements attributable to us or any persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements.
If one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or if underlying assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from those expected, estimated or projected. Given these uncertainties, users of the information included in this Form 10-Q, including investors and prospective investors, are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements that we make for a number of reasons, including those described in this Form 10-Q and in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of the Form 10-K. All forward-looking statements are made only as of the date hereof. Except as may be required by law, we do not intend to update these forward-looking statements, even if new information, future events or other circumstances have made them incorrect or misleading.
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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest Rate Risk. Our exposure to market risk is limited primarily to the fluctuating interest rates associated with variable rate indebtedness. At January 31, 2018, we had $883.3 million of variable rate indebtedness, representing approximately 72.1% of our total debt outstanding, at an average interest rate during the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 of 2.8% and 2.6%, respectively. Based on variable-rate borrowings outstanding as of January 31, 2018, a 100-basis point (or 1.0%) change in our borrowing rates would result in our annual interest payments changing by approximately $8.8 million. Our market risk exposure fluctuates based on changes in underlying interest rates.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk. We are exposed to currency translation risk because the results of our international entities are reported in local currency, which we then translate to U.S. dollars for inclusion in our consolidated condensed financial statements. As a result, changes between the foreign exchange rates, in particular the Canadian dollar and Australian dollar compared to the U.S. dollar, affect the amounts we record for our foreign assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and could have a negative effect on our financial results. Additionally, we also have foreign currency transaction exposure from an intercompany loan to Whistler Blackcomb that is not deemed to be permanently invested, which have and could materially change due to fluctuations in the Canadian dollar exchange rate. The results of Whistler Blackcomb and Perisher are reported in Canadian dollars and Australian dollars respectively, which we then translate to U.S. dollars for inclusion in our consolidated condensed financial statements. We do not currently enter into hedging arrangements to minimize the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our operations.
The following table summarizes the amounts of foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax, representing losses, and foreign currency gain on intercompany loans recognized, in comprehensive income (in thousands).

| Six Months Ended January 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax | $ | 19,603 |  |  | $ | 1,238 |
Foreign currency gain on intercompany loans | $ | 2,991 |  |  | $ | 5,166 |

