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Stock-Based Compensation Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation Plans | 11. Stock-Based Compensation Plans Employee Stock Purchase Plan On April 6, 2017, the board approved the 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2017 ESPP”), which was approved by shareholders at the 2017 Annual Shareholder meeting. The 2017 ESPP provides employees with an opportunity to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The 1999 Employee Stock Purchase Plan terminated upon the August 1, 2017, effective date of the 2017 ESPP. Under the Company’s 2017 ESPP, a total of 3,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock have been reserved for issuance to eligible employees. Participating employees are permitted to designate up to the lesser of $25,000 or 10% of their annual base compensation for the purchase of common stock under the ESPP. Purchases under the ESPP are made one calendar month after the end of each fiscal quarter. The price for shares of common stock purchased under the ESPP is 85% of the stock’s fair market value on the last business day of the three-month participation period. Shares issued under the ESPP during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, totaled 148,520; 158,194; and 188,453, respectively. Additionally, the discount offered pursuant to the Company’s ESPP discussed above is 15%, which exceeds the 5% non-compensatory guideline in ASC 718 and exceeds the Company’s estimated cost of raising capital. Consequently, the entire 15% discount to employees is deemed to be compensatory for purposes of calculating expense using a fair value method. Compensation expense related to the ESPP for each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, was approximately $0.5 million. Stock Incentive Plans – Active Plans 2016 Equity and Performance Incentive Plan On March 23, 2016, the board approved the 2016 Equity and Performance Incentive Plan (the “2016 Incentive Plan”). The 2016 Incentive Plan is intended to meet the Company’s objective of balancing stockholder concerns about dilution with the need to provide appropriate incentives to achieve Company performance objectives. The 2016 Incentive Plan was adopted by the stockholders on June 14, 2016. Following the adoption of the 2016 Incentive Plan, the 2005 Equity and Performance Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2005 Incentive Plan”) was terminated. Termination of the 2005 Incentive Plan did not affect any equity awards outstanding under the 2005 Incentive Plan. The 2016 Incentive Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted share and restricted share units, performance shares and performance units, and other awards (“awards”). Subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued or transferred in connection with awards granted under the 2016 Incentive Plan will be the sum of (i) 8,000,000 shares of common stock and (ii) any shares of common stock that are represented by options previously granted under the 2005 Incentive Plan which are forfeited, expire, or are canceled without delivery of common stock or which result in the forfeiture or relinquishment of common stock back to the Company. To the extent awards granted under the 2016 Incentive Plan terminate, expire, are canceled without being exercised, are forfeited or lapse for any reason, the shares of common stock subject to such award will again become available for grants under the 2016 Incentive Plan. The 2016 Incentive Plan expressly prohibits re-pricing stock options and appreciation rights. The 2016 Incentive Plan also, subject to certain limited exceptions, expressly requires a one-year vesting period for all stock options and appreciation rights. No eligible person selected by the board to receive awards (“participant”) will receive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted share awards, restricted share units, and other awards under the 2016 Incentive Plan, during any calendar year, for more than 3,000,000 shares of common stock. In addition, no participant may receive performance shares or performance units having an aggregate value on the date of grant in excess of $9,000,000 during any calendar year. Each of the limits described above may be adjusted equitably to accommodate a change in the capital structure of the Company. 2005 Equity and Performance Incentive Plan The Company had a 2005 Incentive Plan, as amended, under which shares of the Company’s common stock were reserved for issuance to eligible employees or non-employee directors of the Company. The 2005 Incentive Plan provided for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, performance awards, and other awards. The maximum number of shares of the Company’s common stock that was issued or transferred in connection with awards granted under the 2005 Incentive Plan was the sum of (i) 23,250,000 shares and (ii) any shares represented by outstanding options that had been granted under designated terminated stock option plans that were subsequently forfeited, expired, or are canceled without delivery of the Company’s common stock. Stock Options Stock options granted pursuant to the 2016 Incentive Plan are granted at an exercise price not less than the market value per share of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Under the 2016 Incentive Plan, the term of the outstanding options may not exceed ten years nor be less than one year. Vesting of options is determined by the compensation committee of the board and the administrator of the 2016 Incentive Plan and can vary based upon the individual award agreements. In addition, outstanding options do not have dividend equivalent rights associated with them under the 2016 Incentive Plan. A summary of stock option activity under the various stock incentive plans previously described is as follows:
Stock Options |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price ($) |  |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value of In-the-Money Options ($) |
Outstanding, December 31, 2017 |  |  | 6,162,717 |  |  | $ | 16.83 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 170,455 |  |  |  | 23.36 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | (1,379,704 | ) |  |  | 14.26 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (88,632 | ) |  |  | 18.56 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, December 31, 2018 |  |  | 4,864,836 |  |  | $ | 17.76 |  |  |  | 6.09 |  |  | $ | 48,214,530 |
