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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended January 31, 2023

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-09614
Vail Resorts, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware |  | 51-0291762
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
390 Interlocken Crescent |  |
Broomfield, | Colorado |  | 80021
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(303) | 404-1800
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value | MTN | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No
As of March 6, 2023, 40,330,446 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

Table of Contents

PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | Page
Item 1. | Financial Statements (unaudited). |
| Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets as of January 31, 202 3, July 31, 2022 and January 31, 20 2 2 | 2
| Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended January 31, 202 3 and 20 2 2 | 3
| Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Six Months Ended January 31, 202 3 and 20 2 2 | 4
| Consolidated Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three an d Six Months Ended January 31, 202 3 and 20 2 2 | 5
| Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended January 31, 202 3 and 20 2 2 | 7
| Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 23
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 42
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 43
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 43
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 43
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 43
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 43
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 43
Item 5. | Other Information | 43
Item 6. | Exhibits | 44

1

Vail Resorts, Inc.
Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

|  | January 31, 2023 |  | July 31, 2022 |  | January 31, 2022
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,295,252 |  |  | $ | 1,107,427 |  |  | $ | 1,407,019 |
Restricted cash |  | 24,103 |  |  | 18,680 |  |  | 15,643 |
Trade receivables, net |  | 160,393 |  |  | 383,425 |  |  | 167,088 |
Inventories, net |  | 122,088 |  |  | 108,723 |  |  | 104,573 |
Other current assets |  | 158,295 |  |  | 173,277 |  |  | 73,104 |
Total current assets |  | 1,760,131 |  |  | 1,791,532 |  |  | 1,767,427 |
Property, plant and equipment, net (Note 7) |  | 2,421,395 |  |  | 2,118,052 |  |  | 2,190,332 |
Real estate held for sale or investment |  | 90,354 |  |  | 95,983 |  |  | 95,331 |
Goodwill, net (Note 7) |  | 1,723,019 |  |  | 1,754,928 |  |  | 1,764,106 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 310,666 |  |  | 314,058 |  |  | 318,078 |
Operating right-of-use assets |  | 200,667 |  |  | 192,070 |  |  | 198,672 |
Other assets |  | 58,730 |  |  | 51,405 |  |  | 35,796 |
Total assets |  | $ | 6,564,962 |  |  | $ | 6,318,028 |  |  | $ | 6,369,742 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (Note 7) |  | $ | 1,144,795 |  |  | $ | 942,830 |  |  | $ | 1,067,137 |
Income taxes payable |  | 73,559 |  |  | 104,275 |  |  | 24,153 |
Long-term debt due within one year (Note 5) |  | 69,582 |  |  | 63,749 |  |  | 63,746 |
Total current liabilities |  | 1,287,936 |  |  | 1,110,854 |  |  | 1,155,036 |
Long-term debt, net (Note 5) |  | 2,789,827 |  |  | 2,670,300 |  |  | 2,695,589 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 184,298 |  |  | 174,567 |  |  | 188,797 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 237,478 |  |  | 246,359 |  |  | 254,209 |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | 288,072 |  |  | 268,464 |  |  | 282,427 |
Total liabilities |  | 4,787,611 |  |  | 4,470,544 |  |  | 4,576,058 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 25,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 100,000 shares authorized, 46,795, 46,744 and 46,713 shares issued, respectively |  | 468 |  |  | 467 |  |  | 467 |
Exchangeable shares, $0.01 par value, 0, 3 and 33 shares issued and outstanding, respectively (Note 4) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 1,112,519 |  |  | 1,184,577 |  |  | 1,172,595 |
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (8,565) |  |  | 10,923 |  |  | 10,418 |
Retained earnings |  | 837,573 |  |  | 895,889 |  |  | 786,473 |
Treasury stock, at cost, 6,466, 6,466 and 6,161 shares, respectively (Note 11) |  | (479,417) |  |  | (479,417) |  |  | (404,411) |
Total Vail Resorts, Inc. stockholders’ equity |  | 1,462,578 |  |  | 1,612,439 |  |  | 1,565,542 |
Noncontrolling interests |  | 314,773 |  |  | 235,045 |  |  | 228,142 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 1,777,351 |  |  | 1,847,484 |  |  | 1,793,684 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 6,564,962 |  |  | $ | 6,318,028 |  |  | $ | 6,369,742 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements.
2

Vail Resorts, Inc.
Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Six Months Ended January 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mountain and Lodging services and other | $ | 901,837 |  |  | $ | 770,300 |  |  | $ | 1,112,223 |  |  | $ | 892,160 |
Mountain and Lodging retail and dining | 192,182 |  |  | 136,055 |  |  | 261,130 |  |  | 189,456 |
Resort net revenue | 1,094,019 |  |  | 906,355 |  |  | 1,373,353 |  |  | 1,081,616 |
Real Estate | 7,699 |  | 180 |  |  | 7,812 |  |  | 495 |
Total net revenue | 1,101,718 |  |  | 906,535 |  |  | 1,381,165 |  |  | 1,082,111 |
Operating expense (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mountain and Lodging operating expense | 507,216 |  |  | 364,336 |  |  | 749,502 |  |  | 548,061 |
Mountain and Lodging retail and dining cost of products sold | 75,431 |  |  | 53,715 |  |  | 110,516 |  |  | 77,944 |
General and administrative | 116,616 |  |  | 91,261 |  |  | 215,415 |  |  | 168,495 |
Resort operating expense | 699,263 |  |  | 509,312 |  |  | 1,075,433 |  |  | 794,500 |
Real Estate operating expense | 6,310 |  |  | 1,511 |  |  | 7,692 |  |  | 2,981 |
Total segment operating expense | 705,573 |  |  | 510,823 |  |  | 1,083,125 |  |  | 797,481 |
Other operating (expense) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | (65,989) |  |  | (62,070) |  |  | (130,603) |  |  | (123,559) |
Gain on sale of real property | 757 |  |  | 931 |  |  | 757 |  |  | 962 |
Change in estimated fair value of contingent consideration (Note 8) | (1,100) |  |  | (16,780) |  |  | (1,736) |  |  | (18,780) |
(Loss) gain on disposal of fixed assets and other, net | (1,780) |  |  | 7,347 |  |  | (1,786) |  |  | 16,214 |
Income from operations | 328,033 |  |  | 325,140 |  |  | 164,672 |  |  | 159,467 |
Mountain equity investment income, net | 42 |  |  | 818 |  |  | 388 |  |  | 2,332 |
Investment income and other, net | 7,108 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 9,994 |  |  | 756 |
Foreign currency gain (loss) on intercompany loans (Note 5) | 2,338 |  |  | (2,870) |  |  | (3,797) |  |  | (2,039) |
Interest expense, net | (38,370) |  |  | (37,366) |  |  | (73,672) |  |  | (76,911) |
Income before (provision for) benefit from income taxes | 299,151 |  |  | 285,979 |  |  | 97,585 |  |  | 83,605 |
(Provision for) benefit from income taxes | (79,032) |  |  | (52,049) |  |  | (21,026) |  |  | 7,804 |
Net income | 220,119 |  |  | 233,930 |  |  | 76,559 |  |  | 91,409 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (11,440) |  |  | (10,539) |  |  | (4,851) |  |  | (7,350) |
Net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. | $ | 208,679 |  |  | $ | 223,391 |  |  | $ | 71,708 |  |  | $ | 84,059 |
Per share amounts (Note 4): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic net income per share attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. | $ | 5.17 |  |  | $ | 5.51 |  |  | $ | 1.78 |  |  | $ | 2.08 |
Diluted net income per share attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. | $ | 5.16 |  |  | $ | 5.47 |  |  | $ | 1.77 |  |  | $ | 2.06 |
Cash dividends declared per share | $ | 1.91 |  |  | $ | 0.88 |  |  | $ | 3.82 |  |  | $ | 1.76 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements.
3

Vail Resorts, Inc.
Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Six Months Ended January 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income |  | $ | 220,119 |  |  | $ | 233,930 |  |  | $ | 76,559 |  |  | $ | 91,409 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | 82,468 |  |  | (48,857) |  |  | (35,340) |  |  | (33,720) |
Change in estimated fair value of hedging instruments, net of tax |  | (2,787) |  |  | 4,483 |  |  | 5,220 |  |  | 8,828 |
Comprehensive income |  | 299,800 |  |  | 189,556 |  |  | 46,439 |  |  | 66,517 |
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (30,778) |  |  | (436) |  |  | 5,781 |  |  | 161 |
Comprehensive income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. |  | $ | 269,022 |  |  | $ | 189,120 |  |  | $ | 52,220 |  |  | $ | 66,678 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements.
4

Vail Resorts, Inc.
Consolidated Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Common Stock | Additional Paid in Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Total Vail Resorts, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity | Noncontrolling Interests | Total Stockholders’ Equity
|  | Vail Resorts | Exchangeable |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, October 31, 2021 |  | $ | 466 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,192,901 |  | $ | 44,689 |  | $ | 598,796 |  | $ | (404,411) |  | $ | 1,432,441 |  | $ | 233,989 |  | $ | 1,666,430 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 223,391 |  | — |  | 223,391 |  | 10,539 |  | 233,930 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (38,754) |  | — |  | — |  | (38,754) |  | (10,103) |  | (48,857) |
Change in estimated fair value of hedging instruments, net of tax |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 4,483 |  | — |  | — |  | 4,483 |  | — |  | 4,483 |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 189,120 |  | 436 |  | 189,556 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  | — |  | 6,479 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 6,479 |  | — |  | 6,479 |
Issuance of shares under share award plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes |  | 1 |  | — |  | (26,785) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (26,784) |  | — |  | (26,784) |
Dividends (Note 4) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (35,714) |  | — |  | (35,714) |  | — |  | (35,714) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests, net |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (6,283) |  | (6,283) |
Balance, January 31, 2022 |  | $ | 467 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,172,595 |  | $ | 10,418 |  | $ | 786,473 |  | $ | (404,411) |  | $ | 1,565,542 |  | $ | 228,142 |  | $ | 1,793,684 |
Balance, October 31, 2022 |  | $ | 468 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,106,813 |  | $ | (68,908) |  | $ | 705,923 |  | $ | (479,417) |  | $ | 1,264,879 |  | $ | 286,839 |  | $ | 1,551,718 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 208,679 |  | — |  | 208,679 |  | 11,440 |  | 220,119 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 63,130 |  | — |  | — |  | 63,130 |  | 19,338 |  | 82,468 |
Change in estimated fair value of hedging instruments, net of tax |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (2,787) |  | — |  | — |  | (2,787) |  | — |  | (2,787) |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 269,022 |  | 30,778 |  | 299,800 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  | — |  | 6,844 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 6,844 |  | — |  | 6,844 |
Issuance of shares under share award plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes |  | — |  | — |  | (1,138) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,138) |  | — |  | (1,138) |
Dividends (Note 4) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (77,029) |  | — |  | (77,029) |  | — |  | (77,029) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests, net |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (2,844) |  | (2,844) |
Balance, January 31, 2023 |  | $ | 468 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,112,519 |  | $ | (8,565) |  | $ | 837,573 |  | $ | (479,417) |  | $ | 1,462,578 |  | $ | 314,773 |  | $ | 1,777,351 |

5

|  | Common Stock | Additional Paid in Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Total Vail Resorts, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity | Noncontrolling Interests | Total Stockholders’ Equity
|  | Vail Resorts | Exchangeable |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, July 31, 2021 |  | $ | 466 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,196,993 |  | $ | 27,799 |  | $ | 773,752 |  | $ | (404,411) |  | $ | 1,594,599 |  | $ | 234,469 |  | $ | 1,829,068 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 84,059 |  | — |  | 84,059 |  | 7,350 |  | 91,409 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (26,209) |  | — |  | — |  | (26,209) |  | (7,511) |  | (33,720) |
Change in estimated fair value of hedging instruments, net of tax |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 8,828 |  | — |  | — |  | 8,828 |  | — |  | 8,828 |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 66,678 |  | (161) |  | 66,517 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  | — |  | 12,904 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 12,904 |  | — |  | 12,904 |
Issuance of shares under share award plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes |  | 1 |  | — |  | (37,302) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (37,301) |  | — |  | (37,301) |
Dividends (Note 4) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (71,338) |  | — |  | (71,338) |  | — |  | (71,338) |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests, net |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (6,166) |  | (6,166) |
Balance, January 31, 2022 |  | $ | 467 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,172,595 |  | $ | 10,418 |  | $ | 786,473 |  | $ | (404,411) |  | $ | 1,565,542 |  | $ | 228,142 |  | $ | 1,793,684 |
Balance, July 31, 2022 |  | $ | 467 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,184,577 |  | $ | 10,923 |  | $ | 895,889 |  | $ | (479,417) |  | $ | 1,612,439 |  | $ | 235,045 |  | $ | 1,847,484 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 71,708 |  | — |  | 71,708 |  | 4,851 |  | 76,559 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (24,708) |  | — |  | — |  | (24,708) |  | (10,632) |  | (35,340) |
Change in estimated fair value of hedging instruments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5,220 |  | — |  | — |  | 5,220 |  | — |  | 5,220 |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 52,220 |  | (5,781) |  | 46,439 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  | — |  | 13,189 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 13,189 |  | — |  | 13,189 |
Issuance of shares under share award plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes |  | 1 |  | — |  | (5,181) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (5,180) |  | — |  | (5,180) |
Dividends |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (154,047) |  | — |  | (154,047) |  | — |  | (154,047) |
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2020-06 (Notes 2 & 5) |  | — |  | — |  | (80,066) |  | — |  | 24,023 |  | — |  | (56,043) |  | — |  | (56,043) |
Estimated acquisition date fair value of noncontrolling interests (Note 6) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 91,524 |  | 91,524 |
Distributions to noncontrolling interests, net |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (6,015) |  | (6,015) |
Balance, January 31, 2023 |  | $ | 468 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,112,519 |  | $ | (8,565) |  | $ | 837,573 |  | $ | (479,417) |  | $ | 1,462,578 |  | $ | 314,773 |  | $ | 1,777,351 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements.
6

Vail Resorts, Inc.
Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Six Months Ended January 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 76,559 |  |  | $ | 91,409 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 130,603 |  |  | 123,559 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 13,189 |  |  | 12,904 |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | 19,947 |  |  | 9,214 |
Change in estimated fair value of contingent consideration |  | 1,736 |  |  | 18,780 |
Other non-cash expense (income), net |  | 866 |  |  | (602) |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Trade receivables, net |  | 226,796 |  |  | 178,252 |
Inventories, net |  | (12,962) |  |  | (23,627) |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | 96,247 |  |  | 89,502 |
Deferred revenue |  | 104,996 |  |  | 147,614 |
Income taxes payable |  | (31,166) |  |  | (7,581) |
Other assets and liabilities, net |  | (21,318) |  |  | (28,095) |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 605,493 |  |  | 611,329 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  | (206,554) |  |  | (128,854) |
Return of deposit for acquisition of business |  | 114,506 |  |  | — |
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired |  | (38,567) |  |  | (118,099) |
Investments in short-term deposits |  | (86,756) |  |  | — |
Other investing activities, net |  | 11,346 |  |  | 21,421 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (206,025) |  |  | (225,532) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |
Repayments of borrowings under Vail Holdings Credit Agreement |  | (31,250) |  |  | (31,250) |
Repayments of borrowings under Whistler Credit Agreement |  | — |  |  | (23,145) |
Repayment of EB-5 Development Notes |  | — |  |  | (51,500) |
Employee taxes paid for share award exercises |  | (5,181) |  |  | (37,302) |
Dividends paid |  | (154,047) |  |  | (71,338) |
Other financing activities, net |  | (10,899) |  |  | (6,158) |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (201,377) |  |  | (220,693) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | (4,843) |  |  | (1,016) |
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | 193,248 |  |  | 164,088 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: |  |  |  |
Beginning of period |  | 1,126,107 |  |  | 1,258,574 |
End of period |  | $ | 1,319,355 |  |  | $ | 1,422,662 |
Non-cash investing activities: |  |  |  |
Accrued capital expenditures |  | $ | 49,091 |  |  | $ | 17,388 |

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated condensed financial statements.
7

