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*

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-36872

HANCOCK WHITNEY CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Mississippi |  | 64-0693170
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
﻿ |  |
Hancock Whitney Plaza, 2510 14 th Street, Gulfport, Mississippi |  | 39501
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(228) 868-4000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $3.33 per share | HWC | Nasdaq
6.25% Subordinated Notes | HWCPZ | Nasdaq

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

83,613,122 co mmon shares were outstanding at October 31, 2025.

Table of Contents

Hancock Whitney Corporation

Ind ex

Part I. Financial Information | Page Number
ITEM 1. | Financial Statements | 5
| Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited) – September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited) – Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 202 4 | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited) – Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 7
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited) – Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 8
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) – Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 9
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) – September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 10
ITEM 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 40
ITEM 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 65
ITEM 4. | Controls and Procedures | 67
Part II. Other Information |
ITEM 1. | Legal Proceedings | 68
ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors | 68
ITEM 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 68
ITEM 3. | Default on Senior Securities | N/A
ITEM 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | N/A
ITEM 5. | Other Information | 68
ITEM 6. | Exhibits | 69
Signatures | 70

2

Table of Contents

Hancock Whitney Corporation

Glossary of Defined Terms

Entities:

Hancock Whitney Corporation – a financial holding company registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission

Hancock Whitney Bank – a wholly-owned subsidiary of Hancock Whitney Corporation through which Hancock Whitney Corporation conducts its banking operations

Company – Hancock Whitney Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries

Parent – Hancock Whitney Corporation, exclusive of its subsidiaries

Bank – Hancock Whitney Bank

Other Terms:

ACL – allowance for credit losses

AFS – available for sale securities

AI – Artificial Intelligence

ALCO – Asset Liability Management Committee

ALLL – allowance for loan and lease losses

AOCI – accumulated other comprehensive income or loss

ASC – Accounting Standards Codification

ASU – Accounting Standards Update

ATM – automated teller machine

Basel III – Basel Committee's 2010 Regulatory Capital Framework (Third Accord)

Beta – amount by which deposit or loan costs change in response to movement in short-term interest rates

BOLI – bank-owned life insurance

bp(s) – basis point(s)

C&I – commercial and industrial loans

CD – certificate of deposit

CDE – Community Development Entity

CECL – Current Expected Credit Losses

CEO – Chief Executive Officer

CFPB – Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

CFO – Chief Financial Officer

CISO – Chief Information Security Officer

CME – Chicago Mercantile Exchange

CMO – collateralized mortgage obligation

Core client deposits – total deposits excluding public funds and brokered deposits

Core deposits – total deposits excluding certificates of deposits of $250,000 or more and brokered deposits

CRE – commercial real estate

CET1 – Common equity tier 1 capital as defined by Basel III capital rules

DIF – Deposit Insurance Fund

EVE – Economic Value of Equity

Excess Liquidity – deposits held at the Federal Reserve above normal levels

FASB – Financial Accounting Standards Board

FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

FDICIA – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991

Federal Reserve Board – The 7-member Board of Governors that oversees the Federal Reserve System, establishes

monetary policy (interest rates, credit, etc.), and monitors the economic health of the country. Its members are appointed

by the President subject to Senate confirmation, and serve 14-year terms.

Federal Reserve System – The 12 Federal Reserve Banks, with each one serving member banks in its own district. This system, supervised by the Federal Reserve Board, has broad regulatory powers over the money supply and the

credit structure. They implement the policies of the Federal Reserve Board and also conduct economic research.

FFIEC – Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council

FHA – Federal Housing Administration

FHLB – Federal Home Loan Bank

GAAP – Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States of America

HTM – held to maturity securities

ICS – Insured cash sweep

IRR – Interest rate risk

IRS – Internal Revenue Service

IT – Information Technology

LIHTC – Low Income Housing Tax Credit

3

Table of Contents

LTIP – long-term incentive plan

MBS – mortgage-backed securities

MD&A – management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations

MDBCF – Mississippi Department of Banking and Consumer Finance

MEFD – reportable modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty

NAICS – North American Industry Classification System

NII – net interest income

n/m – not meaningful

NSF – Non-sufficient funds

OBBBA – “An Act to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Title II of H. Con. Res. 14,” more commonly referred to as the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act,” enacted of July 4, 2025

OCI – other comprehensive income or loss

OD – Overdraft

ORE – other real estate defined as foreclosed and surplus real estate

PCD – purchased credit deteriorated loans, as defined by ASC 326

Pension Plan – the Hancock Whitney Corporation Pension Plan and Trust Agreement

PPNR – Pre-provision net revenue

QSCB – Qualified School Construction Bonds

QZAB – Qualified Zone Academy Bonds

Repos – securities sold under agreements to repurchase

RSA – Restricted share awards

RSU – Restricted stock units

Sabal – Sabal Trust Company, an entity acquired May 2, 2025

SBA – Small Business Administration

SBIC – Small Business Investment Company

SEC – U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

Securities Act – Securities Act of 1933, as amended

Short-term Investments – the sum of Interest-bearing bank deposits and Federal funds sold

SOFR – Secured Overnight Financing Rate

Supplemental disclosure items – certain highlighted items that are outside of our principal business and/or are not indicative of forward-looking trends

TBA – To Be Announced security contracts

te – taxable equivalent adjustment, or the term used to indicate that a financial measure is presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis

TSR – total shareholder return

U.S. Treasury – The United States Department of the Treasury

401(k) Plan – the Hancock Whitney Corporation 401(k) Savings Plan and Trust Agreement

4

Table of Contents

Part I. Financi al Information

Item 1. Financ ial Statements

Hancock Whitney Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidate d Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
(in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 514,582 |  |  | $ | 574,910 |
Interest-bearing bank deposits |  |  | 911,068 |  |  |  | 939,306 |
Federal funds sold |  |  | 246 |  |  |  | 409 |
Securities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $6,203,454 and $5,774,133) |  |  | 5,793,670 |  |  |  | 5,161,491 |
Securities held to maturity (fair value of $2,064,591 and $2,233,526) |  |  | 2,197,611 |  |  |  | 2,435,663 |
Loans held for sale (includes $33,161 and $18,929 measured at fair value) |  |  | 33,161 |  |  |  | 21,525 |
Loans |  |  | 23,596,565 |  |  |  | 23,299,447 |
Less: allowance for loan losses |  |  | (313,636 | ) |  |  | (318,882 | )
Loans, net |  |  | 23,282,929 |  |  |  | 22,980,565 |
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $365,542 and $345,962 |  |  | 260,315 |  |  |  | 279,767 |
Right of use assets, net of accumulated amortization of $71,153 and $67,063 |  |  | 103,688 |  |  |  | 98,822 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 58,921 |  |  |  | 45,763 |
Other real estate and foreclosed assets, net |  |  | 11,140 |  |  |  | 27,797 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 142,025 |  |  |  | 143,237 |
Goodwill |  |  | 925,404 |  |  |  | 855,453 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | 69,692 |  |  |  | 35,224 |
Life insurance contracts |  |  | 785,818 |  |  |  | 774,542 |
Funded pension assets, net |  |  | 270,795 |  |  |  | 260,003 |
Deferred tax asset, net |  |  | 74,604 |  |  |  | 146,567 |
Other assets |  |  | 330,738 |  |  |  | 300,741 |
Total assets |  | $ | 35,766,407 |  |  | $ | 35,081,785 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing |  | $ | 10,305,303 |  |  | $ | 10,597,461 |
Interest-bearing |  |  | 18,354,447 |  |  |  | 18,895,390 |
Total deposits |  |  | 28,659,750 |  |  |  | 29,492,851 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 1,891,520 |  |  |  | 639,015 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 210,657 |  |  |  | 210,544 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 17,245 |  |  |  | 20,148 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 122,803 |  |  |  | 117,817 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 389,953 |  |  |  | 473,774 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 31,291,928 |  |  |  | 30,954,149 |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock |  |  | 309,513 |  |  |  | 309,513 |
Capital surplus |  |  | 1,633,674 |  |  |  | 1,719,609 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 2,947,752 |  |  |  | 2,704,606 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net |  |  | (416,460 | ) |  |  | (606,092 | )
Total stockholders' equity |  |  | 4,474,479 |  |  |  | 4,127,636 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 35,766,407 |  |  | $ | 35,081,785 |
Preferred shares authorized (par value of $20.00 per share) |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 50,000 |
Preferred shares issued and outstanding |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common shares authorized (par value of $3.33 per share) |  |  | 350,000 |  |  |  | 350,000 |
Common shares issued |  |  | 92,947 |  |  |  | 92,947 |
Common shares outstanding |  |  | 84,711 |  |  |  | 86,124 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

5

Table of Contents

Hancock Whitney Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Stat ements of Income