Exercisable, December 31, 2018 |  |  | 3,416,715 |  |  | $ | 17.04 |  |  |  | 5.43 |  |  | $ | 36,309,807 |
The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, was $7.03, $6.24, and $5.59, respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, was $15.8 million, $13.4 million, and $6.8 million, respectively. The fair value of options granted in the respective fiscal years are estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, acceptable under ASC 718, with the following weighted-average assumptions:
|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Expected life (years) |  |  | 5.6 |  |  |  | 5.6 |  |  |  | 5.9 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 2.7 | % |  |  | 1.9 | % |  |  | 1.2 | %
Expected volatility |  |  | 26.4 | % |  |  | 29.4 | % |  |  | 29.7 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Expected volatilities are based on the Company’s historical common stock volatility, derived from historical stock price data for periods commensurate with the options’ expected life. The expected life of options granted represents the period of time options are expected to be outstanding, based primarily on historical employee option exercise behavior. The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero coupon bonds issued with a term equal to the expected life at the date of grant of the options. The expected dividend yield is zero, as the Company has historically paid no dividends and does not anticipate dividends to be paid in the future. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company granted supplemental stock options with three tranches at a grant date fair value of $7.46, $7.06, and $6.50, respectively, per share. These options vest, if at all, based upon (i) tranche one – any time after the third anniversary date if the stock has traded at 133% of the exercise price for at least 20 consecutive trading days, (ii) tranche two – any time after the fourth anniversary date if the stock has traded at 167% of the exercise price for at least 20 consecutive trading days, and (iii) tranche three – any time after the fifth anniversary date if the stock has traded at 200% of the exercise price for at least 20 consecutive trading days. The employees must remain employed with the Company as of the anniversary date for the supplemental stock options to vest. The exercise price of these options is the closing market price on the date the awards were granted. With respect to supplemental stock options granted that vest based on the achievement of certain market conditions, the grant date fair value was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model with the following weighted-average assumptions:
|  | Year Ended |
|  | December 31, 2016 |
Expected life (years) |  |  | 7.5 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 1.6 | %
Expected volatility |  |  | 41.6 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | — |
Long-term Incentive Program Performance Share Awards During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, pursuant to the Company’s 2016 Incentive Plan and 2005 Incentive Plan, the Company granted long-term incentive program performance share awards (“LTIP performance shares”). These LTIP performance shares are earned, if at all, based upon the achievement, over a specified period that must not be less than one year and is typically a three-year performance period, of performance goals related to (i) the compound annual growth over the performance period in the sales for the Company as determined by the Company, and (ii) the cumulative operating income or EBITDA over the performance period as determined by the Company. Up to 200% of the LTIP performance shares may be earned upon achievement of performance goals equal to or exceeding the maximum target levels for the performance goals over the performance period. On a quarterly basis, management must evaluate the probability that the threshold performance goals will be achieved, if at all, and the anticipated level of attainment to determine the amount of compensation expense to record in the consolidated financial statements. During the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company revised the expected attainment rates for the awards granted in fiscal 2015 and 2016 from 100% to 0% and 65%, respectively, due to changes in actual and forecasted sales and operating income. During the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company revised the expected attainment rates for the awards granted in fiscal year 2016, excluding the 2016 supplemental awards, from 65% to 0%. The expected attainment rate for the 2017 grants remains at 100%. A summary of the nonvested LTIP performance shares are as follows:
Nonvested LTIP Performance Shares |  | Number of Shares at Expected Attainment |  |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Nonvested at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 1,125,035 |  |  | $ | 18.94 |
Forfeited |  |  | (93,147 | ) |  |  | 19.26 |
Change in expected attainment for 2016 grants |  |  | (491,191 | ) |  |  | 17.91 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 540,697 |  |  | $ | 19.83 |
Restricted Share Awards During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, pursuant to the Company’s 2016 Incentive Plan and 2005 Incentive Plan, the Company granted RSAs. The awards have requisite service periods of three years and vest in increments of 33% on the anniversary of the grant dates. Under each arrangement, shares are issued without direct cost to the employee. RSAs granted to our board vest one year from grant or as of the next annual shareholders meeting, whichever is earlier. The Company estimates the fair value of the RSAs based upon the market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant. The RSA grants provide for the payment of dividends on the Company’s common stock, if any, to the participant during the requisite service period, and the participant has voting rights for each share of common stock. The Company recognizes compensation expense for RSAs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.