Vail Resorts, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
1.Organization and Business
Vail Resorts, Inc. (“Vail Resorts”) is organized as a holding company and operates through various subsidiaries. Vail Resorts and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) operate in three business segments: Mountain, Lodging and Real Estate. The Company refers to “Resort” as the combination of the Mountain and Lodging segments.
In the Mountain segment, the Company operates the following 41 destination mountain resorts and regional ski areas:
*Denotes a destination mountain resort, which generally receives a meaningful portion of skier visits from long-distance travelers, as opposed to the Company’s regional ski areas, which tend to generate skier visits predominantly from their respective local markets.
Additionally, the Mountain segment includes ancillary services, primarily including ski school, dining and retail/rental operations, and for the Company’s Australian ski areas, including lodging and transportation operations.
In the Lodging segment, the Company owns and/or manages a collection of luxury hotels and condominiums under its RockResorts brand; other strategic lodging properties and a large number of condominiums located in proximity to the Company’s North American mountain resorts; National Park Service (“NPS”) concessioner properties including the Grand Teton Lodge Company, which operates destination resorts in Grand Teton National Park; a Colorado resort ground transportation company and mountain resort golf courses.
Vail Resorts Development Company, a wholly-owned subsidiary, conducts the operations of the Company’s Real Estate segment, which owns, develops and sells real estate in and around the Company’s resort communities.
8

The Company’s mountain business and its lodging properties at or around the Company’s mountain resorts are seasonal in nature, and typically experience their peak operating seasons primarily from mid-December through mid-April in North America and Europe. The peak operating season at the Company’s Australian resorts, NPS concessioner properties and golf courses generally occurs from June to early October.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements — In the opinion of the Company, the accompanying Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements reflect all adjustments necessary to state fairly the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. Results for interim periods are not indicative of the results for the entire fiscal year, particularly given the significant seasonality to the Company’s operating cycle. The accompanying Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2022. Certain information and footnote disclosures, including significant accounting policies, normally included in fiscal year financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted. The Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheet as of July 31, 2022 was derived from audited financial statements.
Use of Estimates — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments — The recorded amounts for cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, trade receivables, other current assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. The fair value of amounts outstanding under the Company’s credit agreements and the Employee Housing Bonds (as defined in Note 5, Long-Term Debt) approximate book value due to the variable nature of the interest rate associated with the debt. The recorded amount outstanding under the Company’s NRP Loan (as defined in Note 5, Long-Term Debt), which was assumed by the Company during the six months ended January 31, 2023 approximates fair value as the debt obligation was recorded at estimated fair value in conjunction with the preliminary purchase accounting for the Andermatt-Sedrun acquisition (see Note 6, Acquisitions). The estimated fair values of the 6.25% Notes and the 0.0% Convertible Notes (each as defined in Note 5, Long-Term Debt) are based on quoted market prices (a Level 2 input). The estimated fair value of the EPR Secured Notes (as defined in Note 5, Long-Term Debt) has been estimated using analyses based on current borrowing rates for debt with similar remaining maturities and ratings (a Level 2 input). The carrying values, including any unamortized premium or discount, and estimated fair values of the 6.25% Notes, 0.0% Convertible Notes and EPR Secured Notes as of January 31, 2023 are presented below (in thousands):

| January 31, 2023
| Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value
6.25% Notes | $ | 600,000 |  |  | $ | 604,062 |
0.0% Convertible Notes | $ | 575,000 |  |  | $ | 547,339 |
EPR Secured Notes | $ | 133,305 |  |  | $ | 161,156 |

Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Adopted Standards
In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” The ASU provides optional transition guidance, for a limited time, to companies that have contracts, hedging relationships or other transactions that reference the London Inter-bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate which is expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The amendments provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions if certain criteria are met. The amendments of ASU 2020-04 were effective as of March 12, 2020. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848,” which extended the effective date of the provisions of ASU 2020-04 to December 31, 2024. The amendments in this update may be applied as of any date from the beginning of an interim period that includes or
9

is subsequent to March 12, 2020, or prospectively from a date within an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, up to the date that the financial statements are available to be issued. All other amendments should be applied on a prospective basis.
The Company is party to various interest rate swap agreements that hedge the variable interest rate component of underlying cash flows of $400.0 million in principal amount of its Vail Holdings Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 5, Long-Term Debt), which are designated as cash flow hedges. During the six months ended January 31, 2023, the Company entered into an amendment to its Vail Holdings Credit Agreement (the “Fifth Amendment”) to modify the calculation of interest under the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement from being calculated based on LIBOR to being calculated based on SOFR (see Note 5, Long-Term Debt, for additional information). Subsequent to the Fifth Amendment, the interest rate swaps were also amended to transition from a hedge of LIBOR to a hedge of SOFR. The Company elected certain optional expedients provided by Topic 848, which allowed the Company to not apply certain modification accounting requirements or reassess the previous accounting designation of the interest rate swap agreements as cash flow hedges.
In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, “Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity” which simplifies the guidance in Accounting Standards Codifications (“ASC”) 470-20, “Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options.” The guidance removes certain rules which required separation of the embedded conversion features from the host contract for convertible instruments. The updated guidance requires bifurcation only if the convertible debt feature qualifies as a derivative under ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging”, or for convertible debt issued at a substantial premium. The guidance also amends the guidance in ASC 815-40, “Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity” for certain contracts in an entity’s own equity that are currently accounted for as derivatives. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years (the Company’s first quarter of the fiscal year ending July 31, 2023). This standard allows for a modified retrospective or fully retrospective method of transition. The Company adopted ASU 2020-06 on August 1, 2022 using the modified retrospective method, and therefore prior period financial information has not been retrospectively adjusted and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.
Upon adoption of the standard, the Company reclassified the previously bifurcated equity component of its 0.0% Convertible Notes (as defined in Note 5, Long-Term Debt) to long-term debt, net, as the convertible option on the 0.0% Convertible Notes does not qualify as a derivatives under ASC 815 nor were the 0.0% Convertible Notes issued at a substantial premium. This reclassification was partially offset by an increase to retained earnings for the previously recognized non-cash interest expense, net of tax that had been recorded as a result of amortization of the previously recorded debt discount. The adoption of this new guidance eliminates the recognition of non-cash interest expense to be recognized in future periods due to removal of the debt discount associated with the 0.0% Convertible Notes.
The impact of adoption of ASU 2020-06 on the Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheet as of adoption date was as follows (in thousands):

| As of August 1, 2022
Balance Sheet | Balances without the Adoption of ASU 2020-06 | Adjustments | Balances with the adoption of ASU 2020-06
Liabilities |  |  |
Long term debt, net | $ | 2,670,300 |  | $ | 74,822 |  | $ | 2,745,122 |
Deferred income taxes, net | $ | 268,464 |  | $ | (18,779) |  | $ | 249,685 |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |
Additional paid-in capital | $ | 1,184,577 |  | $ | (80,066) |  | $ | 1,104,511 |
Retained earnings | $ | 895,889 |  | $ | 24,023 |  | $ | 919,912 |

ASU 2020-06 also prohibits the use of the treasury stock method for convertible instruments for the purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) and instead requires application of the if-converted method. Under the if-converted method, diluted EPS will generally be calculated assuming that all of the convertible debt instruments were converted solely into shares of common stock at the beginning of the reporting period unless the result would be anti-dilutive. Pursuant to the terms of the 0.0% Convertible Notes, the principal amount of the 0.0% Convertible Notes is required to be paid in cash and only the premium due upon conversion, if any, is permitted to be settled in shares, cash or a combination of shares and cash. Consequently, for the Company the if-converted method would produce a similar result as the treasury stock method, which was utilized for the calculation of diluted EPS prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06 for the 0.0% Convertible Notes.
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3. Revenues
Disaggregation of Revenues
The following table presents net revenues disaggregated by segment and major revenue type for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Six Months Ended January 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Mountain net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lift |  | $ | 592,603 |  |  | $ | 521,582 |  |  | $ | 652,143 |  |  | $ | 535,911 |
Ski School |  | 123,451 |  |  | 92,072 |  |  | 132,378 |  |  | 93,545 |
Dining |  | 85,828 |  |  | 54,049 |  |  | 105,270 |  |  | 66,569 |
Retail/Rental |  | 159,932 |  |  | 126,831 |  |  | 200,276 |  |  | 155,207 |
Other |  | 51,628 |  |  | 39,841 |  |  | 125,092 |  |  | 92,443 |
Total Mountain net revenue |  | $ | 1,013,442 |  |  | $ | 834,375 |  |  | $ | 1,215,159 |  |  | $ | 943,675 |
Lodging net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owned hotel rooms |  | $ | 13,479 |  |  | $ | 13,584 |  |  | $ | 37,044 |  |  | $ | 35,067 |
Managed condominium rooms |  | 31,336 |  |  | 33,125 |  |  | 44,195 |  |  | 46,209 |
Dining |  | 13,184 |  |  | 8,375 |  |  | 30,013 |  |  | 18,650 |
Transportation |  | 5,888 |  |  | 5,766 |  |  | 7,348 |  |  | 7,559 |
Golf |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,939 |  |  | 5,118 |
Other |  | 11,700 |  |  | 9,269 |  |  | 24,988 |  |  | 21,736 |
|  | 75,587 |  |  | 70,119 |  |  | 149,527 |  |  | 134,339 |
Payroll cost reimbursements |  | 4,990 |  |  | 1,861 |  |  | 8,667 |  |  | 3,602 |
Total Lodging net revenue |  | $ | 80,577 |  |  | $ | 71,980 |  |  | $ | 158,194 |  |  | $ | 137,941 |
Total Resort net revenue |  | $ | 1,094,019 |  |  | $ | 906,355 |  |  | $ | 1,373,353 |  |  | $ | 1,081,616 |
Total Real Estate net revenue |  | 7,699 |  |  | 180 |  |  | 7,812 |  |  | 495 |
Total net revenue |  | $ | 1,101,718 |  |  | $ | 906,535 |  |  | $ | 1,381,165 |  |  | $ | 1,082,111 |

Contract Balances
Deferred revenue balances of a short-term nature were $619.5 million and $511.3 million as of January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022, respectively. For the three and six months ended January 31, 2023, the Company recognized approximately $220.1 million and $274.6 million, respectively, of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of July 31, 2022. Deferred revenue balances of a long-term nature, comprised primarily of long-term private club initiation fee revenue, were $113.3 million, $117.2 million and $120.6 million as of January 31, 2023, July 31, 2022 and January 31, 2022, respectively. As of January 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining period over which revenue for unsatisfied performance obligations on long-term private club contracts will be recognized was approximately 15 years. Trade receivables, net were $160.4 million and $383.4 million as of January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022, respectively.
Costs to Obtain Contracts with Customers
As of January 31, 2023, $13.0 million of costs to obtain contracts with customers were recorded within other current assets on the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheet. The amounts capitalized are subject to amortization generally beginning in the second quarter of fiscal 2023, commensurate with the revenue recognized for related pass products. The Company recorded amortization of $12.3 million for these costs during both the three and six months ended January 31, 2023, which was recorded within Mountain and Lodging operating expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Statement of Operations.
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4. Net Income per Share
Earnings per Share
Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income attributable to Vail Resorts stockholders by the weighted-average shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised, resulting in the issuance of shares of common stock that would then share in the earnings of Vail Resorts.
In connection with the Company’s acquisition of Whistler Blackcomb in October 2016, the Company issued consideration in the form of shares of Vail Resorts common stock (the “Vail Shares”), redeemable preferred shares of the Company’s wholly-owned Canadian subsidiary Whistler Blackcomb Holdings Inc. (“Exchangeco”) or cash (or a combination thereof). Whistler Blackcomb shareholders elected to receive 3,327,719 Vail Shares and 418,095 shares of Exchangeco (the “Exchangeco Shares”). The Exchangeco Shares could be redeemed for Vail Shares at any time until October 2023 or until the Company elected to convert any remaining Exchangeco Shares to Vail Shares, which the Company had the ability to do once total Exchangeco Shares outstanding fell below 20,904 shares (or 5% of the total Exchangeco Shares originally issued). In July 2022, the number of outstanding Exchangeco Shares fell below such threshold and on August 25, 2022, the Company elected to redeem all outstanding Exchangeco Shares, effective September 26, 2022. As of January 31, 2023, all Exchangeco Shares have been exchanged for Vail Shares. Both Vail Shares and Exchangeco Shares have a par value of $0.01 per share, and Exchangeco Shares, while they were outstanding, were substantially the economic equivalent of the Vail Shares. The Company’s calculation of weighted-average shares outstanding includes the Exchangeco Shares.
Presented below is basic and diluted EPS for the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | Three Months Ended January 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | Basic |  | Diluted |  | Basic |  | Diluted
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Vail Resorts |  | $ | 208,679 |  |  | $ | 208,679 |  |  | $ | 223,391 |  |  | $ | 223,391 |
Weighted-average Vail Shares outstanding |  | 40,327 |  |  | 40,327 |  |  | 40,505 |  |  | 40,505 |
Weighted-average Exchangeco Shares outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | 33 |
Total Weighted-average shares outstanding |  | 40,327 |  |  | 40,327 |  |  | 40,538 |  |  | 40,538 |
Effect of dilutive securities |  | — |  |  | 107 |  |  | — |  |  | 282 |
Total shares |  | 40,327 |  |  | 40,434 |  |  | 40,538 |  |  | 40,820 |
Net income per share attributable to Vail Resorts |  | $ | 5.17 |  |  | $ | 5.16 |  |  | $ | 5.51 |  |  | $ | 5.47 |

The Company computes the effect of dilutive securities using the treasury stock method and average market prices during the period. The number of shares issuable upon the exercise of share-based awards excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS because the effect of their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive totaled approximately 25,000 and zero for the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Presented below is basic and diluted EPS for the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | Six Months Ended January 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | Basic |  | Diluted |  | Basic |  | Diluted
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Vail Resorts |  | $ | 71,708 |  |  | $ | 71,708 |  |  | $ | 84,059 |  |  | $ | 84,059 |
Weighted-average Vail Shares outstanding |  | 40,312 |  |  | 40,312 |  |  | 40,460 |  |  | 40,460 |
Weighted-average Exchangeco Shares outstanding |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 33 |
Total Weighted-average shares outstanding |  | 40,313 |  |  | 40,313 |  |  | 40,493 |  |  | 40,493 |
Effect of dilutive securities |  | — |  |  | 95 |  |  | — |  |  | 344 |
Total shares |  | 40,313 |  |  | 40,408 |  |  | 40,493 |  |  | 40,837 |
Net income per share attributable to Vail Resorts |  | $ | 1.78 |  |  | $ | 1.77 |  |  | $ | 2.08 |  |  | $ | 2.06 |

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The number of shares issuable upon the exercise of share-based awards excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS because the effect of their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive totaled approximately 26,000 and 1,000 for the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
In December 2020, the Company completed an offering of $575.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 0.0% Convertible Notes (as defined in Note 5, Long-Term Debt). The Company is required to settle the principal amount of the 0.0% Convertible Notes in cash and has the option to settle the conversion spread in cash or shares. The Company uses the if-converted method to calculate the impact of convertible instruments on diluted EPS when the instruments may be settled in cash or shares. If the conversion value of the 0.0% Convertible Notes exceeds their conversion price, then the Company will calculate its diluted EPS as if all the notes were converted into common stock at the beginning of the period. However, if reflecting the 0.0% Convertible Notes in diluted EPS in this manner is anti-dilutive, or if the conversion value of the notes does not exceed their conversion price for a reporting period, then the shares underlying the notes will not be reflected in the Company’s calculation of diluted EPS. For the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, the price of Vail Shares did not exceed the conversion price and therefore there was no impact to diluted EPS during those periods.
Dividends
During the three and six months ended January 31, 2023, the Company paid cash dividends of $1.91 and $3.82 per share, respectively ($77.0 million and $154.0 million, respectively). During the three and six months ended January 31, 2022, the Company paid cash dividends of $0.88 and $1.76 per share, respectively ($35.7 million and $71.3 million, respectively, including cash dividends paid to Exchangeco shareholders). On March 7, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a cash dividend of $2.06 per share payable on April 11, 2023 to stockholders of record as of March 27, 2023.
5. Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt, net as of January 31, 2023, July 31, 2022 and January 31, 2022 is summarized as follows (in thousands):

|  | Maturity |  | January 31, 2023 |  | July 31, 2022 |  | January 31, 2022
Vail Holdings Credit Agreement term loan (a) |  | 2026 |  | $ | 1,046,875 |  |  | $ | 1,078,125 |  |  | $ | 1,109,375 |
Vail Holdings Credit Agreement revolver (a) |  | 2026 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
6.25% Notes |  | 2025 |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 600,000 |
0.0% Convertible Notes (b) |  | 2026 |  | 575,000 |  |  | 575,000 |  |  | 575,000 |
Whistler Credit Agreement revolver (c) |  | 2026 |  | 11,275 |  |  | 11,717 |  |  | 21,243 |
EPR Secured Notes (d) |  | 2034-2036 |  | 114,162 |  |  | 114,162 |  |  | 114,162 |
NRP Loan (e) |  | 2036 |  | 39,967 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Employee housing bonds |  | 2027-2039 |  | 52,575 |  |  | 52,575 |  |  | 52,575 |
Canyons obligation |  | 2063 |  | 360,497 |  |  | 357,607 |  |  | 354,713 |
Whistler Blackcomb employee housing leases (f) |  | 2042 |  | 29,346 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other |  | 2023-2036 |  | 37,633 |  |  | 17,860 |  |  | 17,562 |
Total debt |  |  |  | 2,867,330 |  |  | 2,807,046 |  |  | 2,844,630 |
Less: Unamortized premiums, discounts and debt issuance costs (b) |  |  |  | 7,921 |  |  | 72,997 |  |  | 85,295 |
Less: Current maturities (g) |  |  |  | 69,582 |  |  | 63,749 |  |  | 63,746 |
Long-term debt, net |  |  |  | $ | 2,789,827 |  |  | $ | 2,670,300 |  |  | $ | 2,695,589 |