(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
| September 30, |  |  | September 30, |
(in thousands, except per share data) | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees | $ | 344,341 |  |  | $ | 369,349 |  |  | $ | 1,014,242 |  |  | $ | 1,102,632 |
Loans held for sale |  | 375 |  |  |  | 575 |  |  |  | 1,115 |  |  |  | 1,318 |
Securities-taxable |  | 56,337 |  |  |  | 49,148 |  |  |  | 162,282 |  |  |  | 143,685 |
Securities-tax exempt |  | 3,932 |  |  |  | 4,359 |  |  |  | 12,157 |  |  |  | 13,356 |
Short-term investments |  | 4,035 |  |  |  | 6,045 |  |  |  | 17,126 |  |  |  | 17,714 |
Total interest income |  | 409,020 |  |  |  | 429,476 |  |  |  | 1,206,922 |  |  |  | 1,278,705 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 118,101 |  |  |  | 147,227 |  |  |  | 356,374 |  |  |  | 439,320 |
Short-term borrowings |  | 8,201 |  |  |  | 7,421 |  |  |  | 14,911 |  |  |  | 21,828 |
Long-term debt |  | 2,980 |  |  |  | 3,064 |  |  |  | 9,035 |  |  |  | 9,192 |
Total interest expense |  | 129,282 |  |  |  | 157,712 |  |  |  | 380,320 |  |  |  | 470,340 |
Net interest income |  | 279,738 |  |  |  | 271,764 |  |  |  | 826,602 |  |  |  | 808,365 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 12,651 |  |  |  | 18,564 |  |  |  | 38,038 |  |  |  | 40,255 |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses |  | 267,087 |  |  |  | 253,200 |  |  |  | 788,564 |  |  |  | 768,110 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  | 25,220 |  |  |  | 23,144 |  |  |  | 73,595 |  |  |  | 67,658 |
Trust fees |  | 24,211 |  |  |  | 18,014 |  |  |  | 64,986 |  |  |  | 53,564 |
Bank card and ATM fees |  | 21,814 |  |  |  | 21,639 |  |  |  | 64,532 |  |  |  | 64,088 |
Investment and annuity fees and insurance commissions |  | 14,507 |  |  |  | 10,890 |  |  |  | 36,525 |  |  |  | 32,523 |
Secondary mortgage market operations |  | 3,475 |  |  |  | 3,379 |  |  |  | 11,090 |  |  |  | 9,816 |
Other income |  | 16,774 |  |  |  | 18,829 |  |  |  | 48,588 |  |  |  | 45,271 |
Total noninterest income |  | 106,001 |  |  |  | 95,895 |  |  |  | 299,316 |  |  |  | 272,920 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation expense |  | 100,681 |  |  |  | 94,371 |  |  |  | 285,508 |  |  |  | 288,061 |
Employee benefits |  | 21,341 |  |  |  | 21,400 |  |  |  | 67,373 |  |  |  | 67,593 |
Personnel expense |  | 122,022 |  |  |  | 115,771 |  |  |  | 352,881 |  |  |  | 355,654 |
Net occupancy expense |  | 14,066 |  |  |  | 13,438 |  |  |  | 41,471 |  |  |  | 39,991 |
Equipment expense |  | 4,156 |  |  |  | 4,689 |  |  |  | 12,788 |  |  |  | 13,229 |
Data processing expense |  | 30,665 |  |  |  | 31,124 |  |  |  | 95,363 |  |  |  | 91,232 |
Professional services expense |  | 13,375 |  |  |  | 10,984 |  |  |  | 41,981 |  |  |  | 29,478 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 2,694 |  |  |  | 2,292 |  |  |  | 7,331 |  |  |  | 7,207 |
Deposit insurance and regulatory fees |  | 4,656 |  |  |  | 5,480 |  |  |  | 14,504 |  |  |  | 20,419 |
Other real estate and foreclosed assets expense (income), net |  | (337 | ) |  |  | (411 | ) |  |  | 2,624 |  |  |  | (1,706 | )
Other expense |  | 21,456 |  |  |  | 20,472 |  |  |  | 64,848 |  |  |  | 62,073 |
Total noninterest expense |  | 212,753 |  |  |  | 203,839 |  |  |  | 633,791 |  |  |  | 617,577 |
Income before income taxes |  | 160,335 |  |  |  | 145,256 |  |  |  | 454,089 |  |  |  | 423,453 |
Income taxes expense |  | 32,869 |  |  |  | 29,684 |  |  |  | 93,588 |  |  |  | 84,712 |
Net income | $ | 127,466 |  |  | $ | 115,572 |  |  | $ | 360,501 |  |  | $ | 338,741 |
Earnings per common share-basic | $ | 1.50 |  |  | $ | 1.33 |  |  | $ | 4.20 |  |  | $ | 3.89 |
Earnings per common share-diluted | $ | 1.49 |  |  | $ | 1.33 |  |  | $ | 4.17 |  |  | $ | 3.88 |
Dividends paid per share | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | 1.35 |  |  | $ | 1.10 |
Weighted average shares outstanding-basic |  | 84,871 |  |  |  | 86,234 |  |  |  | 85,509 |  |  |  | 86,421 |
Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted |  | 85,453 |  |  |  | 86,560 |  |  |  | 85,977 |  |  |  | 86,650 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

6

Table of Contents

Hancock Whitney Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | September 30, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Net income |  | $ | 127,466 |  |  | $ | 115,572 |  |  | $ | 360,501 |  |  | $ | 338,741 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in unrealized loss on securities available for sale, cash flow hedges and equity method investment |  |  | 57,901 |  |  |  | 219,703 |  |  |  | 215,684 |  |  |  | 121,552 |
Reclassification of net loss realized and included in earnings |  |  | 9,714 |  |  |  | 13,964 |  |  |  | 28,797 |  |  |  | 41,689 |
Valuation adjustments to employee benefit plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22,014 |
Amortization of unrealized net loss on securities transferred to held to maturity |  |  | 413 |  |  |  | 461 |  |  |  | 1,205 |  |  |  | 1,279 |
Other comprehensive income before income taxes |  |  | 68,028 |  |  |  | 234,128 |  |  |  | 245,686 |  |  |  | 186,534 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 14,661 |  |  |  | 51,688 |  |  |  | 56,054 |  |  |  | 40,903 |
Other comprehensive income net of income taxes |  |  | 53,367 |  |  |  | 182,440 |  |  |  | 189,632 |  |  |  | 145,631 |
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 180,833 |  |  | $ | 298,012 |  |  | $ | 550,133 |  |  | $ | 484,372 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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Hancock Whitney Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cha nges in Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  |  |
(in thousands, except parenthetical share data) |  | Shares Issued |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital Surplus |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Comprehensive Loss |  |  | Total |
Balance, June 30, 2025 |  |  | 92,947 |  |  | $ | 309,513 |  |  | $ | 1,666,695 |  |  | $ | 2,859,038 |  |  | $ | (469,827 | ) |  | $ | 4,365,419 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 127,466 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 127,466 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 53,367 |  |  |  | 53,367 |
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 180,833 |
Dividends declared ($0.45 per common share) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (38,771 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (38,771 | )
Common stock activity, long-term incentive plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,305 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,324 |
Issuance of stock from dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,140 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,140 |
Repurchase of common stock (662,500 shares) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (40,466 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (40,466 | )
Balance, September 30, 2025 |  |  | 92,947 |  |  | $ | 309,513 |  |  | $ | 1,633,674 |  |  | $ | 2,947,752 |  |  | $ | (416,460 | ) |  | $ | 4,474,479 |
Balance, June 30, 2024 |  |  | 92,947 |  |  | $ | 309,513 |  |  | $ | 1,732,084 |  |  | $ | 2,537,057 |  |  | $ | (657,936 | ) |  | $ | 3,920,718 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 115,572 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 115,572 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 182,440 |  |  |  | 182,440 |
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 298,012 |
Cash dividends declared ($0.40 per common share) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (35,089 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (35,089 | )
Common stock activity, long-term incentive plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,276 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,320 |
Issuance of stock from dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,077 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,077 |
Repurchase of common stock (300,000 Shares) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,351 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,351 | )
Balance, September 30, 2024 |  |  | 92,947 |  |  | $ | 309,513 |  |  | $ | 1,723,086 |  |  | $ | 2,617,584 |  |  | $ | (475,496 | ) |  | $ | 4,174,687 |