A summary of nonvested RSAs are as follows:
Nonvested Restricted Share Awards |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Nonvested at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 503,237 |  |  | $ | 20.63 |
Vested |  |  | (231,473 | ) |  |  | 21.20 |
Forfeited |  |  | (58,427 | ) |  |  | 19.92 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 213,337 |  |  | $ | 20.21 |
During the year ended December 31, 2018, a total of 231,473 RSAs vested. The Company withheld 41,973 of those shares to pay the employees’ portion of the minimum payroll withholding taxes. Performance-Based Restricted Share Awards During the year ended December 31, 2015, pursuant to the Company’s 2005 Incentive Plan, the Company granted performance-based restricted share awards (“PBRSAs”). The PBRSA grants provided for the payment of dividends on the Company’s common stock, if any, to the participant during the requisite service period, and the participant had voting rights for each share of common stock. These PBRSAs were earned, if at all, based upon the achievement of performance goals over a performance period and completion of the service period. The PBRSAs granted on June 9, 2015, had a graded-vesting period of three years (33% vest each year) and were subject to performance targets based on the Company’s EBITDA. The first 33% of the PBRSAs issued vested subject to meeting the EBITDA target for the year ending December 31, 2015. The remaining 66% of the PBRSAs issued vested 33% at the end of year two and 33% at the end of year three, subject to meeting the EBITDA target for the year ending December 31, 2016. The PBRSAs granted on September 15, 2015, had a vesting period of 1.3 years and were subject to performance targets based on the Company’s EBITDA for the year ending December 31, 2016. In no event did any of the PBRSAs become earned if the Company’s EBITDA was below a predetermined minimum threshold level at the conclusion of the performance period. Assuming achievement of the predetermined EBITDA threshold level, up to 150% of the PBRSAs were earned upon achievement of performance goals equal to or exceeding the maximum target levels for the performance goals over the performance period. On a quarterly basis, management evaluated the probability that the threshold performance goals were achieved, if at all, and the anticipated level of attainment to determine the amount of compensation expense to record in the consolidated financial statements. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the first tranche of the June 9th grant vested at 90.4%. During the first quarter of the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company revised the attainment rate for the second and third tranches of the June 9th grant and the September 15th grant from 100% to 98% due to actual EBITDA achieved. The Company recognized compensation expense for PBRSAs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods. A summary of nonvested PBRSAs are as follows:
Nonvested Performance-Based Restricted Share Awards |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Nonvested as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 173,636 |  |  | $ | 24.41 |
Vested |  |  | (173,636 | ) |  |  | 24.41 |
Nonvested as of December 31, 2018 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
During the years ended December 31, 2018, a total of 173,636 PBRSAs vested. The Company withheld 64,699 of those shares to pay the employees’ portion of the minimum payroll withholding taxes. Total Shareholder Return Awards During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, pursuant to the 2016 Incentive Plan, the Company granted total shareholder return awards (“TSRs”). TSRs are performance shares that are earned, if at all, based upon the Company’s total shareholder return as compared to a group of peer companies over a three-year performance period. The award payout can range from 0% to 200%. To determine the grant date fair value of the TSRs, a Monte Carlo simulation model is used. The Company recognizes compensation expense for the TSRs over a three-year performance period based on the grant date fair value. The grant date fair value of the TSRs was estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions:
|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Expected life (years) |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 2.9 |
Interest rate |  |  | 2.4 | % |  |  | 1.5 | %
Volatility |  |  | 28.0 | % |  |  | 26.5 | %
Dividend Yield |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
A summary of nonvested TSRs are as follows:
Nonvested Total Shareholder Return Awards |  | Number of Shares at Expected Attainment |  |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Nonvested as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 143,649 |  |  | $ | 24.37 |
Granted |  |  | 541,214 |  |  |  | 31.31 |
Forfeited |  |  | (42,855 | ) |  |  | 30.19 |
Change in attainment |  |  | 76,923 |  |  |  | 24.37 |
Nonvested as of December 31, 2018 |  |  | 718,931 |  |  | $ | 29.25 |
Restricted Share Units During the year ended December 31, 2018, pursuant to the 2016 Incentive Plan, the Company granted restricted share unit awards (“RSUs”). RSUs generally have requisite service periods of three years and vest in increments of 33% on the anniversary of the grant dates. Under each arrangement, RSUs are issued without direct cost to the employee on the vesting date. The Company estimates the fair value of the RSUs based upon the market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant. The Company recognizes compensation expense for RSUs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. A summary of nonvested RSUs are as follows:
Nonvested Restricted Share Units |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Nonvested as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Granted |  |  | 714,123 |  |  |  | 23.81 |
Vested |  |  | (10,000 | ) |  |  | 25.72 |
Forfeited |  |  | (53,078 | ) |  |  | 23.36 |
Nonvested as of December 31, 2018 |  |  | 651,045 |  |  | $ | 23.82 |
During the year ended December 31, 2018, a total of 10,000 RSUs vested. As of December 31, 2018, there was unrecognized compensation expense of $13.2 million related to TSRs, $10.8 million related to RSUs, $3.8 million related to LTIP performance shares, $1.9 million related to nonvested stock options, and $2.5 million related to nonvested RSAs, which the Company expects to recognize over weighted-average periods of 2.0 years, 2.1 years, 1.2 years, 0.9 years, and 1.2 years, respectively. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense recognized under ASC 718 during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, of $20.4 million, $13.7 million, and $43.6 million, respectively, with corresponding tax benefits of $3.9 million, $1.7 million, and $14.3 million, respectively. The Company recognizes compensation expense for stock option awards that vest with only service conditions on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The Company recognizes compensation expense for stock option awards that vest with service and market-based conditions on a straight-line basis over the longer of the requisite service period or the estimated period to meet the defined market-based condition.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2228938 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2208855 + Details
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