(a)On August 31, 2022, Vail Holdings, Inc. (“VHI”) entered into the Fifth Amendment to the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement, which extended the maturity date to September 23, 2026. Additionally, the Fifth Amendment contains customary LIBOR replacement language, including, but not limited to, the use of rates based on the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”). SOFR is a broad measure of the cost of borrowing cash in the overnight U.S. Treasury repo market and is administered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The Fifth Amendment modified the calculation of interest under the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement from being calculated based on LIBOR to being calculated based on SOFR. No other material terms of the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement were amended.
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The Company is party to various interest rate swap agreements which hedge the cash flows associated with the SOFR-based variable interest rate component of $400.0 million in principal amount of its Vail Holdings Credit Agreement until September 23, 2024. Subsequent to the Fifth Amendment, these interest rate swaps were amended to transition from a hedge of LIBOR to a hedge of SOFR.
As of January 31, 2023, the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement consists of a $500.0 million revolving credit facility and a term loan facility with $1.0 billion outstanding. The term loan facility is subject to quarterly amortization of principal of approximately $15.6 million, in equal installments, for a total of 5% of principal payable in each year and the final payment of all amounts outstanding, plus accrued and unpaid interest due in September 2026. The proceeds of the loans made under the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement may be used to fund the Company’s working capital needs, capital expenditures, acquisitions, investments and other general corporate purposes, including the issuance of letters of credit. Borrowings under the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement, including the term loan facility, bear interest annually at SOFR plus a spread of 1.35% as of January 31, 2023 (5.91% as of January 31, 2023). Interest rate margins may fluctuate based upon the ratio of the Company’s Net Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA on a trailing four-quarter basis. The Vail Holdings Credit Agreement also includes a quarterly unused commitment fee, which is equal to a percentage determined by the Net Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio, as each such term is defined in the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement, multiplied by the daily amount by which the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement commitment exceeds the total of outstanding loans and outstanding letters of credit (0.25% as of January 31, 2023).
(b)The Company issued $575.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 0.0% Convertible Notes due 2026 (the “0.0% Convertible Notes) under an indenture dated December 18, 2020. Under previous accounting guidance, the Company bifurcated the proceeds of the 0.0% Convertible Notes by estimating the fair value of the 0.0% Convertible Notes at issuance and allocating that portion to long-term debt, net, with the excess being recorded within additional paid-in capital. The Company adopted ASU 2020-06 on August 1, 2022 using the modified retrospective method, and as a result, the Company reclassified the equity component of its 0.0% Convertible Notes to long-term debt, net, and will no longer record non-cash interest expense related to the amortization of the debt discount. Refer to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for further information on ASU 2020-06. As of January 31, 2023, the conversion price of the 0.0% Convertible Notes, adjusted for cash dividends paid since the issuance date, was $391.99.
(c)Whistler Mountain Resort Limited Partnership (“Whistler LP”) and Blackcomb Skiing Enterprises Limited Partnership (“Blackcomb LP”), together “The WB Partnerships,” are party to a credit agreement, dated as of November 12, 2013 (as amended, the “Whistler Credit Agreement”), by and among Whistler LP, Blackcomb LP, certain subsidiaries of Whistler LP and Blackcomb LP party thereto as guarantors (the “Whistler Subsidiary Guarantors”), the financial institutions party thereto as lenders and The Toronto-Dominion Bank, as administrative agent. The Whistler Credit Agreement consists of a C$300.0 million revolving credit facility. As of January 31, 2023, all borrowings under the Whistler Credit Agreement were made in Canadian dollars and by way of the issuance of bankers’ acceptances plus 1.75% (approximately 6.68% as of January 31, 2023). The Whistler Credit Agreement also includes a quarterly unused commitment fee based on the Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio, which as of January 31, 2023 is equal to 0.39% per annum.
(d)On September 24, 2019, in conjunction with the acquisition of Peak Resorts, Inc. (”Peak Resorts”), the Company assumed various secured borrowings (the “EPR Secured Notes”) under the master credit and security agreements and other related agreements, as amended, (collectively, the “EPR Agreements”) with EPT Ski Properties, Inc. and its affiliates (“EPR”). The EPR Secured Notes include the following:
i.The Alpine Valley Secured Note. The $4.6 million Alpine Valley Secured Note provides for interest payments through its maturity on December 1, 2034. As of January 31, 2023, interest on this note accrued at a rate of 11.72%.
ii.The Boston Mills/Brandywine Secured Note. The $23.3 million Boston Mills/Brandywine Secured Note provides for interest payments through its maturity on December 1, 2034. As of January 31, 2023, interest on this note accrued at a rate of 11.24%.
iii.The Jack Frost/Big Boulder Secured Note. The $14.3 million Jack Frost/Big Boulder Secured Note provides for interest payments through its maturity on December 1, 2034. As of January 31, 2023, interest on this note accrued at a rate of 11.24%.
iv.The Mount Snow Secured Note. The $51.1 million Mount Snow Secured Note provides for interest payments through its maturity on December 1, 2034. As of January 31, 2023, interest on this note accrued at a rate of 12.14%.
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v.The Hunter Mountain Secured Note. The $21.0 million Hunter Mountain Secured Note provides for interest payments through its maturity on January 5, 2036. As of January 31, 2023, interest on this note accrued at a rate of 8.88%.
In addition, Peak Resorts is required to maintain a debt service reserve account which amounts are applied to fund interest payments and other amounts due and payable to EPR. As of January 31, 2023, the Company had funded the EPR debt service reserve account in an amount equal to approximately $3.2 million, which was included in other current assets in the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheet.
(e)On August 3, 2022 in conjunction with the acquisition of Andermatt-Sedrun (see Note 6, Acquisitions), the Company assumed the New Regional Policy loan between Andermatt-Sedrun and the Canton of Uri and Canton of Graubünden dated June 24, 2016 (the “NRP Loan”), with an initial principal balance of CHF 40.0 million. Amounts outstanding under the NRP Loan bear interest at 0.63% per annum until the maturity date, which is September 30, 2036, with semi-annual required payments of principal amortization and accrued interest. In addition, the NRP Loan agreement includes restrictive covenants requiring certain minimum financial results (as defined in the agreement).
(f)During the three and six months ended January 31, 2023, the Company entered into new finance lease agreements for employee housing units at Whistler Blackcomb, resulting in an incremental finance lease liability on the commencement date of $28.6 million, which represents the minimum lease payments of $56.4 million, net of $27.8 million of amounts representing interest, for the initial 20 year term of the lease discounted at the estimated incremental borrowing rate. The Company recorded $28.6 million finance lease right-of-use assets in connection with these leases, which have a value of $28.2 million as of January 31, 2023, net of $0.4 million accumulated amortization, and are included within property, plant and equipment, net in the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheet.
(g)Current maturities represent principal payments due in the next 12 months.
Aggregate maturities of debt outstanding as of January 31, 2023 reflected by fiscal year (August 1 through July 31) are as follows (in thousands):

| Total
2023 (February 2023 through July 2023) | $ | 41,163 |
2024 | 69,711 |
2025 | 669,136 |
2026 | 643,580 |
2027 | 856,182 |
Thereafter | 587,558 |
Total debt | $ | 2,867,330 |

The Company recorded interest expense of $38.4 million and $37.4 million for the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of which $1.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively, was amortization of deferred financing costs. The Company recorded interest expense of $73.7 million and $76.9 million for the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of which $3.2 million and $2.9 million, respectively, was amortization of deferred financing costs. The Company was in compliance with all of its financial and operating covenants required to be maintained under its debt instruments for all periods presented.
In connection with the acquisition of Whistler Blackcomb, VHI funded a portion of the purchase price through an intercompany loan to Whistler Blackcomb of $210.0 million, which was effective as of November 1, 2016, and requires foreign currency remeasurement to Canadian dollars, the functional currency for Whistler Blackcomb. As a result, foreign currency fluctuations associated with the loan are recorded within the Company’s results of operations. The Company recognized approximately $2.3 million and $(3.8) million, respectively, of non-cash foreign currency gains (losses) on the intercompany loan to Whistler Blackcomb for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 on the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations. The Company recognized approximately $2.9 million and $2.0 million, respectively, of non-cash foreign currency losses on the intercompany loan to Whistler Blackcomb for the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 on the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations.
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6. Acquisitions
Andermatt-Sedrun
On August 3, 2022, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, the Company acquired a 55% controlling interest in Andermatt-Sedrun Sport AG (“Andermatt-Sedrun”) from Andermatt Swiss Alps AG (“ASA”). The consideration paid consisted of an investment of $114.4 million (CHF 110.0 million) into Andermatt-Sedrun for use in capital investments to enhance the guest experience on mountain (which was prepaid to fund the acquisition and was recorded in other current assets on the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheet as of July 31, 2022) and $41.3 million (CHF 39.3 million) paid to ASA (which was paid on August 3, 2022, commensurate with closing). As of August 3, 2022 the total fair value of the consideration paid was $155.4 million (CHF 149.3 million).
Andermatt-Sedrun operates mountain and ski-related assets, including lifts, most of the restaurants and a ski school operation at the ski area. Ski operations are conducted on land owned by ASA as freehold or leasehold properties, land owned by Usern Corporation, land owned by the municipality of Tujetsch and land owned by private property owners. ASA retained a 40% ownership stake, with a group of existing shareholders comprising the remaining 5% ownership stake. ASA and the other noncontrolling economic interests contain certain protective rights pursuant to a shareholder agreement (the “Andermatt Agreement”) and no ability to participate in the day-to-day operations of Andermatt-Sedrun. The Andermatt Agreement provides that no dividend distributions be made by Andermatt-Sedrun until the end of the fiscal year ending July 31, 2026, after which time there shall be annual distributions of 50% of the available cash (as defined in the Andermatt Agreement) for the most recently completed fiscal year. In addition, the distribution rights are non-transferable and transfer of the noncontrolling interests are limited.
The following summarizes the purchase consideration and the preliminary purchase price allocation to estimated fair values of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date the transaction was effective (in thousands):

| Acquisition Date Estimated Fair Value
Total cash consideration paid by Vail Resorts, Inc. | $ | 155,365 |
Estimated fair value of noncontrolling interests | 91,524 |
Total estimated purchase consideration | $ | 246,889 |
Allocation of total estimated purchase consideration: |
Current assets | $ | 119,867 |
Property, plant and equipment | 176,805 |
Goodwill | 3,750 |
Identifiable intangible assets and other assets | 7,476 |
Assumed long-term debt | (44,130) |
Other liabilities | (16,879) |
Net assets acquired | $ | 246,889 |

Identifiable intangible assets acquired in the transaction were primarily related to a trade name. The process of estimating the fair value of the property, plant, and equipment includes the use of certain estimates and assumptions related to replacement cost and physical condition at the time of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the aggregate estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed was recorded as goodwill. The goodwill recognized is attributable primarily to expected synergies, the assembled workforce of the resort and other factors, and is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The operating results of Andermatt-Sedrun are reported within the Mountain segment prospectively from the date of acquisition.
The estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition of Andermatt-Sedrun are preliminary and are based on the information that was available as of the acquisition date. The Company believes that this information provides a reasonable basis for estimating the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed; however, the Company is obtaining additional information necessary to finalize those estimated fair values. Therefore, the preliminary measurements of estimated fair values reflected are subject to change. The Company expects to finalize the valuation and complete the purchase consideration allocation no later than one year from the acquisition date.
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Seven Springs Mountain Resort, Hidden Valley Resort & Laurel Mountain Ski Area
On December 31, 2021, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, acquired Seven Springs Mountain Resort, Hidden Valley Resort and Laurel Mountain Ski Area (together, the “Seven Springs Resorts”) in Pennsylvania from Seven Springs Mountain Resort, Inc. and its affiliates for a cash purchase price of approximately $116.5 million, after adjustments for certain agreed-upon terms, which the Company funded with cash on hand. The acquisition included the mountain operations of the resorts, including base area skier services (food and beverage, retail and rental, lift ticket offices and ski and snowboard school facilities), as well as a hotel, conference center and other related operations.
The following summarizes the purchase consideration and the purchase price allocation to estimated fair values of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date the transaction was effective (in thousands):

| Acquisition Date Estimated Fair Value
Current assets | $ | 2,932 |
Property, plant and equipment | 118,415 |
Goodwill | 5,041 |
Identifiable intangible assets and other assets | 5,335 |
Liabilities | (15,222) |
Net assets acquired | $ | 116,501 |

Identifiable intangible assets acquired in the transaction were primarily related to advanced lodging bookings and trade names. The process of estimating the fair value of the property, plant, and equipment includes the use of certain estimates and assumptions related to replacement cost and physical condition at the time of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the aggregate estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed was recorded as goodwill. The goodwill recognized is attributable primarily to expected synergies, the assembled workforce of the resorts and other factors, and is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The Company recognized $2.8 million of acquisition related expenses associated with the transaction within Mountain and Lodging operating expense for the year ended July 31, 2022. The operating results of the acquired resorts are reported within the Mountain and Lodging segments prospectively from the date of acquisition.
7. Supplementary Balance Sheet Information
The composition of property, plant and equipment follows (in thousands):

|  | January 31, 2023 |  | July 31, 2022 |  | January 31, 2022
Land and land improvements |  | $ | 793,271 |  |  | $ | 763,432 |  |  | $ | 767,433 |
Buildings and building improvements |  | 1,635,700 |  |  | 1,545,571 |  |  | 1,564,845 |
Machinery and equipment |  | 1,769,052 |  |  | 1,505,236 |  |  | 1,504,991 |
Furniture and fixtures |  | 330,257 |  |  | 307,867 |  |  | 318,434 |
Software |  | 141,595 |  |  | 138,058 |  |  | 126,742 |
Vehicles |  | 85,329 |  |  | 81,927 |  |  | 82,710 |
Construction in progress |  | 135,903 |  |  | 127,282 |  |  | 114,165 |
Gross property, plant and equipment |  | 4,891,107 |  |  | 4,469,373 |  |  | 4,479,320 |
Accumulated depreciation |  | (2,469,712) |  |  | (2,351,321) |  |  | (2,288,988) |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | $ | 2,421,395 |  |  | $ | 2,118,052 |  |  | $ | 2,190,332 |

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The composition of accounts payable and accrued liabilities follows (in thousands):

|  | January 31, 2023 |  | July 31, 2022 |  | January 31, 2022
Trade payables |  | $ | 179,221 |  |  | $ | 151,263 |  |  | $ | 137,895 |
Deferred revenue |  | 619,511 |  |  | 511,306 |  |  | 611,477 |
Accrued salaries, wages and deferred compensation |  | 66,275 |  |  | 64,570 |  |  | 59,008 |
Accrued benefits |  | 54,129 |  |  | 45,202 |  |  | 46,894 |
Deposits |  | 81,612 |  |  | 37,731 |  |  | 80,547 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 36,667 |  |  | 34,218 |  |  | 35,438 |
Other liabilities |  | 107,380 |  |  | 98,540 |  |  | 95,878 |
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | $ | 1,144,795 |  |  | $ | 942,830 |  |  | $ | 1,067,137 |