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  |  |
(in thousands, except parenthetical share data) |  | Shares Issued |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital Surplus |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Comprehensive Loss |  |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2024 |  |  | 92,947 |  |  | $ | 309,513 |  |  | $ | 1,719,609 |  |  | $ | 2,704,606 |  |  | $ | (606,092 | ) |  | $ | 4,127,636 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 360,501 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 360,501 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 189,632 |  |  |  | 189,632 |
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 550,133 |
Dividends declared ($1.35 per common share) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (117,385 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (117,385 | )
Common stock activity, long-term incentive plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,643 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,673 |
Issuance of stock from dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,352 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,352 |
Repurchase of common stock (1,762,500 Shares) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (100,930 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (100,930 | )
Balance, September 30, 2025 |  |  | 92,947 |  |  | $ | 309,513 |  |  | $ | 1,633,674 |  |  | $ | 2,947,752 |  |  | $ | (416,460 | ) |  | $ | 4,474,479 |
Balance, December 31, 2023 |  |  | 92,947 |  |  | $ | 309,513 |  |  | $ | 1,739,671 |  |  | $ | 2,375,604 |  |  | $ | (621,127 | ) |  | $ | 3,803,661 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 338,741 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 338,741 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 145,631 |  |  |  | 145,631 |
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 484,372 |
Dividends declared ($1.10 per common share) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (96,890 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (96,890 | )
Common stock activity, long-term incentive plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,293 |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,422 |
Issuance of stock from dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,095 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,095 |
Repurchase of common stock (612,993 Shares) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (29,973 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (29,973 | )
Balance, September 30, 2024 |  |  | 92,947 |  |  | $ | 309,513 |  |  | $ | 1,723,086 |  |  | $ | 2,617,584 |  |  | $ | (475,496 | ) |  | $ | 4,174,687 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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Hancock Whitney Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statem ents of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 360,501 |  |  | $ | 338,741 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 21,128 |  |  |  | 24,530 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | 38,038 |  |  |  | 40,255 |
Gain on other real estate and foreclosed assets |  |  | (715 | ) |  |  | (1,826 | )
Deferred tax expense |  |  | 16,342 |  |  |  | 4,640 |
Increase cash surrender value of life insurance contracts |  |  | (17,975 | ) |  |  | (21,116 | )
Loss (gain) loss on disposal of assets |  |  | 257 |  |  |  | (1,365 | )
Net (increase) decrease in loans held for sale |  |  | (11,082 | ) |  |  | 1,614 |
Net amortization of securities premium/discount |  |  | 9,963 |  |  |  | 10,211 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 7,331 |  |  |  | 7,207 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 18,404 |  |  |  | 17,171 |
Net change in derivative collateral liability |  |  | (30,469 | ) |  |  | (31,172 | )
Net decrease in interest payable and other liabilities |  |  | (10,415 | ) |  |  | (781 | )
Net (increase) decrease in other assets |  |  | (13,314 | ) |  |  | 52,594 |
Other, net |  |  | 778 |  |  |  | (6,520 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 388,772 |  |  |  | 434,183 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities of securities available for sale |  |  | 302,056 |  |  |  | 293,734 |
Purchases of securities available for sale |  |  | (718,792 | ) |  |  | (542,759 | )
Proceeds from maturities of securities held to maturity |  |  | 231,062 |  |  |  | 203,433 |
Payments received (made) to terminate hedge instruments |  |  | 2,270 |  |  |  | (13,730 | )
Net decrease (increase) in short-term investments |  |  | 28,401 |  |  |  | (168,149 | )
Net (purchases) redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | (47,822 | ) |  |  | 122,528 |
Proceeds from sales of loans and leases |  |  | 80,239 |  |  |  | 100,518 |
Net (increase) decrease in loans |  |  | (425,959 | ) |  |  | 307,662 |
Purchases of property and equipment |  |  | (11,578 | ) |  |  | (7,500 | )
Net cash paid in business acquisition |  |  | (112,071 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sales of other real estate and foreclosed assets |  |  | 24,364 |  |  |  | 5,695 |
Other, net |  |  | (430 | ) |  |  | (1,153 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities |  |  | (648,260 | ) |  |  | 300,279 |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net decrease in deposits |  |  | (833,101 | ) |  |  | (707,154 | )
Net increase in short-term borrowings |  |  | 1,252,505 |  |  |  | 111,115 |
Dividends paid |  |  | (116,593 | ) |  |  | (96,153 | )
Payroll tax remitted on net share settlement of equity awards |  |  | (6,761 | ) |  |  | (6,880 | )
Proceeds from dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plans |  |  | 3,352 |  |  |  | 3,095 |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (100,242 | ) |  |  | (29,811 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 199,160 |  |  |  | (725,788 | )
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS |  |  | (60,328 | ) |  |  | 8,674 |
CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS, BEGINNING |  |  | 574,910 |  |  |  | 561,202 |
CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS, ENDING |  | $ | 514,582 |  |  | $ | 569,876 |
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION FOR NON-CASH |  |  |  |  |  |
INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets acquired in settlement of loans |  | $ | 12,063 |  |  | $ | 28,010 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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HANCOCK WHITNEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLI DATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Hancock Whitney Corporation and all other entities in which it has a controlling interest (the “Company”). The financial statements include all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to fairly state the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the interim periods presented. The Company has also evaluated all subsequent events for potential recognition and disclosure through the date of the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report” or “report”). Some financial information and disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q pursuant to Securities and Exchange Commission rules and regulations. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Financial information reported in these financial statements is not necessarily indicative of the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows for any other interim or annual period.

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These changes in presentation did not have a material impact on the Company's financial condition or operating results.

Use of Estimates

The accounting principles the Company follows and the methods for applying these principles conform to GAAP and general practices followed by the banking industry. These accounting principles require management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Accounting Policies

There were no material changes or developments during the reporting period with respect to methodologies that the Company uses when applying what management believes are critical accounting policies and developing critical accounting estimates as disclosed in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

2. Acquisition

On May 2, 2025, the Company acquired net assets of Sabal Trust Company (“Sabal”) with cash consideration. Sabal was the largest independent, employee-owned non-depository trust company in Florida that provides trust administration, investment management, retirement planning, estate settlement, and family office services. The acquisition provides the opportunity to expand the Company’s market share of investment management and trust business in certain high-growth markets in Central Florida. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination.

The following table sets forth the preliminary acquisition date fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, the consideration paid, and the resulting goodwill as of September 30, 2025.

(in thousands) |  |  |
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 2,417 |
Property and equipment |  |  | 1,048 |
Right of use assets |  |  | 5,047 |
Identifiable intangible assets |  |  | 41,800 |
Other assets |  |  | 1,191 |
Total identifiable assets |  |  | 51,503 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 4,709 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 2,257 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 6,966 |
Net assets acquired |  |  | 44,537 |
Consideration paid |  |  | 114,488 |
Goodwill |  | $ | 69,951 |

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Identifiable intangible assets include customer relationships that are being amortized using an accelerated method based on forecasted cash flows over a useful life of approximately 24 years. Goodwill represents the excess of consideration paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired and is comprised of the estimated future economic benefits arising from the transaction that cannot be individually identified or do not qualify for separate recognition. These benefits include expanded presence in existing markets, operational expertise and synergies. The resulting goodwill is deductible for federal income tax purposes.

The operating results of the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 include the results from the operations of the acquired trust and asset management business from the date of acquisitio n. The results are not material to the Company’s results of operations and, as such, supplemental proforma financial information is not presented. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company incurred acquisition-related costs of approximately $5.9 million, pr imarily in the data processing, professional services, and personnel expense line items in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

3. Securities

The following tables set forth the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair value of debt securities classified as available for sale and held to maturity at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Amortized cost of securities does not include accrued interest which is reflected in the accrued interest line item on the consolidated balance sheets totaling $31.8 million at September 30, 2025 and $29.8 million at December 31, 2024.

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  | Gross |  | Gross |  |  |  |  |  | Gross |  | Gross |  |  |
Securities Available for Sale | Amortized |  | Unrealized |  | Unrealized |  | Fair |  | Amortized |  | Unrealized |  | Unrealized |  | Fair |
($ in thousands) | Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Value |  | Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Value |
U.S. Treasury and government agency securities | $ | 290,196 |  | $ | 3,391 |  | $ | 1,594 |  | $ | 291,993 |  | $ | 185,827 |  | $ | 349 |  | $ | 3,894 |  | $ | 182,282 |
Municipal obligations |  | 193,771 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 728 |  |  | 193,133 |  |  | 200,272 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,942 |  |  | 196,330 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 2,578,927 |  |  | 9,188 |  |  | 272,605 |  |  | 2,315,510 |  |  | 2,482,109 |  |  | 496 |  |  | 353,554 |  |  | 2,129,051 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 3,093,658 |  |  | 13,912 |  |  | 159,154 |  |  | 2,948,416 |  |  | 2,849,372 |  |  | 2,185 |  |  | 250,592 |  |  | 2,600,965 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 29,402 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,374 |  |  | 28,028 |  |  | 37,553 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,306 |  |  | 35,247 |
Corporate debt securities |  | 17,500 |  |  | — |  |  | 910 |  |  | 16,590 |  |  | 19,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,384 |  |  | 17,616 |
Total | $ | 6,203,454 |  | $ | 26,581 |  | $ | 436,365 |  | $ | 5,793,670 |  | $ | 5,774,133 |  | $ | 3,030 |  | $ | 615,672 |  | $ | 5,161,491 |