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Management of the Company, under the supervision and with participation of the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Act”) as of the end of the period covered by this report on Form 10-Q.
Based upon their evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, the CEO and the CFO concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that such information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and forms.
The Company, including its CEO and CFO, does not expect that the Company’s controls and procedures will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived or operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.
PART II OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In May 2016, Kirkwood received a Notice of Violation (“NOV”) from the State of California Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board (the “Regional Water Board”) regarding the disposition of asphalt grindings used in parking lot surfacing in and around Kirkwood Creek. We have cooperated with the Regional Water Board staff and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (“CDFW”) to satisfactorily resolve the matters identified in the NOV.
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On December 13, 2017, Kirkwood entered into a Settlement Agreement and Stipulation for Entry of Administrative Liability Order (“Stipulated Order”) with the Regional Water Board and CDFW. Under the Stipulated Order, Kirkwood agreed to be responsible for monetary penalties and agency costs totaling approximately $0.8 million, of which approximately half will be fulfilled by a supplemental environmental project run by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. All of these amounts have been paid by third-party insurance. The remaining remediation work required by the Stipulated Order and requested by the agencies should be completed in calendar year 2018.
We do not expect the resolution of the above items to have a material impact on our results of operations or cash flows.
We are a party to various lawsuits arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe that we have adequate insurance coverage and/or have accrued for all loss contingencies for asserted and unasserted matters and that, although the ultimate outcome of such claims cannot be ascertained, current pending and threatened claims are not expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
In addition to the information set forth below and elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the factors we previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on September 28, 2017, as of and for the year ended July 31, 2017, in addition to the modified factor set forth below. These risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations
We are subject to accounting and tax regulations, including, but not limited to, the recently enacted changes to U.S. tax law, and use certain accounting estimates and judgments that may differ significantly from actual results.
Implementation of existing and future legislation, rulings, standards and interpretations from the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or other regulatory bodies could affect the presentation of our financial statements and related disclosures. Future regulatory requirements could significantly change our current accounting practices and disclosures. Such changes in the presentation of our financial statements and related disclosures could change an investor’s interpretation or perception of our financial position and results of operations.
We use many methods, estimates and judgments in applying our accounting policies (see “Critical Accounting Policies” in Item 7 of our Form 10-K as of and for the year ended July 31, 2017). Such methods, estimates and judgments are, by their nature, subject to substantial risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and factors may arise over time that lead us to change our methods, estimates and judgments. Changes in those methods, estimates and judgments could significantly affect our results of operations.
The recent enactment of the Tax Act has significantly changed U.S. federal income taxation of U.S. corporations by reducing the U.S. corporate income tax rate, limiting interest deductions, permitting immediate expensing of certain capital expenditures, adopting elements of a territorial tax system, imposing a one-time Transition Tax on all undistributed earnings and profits of certain U.S. owned foreign corporations, introducing new anti-base erosion provisions, revising the rules governing net operating losses and the rules governing foreign tax credits, repealing the performance-based compensation exception to the $1 million deduction limit on executive compensation and expanding the scope of employees to whom the limit applies, and eliminating the deductibility of certain fringe benefits, among other changes. Many of these changes are effective immediately, without any transition periods or grandfathering for existing transactions. The Tax Act is unclear in many respects and could be subject to potential amendments and technical corrections, as well as interpretations and implementation of regulations by the Treasury Department and Internal Revenue Service, any of which could lessen or increase certain adverse impacts of the legislation. In addition, it is unclear how these U.S. federal income tax changes will affect state and local taxation, which often uses federal taxable income as a starting point for computing state and local tax liabilities, or how the changes will be viewed by foreign governments.
Our analysis and interpretation of the Tax Act is preliminary and ongoing, and our implementation may include judgments and estimates that differ from the final IRS regulations and could have a material impact on our financial statements. We have identified the change in the corporate tax rate, including its effects on the remeasurement of our net deferred tax liabilities, as well as the Transition Tax, and the related impact on our consolidated condensed financial statements. There may be other material adverse effects resulting from the legislation that we have not yet identified. While some of the changes made by the Tax Act may adversely affect the Company in one or more reporting periods and prospectively, other changes may be beneficial. We continue to work with our tax advisors to determine the full impact that the recent tax legislation as a whole will have on us.
We are subject to taxes in multiple jurisdictions. Due to economic and political conditions, tax rates in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change. Our effective tax rates could be affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws or their interpretation.
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We are also subject to the examination of tax returns and other tax matters by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS") and other tax authorities and governmental bodies. We regularly assesses the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for taxes. There can be no assurance as to the outcome of these examinations. If our effective tax rates were to increase or if the ultimate determination of our taxes owed is for an amount in excess of amounts previously accrued, our financial condition, operating results and cash flows could be adversely affected.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Exchangeable Shares
As described elsewhere in this report, on October 17, 2016, the Company acquired all of the outstanding common shares of Whistler Blackcomb. Part of the consideration paid to Whistler Blackcomb shareholders consisted of 3,327,719 Vail Shares and 418,095 shares of the Company’s wholly-owned Canadian subsidiary (the “Exchangeco Shares”). Each Exchangeco Share is exchangeable by the holder thereof for one Vail Share (subject to customary adjustments for stock splits or other reorganizations). In addition, the Company may require all outstanding Exchangeco Shares to be exchanged into an equal number of Vail Shares upon the occurrence of certain events and at any time following the seventh anniversary of the closing of the transaction. Exchangeco Shares, while outstanding, are substantially the economic equivalent of the corresponding Vail Shares. As of January 31, 2018, 59,586 Exchangeco Shares had not yet been exchanged into Vail Shares.
The shares issued at closing of the Whistler Blackcomb acquisition were issued in reliance upon Section 3(a)(10) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), which exempts from the registration requirements under the Securities Act any securities that are issued in exchange for one or more bona fide outstanding securities where the terms and conditions of such issuance and exchange are approved, after a hearing upon the fairness of such terms and conditions at which all persons to whom it is proposed to issue securities in such exchange shall have the right to appear, by any court expressly authorized by law to grant such approval. Although exempt from the registration requirements under the Securities Act, such shares are listed and freely tradeable on the New York Stock Exchange.
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
The following exhibits are either filed or furnished herewith or, if so indicated, incorporated by reference to the documents indicated in parentheses, which have previously been filed or furnished with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Exhibit Number | Description
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32 | Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101 | The following information from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 formatted in eXtensible Business Reporting Language: (i) Unaudited Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets as of January 31, 2018, July 31, 2017, and January 31, 2017; (ii) Unaudited Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017; (iii) Unaudited Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017; (iv) Unaudited Consolidated Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017; (v) Unaudited Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended January 31, 2018 and 2017; and (vi) Notes to the Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | Vail Resorts, Inc.
Date: March 8, 2018 | By: | /s/ Michael Z. Barkin
|  | Michael Z. Barkin
|  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)
Date: March 8, 2018 | By: | /s/ Ryan H. Siurek
|  | Ryan H. Siurek
|  | Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer
|  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

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