The changes in the net carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the six months ended January 31, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

| Mountain |  | Lodging |  | Goodwill, net
Balance at July 31, 2022 | $ | 1,709,922 |  |  | $ | 45,006 |  |  | $ | 1,754,928 |
Acquisition (including measurement period adjustments) | 3,800 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,800 |
Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates | (35,709) |  |  | — |  |  | (35,709) |
Balance at January 31, 2023 | $ | 1,678,013 |  |  | $ | 45,006 |  |  | $ | 1,723,019 |

8. Fair Value Measurements
The Company utilizes FASB-issued fair value guidance that establishes how reporting entities should measure fair value for measurement and disclosure purposes. The guidance establishes a common definition of fair value applicable to all assets and liabilities measured at fair value and prioritizes the inputs into valuation techniques used to measure fair value. Accordingly, the Company uses valuation techniques which maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:
Level 1: Inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible to the Company for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2: Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active and inactive markets or that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly; and
Level 3: Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.
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The table below summarizes the Company’s cash equivalents, other current assets, interest rate swaps and Contingent Consideration (defined below) measured at estimated fair value (all other assets and liabilities measured at fair value are immaterial) (in thousands).

|  | Estimated Fair Value Measurement as of January 31, 2023
Description |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money Market |  | $ | 614,439 |  |  | $ | 614,439 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial Paper |  | $ | 2,401 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,401 |  |  | $ | — |
Certificates of Deposit |  | $ | 111,140 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 111,140 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest Rate Swaps |  | $ | 19,270 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,270 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent Consideration |  | $ | 25,200 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,200 |
|  | Estimated Fair Value Measurement as of July 31, 2022
Description |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money Market |  | $ | 505,901 |  |  | $ | 505,901 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial Paper |  | $ | 2,401 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,401 |  |  | $ | — |
Certificates of Deposit |  | $ | 9,473 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,473 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest Rate Swaps |  | $ | 12,301 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,301 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent Consideration |  | $ | 42,400 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42,400 |
|  | Estimated Fair Value Measurement as of January 31, 2022
Description |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money Market |  | $ | 504,306 |  |  | $ | 504,306 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial Paper |  | $ | 2,401 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,401 |  |  | $ | — |
Certificates of Deposit |  | $ | 9,564 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,564 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swaps |  | $ | 1,155 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,155 |  |  | $ | — |
Contingent Consideration |  | $ | 40,900 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 40,900 |

The Company’s cash equivalents, other current assets and interest rate swaps are measured utilizing quoted market prices or pricing models whereby all significant inputs are either observable or corroborated by observable market data. The estimated fair value of the interest rate swaps are included within other assets on the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheet as of January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022, and included within other long-term liabilities as of January 31, 2022.
The changes in Contingent Consideration during the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

Balance as of July 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively |  | $ | 42,400 |  |  | $ | 29,600 |
Payments |  | (18,936) |  |  | (7,480) |
Change in estimated fair value |  | 1,736 |  |  | 18,780 |
Balance as of January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively |  | $ | 25,200 |  |  | $ | 40,900 |

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The lease for Park City provides for participating contingent payments (the “Contingent Consideration”) to the landlord of 42% of the amount by which EBITDA for the Park City resort operations, as calculated under the lease, exceeds approximately $35 million, as established at the transaction date, with such threshold amount subsequently increased annually by an inflation linked index and a 10% adjustment for any capital improvements or investments made under the lease by the Company. The estimated fair value of Contingent Consideration includes the future period resort operations of Park City in the calculation of EBITDA on which participating contingent payments are made, which is determined on the basis of estimated subsequent year performance, escalated by an assumed growth factor. The Company estimated the fair value of the Contingent Consideration payments using an option pricing valuation model. Key assumptions included a discount rate of 11.1%, volatility of 17.0% and future period Park City EBITDA, which are unobservable inputs and thus are considered Level 3 inputs. The Company prepared a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the effect that changes on certain key assumptions would have on the estimated fair value of the Contingent Consideration. A change in the discount rate of 100 basis points or a 5% change in estimated subsequent year performance of the resort would result in a change in the estimated fair value within the range of approximately $3.5 million to $6.1 million.
Contingent Consideration is classified as a liability, which is remeasured to fair value at each reporting date until the contingency is resolved. During the six months ended January 31, 2023, the Company made a payment to the landlord for Contingent Consideration of approximately $18.9 million and recorded an increase of approximately $1.7 million. These changes resulted in an estimated fair value of the Contingent Consideration of approximately $25.2 million, which is reflected in other long-term liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheet.
9. Commitments and Contingencies
Metropolitan Districts
The Company credit-enhances $6.3 million of bonds issued by Holland Creek Metropolitan District (“HCMD”) through a $6.4 million letter of credit issued under the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement. HCMD’s bonds were issued and used to build infrastructure associated with the Company’s Red Sky Ranch residential development. The Company has agreed to pay capital improvement fees to the Red Sky Ranch Metropolitan District (“RSRMD”) until RSRMD’s revenue streams from property taxes are sufficient to meet debt service requirements under HCMD’s bonds. The Company has recorded a liability of $1.7 million, $1.8 million and $1.8 million primarily within other long-term liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets, as of January 31, 2023, July 31, 2022 and January 31, 2022, respectively, with respect to the estimated present value of future RSRMD capital improvement fees. The Company estimates it will make capital improvement fee payments under this arrangement through the fiscal year ending July 31, 2031.
Guarantees/Indemnifications
As of January 31, 2023, the Company had various other letters of credit outstanding totaling $83.0 million, consisting of $53.4 million to support the Employee Housing Bonds and $29.6 million primarily for insurance-related deductibles, a wind energy purchase agreement and workers’ compensation. The Company also had surety bonds of $13.1 million as of January 31, 2023, primarily to provide collateral for its U.S. workers compensation self-insurance programs.
In addition to the guarantees noted above, the Company has entered into contracts in the normal course of business that include certain indemnifications under which it could be required to make payments to third parties upon the occurrence or non-occurrence of certain future events. These indemnities include indemnities related to licensees in connection with third-parties’ use of the Company’s trademarks and logos, liabilities associated with the infringement of other parties’ technology and software products, liabilities associated with the use of easements, liabilities associated with employment of contract workers and the Company’s use of trustees, and liabilities associated with the Company’s use of public lands and environmental matters. The duration of these indemnities generally is indefinite and generally do not limit the future payments the Company could be obligated to make.
As permitted under applicable law, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries have agreed to indemnify their directors and officers over their lifetimes for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving the Company or its subsidiaries in such a capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, the Company has a director and officer insurance policy that should enable the Company to recover a portion of any amounts paid.
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Unless otherwise noted, the Company has not recorded any significant liabilities for the letters of credit, indemnities and other guarantees noted above in the accompanying Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements, either because the Company has recorded on its Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets the underlying liability associated with the guarantee, the guarantee is with respect to the Company’s own performance and is therefore not subject to the measurement requirements as prescribed by GAAP, or because the Company has calculated the estimated fair value of the indemnification or guarantee to be immaterial based on the current facts and circumstances that would trigger a payment under the indemnification clause. In addition, with respect to certain indemnifications, it is not possible to determine the maximum potential amount of liability under these potential obligations due to the unique set of facts and circumstances likely to be involved in each particular claim and indemnification provision. Historically, payments made by the Company under these obligations have not been material.
As noted above, the Company makes certain indemnifications to licensees for their use of the Company’s trademarks and logos. The Company does not record any liabilities with respect to these indemnifications.
Additionally, the Company has entered into strategic long-term season pass alliance agreements with third-party mountain resorts in which the Company has committed to pay minimum revenue guarantees over the remaining terms of these agreements.
Self-Insurance
The Company is self-insured for claims under its U.S. health benefit plans and for the majority of workers’ compensation claims in the U.S. Workers compensation claims in the U.S. are subject to stop loss policies. The self-insurance liability related to workers’ compensation is determined actuarially based on claims filed. The self-insurance liability related to claims under the Company’s U.S. health benefit plans is determined based on analysis of actual claims. The amounts related to these claims are included as a component of accrued benefits in accounts payable and accrued liabilities (see Note 7, Supplementary Balance Sheet Information).
Legal
The Company is a party to various lawsuits arising in the ordinary course of business. Management believes the Company has adequate insurance coverage and/or has accrued for all loss contingencies for asserted and unasserted matters deemed to be probable and estimable losses. As of January 31, 2023, July 31, 2022 and January 31, 2022, the accruals for the above loss contingencies were not material individually or in the aggregate.
10. Segment Information
The Company has three reportable segments: Mountain, Lodging and Real Estate. The Company refers to “Resort” as the combination of the Mountain and Lodging segments. The Mountain segment includes the operations of the Company’s mountain resorts/ski areas and related ancillary activities. The Lodging segment includes the operations of the Company’s owned hotels, RockResorts, NPS concessioner properties, condominium management, Colorado resort ground transportation operations and mountain resort golf operations. The Real Estate segment owns, develops and sells real estate in and around the Company’s resort communities. The Company’s reportable segments, although integral to the success of the others, offer distinctly different products and services and require different types of management focus. As such, these segments are managed separately.
The Company reports its segment results using Reported EBITDA (defined as segment net revenue less segment operating expenses, plus segment equity investment income or loss, and for the Real Estate segment, plus gain or loss on sale of real property). The Company reports segment results in a manner consistent with management’s internal reporting of operating results to the chief operating decision maker (Chief Executive Officer) for purposes of evaluating segment performance.
Items excluded from Reported EBITDA are significant components in understanding and assessing financial performance. Reported EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to, or substitute for, net income, net change in cash and cash equivalents or other financial statement data presented in the accompanying Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements as indicators of financial performance or liquidity.
The Company utilizes Reported EBITDA in evaluating the performance of the Company and in allocating resources to its segments. Mountain Reported EBITDA consists of Mountain net revenue less Mountain operating expense plus Mountain equity investment income or loss. Lodging Reported EBITDA consists of Lodging net revenue less Lodging operating expense. Real Estate Reported EBITDA consists of Real Estate net revenue less Real Estate operating expense plus gain or loss on sale of real property. All segment expenses include an allocation of corporate administrative expense. Assets are not used to evaluate performance, except as shown in the table below. The accounting policies specific to each segment are the same as those described in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.
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The following table presents financial information by reportable segment, which is used by management in evaluating performance and allocating resources (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Six Months Ended January 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mountain | $ | 1,013,442 |  |  | $ | 834,375 |  |  | 1,215,159 |  |  | 943,675 |
Lodging | 80,577 |  |  | 71,980 |  |  | 158,194 |  |  | 137,941 |
Total Resort net revenue | 1,094,019 |  |  | 906,355 |  |  | 1,373,353 |  |  | 1,081,616 |
Real Estate | 7,699 |  |  | 180 |  |  | 7,812 |  |  | 495 |
Total net revenue | $ | 1,101,718 |  |  | $ | 906,535 |  |  | $ | 1,381,165 |  |  | $ | 1,082,111 |
Segment operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mountain | $ | 614,633 |  |  | $ | 446,700 |  |  | $ | 908,829 |  |  | $ | 668,478 |
Lodging | 84,630 |  |  | 62,612 |  |  | 166,604 |  |  | 126,022 |
Total Resort operating expense | 699,263 |  |  | 509,312 |  |  | 1,075,433 |  |  | 794,500 |
Real Estate | 6,310 |  |  | 1,511 |  |  | 7,692 |  |  | 2,981 |
Total segment operating expense | $ | 705,573 |  |  | $ | 510,823 |  |  | $ | 1,083,125 |  |  | $ | 797,481 |
Gain on sale of real property | $ | 757 |  |  | $ | 931 |  |  | $ | 757 |  |  | $ | 962 |
Mountain equity investment income, net | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 818 |  |  | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | 2,332 |
Reported EBITDA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mountain | $ | 398,851 |  |  | $ | 388,493 |  |  | $ | 306,718 |  |  | $ | 277,529 |
Lodging | (4,053) |  |  | 9,368 |  |  | (8,410) |  |  | 11,919 |
Resort | 394,798 |  |  | 397,861 |  |  | 298,308 |  |  | 289,448 |
Real Estate | 2,146 |  |  | (400) |  |  | 877 |  |  | (1,524) |
Total Reported EBITDA | $ | 396,944 |  |  | $ | 397,461 |  |  | $ | 299,185 |  |  | $ | 287,924 |
Real estate held for sale or investment | $ | 90,354 |  |  | $ | 95,331 |  |  | $ | 90,354 |  |  | $ | 95,331 |
Reconciliation from net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. to Total Reported EBITDA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. | $ | 208,679 |  |  | $ | 223,391 |  |  | $ | 71,708 |  |  | $ | 84,059 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 11,440 |  |  | 10,539 |  |  | 4,851 |  |  | 7,350 |
Net income | 220,119 |  |  | 233,930 |  |  | 76,559 |  |  | 91,409 |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 79,032 |  |  | 52,049 |  |  | 21,026 |  |  | (7,804) |
Income before provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 299,151 |  |  | 285,979 |  |  | 97,585 |  |  | 83,605 |
Depreciation and amortization | 65,989 |  |  | 62,070 |  |  | 130,603 |  |  | 123,559 |
Change in estimated fair value of contingent consideration | 1,100 |  |  | 16,780 |  |  | 1,736 |  |  | 18,780 |
Loss (gain) on disposal of fixed assets and other, net | 1,780 |  |  | (7,347) |  |  | 1,786 |  |  | (16,214) |
Investment income and other, net | (7,108) |  |  | (257) |  |  | (9,994) |  |  | (756) |
Foreign currency (gain) loss on intercompany loans | (2,338) |  |  | 2,870 |  |  | 3,797 |  |  | 2,039 |
Interest expense, net | 38,370 |  |  | 37,366 |  |  | 73,672 |  |  | 76,911 |
Total Reported EBITDA | $ | 396,944 |  |  | $ | 397,461 |  |  | $ | 299,185 |  |  | $ | 287,924 |