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  | Gross |  | Gross |  |  |  |  |  | Gross |  | Gross |  |  |
Securities Held to Maturity | Amortized |  | Unrealized |  | Unrealized |  | Fair |  | Amortized |  | Unrealized |  | Unrealized |  | Fair |
($ in thousands) | Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Value |  | Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Value |
U.S. Treasury and government agency securities | $ | 379,390 |  | $ | 230 |  | $ | 32,414 |  | $ | 347,206 |  | $ | 394,689 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 45,876 |  | $ | 348,813 |
Municipal obligations |  | 545,276 |  |  | 619 |  |  | 12,206 |  |  | 533,689 |  |  | 623,907 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 20,867 |  |  | 603,209 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 516,257 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,581 |  |  | 477,676 |  |  | 573,057 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,525 |  |  | 511,532 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 735,969 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,025 |  |  | 685,944 |  |  | 818,604 |  |  | — |  |  | 72,854 |  |  | 745,750 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 20,719 |  |  | — |  |  | 643 |  |  | 20,076 |  |  | 25,406 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,184 |  |  | 24,222 |
Total | $ | 2,197,611 |  | $ | 849 |  | $ | 133,869 |  | $ | 2,064,591 |  | $ | 2,435,663 |  | $ | 169 |  | $ | 202,306 |  | $ | 2,233,526 |

The following tables present the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities available for sale and held to maturity at September 30, 2025 by contractual maturity. Actual maturities will differ from contractual maturities because of rights to call or repay obligations with or without penalties and scheduled and unscheduled principal payments on mortgage-backed securities and collateral mortgage obligations.

Debt Securities Available for Sale |  | Amortized |  |  | Fair |
($ in thousands) |  | Cost |  |  | Value |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 30,778 |  |  | $ | 30,776 |
Due after one year through five years |  |  | 1,612,998 |  |  |  | 1,576,482 |
Due after five years through ten years |  |  | 1,904,156 |  |  |  | 1,787,534 |
Due after ten years |  |  | 2,655,522 |  |  |  | 2,398,878 |
Total debt securities available for sale |  | $ | 6,203,454 |  |  | $ | 5,793,670 |

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Debt Securities Held to Maturity |  | Amortized |  |  | Fair |
($ in thousands) |  | Cost |  |  | Value |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 134,954 |  |  | $ | 133,941 |
Due after one year through five years |  |  | 680,676 |  |  |  | 660,373 |
Due after five years through ten years |  |  | 507,188 |  |  |  | 482,174 |
Due after ten years |  |  | 874,793 |  |  |  | 788,103 |
Total debt securities held to maturity |  | $ | 2,197,611 |  |  | $ | 2,064,591 |

The Company held no securities classified as trading at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

There were no gross gains or gross losses on sales of securities during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Net gains or losses, when applicable, are reflected in the "Securities transactions, net" line item on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Securities with carrying values totaling approxim ately $3.2 billion an d $3.9 billion were pledged as collateral at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, primarily to secure public deposits or securities sold under agreements to repurchase.

Credit Quality

The Company’s policy is to invest only in securities of investment grade quality. These investments are largely limited to U.S. agency securities and municipal securities. Management has concluded, based on the long history of no credit losses, that the expectation of nonpayment of the held to maturity securities carried at amortized cost is zero for securities that are backed by the full faith and credit of and/or guaranteed by the U.S. government. As such, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for these securities. The municipal portfolio is analyzed separately for allowance for credit loss in accordance with the applicable guidance for each portfolio as noted below.

The Company evaluates credit impairment for individual securities available for sale whose fair value was below amortized cost with a more than inconsequential risk of default and where the Company had assessed whether the decline in fair value was significant enough to suggest a credit event occurred. There were no securities with a material credit loss event and, therefore, no allowance for credit loss was recorded in any period presented.

The fair value and gross unrealized losses for securities classified as available for sale with unrealized losses for the periods indicated follow.

|  | September 30, 2025 |
Available for Sale |  | Losses < 12 months |  |  | Losses 12 months or > |  |  | Total |
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |
U.S. Treasury and government agency securities |  | $ | 32,243 |  | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | 14,382 |  | $ | 1,485 |  |  | $ | 46,625 |  | $ | 1,594 |
Municipal obligations |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 133,878 |  |  | 728 |  |  |  | 133,878 |  |  | 728 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,515,716 |  |  | 272,605 |  |  |  | 1,515,753 |  |  | 272,605 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 1,023 |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 2,265,794 |  |  | 159,148 |  |  |  | 2,266,817 |  |  | 159,154 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 28,029 |  |  | 1,374 |  |  |  | 28,029 |  |  | 1,374 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,590 |  |  | 910 |  |  |  | 16,590 |  |  | 910 |
Total |  | $ | 35,303 |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 3,972,389 |  | $ | 436,250 |  |  | $ | 4,007,692 |  | $ | 436,365 |

|  | December 31, 2024 |
Available for Sale |  | Losses < 12 Months |  |  | Losses 12 Months or > |  |  | Total |
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |
U.S. Treasury and government agency securities |  | $ | 130,453 |  | $ | 2,243 |  |  | $ | 7,247 |  | $ | 1,651 |  |  | $ | 137,700 |  | $ | 3,894 |
Municipal obligations |  |  | 24,149 |  |  | 247 |  |  |  | 170,110 |  |  | 3,695 |  |  |  | 194,259 |  |  | 3,942 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 347,772 |  |  | 2,935 |  |  |  | 1,554,001 |  |  | 350,619 |  |  |  | 1,901,773 |  |  | 353,554 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 184,534 |  |  | 2,738 |  |  |  | 2,139,191 |  |  | 247,854 |  |  |  | 2,323,725 |  |  | 250,592 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35,247 |  |  | 2,306 |  |  |  | 35,247 |  |  | 2,306 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,616 |  |  | 1,384 |  |  |  | 15,616 |  |  | 1,384 |
Total |  | $ | 686,908 |  | $ | 8,163 |  |  | $ | 3,921,412 |  | $ | 607,509 |  |  | $ | 4,608,320 |  | $ | 615,672 |

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At each reporting period, the Company evaluated its held to maturity municipal obligation portfolio for credit loss using probability of default and loss given default models. The models were run using a long-term average probability of default migration and with a probability weighting of Moody’s economic forecasts. The resulting credit losses, if any, were negligible and no allowance for credit loss was recorded.

The fair value and gross unrealized losses for securities classified as held to maturity with unrealized losses for the periods indicated follow.

|  | September 30, 2025 |
Held to Maturity |  | Losses < 12 Months |  |  | Losses 12 Months or > |  |  | Total |
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |
U.S. Treasury and government agency securities |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 328,482 |  | $ | 32,414 |  |  | $ | 328,482 |  | $ | 32,414 |
Municipal obligations |  |  | 50,829 |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 360,613 |  |  | 12,176 |  |  |  | 411,442 |  |  | 12,206 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 477,676 |  |  | 38,581 |  |  |  | 477,676 |  |  | 38,581 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 685,944 |  |  | 50,025 |  |  |  | 685,944 |  |  | 50,025 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,076 |  |  | 643 |  |  |  | 20,076 |  |  | 643 |
Total |  | $ | 50,829 |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 1,872,791 |  | $ | 133,839 |  |  | $ | 1,923,620 |  | $ | 133,869 |

|  | December 31, 2024 |
Held to Maturity |  | Losses < 12 Months |  |  | Losses 12 Months or > |  |  | Total |
($ in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |
U.S. Treasury and government agency securities |  | $ | 27,660 |  | $ | 840 |  |  | $ | 321,154 |  | $ | 45,036 |  |  | $ | 348,814 |  | $ | 45,876 |
Municipal obligations |  |  | 82,028 |  |  | 451 |  |  |  | 497,999 |  |  | 20,416 |  |  |  | 580,027 |  |  | 20,867 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 511,531 |  |  | 61,525 |  |  |  | 511,531 |  |  | 61,525 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 745,750 |  |  | 72,854 |  |  |  | 745,750 |  |  | 72,854 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,222 |  |  | 1,184 |  |  |  | 24,222 |  |  | 1,184 |
Total |  | $ | 109,688 |  | $ | 1,291 |  |  | $ | 2,100,656 |  | $ | 201,015 |  |  | $ | 2,210,344 |  | $ | 202,306 |

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had 611 and 729 securities, respectively, with market values below their cost basis. There were no material unrealized losses related to the marketability of the securities or the issuer’s ability to meet contractual obligations. In all cases, the indicated impairment on these debt securities would be recovered no later than the security’s maturity date or possibly earlier if the market price for the security increases with a reduction in the yield required by the market. The unrealized losses were deemed to be non-credit related at September 30, 2025 and D ecember 31, 2024. At September 30, 2025, the Company had adequate liquidity and, therefore, neither planned nor expected to be required to liquidate these securities before recovery of the amortized cost basis.

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4. Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company generally makes loans in its market areas of southern and central Mississippi; southern and central Alabama; northwest, central and southern Louisiana; the northern, central and panhandle regions of Florida; certain areas of east and northeast Texas; and the metropolitan areas of Nashville, Tennessee and Atlanta, Georgia. In addition, and to a lesser degree, the Bank makes loans both regionally and nationally, generally through its specialty lines of business, including the equipment finance, commercial real estate and healthcare segments, often with sponsors in our market areas.

The following table presents loans at their amortized cost basis, by portfolio class at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The amortized cost basis is net of unearned income and excludes accrued interest totaling $107.6 mil lion and $109.8 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest is reflected in the accrued interest line item in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Commercial non-real estate |  | $ | 9,680,597 |  |  | $ | 9,876,592 |
Commercial real estate - owner occupied |  |  | 3,279,258 |  |  |  | 3,011,955 |
Total commercial and industrial |  |  | 12,959,855 |  |  |  | 12,888,547 |
Commercial real estate - income producing |  |  | 4,076,643 |  |  |  | 3,798,612 |
Construction and land development |  |  | 1,197,305 |  |  |  | 1,281,115 |
Residential mortgages |  |  | 4,027,600 |  |  |  | 3,961,328 |
Consumer |  |  | 1,335,162 |  |  |  | 1,369,845 |
Total loans |  | $ | 23,596,565 |  |  | $ | 23,299,447 |

The following briefly describes the composition of each loan category and portfolio class.

Commercial and industrial

Commercial and industrial loans are made available to businesses for working capital (including financing of inventory and receivables), for business expansion, facilitating the acquisition of a business, and for the purchase of equipment and machinery, including equipment leasing. These loans are primarily made based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and, when secured, have the added strength of the underlying collateral.

Commercial non-real estate loans may be secured by the assets being financed or other tangible or intangible business assets such as accounts receivable, inventory, ownership, enterprise value or commodity interests, and may incorporate a personal or corporate guarantee; however, some short-term loans may be made on an unsecured basis, including a small portfolio of corporate credit cards, generally issued as a part of overall customer relationships.

Commercial real estate – owner occupied loans consist of commercial mortgages on properties where repayment is generally dependent on the cash flow from the ongoing operations and activities of the borrower. Like commercial non-real estate, these loans are primarily made based on the identified cash flows of the borrower, but also have the added strength of the value of underlying real estate collateral.

Commercial real estate – income producing

Commercial real estate – income producing loans consist of loans secured by commercial mortgages on properties where the loan is made to real estate developers or investors and repayment is dependent on the sale, refinance, or income generated from the operation of the property. Properties financed include multifamily, retail, healthcare related facilities, industrial, office, hotel/motel and restaurants, and other commercial properties.

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Construction and land development

Construction and land development loans are made to facilitate the acquisition, development, improvement and construction of both commercial and residential-purpose properties. Such loans are made to builders and investors where repayment is expected to be made from the sale, refinance or operation of the property or to businesses to be used in their business operations. This portfolio also includes residential construction loans and loans secured by raw land not yet under development.

Residential mortgages

Residential mortgages consist of closed-end loans secured by first liens on 1-4 family residential properties. The portfolio includes both fixed and adjustable rate loans, although most longer-term, fixed rate loans originated are sold in the secondary mortgage market.

Consumer

Consumer loans include second lien mortgage home loans, home equity lines of credit and nonresidential consumer purpose loans. Nonresidential consumer loans include both direct and indirect loans. Direct nonresidential consumer loans are made to finance the purchase of personal property, including automobiles, recreational vehicles and boats, and for other personal purposes (secured and unsecured), and also include deposit account secured loans. Indirect nonresidential consumer loans include automobile financing provided to the consumer through an agreement with automobile dealerships, though the Company is no longer engaged in this type of lending and the remaining portfolio is in runoff. Consumer loans also include a small portfolio of credit card receivables issued on the basis of applications received through referrals from the Bank’s branches, online and other marketing efforts.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The calculation of the allowance for credit losses is performed using two primary approaches: a collective approach for pools of loans that have similar risk characteristics using a loss rate analysis, and a specific reserve analysis for credits individually evaluated. The allowance for credit losses for collectively evaluated portfolios is developed using multiple Moody’s macroeconomic forecasts applied to internally developed credit models for a two-year reasonable and supportable period.

The following tables present activity in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio class for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, as well as the allowance for credit loss by primary calculation method at the end of each period.

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 |
|  |  | Commercial |  | Total |  | Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Commercial |  | Real Estate- |  | Commercial |  | Real Estate- |  | Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Non-Real |  | Owner |  | and |  | Income |  | and Land |  | Residential |  |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) | Estate |  | Occupied |  | Industrial |  | Producing |  | Development |  | Mortgages |  | Consumer |  | Total |
Allowance for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 121,090 |  | $ | 36,264 |  | $ | 157,354 |  | $ | 71,975 |  | $ | 21,158 |  | $ | 42,445 |  | $ | 25,950 |  | $ | 318,882 |
Charge-offs |  | (32,445 | ) |  | (4,626 | ) |  | (37,071 | ) |  | (34 | ) |  | (1,291 | ) |  | (678 | ) |  | (12,283 | ) |  | (51,357 | )
Recoveries |  | 8,484 |  |  | 541 |  |  | 9,025 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 521 |  |  | 2,213 |  |  | 11,894 |
Provision for loan losses |  | 28,725 |  |  | 7,857 |  |  | 36,582 |  |  | (9,798 | ) |  | (2,779 | ) |  | 343 |  |  | 9,869 |  |  | 34,217 |
Ending balance - allowance for loan losses | $ | 125,854 |  | $ | 40,036 |  | $ | 165,890 |  | $ | 62,155 |  | $ | 17,211 |  | $ | 42,631 |  | $ | 25,749 |  | $ | 313,636 |
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 6,441 |  | $ | 309 |  | $ | 6,750 |  | $ | 642 |  | $ | 14,639 |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 2,018 |  | $ | 24,053 |
Provision for losses on unfunded commitments |  | 3,785 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 3,784 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 168 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (131 | ) |  | 3,821 |
Ending balance - reserve for unfunded lending commitments |  | 10,226 |  |  | 308 |  |  | 10,534 |  |  | 645 |  |  | 14,807 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,887 |  |  | 27,874 |
Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 136,080 |  | $ | 40,344 |  | $ | 176,424 |  | $ | 62,800 |  | $ | 32,018 |  | $ | 42,632 |  | $ | 27,636 |  | $ | 341,510 |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated | $ | 11,131 |  | $ | 604 |  | $ | 11,735 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 841 |  | $ | 193 |  | $ | 12,769 |
Collectively evaluated | $ | 124,949 |  | $ | 39,740 |  | $ | 164,689 |  | $ | 62,800 |  | $ | 32,018 |  | $ | 41,791 |  | $ | 27,443 |  | $ | 328,741 |

In arriving at the allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2025, the Company weighted Moody’s September 2025 baseline economic forecast at 50%, and the downside mild recessionary S-2 scenario at 50%. The September 2025 baseline scenario, which Moody’s defines as the most likely outcome of where the economy is headed based on current conditions, reflects the impact of increasing tariffs and jobless rates, among other factors, resulting in weak growth in the near term. The S-2 scenario is a more severe scenario compared to the baseline, with economic conditions resulting in a mild recession beginning in the fourth quarter of 2025 and lasting for three quarters.

The allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2025 reflects a modest net decrease in total reserves compared to December 31, 2024, largely driven by the commercial real estate – income producing and the construction and land development portfolios, which was partially offset by increases in commercial non-real estate due to the expected impact of continued stress from current market conditions on our borrowers.

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| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |
|  |  | Commercial |  | Total |  | Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Commercial |  | Real Estate- |  | Commercial |  | Real Estate- |  | Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Non-Real |  | Owner |  | and |  | Income |  | and Land |  | Residential |  |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) | Estate |  | Occupied |  | Industrial |  | Producing |  | Development |  | Mortgages |  | Consumer |  | Total |
Allowance for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 101,737 |  | $ | 40,197 |  | $ | 141,934 |  | $ | 74,539 |  | $ | 27,039 |  | $ | 38,983 |  | $ | 25,412 |  | $ | 307,907 |
Charge-offs |  | (33,869 | ) |  | — |  |  | (33,869 | ) |  | (8,819 | ) |  | (264 | ) |  | (229 | ) |  | (13,249 | ) |  | (56,430 | )
Recoveries |  | 18,067 |  |  | 986 |  |  | 19,053 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 2,586 |  |  | 22,138 |
Provision for loan losses |  | 22,808 |  |  | (3,643 | ) |  | 19,165 |  |  | 12,740 |  |  | (2,044 | ) |  | 3,673 |  |  | 10,122 |  |  | 43,656 |
Ending balance - allowance for loan losses | $ | 108,743 |  | $ | 37,540 |  | $ | 146,283 |  | $ | 78,467 |  | $ | 24,793 |  | $ | 42,857 |  | $ | 24,871 |  | $ | 317,271 |
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 5,507 |  | $ | 327 |  | $ | 5,834 |  | $ | 1,344 |  | $ | 20,019 |  | $ | 30 |  | $ | 1,667 |  | $ | 28,894 |
Provision for losses on unfunded commitments |  | 752 |  |  | (43 | ) |  | 709 |  |  | (353 | ) |  | (4,250 | ) |  | (27 | ) |  | 520 |  |  | (3,401 | )
Ending balance - reserve for unfunded lending commitments |  | 6,259 |  |  | 284 |  |  | 6,543 |  |  | 991 |  |  | 15,769 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2,187 |  |  | 25,493 |
Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 115,002 |  | $ | 37,824 |  | $ | 152,826 |  | $ | 79,458 |  | $ | 40,562 |  | $ | 42,860 |  | $ | 27,058 |  | $ | 342,764 |
Allowance for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated | $ | 4,996 |  | $ | 51 |  | $ | 5,047 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 750 |  | $ | 197 |  | $ | 5,994 |
Collectively evaluated | $ | 110,006 |  | $ | 37,773 |  | $ | 147,779 |  | $ | 79,458 |  | $ | 40,562 |  | $ | 42,110 |  | $ | 26,861 |  | $ | 336,770 |