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11. Share Repurchase Program
On March 9, 2006, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program, authorizing the Company to repurchase up to 3,000,000 Vail Shares. On July 16, 2008, the Company’s Board of Directors increased the authorization by an additional 3,000,000 Vail Shares, and on December 4, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors increased the authorization by an additional 1,500,000 Vail Shares for a total authorization to repurchase up to 7,500,000 Vail Shares. The Company did not repurchase any Vail Shares during the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 or 2022. Since inception of its share repurchase program through January 31, 2023, the Company has repurchased 6,465,708 Vail Shares for approximately $479.4 million. As of January 31, 2023, 1,034,292 Vail Shares remained available to repurchase under the existing share repurchase program. On March 7, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an increase in the number of shares authorized to be repurchased under the share repurchase program by an additional 2,500,000 Vail Shares. As a result, 3,534,292 Vail Shares are available to repurchase under the share repurchase program, which has no expiration date. Vail Shares purchased pursuant to the repurchase program will be held as treasury shares and may be used for issuance under the Company’s employee share award plan.
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Vail Resorts, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, is referred to throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended January 31, 2023 (“Form 10-Q”) as “we,” “us,” “our” or the “Company.”
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2022 (“Form 10-K”) and the Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements as of January 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the three and six months then ended, included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, which provide additional information regarding our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. To the extent that the following MD&A contains statements which are not of a historical nature, such statements are forward-looking statements, which involve risks and uncertainties. See “Forward-Looking Statements” below. These risks include, but are not limited to, those discussed in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including the risks described in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of Part I of our Form 10-K, which was filed on September 28, 2022.
The MD&A includes discussion of financial performance within each of our three segments. We have chosen to specifically include segment Reported EBITDA (defined as segment net revenue less segment operating expense, plus segment equity investment income or loss and for the Real Estate segment, plus gain or loss on sale of real property) in the following discussion because we consider this measurement to be a significant indication of our financial performance. We utilize segment Reported EBITDA in evaluating our performance and in allocating resources to our segments. Net Debt (defined as long-term debt, net plus long-term debt due within one year less cash and cash equivalents) is included in the following discussion because we consider this measurement to be a significant indication of our available capital resources. We also believe that Net Debt is an important measurement as it is an indicator of our ability to obtain additional capital resources for our future cash needs. Resort Reported EBITDA (defined as the combination of segment Reported EBITDA of our Mountain and Lodging segments), Total Reported EBITDA (which is Resort Reported EBITDA plus segment Reported EBITDA from our Real Estate segment) and Net Debt are not measures of financial performance or liquidity defined under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). Refer to the end of the Results of Operations section for a reconciliation of net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. to Total Reported EBITDA and Resort Reported EBITDA, and long-term debt, net to Net Debt.
Items excluded from Resort Reported EBITDA, Total Reported EBITDA and Net Debt are significant components in understanding and assessing financial performance or liquidity. Resort Reported EBITDA, Total Reported EBITDA and Net Debt should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to, or substitute for, net income, net change in cash and cash equivalents or other financial statement data presented in the Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements as indicators of financial performance or liquidity. Because Resort Reported EBITDA, Total Reported EBITDA and Net Debt are not measurements determined in accordance with GAAP and are thus susceptible to varying calculations, Resort Reported EBITDA, Total Reported EBITDA and Net Debt, as presented herein, may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. In addition, our segment Reported EBITDA (i.e., Mountain, Lodging and Real Estate), the measure of segment profit or loss required to be disclosed in accordance with GAAP, may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies.
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Overview
Our operations are grouped into three integrated and interdependent segments: Mountain, Lodging and Real Estate. We refer to “Resort” as the combination of the Mountain and Lodging segments.
Mountain Segment
In the Mountain segment, the Company operates the following 41 destination mountain resorts and regional ski areas:
*Denotes a destination mountain resort, which generally receives a meaningful portion of skier visits from long-distance travelers, as opposed to our regional ski areas, which tend to generate skier visits predominantly from their respective local markets.
Additionally, we operate ancillary services, primarily including ski school, dining and retail/rental operations, and for our Australian ski areas, including lodging and transportation operations. Mountain segment revenue is seasonal, with the majority of revenue earned from our North American and European ski operations occurring in our second and third fiscal quarters and the majority of revenue earned from our Australian ski operations occurring in our first and fourth fiscal quarters. Our North American and European destination mountain resorts and regional ski areas (collectively, “Resorts”) typically experience their peak operating season for the Mountain segment from mid-December through mid-April, and our Australian ski areas typically experience their peak operating season from June to earl y October. Consequently, our first fiscal quarter is a seasonally low period as most of our North American and European ski operations are generally not open for business until our second fiscal quarter, while the activity of our Australian ski areas’ peak season and our North American and European summer operating results are not sufficient to offset the losses incurred during the seasonally low periods at our North American and European Resorts. Revenue of the Mountain segment during the first and fourth fiscal quarters is primarily generated from summer and group related visitation at our North American and European destination mountain resorts, retail/rental operations and peak season Australian ski operations. Our largest source of Mountain segment revenue is the sale of lift tickets (including pass products), which represented approximately 58% and 63% of Mountain segment net revenue for the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Lift revenue is driven by volume and pricing. Pricing is impacted by absolute pricing, as well as both the demographic and geographic mix of guests, which impacts the price points at which various products are purchased. The demographic mix of guests that visit our North American Resorts is divided into two primary categories: (i) out-of-state and international
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(“Destination”) guests and (ii) in-state and local (“Local”) guests. The geographic mix depends on levels of visitation to our destination mountain resorts versus our regional ski areas. For the three months ended January 31, 2023, Destination guests comprised approximately 54% of our North American destination mountain resort skier visits (excluding complimentary access), while Local guests comprised approximately 46% of our North American destination mountain resort skier visits (excluding complimentary access), which compares to 55% and 45%, respectively, for the three months ended January 31, 2022. Skier visitation at our regional ski areas is largely comprised of Local guests. Destination guests generally purchase our higher-priced lift tickets (including pass products) and utilize more ancillary services such as ski school, dining and retail/rental, as well as lodging at or around our mountain resorts. Additionally, Destination guest visitation is less likely to be impacted by changes in the weather during the current season, but may be more impacted by adverse economic conditions, the global geopolitical climate, travel disruptions or weather conditions in the immediately preceding ski season. Local guests tend to be more value-oriented and weather-sensitive.
We offer a variety of pass products for all of our Resorts, marketed toward both Destination and Local guests. Our pass product offerings range from providing access to one or a combination of our Resorts for a certain number of days to our Epic Pass, which allows pass holders unlimited and unrestricted access to all of our Resorts. The Epic Day Pass is a customizable one to seven day pass product purchased in advance of the season, for those skiers and riders who expect to ski a certain number of days during the season, and which is available in three tiers of resort access offerings. Our pass products provide a compelling value proposition to our guests, which in turn assists us in developing a loyal base of customers who commit to ski at our Resorts generally in advance of the ski season and typically ski more days each season at our Resorts than those guests who do not buy pass products. Additionally, we enter into strategic long-term pass alliance agreements with third-party mountain resorts, which further increase the value proposition of our pass products. For the 2023/2024 ski season, our pass alliances include Telluride Ski Resort in Colorado, Hakuba Valley and Rusutsu Resort in Japan, Resorts of the Canadian Rockies in Canada, Les 3 Vallées in France, Disentis Ski Area and Verbier 4 Vallées in Switzerland, Skirama Dolomiti in Italy and Ski Arlberg in Austria. Our pass program drives strong customer loyalty; mitigates exposure to more weather sensitive guests; generates additional ancillary spending; and provides cash flow in advance of winter season operations. In addition, our pass program attracts new guests to our Resorts. All of our pass products, including the Epic Pass and Epic Day Pass, are predominately sold prior to the start of the ski season. Pass product revenue, although primarily collected prior to the ski season, is recognized in the Consolidated Condensed Statements of Operations throughout the ski season on a straight-line basis using the skiable days of the season to date relative to the total estimated skiable days of the season.
Lift revenue consists of pass product lift revenue (“pass revenue”) and non-pass product lift revenue (“non-pass revenue”). For the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, approximately 70% and 68%, respectively, of our total lift revenue recognized was derived from pass revenue. Pass revenue recognized year to date (excluding Andermatt-Sedrun and legacy passes assumed in the acquisition of the Seven Springs Resorts, both as defined below), which is primarily recognized in our second fiscal quarter, represents approximately 51% and 46%, of our total North American pass product revenue for the 2022/2023 and 2021/2022 North American ski seasons, respectively, with the remaining North American pass revenue almost entirely recognized as lift revenue in our third fiscal quarter ending April 30. The increase in the portion of pass revenue recognized year to date compared to the prior year to date period is primarily the result of challenging early season conditions in the prior year, which resulted in delayed openings for a number of our destination mountain resorts, as well as early openings of certain Resorts for the current 2022/2023 North American ski season. This variability in Resort opening dates drove a pass revenue increase of approximately $40 million for the three months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended January 31, 2022. This is a timing difference that will largely reverse during our third fiscal quarter.
The cost structure of our mountain resort operations has a significant fixed component with variable expenses including, but not limited to, land use permit or lease fees, credit card fees, retail/rental cost of sales and labor, ski school labor and dining operations; as such, profit margins can fluctuate greatly based on the level of revenues.
Lodging Segment
Operations within the Lodging segment include: (i) ownership/management of a group of luxury hotels through the RockResorts brand proximate to our Colorado and Utah mountain resorts; (ii) ownership/management of non-RockResorts branded hotels and condominiums proximate to our North American Resorts; (iii) National Park Service (“NPS”) concessioner properties, including the Grand Teton Lodge Company (“GTLC”); (iv) a Colorado resort ground transportation company; and (v) mountain resort golf courses.
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The performance of our lodging properties (including managed condominium rooms) proximate to our Resorts, and our Colorado resort ground transportation company, are closely aligned with the performance of the Mountain segment and generally experience similar seasonal trends, particularly with respect to visitation by Destination guests. Revenues from such properties represented approximately 94% of Lodging segment net revenue (excluding Lodging segment revenue associated with the reimbursement of payroll costs) for both the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022. Management primarily focuses on Lodging net revenue excluding payroll cost reimbursements and Lodging operating expense excluding reimbursed payroll costs (which are not measures of financial performance under GAAP) as the reimbursements are made based upon the costs incurred with no added margin and as such, the revenue and corresponding expense do not affect our Lodging Reported EBITDA, which we use to evaluate Lodging segment performance. Revenue of the Lodging segment during our first and fourth fiscal quarters is generated primarily by the operations of our NPS concessioner properties (as their peak operating season generally occurs from mid-May through the end of September); mountain resort golf operations and seasonally lower volume from our other owned and managed properties and businesses.
Real Estate Segment
The principal activities of our Real Estate segment include the sale of land parcels to third-party developers and planning for future real estate development projects, including zoning and acquisition of applicable permits. We continue undertaking preliminary planning and design work on future projects and are pursuing opportunities with third-party developers rather than undertaking our own significant vertical development projects. Additionally, real estate development projects by third-party developers most often result in the creation of certain resort assets that provide additional benefit to the Mountain segment. We believe that, due to our low carrying cost of real estate land investments, we are well situated to promote future projects by third-party developers while limiting our financial risk. Our revenue from the Real Estate segment and associated expense can fluctuate significantly based upon the timing of closings and the type of real estate being sold, causing volatility in the Real Estate segment’s operating results from period to period.
Recent Trends, Risks and Uncertainties
Together with those risk factors we have identified in our Form 10-K, we have identified the following important factors (as well as risks and uncertainties associated with such factors) that could impact our future financial performance or condition:
•The economies in the countries in which we operate may be impacted by economic challenges associated with rising inflation, increasing interest rates and/or fluctuating commodity prices that could adversely impact our business, including decreased guest spending or visitation or increased costs of operations. Skiing, travel and tourism are discretionary recreational activities that can entail a relatively high cost of participation. As a result, economic downturns may have a pronounced impact on visitation to our Resorts. We cannot predict the ultimate extent of such potential economic challenges, whether in North America or globally.
•The timing and amount of snowfall can have an impact on Mountain and Lodging revenue, particularly with regard to skier visits and the duration and frequency of guest visitation. To help mitigate this impact, we sell a variety of pass products prior to the beginning of the ski season, which results in a more stabilized stream of lift revenue. Additionally, our pass products provide a compelling value proposition to our guests, which in turn create a guest commitment predominately prior to the start of the ski season. Pass revenue increased approximately $59.6 million, or 16.8%, for the three months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to delayed destination mountain resort opening dates in the prior year (as discussed above), as well as increased pass product sales for the 2022/2023 North American ski season compared to the 2021/2022 North American ski season. Deferred revenue related to North American pass product sales (excluding assumed deferred revenue associated with the Seven Springs Resorts, as defined below) was approximately $398.0 million as of January 31, 2023 (compared to approximately $425.5 million as of January 31, 2022).
•Improved conditions at our Colorado, Utah and Tahoe resorts enabled select early resort openings and drove strong early season local visitation, and the easing of travel restrictions in Canada contributed to a strong rebound in Destination visitation at Whistler Blackcomb relative to the prior year period. Visitation at our western U.S. Resorts was negatively impacted by airline travel disruptions during the peak holiday period, as well as severe weather disruptions at our Tahoe resorts. In Tahoe, significant snowstorms continued to impact resort access and hindered our ability to fully open our Resorts throughout the remainder of the quarter. Across our 26 Midwest, Mid-Atlantic and Northeast Resorts (collectively, “Eastern” U.S. Resorts), results for the quarter were negatively impacted by abnormal weather conditions, which significantly reduced operating days, terrain availability and activity offerings across the region which impacted demand and increased operating costs, including snowmaking, grooming and related labor costs. In particular, results at our Eastern U.S. Resorts were significantly below expectations in the post-holiday period, as conditions did not return to normal after the holidays as expected with January having only 50-60% of lifts
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and terrain open during the period. The recent investments we made in our Resorts and our employees helped drive improved staffing levels and employee satisfaction scores, a return to normal operations and strong guest satisfaction scores. Our ancillary businesses, including ski school, dining, and retail/rental, experienced strong growth compared to the prior year period, when staffing shortages constrained capacity of ancillary businesses.
•COVID-19 has led to adverse economic impacts in global and local economies. While we have experienced continued recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, our operations for the fiscal year ending July 31, 2023 (“Fiscal 2023”) may continue to be negatively impacted by COVID-19. Although conditions have improved, demand may continue to be varied as the recovery progresses. A significant outbreak of any new COVID-19 variants could result in temporary impacts to our staffing levels and may impact our financial results for a period of time which we are currently unable to predict. While we anticipate continued improvements with regard to COVID-19 as compared to the fiscal years ended July 31, 2022 and 2021, we cannot predict the ultimate impact that COVID-19 will have on our results of operations, particularly in the event of any staffing challenges caused by COVID-19, or from any impact to our guest visitation, guest spending or other related trends for the 2022/2023 North American and European ski seasons or the remainder of Fiscal 2023.
•As of January 31, 2023, we had $1.3 billion of cash and cash equivalents, as well as $414.6 million available under the revolver component of our Eighth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of August 15, 2018 and as amended most recently on August 31, 2022 (the “Vail Holdings Credit Agreement”), which represents the total commitment of $500.0 million less certain letters of credit outstanding of $85.4 million. Additionally, we have a credit facility which supports the liquidity needs of Whistler Blackcomb (the “Whistler Credit Agreement”). As of January 31, 2023, we had C$281.6 million ($211.7 million) available under the revolver component of the Whistler Credit Agreement (which represents the total commitment of C$300.0 million ($225.5 million) less outstanding borrowings of C$15.0 million ($11.3 million) and a letter of credit outstanding of C$3.4 million ($2.5 million). We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, availability under our credit agreements and the expected positive cash flow from operating activities of our Mountain and Lodging segments less resort capital expenditures will continue to provide us with sufficient liquidity to fund our operations.
•On August 3, 2022, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, we acquired a 55% controlling interest in Andermatt-Sedrun Sport AG (“Andermatt-Sedrun”) from Andermatt Swiss Alps AG (“ASA”). Andermatt-Sedrun controls and operates all of Andermatt-Sedrun's mountain and ski-related assets, including lifts, most of the restaurants and a ski school operation at the ski area. The total consideration we paid was comprised of a $114.4 million (CHF 110.0 million) investment into Andermatt-Sedrun for use in capital investments to enhance the guest experience on the mountain and $41.3 million (CHF 39.3 million) paid to ASA. As of August 3, 2022 the total fair value of the consideration paid was $155.4 million (CHF 149.3 million). The proceeds paid to ASA will be fully reinvested into the real estate developments in the base area. ASA retains a 40% ownership stake, with a group of existing shareholders comprising the remaining 5% ownership. We are providing unlimited and unrestricted access to Andermatt-Sedrun on the Epic Pass for the 2022/2023 ski season, as well as providing access on other pass products. We cannot predict the ultimate impact the acquisition of Andermatt-Sedrun will have on our future results from operations.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Summary
Below is a summary of operating results for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023, compared to the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Six Months Ended January 31, |  |
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. |  | $ | 208,679 |  |  | $ | 223,391 |  |  | $ | 71,708 |  |  | $ | 84,059 |  |  |  |  |
Income before (provision for) benefit from income taxes |  | $ | 299,151 |  |  | $ | 285,979 |  |  | $ | 97,585 |  |  | $ | 83,605 |  |  |  |  |
Mountain Reported EBITDA |  | $ | 398,851 |  |  | $ | 388,493 |  |  | $ | 306,718 |  |  | $ | 277,529 |  |  |  |  |
Lodging Reported EBITDA |  | (4,053) |  |  | 9,368 |  |  | (8,410) |  |  | 11,919 |  |  |  |  |
Resort Reported EBITDA |  | $ | 394,798 |  |  | $ | 397,861 |  |  | $ | 298,308 |  |  | $ | 289,448 |  |  |  |  |
Real Estate Reported EBITDA |  | $ | 2,146 |  |  | $ | (400) |  |  | $ | 877 |  |  | $ | (1,524) |  |  |  |  |

The consolidated condensed results of operations, including any consolidated financial metrics pertaining thereto, include the operations of Andermatt-Sedrun (acquired August 3, 2022) and Seven Springs Mountain Resort, Hidden Valley Resort and Laurel Mountain Ski Area (together, the “Seven Springs Resorts,” acquired December 31, 2021) prospectively from their respective dates of acquisition.
Mountain Segment
Three months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended January 31, 2022
Mountain segment operating results for the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented by category as follows (in thousands, except effective ticket price (“ETP”)). ETP is calculated as lift revenue divided by total skier visits for each applicable period presented.