The increase in the allowance for credit loss at September 30, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023, reflected a relatively consistent credit loss outlook with continued focus on risks that impact certain segments within the Company's loan portfolio. In arriving at the allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2024, the Company weighted the baseline economic forecast at 40% and the downside S-2 mild recession scenario at 60%.

Nonaccrual Loans and Certain Reportable Modified Loan Disclosures

The following table shows the composition of nonaccrual loans and those without an allowance for loan loss, by portfolio class.

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |
($ in thousands) | Total Nonaccrual |  | Nonaccrual Without Allowance for Loan Loss |  | Total Nonaccrual |  | Nonaccrual Without Allowance for Loan Loss |
Commercial non-real estate | $ | 47,192 |  | $ | 2,570 |  | $ | 33,418 |  | $ | 4,855 |
Commercial real estate - owner occupied |  | 7,008 |  |  | 522 |  |  | 2,727 |  |  | 1,198 |
Total commercial and industrial |  | 54,200 |  |  | 3,092 |  |  | 36,145 |  |  | 6,053 |
Commercial real estate - income producing |  | 4,782 |  |  | 4,021 |  |  | 356 |  |  | — |
Construction and land development |  | 3,281 |  |  | 2,127 |  |  | 5,561 |  |  | 4,929 |
Residential mortgages |  | 41,026 |  |  | 2,528 |  |  | 44,086 |  |  | 1,475 |
Consumer |  | 10,265 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 11,187 |  |  | 500 |
Total loans | $ | 113,554 |  | $ | 12,088 |  | $ | 97,335 |  | $ | 12,957 |

As a part of our loss mitigation efforts, we may provide modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to improve long-term collectability of the loans and to avoid the need for repossession or foreclosure of collateral. Nonaccrual loans include reportable nonaccruing modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (“MEFDs”) totaling $9.3 million and $20.2 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Total reportable MEFDs, both accruing and nonaccruing, we re $91.5 million and $99.5 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company had unfunded exposure to borrowers whose loan terms have been modified as a reportable MEF D totaling $4.7 milli on and $6.9 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

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The tables below provide detail by portfolio class for reportable MEFDs entered into during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Modified facilities are reported using the balance at the end of each period reported and are reflected only once in each table based on the type of modification or combination of modification.

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 |
| Term Extension |  | Significant Payment Delay |  | Term Extensions and Significant Payment Delay |  | Other(1) |
($ in thousands) | Balance |  | Percentage of Portfolio |  | Balance |  | Percentage of Portfolio |  | Balance |  | Percentage of Portfolio |  | Balance |  | Percentage of Portfolio |
Commercial non-real estate | $ | 57,892 |  |  | 0.60 | % | $ | — |  |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  | $ | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate - owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial and industrial |  | 57,892 |  |  | 0.45 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate - income producing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Construction and land development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential mortgages |  | 1,271 |  |  | 0.03 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,077 |  |  | 0.05 | % |  | 606 |  |  | 0.02 | %
Consumer |  | 43 |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | — |  |  | — |
Total reportable modified loans | $ | 59,206 |  |  | 0.25 | % | $ | — |  |  | — |  | $ | 2,227 |  |  | 0.01 | % | $ | 606 |  |  | 0.00 | %
(1) Includes interest rate reduction and term extensions. |

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 |
| Term Extension |  | Significant Payment Delay |  | Term Extensions and Significant Payment Delay |  | Other(1) |
($ in thousands) | Balance |  | Percentage of Portfolio |  | Balance |  | Percentage of Portfolio |  | Balance |  | Percentage of Portfolio |  | Balance |  | Percentage of Portfolio |
Commercial non-real estate | $ | 63,408 |  |  | 0.66 | % | $ | 8,976 |  |  | 0.09 | % | $ | 70 |  |  | 0.00 | % | $ | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate - owner occupied |  | 340 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial and industrial |  | 63,748 |  |  | 0.49 | % |  | 8,976 |  |  | 0.07 | % |  | 70 |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate - income producing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Construction and land development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential mortgages |  | 14,537 |  |  | 0.36 | % |  | 413 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 2,077 |  |  | 0.05 | % |  | 606 |  |  | 0.02 | %
Consumer |  | 43 |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | — |  |  | — |
Total reportable modified loans | $ | 78,328 |  |  | 0.33 | % | $ | 9,389 |  |  | 0.04 | % | $ | 2,297 |  |  | 0.01 | % | $ | 606 |  |  | 0.00 | %
(1) Includes interest rate reduction and term extensions. |

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |
| Term Extension |  | Significant Payment Delay |  | Term Extensions and Significant Payment Delay |
($ in thousands) | Balance |  | Percentage of Portfolio |  | Balance |  | Percentage of Portfolio |  | Balance |  | Percentage of Portfolio |
Commercial non-real estate | $ | 48,913 |  |  | 0.51 | % | $ | — |  |  | — |  | $ | 17,020 |  |  | 0.18 | %
Commercial real estate - owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial and industrial |  | 48,913 |  |  | 0.39 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,020 |  |  | 0.13 | %
Commercial real estate - income producing |  | 3,050 |  |  | 0.08 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Construction and land development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential mortgages |  | 988 |  |  | 0.02 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total reportable modified loans | $ | 52,951 |  |  | 0.23 | % | $ | — |  |  | — |  | $ | 17,020 |  |  | 0.07 | %

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| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |
| Term Extension |  | Significant Payment Delay |  | Term Extensions and Significant Payment Delay |
($ in thousands) | Balance |  | Percentage of Portfolio |  | Balance |  | Percentage of Portfolio |  | Balance |  | Percentage of Portfolio |
Commercial non-real estate | $ | 65,619 |  |  | 0.68 | % | $ | — |  |  | — |  | $ | 17,020 |  |  | 0.18 | %
Commercial real estate - owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial and industrial |  | 65,619 |  |  | 0.52 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,020 |  |  | 0.13 | %
Commercial real estate - income producing |  | 3,050 |  |  | 0.08 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Construction and land development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential mortgages |  | 3,618 |  |  | 0.09 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer |  | 143 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total reportable modified loans | $ | 72,430 |  |  | 0.31 | % | $ | — |  |  | — |  | $ | 17,020 |  |  | 0.07 | %

Reportable modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the three months ended September 30, 2025 consisted of weighted average term extensions totaling approximately seven months for commercial loans and 3 years for residential mortgage and consumer loans. Reportable modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 consisted of weighted average term extensions totaling approximately 11 months for commercial loans and 18 months for residential mortgage loans and 31 months for consumer. The weighted average term of other than insignificant payment delays for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was 1 year for residential loans and 7 months for consumer loans. The weighted average term of other than insignificant payment delays for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was four months for commercial loans and 10 months for residential mortgage loans and seven months for consumer. The weighted-average interest rate reduction for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 for the residential portfolio was 240 basis points Reported term extensions and payment delays are considered more than insignificant when they exceed six months when considering other modifications made in the past twelve months.