|  | Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Percentage Increase (Decrease)
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Mountain net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Lift |  | $ | 592,603 |  |  | $ | 521,582 |  |  | 13.6 | %
Ski school |  | 123,451 |  |  | 92,072 |  |  | 34.1 | %
Dining |  | 85,828 |  |  | 54,049 |  |  | 58.8 | %
Retail/rental |  | 159,932 |  |  | 126,831 |  |  | 26.1 | %
Other |  | 51,628 |  |  | 39,841 |  |  | 29.6 | %
Total Mountain net revenue |  | 1,013,442 |  |  | 834,375 |  |  | 21.5 | %
Mountain operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Labor and labor-related benefits |  | 277,537 |  |  | 178,692 |  |  | 55.3 | %
Retail cost of sales |  | 48,197 |  |  | 36,288 |  |  | 32.8 | %
Resort related fees |  | 43,550 |  |  | 36,885 |  |  | 18.1 | %
General and administrative |  | 97,365 |  |  | 77,525 |  |  | 25.6 | %
Other |  | 147,984 |  |  | 117,310 |  |  | 26.1 | %
Total Mountain operating expense |  | 614,633 |  |  | 446,700 |  |  | 37.6 | %
Mountain equity investment income, net |  | 42 |  |  | 818 |  |  | (94.9) | %
Mountain Reported EBITDA |  | $ | 398,851 |  |  | $ | 388,493 |  |  | 2.7 | %
Total skier visits |  | 8,308 |  |  | 7,360 |  |  | 12.9 | %
ETP |  | $ | 71.33 |  |  | $ | 70.87 |  |  | 0.6 | %

Mountain Reported EBITDA includes $5.7 million and $5.4 million of stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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Mountain Reported EBITDA increased $10.4 million, or 2.7%. The increase was attributable to an increase in North American pass revenue, which was impacted by: (i) timing of recognition of pass revenue resulting in a $40 million increase due to delayed openings for a number of our destination mountain resorts in the prior year and early openings of certain Resorts for the current year and (ii) an increase in pass product sales for the 2022/2023 North American ski season compared to the prior year. Additionally, the increase in Mountain Reported EBITDA was due to an overall increase in skier visitation that benefited our ancillary lines of business, which remained disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 restrictions and limitations in the prior year. These increases were partially offset by: (i) increased labor and labor-related benefits and general and administrative expense, primarily as a result of investments in North American employee wages and increased headcount to support more normalized staffing and operations at our Resorts; (ii) increased variable expenses associated with increased revenues; and (iii) increased expenses related to variable weather conditions and inflation. Mountain segment results also include $0.3 million and $2.6 million of acquisition and integration related expenses for the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Lift revenue increased $71.0 million, or 13.6%, primarily due to an increase in pass revenue, as well as increase in non-pass lift ticket purchases. Pass revenue increased 16.8%, which was primarily driven by the prior year negative impact of delayed Resort openings due to challenging early season conditions for the 2021/2022 North American ski season and early Resort openings for the current 2022/2023 North American ski season, as well as an increase in pass product sales for the 2022/2023 North American ski season. Non-pass revenue increased 6.8%, driven by an increase in non-pass ETP (excluding Andermatt-Sedrun) of 8.4% and an increase in visitation compared to the prior year, as well as incremental revenue from Andermatt-Sedrun of $5.8 million. Total non-pass ETP, including the impact of Andermatt-Sedrun, increased 3.7%.
Ski school revenue increased $31.4 million, or 34.1%, dining revenue increased $31.8 million, or 58.8%, and retail/rental revenue increased $33.1 million, or 26.1%, each primarily driven by increased skier visitation as well as the greater impact of COVID-19 and related limitations and restrictions in the prior year, including staffing challenges which limited our ability to operate at full capacity.
Other revenue mainly consists of other mountain activities revenue, employee housing revenue, guest services revenue, commercial leasing revenue, marketing revenue, private club revenue (which includes both club dues and amortization of initiation fees), municipal services revenue and other recreation activity revenue. Other revenue increased $11.8 million, or 29.6%, primarily driven by staffing challenges in the prior year which impacted the company’s ability to operate ancillary services and other on-mountain activities at full capacity, as well as increased skier visitation which drove additional demand for ancillary services.
Operating expense increased $167.9 million, or 37.6%, which was primarily attributable to investments in employee wages and salaries and increased headcount to support more normalized staffing and operations at our Resorts, as well as increased variable expenses associated with increased revenue, the impact of inflation and incremental expenses associated with Andermatt-Sedrun and the Seven Springs Resorts. Additionally, operating expense includes $0.3 million and $2.6 million of acquisition and integration related expenses for the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Labor and labor-related benefits increased 55.3%, primarily due to investments in wages and salaries for North American employees and increased headcount to support more normalized staffing and operations at our Resorts, as well as additional labor costs incurred as a result of variable weather conditions, particularly at our Eastern U.S. resorts and incremental expenses from Andermatt-Sedrun and the Seven Springs Resorts of $8.4 million for the comparable period they were not owned in the prior year. Retail cost of sales increased 32.8%, compared to an increase in retail sales of 26.2%, resulting in decreased margins on retail products driven by higher sales of discounted inventory. Resort related fees increased 18.1% primarily as a result of an increase in revenues on which those fees are based. General and administrative expense increased 25.6%, due to an increase in costs across nearly all corporate functions, which were primarily driven by investments in employee wages and salaries. Other expense increased 26.1%, primarily due to increases in variable operating expenses associated with increased revenues, in addition to increased utility costs of $9.3 million associated with higher variable rates and increased snowmaking operations at our Eastern U.S. resorts, as well as an increase in repairs and maintenance expenses of $4.3 million, partially offset by a decrease in acquisition and integration related expenses of $2.3 million.
Mountain equity investment income, net primarily includes our share of income from the operations of a real estate brokerage company.
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Six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the six months ended January 31, 2022
Mountain segment operating results for the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented by category as follows (in thousands, except ETP):

|  | Six Months Ended January 31, |  | Percentage Increase (Decrease)
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Mountain net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Lift |  | $ | 652,143 |  |  | $ | 535,911 |  |  | 21.7 | %
Ski school |  | 132,378 |  |  | 93,545 |  |  | 41.5 | %
Dining |  | 105,270 |  |  | 66,569 |  |  | 58.1 | %
Retail/rental |  | 200,276 |  |  | 155,207 |  |  | 29.0 | %
Other |  | 125,092 |  |  | 92,443 |  |  | 35.3 | %
Total Mountain net revenue |  | 1,215,159 |  |  | 943,675 |  |  | 28.8 | %
Mountain operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Labor and labor-related benefits |  | 385,582 |  |  | 259,119 |  |  | 48.8 | %
Retail cost of sales |  | 68,938 |  |  | 50,911 |  |  | 35.4 | %
Resort related fees |  | 47,181 |  |  | 39,993 |  |  | 18.0 | %
General and administrative |  | 180,654 |  |  | 142,262 |  |  | 27.0 | %
Other |  | 226,474 |  |  | 176,193 |  |  | 28.5 | %
Total Mountain operating expense |  | 908,829 |  |  | 668,478 |  |  | 36.0 | %
Mountain equity investment income, net |  | 388 |  |  | 2,332 |  |  | (83.4) | %
Mountain Reported EBITDA |  | $ | 306,718 |  |  | $ | 277,529 |  |  | 10.5 | %
Total skier visits |  | 9,301 |  |  | 7,576 |  |  | 22.8 | %
ETP |  | $ | 70.12 |  |  | $ | 70.74 |  |  | (0.9) | %

Mountain Reported EBITDA includes $11.1 million and $10.8 million of stock-based compensation expense for the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Mountain Reported EBITDA increased $29.2 million, or 10.5%. The increase was primarily driven by our Australian operations, which experienced record visitation and favorable snow conditions in the current year following periodic COVID-19 related closures in the prior year at Perisher, Falls Creek and Hotham. Additionally, the increase was attributable to an increase in North American pass revenue, which was impacted by: (i) timing of recognition of pass revenue resulting in a $40 million increase due to delayed openings for a number of our destination mountain resorts in the prior year and early openings of certain Resorts for the current year and (ii) an increase in pass product sales for the 2022/2023 North American ski season compared to the prior year. Additionally, the increase was due to an overall increase in skier visitation that benefited our ancillary lines of business, which remained disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 restrictions and limitations in the prior year. These increases were partially offset by: (i) increased labor and labor-related benefits and general and administrative expense, primarily as a result of investments in North American employee wages and increased headcount to support more normalized staffing and operations at our Resorts; (ii) increased variable expenses associated with increased revenues; and (iii) increased expenses related to variable weather conditions and inflation. Mountain segment results also include $2.9 million and $3.1 million of acquisition and integration related expenses for the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
As our North American Resorts primarily opened for ski season operations during our second fiscal quarter, certain components of Mountain segment net revenue, such as North American lift revenue, ski school revenue, dining revenue, and retail/rental revenue for the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 are materially unchanged as compared to those same components for the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022. Accordingly, the primary basis for the changes to these components of our North American Resorts for the six months ended January 31, 2023 as compared to the prior period are discussed above under the section heading “Three months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended January 31, 2022.” Additionally, with regard to the six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the six months ended January 31, 2022, lift revenue, ski school revenue, dining revenue and retail/rental revenue all increased at our Australian ski areas, which experienced record visitation and favorable snow conditions in the current year following periodic COVID-19 related closures and restrictions in the prior year. Retail/rental revenue in the current year also benefited from higher sales at our Colorado city store locations, as well as stronger summer visitation at our North American Resorts which drove increased demand at our on-mountain retail locations, particularly at Whistler Blackcomb, which was disproportionately impacted in the prior year due to
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border closures and other COVID-19 related limitations and restrictions, as well as at our Tahoe resorts as a result of disruptions on our operations from forest fires in the prior year.
Other revenue mainly consists of summer visitation, other mountain activities revenue, employee housing revenue, guest services revenue, commercial leasing revenue, marketing and internet advertising revenue, private club revenue (which includes both club dues and amortization of initiation fees), municipal services revenue and other recreation activity revenue. Other revenue also includes Australian resort lodging and transportation revenue. Other revenue increased $32.6 million or 35.3%, primarily driven by an increase in summer and winter visitation at our North American Resorts compared to the prior year, and staffing challenges in the prior year which impacted the company’s ability to operate ancillary services and other on-mountain activities at full capacity, as well as our Australian ski areas, as a result of the greater impact of COVID-19 and related limitations and restrictions in the prior year.
Operating expense increased $240.4 million or 36.0%, which was primarily attributable to investments in employee wages and salaries and increased headcount to support more normalized staffing and operations at our Resorts, as well as increased variable expenses associated with increased revenue, the impact of inflation and incremental expenses associated with Andermatt-Sedrun and the Seven Springs Resorts. Additionally, operating expense includes $2.9 million and $3.1 million of acquisition and integration related expenses for the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Labor and labor-related benefits increased 48.8%, primarily due to investments in wages and salaries for North American employees and increased headcount to support more normalized staffing and operations at our Resorts, as well as an increase in Australian operations as a result of periodic closures during the prior year, additional labor costs incurred as a result of variable weather conditions, particularly at our Eastern U.S. resorts, and incremental expenses from Andermatt-Sedrun and the Seven Springs Resorts of $12.7 million for the comparable period they were not owned in the prior year. Retail cost of sales increased 35.4%, compared to an increase in retail sales of 27.9%, resulting in decreased margins on retail products driven by higher sales of discounted inventory. Resort related fees increased 18.0% primarily as a result of an increase in revenues on which those fees are based. General and administrative expense increased 27.0%, due to an increase in costs across nearly all corporate functions, which were primarily driven by investments in employee wages and salaries. Other expense increased 28.5%, primarily due to increases in variable operating expenses associated with increased revenues, in addition to increased utility costs of $11.0 million primarily associated with higher variable rates and increased snowmaking operations at our Eastern U.S. resorts, as well as an increase in repairs and maintenance expense of $7.8 million.
Mountain equity investment income, net primarily includes our share of income from the operations of a real estate brokerage company.
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Lodging Segment
Three months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended January 31, 2022
Lodging segment operating results for the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented by category as follows (in thousands, except average daily rates (“ADR”) and revenue per available room (“RevPAR”)):

|  | Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Percentage Increase (Decrease)
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Lodging net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Owned hotel rooms |  | $ | 13,479 |  |  | $ | 13,584 |  |  | (0.8) | %
Managed condominium rooms |  | 31,336 |  |  | 33,125 |  |  | (5.4) | %
Dining |  | 13,184 |  |  | 8,375 |  |  | 57.4 | %
Transportation |  | 5,888 |  |  | 5,766 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Other |  | 11,700 |  |  | 9,269 |  |  | 26.2 | %
|  | 75,587 |  |  | 70,119 |  |  | 7.8 | %
Payroll cost reimbursements |  | 4,990 |  |  | 1,861 |  |  | 168.1 | %
Total Lodging net revenue |  | 80,577 |  |  | 71,980 |  |  | 11.9 | %
Lodging operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Labor and labor-related benefits |  | 39,497 |  |  | 30,089 |  |  | 31.3 | %
General and administrative |  | 19,251 |  |  | 13,736 |  |  | 40.1 | %
Other |  | 20,892 |  |  | 16,926 |  |  | 23.4 | %
|  | 79,640 |  |  | 60,751 |  |  | 31.1 | %
Reimbursed payroll costs |  | 4,990 |  |  | 1,861 |  |  | 168.1 | %
Total Lodging operating expense |  | 84,630 |  |  | 62,612 |  |  | 35.2 | %
Lodging Reported EBITDA |  | $ | (4,053) |  |  | $ | 9,368 |  |  | (143.3) | %
Owned hotel statistics(1): |  |  |  |  |  |
ADR |  | $ | 337.16 |  |  | $ | 338.39 |  |  | (0.4) | %
RevPAR |  | $ | 145.48 |  |  | $ | 161.00 |  |  | (9.6) | %
Managed condominium statistics: |  |  |  |  |  |
ADR |  | $ | 514.29 |  |  | $ | 501.70 |  |  | 2.5 | %
RevPAR |  | $ | 171.81 |  |  | $ | 165.86 |  |  | 3.6 | %
Owned hotel and managed condominium statistics (combined): |  |  |  |  |  |
ADR |  | $ | 469.72 |  |  | $ | 463.26 |  |  | 1.4 | %
RevPAR |  | $ | 166.37 |  |  | $ | 165.46 |  |  | 0.5 | %

(1) Owned hotel ADR and RevPAR for the three months ended January 31, 2023 declined from the prior comparative period primarily due to the inclusion of properties acquired through the Seven Springs Resorts for the full quarter, compared to only being included for one month in the prior quarter, partially offset by price increases at our other lodging properties.
Lodging Reported EBITDA includes $1.1 million and $1.0 million of stock-based compensation expense for both the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Lodging Reported EBITDA decreased $13.4 million, or 143.3%, primarily driven by an increase in labor and labor-related benefits and general and administrative expense, including investments in employee wages and salaries and increased headcount to support more normalized staffing and operations at our lodging properties, and an increase in expenses due to inflation.
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Revenue from managed condominium rooms decreased $1.8 million, or 5.4%, primarily due to decreased revenue at our lodging properties proximate to our western U.S. Resorts as a result of a reduction of available rooms in our managed rooms inventory. Dining revenue increased $4.8 million, or 57.4%, primarily due to incremental revenue from the Seven Springs Resorts. Other revenue increased $2.4 million, or 26.2%, primarily due to increases in ancillary revenue associated with the return to more normalized operations.
Operating expense (excluding reimbursed payroll costs) increased 31.1%. Labor and labor-related benefits increased 31.3%, primarily due to investments in employee wages and salaries, and increased headcount to support more normalized staffing and operations at our lodging properties compared to the prior year, as well as incremental costs from the Seven Springs Resorts of $3.2 million for the comparable period they were not owned in the prior year. General and administrative expense increased 40.1% compared to the prior year, due to an increase in costs across nearly all corporate functions, and particularly for our central reservations booking service, which were primarily driven by employee wage and salary investments. Other expense increased 23.4%, primarily due to increases in variable operating expenses associated with increased revenues, as well as incremental costs from the Seven Springs Resorts of $1.9 million for the comparable period they were not owned in the prior year.
Revenue from payroll cost reimbursement and the corresponding reimbursed payroll costs relate to payroll costs at managed hotel properties where we are the employer and all payroll costs are reimbursed by the owners of the properties under contractual arrangements. Since the reimbursements are made based upon the costs incurred with no added margin, the revenue and corresponding expense have no effect on our Lodging Reported EBITDA.
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Six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the six months ended January 31, 2022
Lodging segment operating results for the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented by category as follows (in thousands, except ADR and RevPAR):

|  | Six Months Ended January 31, |  | Percentage Increase (Decrease)
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Lodging net revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Owned hotel rooms |  | $ | 37,044 |  |  | $ | 35,067 |  |  | 5.6 | %
Managed condominium rooms |  | 44,195 |  |  | 46,209 |  |  | (4.4) | %
Dining |  | 30,013 |  |  | 18,650 |  |  | 60.9 | %
Transportation |  | 7,348 |  |  | 7,559 |  |  | (2.8) | %
Golf |  | 5,939 |  |  | 5,118 |  |  | 16.0 | %
Other |  | 24,988 |  |  | 21,736 |  |  | 15.0 | %
|  | 149,527 |  |  | 134,339 |  |  | 11.3 | %
Payroll cost reimbursements |  | 8,667 |  |  | 3,602 |  |  | 140.6 | %
Total Lodging net revenue |  | 158,194 |  |  | 137,941 |  |  | 14.7 | %
Lodging operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Labor and labor-related benefits |  | 76,412 |  |  | 57,738 |  |  | 32.3 | %
General and administrative |  | 34,761 |  |  | 26,233 |  |  | 32.5 | %
Other |  | 46,764 |  |  | 38,449 |  |  | 21.6 | %
|  | 157,937 |  |  | 122,420 |  |  | 29.0 | %
Reimbursed payroll costs |  | 8,667 |  |  | 3,602 |  |  | 140.6 | %
Total Lodging operating expense |  | 166,604 |  |  | 126,022 |  |  | 32.2 | %
Lodging Reported EBITDA |  | $ | (8,410) |  |  | $ | 11,919 |  |  | (170.6) | %
Owned hotel statistics(1): |  |  |  |  |  |
ADR |  | $ | 297.69 |  |  | $ | 296.18 |  |  | 0.5 | %
RevPAR |  | $ | 151.19 |  |  | $ | 164.96 |  |  | (8.3) | %
Managed condominium statistics: |  |  |  |  |  |
ADR |  | $ | 405.00 |  |  | $ | 371.67 |  |  | 9.0 | %
RevPAR |  | $ | 112.21 |  |  | $ | 101.49 |  |  | 10.6 | %
Owned hotel and managed condominium statistics (combined): |  |  |  |  |  |
ADR |  | $ | 365.05 |  |  | $ | 353.76 |  |  | 3.2 | %
RevPAR |  | $ | 121.74 |  |  | $ | 121.13 |  |  | 0.5 | %

(1) Owned hotel RevPAR for the six months ended January 31, 2023 declined from the prior comparative period primarily due to the inclusion of properties acquired through the Seven Springs Resorts for the full year to date period, compared to only being included for one month in the prior year period, partially offset by price increases at our other lodging properties.
Lodging Reported EBITDA includes $2.0 million of stock-based compensation expense for both the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022.
Lodging Reported EBITDA decreased $20.3 million, or 170.6%, primarily driven by an increase in labor and labor-related benefits and general and administrative expense, including investments in employee wages and salaries and increased headcount to support more normalized staffing and operations at our lodging properties, and an increase in expenses due to inflation.
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Revenue from owned hotel rooms increased $2.0 million, or 5.6%, primarily due to incremental revenue from the Seven Springs Resorts of $4.2 million for the comparable period they were not owned in the prior year, partially offset by a reduction in revenue from the DoubleTree at Breckenridge hotel, which we sold after the 2021/2022 ski season. Revenue from managed condominium rooms decreased $2.0 million, or 4.4%, primarily due to decreased revenue at our lodging properties proximate to our western U.S. Resorts as a result of a reduction of available rooms in our managed rooms inventory. Dining revenue increased $11.4 million, or 60.9%, primarily due to incremental revenue from the Seven Springs Resorts of $7.2 million for the comparable period they were not owned in the prior year, as well as increases in revenue at our other lodging properties as a result of fewer COVID-19 related limitations and restrictions as compared to the prior year. Other revenue increased $3.3 million, or 15.0%, primarily due to increases in ancillary revenue associated with the return to more normalized operations, as well as incremental revenue from the Seven Springs Resorts of $1.2 million for the comparable period they were not owned in the prior year.
Operating expense (excluding reimbursed payroll costs) increased 29.0%. Labor and labor-related benefits increased 32.3%, primarily due to investments in employee wages and salaries, and increased headcount to support more normalized staffing and operations at our lodging properties as compared to prior year, as well as incremental costs from the Seven Springs Resorts of $6.8 million for the comparable period they were not owned in the prior year. General and administrative expense increased 32.5% compared to the prior year, due to an increase in costs across nearly all corporate functions, and particularly for our central reservations booking service, which were primarily driven by employee wage and salary investments. Other expense increased 21.6%, primarily related to increases in variable expenses associated with increased revenues, as well as incremental costs from the Seven Springs Resorts of $4.2 million for the comparable period they were not owned in the prior year.
Revenue from payroll cost reimbursement and the corresponding reimbursed payroll costs relate to payroll costs at managed hotel properties where we are the employer and all payroll costs are reimbursed by the owners of the properties under contractual arrangements. Since the reimbursements are made based upon the costs incurred with no added margin, the revenue and corresponding expense have no effect on our Lodging Reported EBITDA.
Real Estate Segment
Our Real Estate net revenue is primarily determined by the timing of closings and the mix of real estate sold in any given period. Different types of projects have different revenue and profit margins; therefore, as the real estate inventory mix changes, it can greatly impact Real Estate segment net revenue, operating expense, gain or loss on sale of real property and Real Estate Reported EBITDA.
Three months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended January 31, 2022
Real Estate segment operating results for the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented by category as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Percentage Increase (Decrease)
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Total Real Estate net revenue |  | $ | 7,699 |  |  | $ | 180 |  |  | 4,177.2 | %
Real Estate operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales |  | 5,146 |  |  | — |  |  | nm
Other |  | 1,164 |  |  | 1,511 |  |  | (23.0) | %
Total Real Estate operating expense |  | 6,310 |  |  | 1,511 |  |  | 317.6 | %
Gain on sale of real property |  | 757 |  |  | 931 |  |  | (18.7) | %
Real Estate Reported EBITDA |  | $ | 2,146 |  |  | $ | (400) |  |  | 636.5 | %

During the three months ended January 31, 2023, we closed on the sale of a land parcel in Keystone for $7.5 million, which was recorded within Real Estate net revenue, with a corresponding cost of sale of $5.1 million.
Other operating expense for both the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 was primarily comprised of general and administrative costs, such as labor and labor-related benefits, professional services and allocated corporate overhead costs.
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Six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the six months ended January 31, 2022
Real Estate segment operating results for the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented by category as follows (in thousands):

|  | Six Months Ended January 31, |  | Percentage Increase (Decrease)
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Total Real Estate net revenue |  | $ | 7,812 |  |  | $ | 495 |  |  | 1,478.2 | %
Real Estate operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales (including sales commission) |  | 5,146 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 2,009.0 | %
Other |  | 2,546 |  |  | 2,737 |  |  | (7.0) | %
Total Real Estate operating expense |  | 7,692 |  |  | 2,981 |  |  | 158.0 | %
Gain on sale of real property |  | 757 |  |  | 962 |  |  | (21.3) | %
Real Estate Reported EBITDA |  | $ | 877 |  |  | $ | (1,524) |  |  | 157.5 | %

During the six months ended January 31, 2023, we closed on the sale of a land parcel in Keystone for $7.5 million, which was recorded within Real Estate net revenue, with a corresponding cost of sale of $5.1 million.
Other operating expense for both the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 was primarily comprised of general and administrative costs, such as labor and labor-related benefits, professional services and allocated corporate overhead costs.
Other Items
In addition to segment operating results, the following material items contributed to our overall financial results for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Six Months Ended January 31, |  | Increase (Decrease)
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Depreciation and amortization | $ | (65,989) |  |  | $ | (62,070) |  |  | 6.3 | % |  | $ | (130,603) |  |  | $ | (123,559) |  |  | 5.7 | %
Change in estimated fair value of contingent consideration | $ | (1,100) |  |  | $ | (16,780) |  |  | (93.4) | % |  | $ | (1,736) |  |  | $ | (18,780) |  |  | (90.8) | %
Foreign currency gain (loss) on intercompany loans | $ | 2,338 |  |  | $ | (2,870) |  |  | 181.5 | % |  | $ | (3,797) |  |  | $ | (2,039) |  |  | (86.2) | %
(Loss) gain on disposal of fixed assets and other, net | $ | (1,780) |  |  | $ | 7,347 |  |  | (124.2) | % |  | $ | (1,786) |  |  | $ | 16,214 |  |  | (111.0) | %
Investment income and other, net | $ | 7,108 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | 2,665.8 | % |  | $ | 9,994 |  |  | $ | 756 |  |  | 1,222.0 | %
(Provision for) benefit from income taxes | $ | (79,032) |  |  | $ | (52,049) |  |  | 51.8 | % |  | $ | (21,026) |  |  | $ | 7,804 |  |  | (369.4) | %
Effective tax rate | (26.4) | % |  | (18.2) | % |  | (8.2) pts |  | (21.5) | % |  | 9.3 | % |  | (30.8) pts

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 increased $3.9 million and $7.0 million, respectively, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to assets acquired in the acquisitions of the Seven Springs Resorts and Andermatt-Sedrun.
Change in estimated fair value of contingent consideration. Change in estimated fair value of contingent consideration for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 decreased $15.7 million and $17.0 million, respectively, primarily related to a decrease in the estimated contingent consideration payment related to Park City performance for Fiscal 2023 compared to the fiscal year ended July 31, 2022. Estimates for contingent consideration payments relating to each fiscal year are preliminary as of January 31, as only half of the Park City ski season has elapsed, and therefore adjustments to the estimated liability in future periods could be material once the full season has elapsed.
Foreign currency gain (loss) on intercompany loans. Foreign currency gain (loss) on intercompany loans for the three months ended January 31, 2023 increased $5.2 million as a result of the value of the Canadian dollar increasing relative to the U.S. dollar compared to the same period in the prior year. Foreign currency loss on intercompany loans for the six months ended January 31, 2023 increased $1.8 million as a result of the value of the Canadian dollar decreasing relative to the U.S. dollar compared to the same period in the prior year. This activity is associated with an intercompany loan from Vail Holdings, Inc. to Whistler Blackcomb, which requires foreign currency remeasurement to Canadian dollars, the functional currency for Whistler Blackcomb. As a result, foreign currency fluctuations associated with the loan are recorded within our results of operations.
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(Loss) gain on disposal of fixed assets and other, net. Gain on disposal of fixed assets and other, net for the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 included $7.9 million from the sale of an administrative building in Avon, CO. Gain on disposal of fixed assets and other, net for the six months ended January 31, 2022 also included proceeds from the NPS related to a partial payment for leasehold surrender interest at GTLC associated with assets that have been fully depreciated by the Company. This payment was made at the request of the NPS.
Investment income and other, net. Investment income and other, net for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 increased $6.9 million and $9.2 million, respectively, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily as a result of increased deposits into short-term investments, as well as an increase in earned interest rates.
(Provision for) benefit from income taxes. At the end of each interim period, the Company estimates the annual effective tax rate and applies that rate to its ordinary quarterly earnings. The tax expense or benefit related to significant, unusual or extraordinary items that will be separately reported or reported net of their related tax effect are individually computed and recognized in the interim period in which those items occur. In addition, the effects of changes in enacted tax laws or rates or tax status are recognized in the interim period in which the change occurs. The effective tax rate (provision) benefit for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 was (26.4)% and (21.5)%, respectively, compared to (18.2)% and 9.3%, respectively, for the three and six months ended January 31, 2022.
The increase in the effective tax rates for both the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 was primarily due to an increase in expected full year pre-tax book income in the current period, as well as a reduction in favorable permanent and discrete items, including excess tax benefits from employee share award exercises (which decreased $13.6 million and $17.2 million for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 as compared to the prior year periods, respectively).
Reconciliation of Segment Earnings and Net Debt
The following table reconciles net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. to Total Reported EBITDA for the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended January 31, |  | Six Months Ended January 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income attributable to Vail Resorts, Inc. | $ | 208,679 |  |  | $ | 223,391 |  |  | $ | 71,708 |  |  | $ | 84,059 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 11,440 |  |  | 10,539 |  |  | 4,851 |  |  | 7,350 |
Net income | 220,119 |  |  | 233,930 |  |  | 76,559 |  |  | 91,409 |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 79,032 |  |  | 52,049 |  |  | 21,026 |  |  | (7,804) |
Income before provision for (benefit from) income taxes | 299,151 |  |  | 285,979 |  |  | 97,585 |  |  | 83,605 |
Depreciation and amortization | 65,989 |  |  | 62,070 |  |  | 130,603 |  |  | 123,559 |
Loss (gain) on disposal of fixed assets and other, net | 1,780 |  |  | (7,347) |  |  | 1,786 |  |  | (16,214) |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration | 1,100 |  |  | 16,780 |  |  | 1,736 |  |  | 18,780 |
Investment income and other, net | (7,108) |  |  | (257) |  |  | (9,994) |  |  | (756) |
Foreign currency (gain) loss on intercompany loans | (2,338) |  |  | 2,870 |  |  | 3,797 |  |  | 2,039 |
Interest expense, net | 38,370 |  |  | 37,366 |  |  | 73,672 |  |  | 76,911 |
Total Reported EBITDA | $ | 396,944 |  |  | $ | 397,461 |  |  | $ | 299,185 |  |  | $ | 287,924 |
Mountain Reported EBITDA | $ | 398,851 |  |  | $ | 388,493 |  |  | $ | 306,718 |  |  | $ | 277,529 |
Lodging Reported EBITDA | (4,053) |  |  | 9,368 |  |  | (8,410) |  |  | 11,919 |
Resort Reported EBITDA | 394,798 |  |  | 397,861 |  |  | 298,308 |  |  | 289,448 |
Real Estate Reported EBITDA | 2,146 |  |  | (400) |  |  | 877 |  |  | (1,524) |
Total Reported EBITDA | $ | 396,944 |  |  | $ | 397,461 |  |  | $ | 299,185 |  |  | $ | 287,924 |

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The following table reconciles long-term debt, net to Net Debt (in thousands):

|  | January 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Long-term debt, net |  | $ | 2,789,827 |  |  | $ | 2,695,589 |
Long-term debt due within one year |  | 69,582 |  |  | 63,746 |
Total debt |  | 2,859,409 |  |  | 2,759,335 |
Less: cash and cash equivalents |  | 1,295,252 |  |  | 1,407,019 |
Net Debt |  | $ | 1,564,157 |  |  | $ | 1,352,316 |

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Changes in significant sources of cash for the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented by categories as follows (in thousands).

| Six Months Ended January 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 605,493 |  |  | $ | 611,329 |  |  |  |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (206,025) |  |  | $ | (225,532) |  |  |  |
Net cash used in financing activities | $ | (201,377) |  |  | $ | (220,693) |  |  |  |