Reportable modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the three months ended September 30, 2024 consisted of weighted average term extensions totaling approximately nine months for commercial loans, and two years for residential mortgage loans. Reportable modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 consisted of weighted average term extensions totaling approximately nine months for commercial loans, five years for residential mortgage loans and four years for consumer loans. The weighted average term of other than insignificant payment delays was three months for commercial loans during both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The tables that follow present the aging analysis of reportable modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by portfolio class at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

| September 30, 2025 |
(in thousands) | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total Reportable Modified Loans |
Commercial non-real estate | $ | — |  | $ | 6,423 |  | $ | 3,340 |  | $ | 9,763 |  | $ | 63,606 |  | $ | 73,369 |
Commercial real estate - owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 340 |  |  | 340 |
Total commercial and industrial |  | — |  |  | 6,423 |  |  | 3,340 |  |  | 9,763 |  |  | 63,946 |  |  | 73,709 |
Commercial real estate - income producing |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Construction and land development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential mortgages |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | 17,593 |  |  | 17,633 |
Consumer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 193 |
Total reportable modified loans | $ | — |  | $ | 6,463 |  | $ | 3,490 |  | $ | 9,953 |  | $ | 81,582 |  | $ | 91,535 |

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| December 31, 2024 |
(in thousands) | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total Reportable Modified Loans |
Commercial non-real estate | $ | 1,975 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 12,548 |  | $ | 14,523 |  | $ | 78,934 |  | $ | 93,457 |
Commercial real estate - owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial and industrial |  | 1,975 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,548 |  |  | 14,523 |  |  | 78,934 |  |  | 93,457 |
Commercial real estate - income producing |  | — |  |  | 826 |  |  | — |  |  | 826 |  |  | 1,915 |  |  | 2,741 |
Construction and land development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential mortgages |  | 179 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 501 |  |  | 929 |  |  | 2,241 |  |  | 3,170 |
Consumer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 131 |  |  | 131 |
Total reportable modified loans | $ | 2,154 |  | $ | 1,075 |  | $ | 13,049 |  | $ | 16,278 |  | $ | 83,221 |  | $ | 99,499 |

There were loans to two comm ercial borrowers tota ling $3.3 million and one consumer loan totaling $0.1 million with reportable term extensions and/or significant payment delays that had post modification payment defaults during the three months ended September 30, 2025. For the nine month period ended September 30, 2025, there were loans to seven commercial borrowers totaling $27.6 million, and two consumer borrowers totaling $0.2 million with reportable term extension modifications, significant payment delays and/or interest rate reductions that had post modification payment defaults. There were loans to three commercial borrowers totaling $3.6 million, two residential mortgage borrowers totaling $0.3 million and one consumer borrower totaling $0.2 million with reportable term extensions and/or significant payment delays and interest rate reduction modifications that had post modification payment defaults during the three month period ended September 30, 2024. For the nine month period ended September 30, 2024, there were loans to six commercial borrowers totaling $13.2 million, three residential mortgage borrowers totaling $0.4 million, and one consumer borrower totaling $0.2 million with reportable term extensions and/or significant payment delays and interest rate reduction modifications that had post modification payment defaults. A payment default occurs if the loan is either 90 days or more delinquent or has been charged off as of the end of the period presented.

Aging Analysis

The tables below present the aging analysis of past due loans by portfolio class at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

| September 30, 2025 |
($ in thousands) | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total Loans |  | Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Still Accruing |
Commercial non-real estate | $ | 5,222 |  | $ | 12,940 |  | $ | 45,260 |  | $ | 63,422 |  | $ | 9,617,175 |  | $ | 9,680,597 |  | $ | 20,134 |
Commercial real estate - owner occupied |  | 2,094 |  |  | 1,343 |  |  | 7,792 |  |  | 11,229 |  |  | 3,268,029 |  |  | 3,279,258 |  |  | 1,346 |
Total commercial and industrial |  | 7,316 |  |  | 14,283 |  |  | 53,052 |  |  | 74,651 |  |  | 12,885,204 |  |  | 12,959,855 |  |  | 21,480 |
Commercial real estate - income producing |  | 3,092 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 4,226 |  |  | 7,467 |  |  | 4,069,176 |  |  | 4,076,643 |  |  | — |
Construction and land development |  | 1,096 |  |  | 627 |  |  | 3,082 |  |  | 4,805 |  |  | 1,192,500 |  |  | 1,197,305 |  |  | 147 |
Residential mortgages |  | 14,335 |  |  | 18,898 |  |  | 30,275 |  |  | 63,508 |  |  | 3,964,092 |  |  | 4,027,600 |  |  | 7 |
Consumer |  | 8,400 |  |  | 3,558 |  |  | 9,418 |  |  | 21,376 |  |  | 1,313,786 |  |  | 1,335,162 |  |  | 2,942 |
Total loans | $ | 34,239 |  | $ | 37,515 |  | $ | 100,053 |  | $ | 171,807 |  | $ | 23,424,758 |  | $ | 23,596,565 |  | $ | 24,576 |

| December 31, 2024 |
($ in thousands) | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total Loans |  | Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Still Accruing |
Commercial non-real estate | $ | 19,326 |  | $ | 5,264 |  | $ | 27,756 |  | $ | 52,346 |  | $ | 9,824,246 |  | $ | 9,876,592 |  | $ | 14,557 |
Commercial real estate - owner occupied |  | 1,113 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 3,747 |  |  | 4,898 |  |  | 3,007,057 |  |  | 3,011,955 |  |  | 1,097 |
Total commercial and industrial |  | 20,439 |  |  | 5,302 |  |  | 31,503 |  |  | 57,244 |  |  | 12,831,303 |  |  | 12,888,547 |  |  | 15,654 |
Commercial real estate - income producing |  | 220 |  |  | 5,417 |  |  | 464 |  |  | 6,101 |  |  | 3,792,511 |  |  | 3,798,612 |  |  | 150 |
Construction and land development |  | 1,066 |  |  | 3,773 |  |  | 5,314 |  |  | 10,153 |  |  | 1,270,962 |  |  | 1,281,115 |  |  | 3,563 |
Residential mortgages |  | 42,211 |  |  | 25,050 |  |  | 34,113 |  |  | 101,374 |  |  | 3,859,954 |  |  | 3,961,328 |  |  | 27 |
Consumer |  | 10,770 |  |  | 5,381 |  |  | 8,504 |  |  | 24,655 |  |  | 1,345,190 |  |  | 1,369,845 |  |  | 2,458 |
Total loans | $ | 74,706 |  | $ | 44,923 |  | $ | 79,898 |  | $ | 199,527 |  | $ | 23,099,920 |  | $ | 23,299,447 |  | $ | 21,852 |

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Credit Quality Indicators

The following tables present the credit quality indicators by segment and portfolio class of loans at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company routinely assesses the ratings of loans in its portfolio through an established and comprehensive portfolio management process.

| September 30, 2025 |
($ in thousands) | Commercial Non-Real Estate |  | Commercial Real Estate - Owner- Occupied |  | Total Commercial and Industrial |  | Commercial Real Estate - Income Producing |  | Construction and Land Development |  | Total Commercial |
Grade: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 8,979,717 |  | $ | 3,089,082 |  | $ | 12,068,799 |  | $ | 3,888,691 |  | $ | 1,130,795 |  | $ | 17,088,285 |
Pass-Watch |  | 302,204 |  |  | 131,455 |  |  | 433,659 |  |  | 129,411 |  |  | 33,270 |  |  | 596,340 |
Special Mention |  | 91,828 |  |  | 29,862 |  |  | 121,690 |  |  | 8,308 |  |  | 28,370 |  |  | 158,368 |
Substandard |  | 306,848 |  |  | 28,859 |  |  | 335,707 |  |  | 50,233 |  |  | 4,870 |  |  | 390,810 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 9,680,597 |  | $ | 3,279,258 |  | $ | 12,959,855 |  | $ | 4,076,643 |  | $ | 1,197,305 |  | $ | 18,233,803 |

| December 31, 2024 |
($ in thousands) | Commercial Non-Real Estate |  | Commercial Real Estate - Owner- Occupied |  | Total Commercial and Industrial |  | Commercial Real Estate - Income Producing |  | Construction and Land Development |  | Total Commercial |
Grade: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 9,157,232 |  | $ | 2,833,228 |  | $ | 11,990,460 |  | $ | 3,625,981 |  | $ | 1,207,404 |  | $ | 16,823,845 |
Pass-Watch |  | 219,975 |  |  | 135,566 |  |  | 355,541 |  |  | 99,638 |  |  | 66,221 |  |  | 521,400 |
Special Mention |  | 149,705 |  |  | 17,901 |  |  | 167,606 |  |  | 22,278 |  |  | 1,014 |  |  | 190,898 |
Substandard |  | 349,680 |  |  | 25,260 |  |  | 374,940 |  |  | 50,715 |  |  | 6,476 |  |  | 432,131 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 9,876,592 |  | $ | 3,011,955 |  | $ | 12,888,547 |  | $ | 3,798,612 |  | $ | 1,281,115 |  | $ | 17,968,274 |

|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
($ in thousands) |  | Residential Mortgage |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |  |  | Residential Mortgage |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Total |
Performing |  | $ | 3,986,574 |  |  | $ | 1,324,897 |  |  | $ | 5,311,471 |  |  | $ | 3,917,242 |  |  | $ | 1,358,658 |  |  | $ | 5,275,900 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 41,026 |  |  |  | 10,265 |  |  |  | 51,291 |  |  |  | 44,086 |  |  |  | 11,187 |  |  |  | 55,273 |
Total |  | $ | 4,027,600 |  |  | $ | 1,335,162 |  |  | $ | 5,362,762 |  |  | $ | 3,961,328 |  |  | $ | 1,369,845 |  |  | $ | 5,331,173 |

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Below are the definitions of the Company’s internally assigned grades:

Commercial:

•
Pass – loans properly approved, documented, collateralized, and performing which do not reflect an abnormal credit risk.
•
Pass-Watch – credits in this category are of sufficient risk to cause concern. This category is reserved for credits that display negative performance trends. The “Watch” grade should be regarded as a transition category.
•
Special Mention – a criticized asset category defined as having potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may, at some future date, result in the deterioration of the repayment prospects for the credit or the institution’s credit position. Special mention credits are not considered part of the classified credit categories and do not expose the institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.
•
Substandard – an asset that is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
•
Doubtful – an asset that has all the weaknesses inherent in one classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.
•
Loss – credits classified as loss are considered uncollectable and are charged off promptly once so classified.