Six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the six months ended January 31, 2022
We generated $605.5 million of cash from operating activities during the six months ended January 31, 2023, a decrease of $5.8 million compared to $611.3 million generated during the six months ended January 31, 2022. The decrease in operating cash flows was primarily a result of decreased Mountain and Lodging segment results (excluding pass product revenue) for the six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the prior year, an increase in income taxes paid of $12.8 million and an increase in cash interest payments of $8.7 million. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in pass and other product sales and receivable collections of approximately $63.3 million, and a decrease inventory purchases of $10.7 million. Additionally, we generated $7.5 million of proceeds from real estate land parcel sales during the six months ended January 31, 2023.
Cash used in investing activities for the six months ended January 31, 2023 decreased by $19.5 million primarily due to the prior year acquisition of the Seven Springs Resorts for $118.1 million, as well as the return of a cash deposit of approximately $114.5 million (CHF 110.0 million) made in July 2022 as a result of the consolidation of Andermatt-Sedrun in the current year, which closed on August 3, 2022. The cash deposit was invested into Andermatt-Sedrun, which is consolidated in our consolidated condensed financial statements subsequent to the acquisition being completed. These decreases were partially offset by (i) $86.8 million of short-term investments in bank deposits in the current year, which were invested in deposits with maturity dates of more than three months at the date of purchase and are therefore not reflected as cash equivalents; (ii) an increase in capital expenditures of approximately $77.8 million as compared to the prior year, driven by our significant investment in lift upgrades in calendar year 2022; (iii) $38.6 million of cash paid to Andermatt Swiss Alps AG upon closing the acquisition of Andermatt-Sedrun, net of cash acquired, on August 3, 2022 and (iv) proceeds in the prior year due to payment from the NPS related to a leasehold surrender interest at GTLC associated with assets that had been fully depreciated by the Company, which did not recur in the current year.
Cash used in financing activities decreased by $19.3 million during the six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the six months ended January 31, 2022, primarily due to a decrease in debt repayments, including the prior year repayment associated with the maturity of the EB-5 Development Notes, which were assumed in our acquisition of Peak Resorts, Inc. ($51.5 million) and net payments under the revolver component of our Whistler Credit Agreement ($23.1 million), as well as a decrease in employee taxes paid for share award exercises ($32.1 million), partially offset by an increase in dividends paid of $82.7 million.
Significant Sources of Cash
We had $1.3 billion of cash and cash equivalents as of January 31, 2023, compared to $1.4 billion as of January 31, 2022. We currently anticipate that our Mountain and Lodging segment operating results will continue to provide a significant source of future operating cash flows (primarily generated in our second and third fiscal quarters).
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In addition to our $1.3 billion of cash and cash equivalents at January 31, 2023, we had $414.6 million available under the revolver component of our Vail Holdings Credit Agreement as of January 31, 2023 (which represents the total commitment of $500.0 million less outstanding letters of credit of $85.4 million). Additionally, we had C$281.6 million ($211.7 million) available under the revolver component of our Whistler Credit Agreement (which represents the total commitment of C$300.0 million ($225.5 million) less outstanding borrowings of C$15.0 million ($11.3 million) and certain outstanding letters of credit of C$3.4 million ($2.5 million). We expect that our liquidity needs in the near term will be met by continued use of our existing cash and cash equivalents, operating cash flows and borrowings under both the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement and Whistler Credit Agreement, if needed. The Vail Holdings Credit Agreement and the Whistler Credit Agreement provide adequate flexibility with any new borrowings currently priced at SOFR plus a spread of 1.35% and Bankers Acceptance Rate plus 1.75%, respectively.
Significant Uses of Cash
Capital Expenditures
We have historically invested significant amounts of cash in capital expenditures for our resort operations, and we expect to continue to do so, subject to operating performance particularly as it relates to discretionary projects. In addition, we may incur capital expenditures for retained ownership interests associated with third-party real estate development projects. Currently planned capital expenditures primarily include investments that will allow us to maintain our high-quality standards for the guest experience, as well as certain incremental discretionary improvements at our Resorts, throughout our owned hotels and in technology that can impact the full network. We evaluate additional discretionary capital improvements based on an expected level of return on investment.
We currently anticipate we will spend approximately $180 million to $185 million on resort capital expenditures during calendar year 2023, excluding one-time investments related to integration activities, deferred capital associated with the Keystone and Park City projects, $5 million of reimbursable investments associated with insurance recoveries, and $10 million of growth capital investments at Andermatt-Sedrun. Including these one-time items, our total capital plan for calendar year 2023 is expected to be approximately $206 million to $211 million. Included in these estimated capital expenditures are approximately $112 million to $117 million of maintenance capital expenditures (excluding Andermatt-Sedrun), which are necessary to maintain appearance and level of service appropriate to our resort operations. We currently plan to utilize cash on hand, borrowings available under our credit agreements and/or cash flow generated from future operations to provide the cash necessary to complete our capital plans.
Acquisitions
On August 3, 2022, we acquired a majority stake in Andermatt-Sedrun, which was funded with cash on hand. The purchase price was comprised of a $114.4 million (CHF 110.0 million) investment into Andermatt-Sedrun for use in capital investments to enhance the guest experience on the mountain and $41.3 million (CHF 39.3 million) paid to the seller. As of August 3, 2022 the total fair value of the consideration paid was $155.4 million (CHF 149.3 million).
Debt
As of January 31, 2023, principal payments on the majority of our long-term debt ($2.8 billion of the total $2.9 billion debt outstanding as of January 31, 2023) are not due until fiscal year 2025 and beyond. As of January 31, 2023, total long-term debt, net (including long-term debt due within one year) was $2.9 billion, compared to $2.8 billion as of January 31, 2022. Net Debt (defined as long-term debt, net plus long-term debt due within one year less cash and cash equivalents) increased from $1.4 billion as of January 31, 2022 to $1.6 billion as of January 31, 2023.
As of January 31, 2023, the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement provides for (i) a revolving loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $500.0 million and (ii) a term loan facility of $1.0 billion. We expect that our liquidity needs in the near term will be met by continued use of cash on hand, operating cash flows and borrowings under the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement and the Whistler Credit Agreement.
Our debt service requirements can be impacted by changing interest rates as we had approximately $0.7 billion of variable-rate debt outstanding as of January 31, 2023. A 100-basis point change in our borrowing rates would cause our annual interest payments to change by approximately $7.1 million. Additionally, the annual payments associated with the financing of the Canyons Resort transaction increase by the greater of CPI less 1%, or 2%. The fluctuation in our debt service requirements, in addition to interest rate and inflation changes, may be impacted by future borrowings under our credit agreements or other alternative financing arrangements we may enter into. Our long term liquidity needs depend upon operating results that impact the borrowing capacity under our credit agreements, which can be mitigated by adjustments to capital expenditures, flexibility of investment activities and the ability to obtain favorable future financing. We can respond to liquidity impacts of changes in
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the business and economic environment by managing our capital expenditures, variable operating expenses, the timing of new real estate development activity and the payment of cash dividends on our common stock.
Dividend Payments
On March 7, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a cash dividend of $2.06 per share payable on April 11, 2023 to stockholders of record as of March 27, 2023. For the six months ended January 31, 2023, we paid cash dividends of $3.82 per share ($154.0 million in the aggregate). We funded the dividend with available cash on hand. The amount, if any, of dividends to be paid in the future will depend on our available cash on hand, anticipated cash needs, overall financial condition, restrictions contained in our Vail Holdings Credit Agreement, future prospects for earnings and cash flows, as well as other factors considered relevant by our Board of Directors.
Share Repurchase Program
Our share repurchase program is conducted under authorizations made from time to time by our Board of Directors. On March 9, 2006, our Board of Directors initially authorized the repurchase of up to 3,000,000 shares of Vail Resorts common stock (“Vail Shares”) and later authorized additional repurchases of up to 3,000,000 Vail Shares (July 16, 2008) and 1,500,000 Vail Shares (December 4, 2015), for a total authorization to repurchase up to 7,500,000 Vail Shares. We did not repurchase any Vail Shares during the six months ended January 31, 2023 or 2022. Since inception of this stock repurchase program through January 31, 2023, we have repurchased 6,465,708 Vail Shares at a cost of approximately $479.4 million. As of January 31, 2023, 1,034,292 Vail Shares remained available to repurchase under the existing repurchase authorization. On March 7, 2023, our Board of Directors approved an increase in the number of shares authorized to be repurchased under the share repurchase program by an additional 2,500,000 Vail Shares. As a result, 3,534,292 Vail Shares are available to purchase under the share repurchase program. Vail Shares purchased pursuant to the repurchase program will be held as treasury shares and may be used for the issuance of shares under our share award plan. Repurchases under the program may be made from time to time at prevailing prices as permitted by applicable laws, and subject to market conditions and other factors. The timing as well as the number of Vail Shares that may be repurchased under the program will depend on several factors, including our future financial performance, our available cash resources and competing uses for cash that may arise in the future, the restrictions in our Vail Holdings Credit Agreement, prevailing prices of Vail Shares and the number of Vail Shares that become available for sale at prices that we believe are attractive. The share repurchase program has no expiration date.
Covenants and Limitations
We must abide by certain restrictive financial covenants under our credit agreements. The most restrictive of those covenants include the following covenants: for the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement, Net Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio, Secured Net Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio and the Interest Coverage ratio (each as defined in the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement); for the Whistler Credit Agreement, Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio and Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio (each as defined in the Whistler Credit Agreement); and for the EPR Secured Notes, Maximum Leverage Ratio and Consolidated Fixed Charge Ratio (each as defined in the EPR Agreements). Additionally, the New Regional Policy loan between Andermatt-Sedrun and the Canton of Uri and Canton of Graubünden dated June 24, 2016 includes restrictive covenants requiring certain minimum financial results (as defined in the agreement). In addition, our financing arrangements limit our ability to make certain restricted payments, pay dividends on or redeem or repurchase stock, make certain investments and make certain affiliate transfers, and may limit our ability to enter into certain mergers, consolidations or sales of assets and incur certain indebtedness. Our borrowing availability under the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement is primarily determined by the Net Funded Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio, which is based on our segment operating performance, as defined in the Vail Holdings Credit Agreement. Our borrowing availability under the Whistler Credit Agreement is primarily determined based on the commitment size of the credit facility and our compliance with the terms of the Whistler Credit Agreement.
We were in compliance with all restrictive financial covenants in our debt instruments as of January 31, 2023. We expect that we will meet all applicable financial maintenance covenants in effect in our credit agreements through the next twelve months. However, there can be no assurance we will meet such financial covenants. If such covenants are not met, we would be required to seek a waiver or amendment from the banks participating in the credit agreements. There can be no assurance that such waivers or amendments would be granted, which could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity.
OFF BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
We do not have off balance sheet transactions that are expected to have a material effect on our financial condition, revenue, expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
There were no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as reported in our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2022.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Except for any historical information contained herein, the matters discussed or incorporated by reference in this Form 10-Q contain certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These statements relate to analyses and other information available as of the date hereof, which are based on forecasts of future results and estimates of amounts not yet determinable. These statements also relate to our contemplated future prospects, developments and business strategies.
These forward-looking statements are identified by their use of terms and phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “will” and similar terms and phrases, including references to assumptions. Although we believe that our plans, intentions and expectations reflected in or suggested by such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure you that such plans, intentions or expectations will be achieved. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:
•the economy generally, and our business and results of operations, including the ultimate amount of refunds that we would be required to refund to our pass product holders for qualifying circumstances under our Epic Coverage program;
•prolonged weakness in general economic conditions, including adverse effects on the overall travel and leisure related industries;
•the COVID-19 pandemic, and its impact on the travel and leisure industry generally, and our financial condition and operations;
•unfavorable weather conditions or the impact of natural disasters;
•the willingness or ability of our guests to travel due to terrorism, the uncertainty of military conflicts or outbreaks of contagious diseases (such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic), and the cost and availability of travel options and changing consumer preferences or willingness to travel;
•risks related to travel and airline disruptions, and other adverse impacts on the ability of our guests to travel;
•risks related to interruptions or disruptions of our information technology systems, data security or cyberattacks;
•risks related to our reliance on information technology, including our failure to maintain the integrity of our customer or employee data and our ability to adapt to technological developments or industry trends;
•the seasonality of our business combined with adverse events that may occur during our peak operating periods;
•competition in our mountain and lodging businesses or with other recreational and leisure activities;
•risks related to the high fixed cost structure of our business;
•our ability to fund resort capital expenditures;
•risks related to a disruption in our water supply that would impact our snowmaking capabilities and operations;
•our reliance on government permits or approvals for our use of public land or to make operational and capital improvements;
•risks related to federal, state, local and foreign government laws, rules and regulations, including environmental and health and safety laws and regulations;
•risks related to changes in security and privacy laws and regulations which could increase our operating costs and adversely affect our ability to market our products, properties and services effectively;
•potential failure to adapt to technological developments or industry trends regarding information technology;
•risks related to our workforce, including increased labor costs, loss of key personnel and our ability to maintain adequate staffing, including hiring and retaining a sufficient seasonal workforce;
•a deterioration in the quality or reputation of our brands, including our ability to protect our intellectual property and the risk of accidents at our mountain resorts;
•our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses, including their integration into our internal controls and infrastructure; our ability to successfully navigate new markets, including Europe; or that acquired businesses may fail to perform in accordance with expectations, including the Seven Springs Resorts and Andermatt-Sedrun;
•risks associated with international operations;
•risks associated with the effects of high or prolonged inflation;
•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates where the Company has foreign currency exposure, primarily the Canadian and Australian dollars and the Swiss franc, as compared to the U.S. dollar;
•changes in tax laws, regulations or interpretations, or adverse determinations by taxing authorities;
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•risks related to our indebtedness and our ability to satisfy our debt service requirements under our outstanding debt including our unsecured senior notes, which could reduce our ability to use our cash flow to fund our operations, capital expenditures, future business opportunities and other purposes;
•a materially adverse change in our financial condition;
•adverse consequences of current or future litigation and legal claims;
•changes in accounting judgments and estimates, accounting principles, policies or guidelines; and
•other risks and uncertainties included under Part 1. Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2022.
All forward-looking statements attributable to us or any persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements.
If one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or if underlying assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from those expected, estimated or projected. Given these uncertainties, users of the information included or incorporated by reference in this Form 10-Q, including investors and prospective investors, are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements that we make for a number of reasons including those described above and in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Form 10-K. All forward-looking statements are made only as of the date hereof. Except as may be required by law, we do not intend to update these forward-looking statements, even if new information, future events or other circumstances have made them incorrect or misleading.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest Rate Risk. Our exposure to market risk is limited primarily to the fluctuating interest rates associated with variable rate indebtedness. As of January 31, 2023, we had approximately $0.7 billion of variable rate indebtedness (after taking into consideration $400.0 million in interest rate swaps which converts variable-rate debt to fixed-rate debt), representing approximately 25% of our total debt outstanding, at an average interest rate during the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 of approximately 5.4% and 4.7%, respectively. Based on variable-rate borrowings outstanding as of January 31, 2023, a 100-basis point (or 1.0%) change in our borrowing rates would result in our annual interest payments changing by approximately $7.1 million. Our market risk exposure fluctuates based on changes in underlying interest rates.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk. We are exposed to currency translation risk because the results of our international entities are reported in local currency, which we then translate to U.S. dollars for inclusion in our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements. As a result, changes between the foreign exchange rates, in particular the Canadian dollar, Australian dollar and Swiss franc compared to the U.S. dollar, affect the amounts we record for our foreign assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and could have a negative effect on our financial results. Additionally, we also have foreign currency transaction exposure from an intercompany loan to Whistler Blackcomb that is not deemed to be permanently invested, which has and could materially change due to fluctuations in the Canadian dollar exchange rate. The results of Whistler Blackcomb are reported in Canadian dollars, the results of our Australian resorts are reported in Australian dollars and the results of Andermatt-Sedrun are reported in Swiss francs, each of which we then translate to U.S. dollars for inclusion in our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements. We do not currently enter into hedging arrangements to minimize the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our operations.
The following table summarizes the amounts of foreign currency translation adjustments, representing losses, and foreign currency loss on intercompany loans recognized in comprehensive income (in thousands).

| Six Months Ended January 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Foreign currency translation adjustments | $ | (35,340) |  |  | $ | (33,720) |
Foreign currency loss on intercompany loans | $ | (3,797) |  |  | $ | (2,039) |

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Management of the Company, under the supervision and with participation of the Chief Executive Officer (the “CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (the “CFO”), evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s “disclosure controls and procedures” as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Act”), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Based upon their evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, the CEO and the CFO concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the CEO and the CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that such information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and forms.
The Company, including its CEO and CFO, does not expect that the Company’s controls and procedures will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived or operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.
Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended January 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
PART II OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are a party to various lawsuits arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe that we have adequate insurance coverage and/or have accrued for all loss contingencies for asserted and unasserted matters and that, although the ultimate outcome of such claims cannot be ascertained, current pending and threatened claims are not expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. See Notes to the Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements for additional information.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
There have been no material changes to the risk factors we previously disclosed in our Form 10-K, which was filed on September 28, 2022 as of and for the year ended July 31, 2022.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
None.
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
The following exhibits are either filed or furnished herewith or, if so indicated, incorporated by reference to the documents indicated in parentheses, which have previously been filed or furnished with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Exhibit Number | Description
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32 | Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the interactive data file as its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
101.SCH | XBRL Schema Document.
101.CAL | XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF | XBRL Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB | XBRL Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 | The cover page from this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, formatted in inline XBRL.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | Vail Resorts, Inc.
Date: March 9, 2023 | By: | /s/ Angela A. Korch
|  | Angela A. Korch
|  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)
Date: March 9, 2023 | By: | /s/ Nathan Gronberg
|  | Nathan Gronberg
|  | Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer
|  | (Principal Accounting Officer)