Residential and Consumer:

•
Performing – accruing loans.
•
Nonperforming – loans for which there are good reasons to doubt that payments will be made in full. Nonperforming loans include all loans with nonaccrual status.

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Vintage Analysis

The following tables present credit quality disclosures of amortized cost by class and vintage for term loans and by revolving and revolving converted to amortizing at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company defines vintage as the later of origination, renewal or modification date. The gross charge-offs presented in the tables that follow are for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024.

| September 30, 2025 |
| Term Loans |  |  |  | Revolving Loans |  |  |
| Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  | Revolving |  | Converted to |  |  |
($ in thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Prior |  | Loans |  | Term Loans |  | Total |
Commercial Non-Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 1,445,220 |  | $ | 1,325,207 |  | $ | 781,003 |  | $ | 867,692 |  | $ | 616,345 |  | $ | 949,750 |  | $ | 2,896,708 |  | $ | 97,792 |  | $ | 8,979,717 |
Pass-Watch |  | 21,700 |  |  | 30,957 |  |  | 47,601 |  |  | 66,406 |  |  | 14,748 |  |  | 20,324 |  |  | 93,375 |  |  | 7,093 |  |  | 302,204 |
Special Mention |  | 2,322 |  |  | 3,866 |  |  | 2,603 |  |  | 29,735 |  |  | 12,212 |  |  | 4,522 |  |  | 35,189 |  |  | 1,379 |  |  | 91,828 |
Substandard |  | 12,652 |  |  | 5,151 |  |  | 81,367 |  |  | 96,094 |  |  | 13,767 |  |  | 9,183 |  |  | 65,629 |  |  | 23,005 |  |  | 306,848 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 1,481,894 |  | $ | 1,365,181 |  | $ | 912,574 |  | $ | 1,059,927 |  | $ | 657,072 |  | $ | 983,779 |  | $ | 3,090,901 |  | $ | 129,269 |  | $ | 9,680,597 |
Gross Charge-offs | $ | 4,774 |  | $ | 2,116 |  | $ | 15,042 |  | $ | 794 |  | $ | 63 |  | $ | 727 |  | $ | 2,370 |  | $ | 6,559 |  | $ | 32,445 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 484,983 |  | $ | 407,189 |  | $ | 320,493 |  | $ | 481,837 |  | $ | 477,600 |  | $ | 800,658 |  | $ | 67,123 |  | $ | 49,199 |  | $ | 3,089,082 |
Pass-Watch |  | 25,002 |  |  | 16,973 |  |  | 5,101 |  |  | 41,756 |  |  | 10,398 |  |  | 28,687 |  |  | 1,479 |  |  | 2,059 |  |  | 131,455 |
Special Mention |  | 3,509 |  |  | 3,032 |  |  | 650 |  |  | 15,054 |  |  | 6,135 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,482 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,862 |
Substandard |  | 1,585 |  |  | 334 |  |  | 6,719 |  |  | 15,188 |  |  | 929 |  |  | 4,104 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,859 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 515,079 |  | $ | 427,528 |  | $ | 332,963 |  | $ | 553,835 |  | $ | 495,062 |  | $ | 833,449 |  | $ | 70,084 |  | $ | 51,258 |  | $ | 3,279,258 |
Gross Charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 86 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,741 |  | $ | 1,799 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,626 |
Commercial Real Estate - Income Producing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 649,232 |  | $ | 414,766 |  | $ | 539,778 |  | $ | 908,450 |  | $ | 573,984 |  | $ | 756,410 |  | $ | 45,474 |  | $ | 597 |  | $ | 3,888,691 |
Pass-Watch |  | 21,420 |  |  | 16,326 |  |  | 5,992 |  |  | 36,936 |  |  | 21,675 |  |  | 26,853 |  |  | 209 |  |  | — |  |  | 129,411 |
Special Mention |  | 7,746 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 295 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,308 |
Substandard |  | 215 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,021 |  |  | 24,551 |  |  | 2,148 |  |  | 19,135 |  |  | 163 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,233 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 678,613 |  | $ | 431,359 |  | $ | 550,086 |  | $ | 969,937 |  | $ | 597,807 |  | $ | 802,398 |  | $ | 45,846 |  | $ | 597 |  | $ | 4,076,643 |
Gross Charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 34 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 34 |
Construction and Land Development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 194,731 |  | $ | 348,250 |  | $ | 218,503 |  | $ | 139,163 |  | $ | 76,010 |  | $ | 16,572 |  | $ | 131,357 |  | $ | 6,209 |  | $ | 1,130,795 |
Pass-Watch |  | 5,217 |  |  | 998 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 3,045 |  |  | 23,357 |  |  | 214 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,270 |
Special Mention |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,125 |  |  | 113 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | 28,370 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | 187 |  |  | 1,890 |  |  | 2,529 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 129 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,870 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 200,010 |  | $ | 349,435 |  | $ | 220,832 |  | $ | 172,862 |  | $ | 99,615 |  | $ | 16,915 |  | $ | 131,357 |  | $ | 6,279 |  | $ | 1,197,305 |
Gross Charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,283 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,291 |
Residential Mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 306,408 |  | $ | 132,653 |  | $ | 410,062 |  | $ | 1,041,327 |  | $ | 836,246 |  | $ | 1,257,018 |  | $ | 2,860 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,986,574 |
Nonperforming |  | — |  |  | 1,623 |  |  | 9,020 |  |  | 7,372 |  |  | 5,935 |  |  | 17,076 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41,026 |
Total | $ | 306,408 |  | $ | 134,276 |  | $ | 419,082 |  | $ | 1,048,699 |  | $ | 842,181 |  | $ | 1,274,094 |  | $ | 2,860 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,027,600 |
Gross Charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | 36 |  | $ | 286 |  | $ | 319 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 37 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 678 |
Consumer Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 46,940 |  | $ | 28,345 |  | $ | 26,833 |  | $ | 21,884 |  | $ | 11,145 |  | $ | 53,126 |  | $ | 1,109,277 |  | $ | 27,347 |  | $ | 1,324,897 |
Nonperforming |  | 50 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 366 |  |  | 889 |  |  | 684 |  |  | 4,853 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 2,991 |  |  | 10,265 |
Total | $ | 46,990 |  | $ | 28,398 |  | $ | 27,199 |  | $ | 22,773 |  | $ | 11,829 |  | $ | 57,979 |  | $ | 1,109,656 |  | $ | 30,338 |  | $ | 1,335,162 |
Gross Charge-offs | $ | 32 |  | $ | 709 |  | $ | 873 |  | $ | 1,089 |  | $ | 447 |  | $ | 635 |  | $ | 6,730 |  | $ | 1,768 |  | $ | 12,283 |

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| December 31, 2024 |
| Term Loans |  |  |  | Revolving Loans |  |  |
| Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  | Revolving |  | Converted to |  |  |
($ in thousands) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Loans |  | Term Loans |  | Total |
Commercial Non-Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 1,794,904 |  | $ | 1,069,637 |  | $ | 1,154,669 |  | $ | 819,520 |  | $ | 339,594 |  | $ | 925,046 |  | $ | 2,946,499 |  | $ | 107,363 |  | $ | 9,157,232 |
Pass-Watch |  | 8,466 |  |  | 46,681 |  |  | 43,379 |  |  | 29,193 |  |  | 12,768 |  |  | 9,851 |  |  | 61,076 |  |  | 8,561 |  |  | 219,975 |
Special Mention |  | 412 |  |  | 21,337 |  |  | 52,375 |  |  | 6,044 |  |  | 6,234 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 62,934 |  |  | 328 |  |  | 149,705 |
Substandard |  | 19,839 |  |  | 91,192 |  |  | 117,545 |  |  | 15,225 |  |  | 8,200 |  |  | 2,898 |  |  | 65,138 |  |  | 29,643 |  |  | 349,680 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 1,823,621 |  | $ | 1,228,847 |  | $ | 1,367,968 |  | $ | 869,982 |  | $ | 366,796 |  | $ | 937,836 |  | $ | 3,135,647 |  | $ | 145,895 |  | $ | 9,876,592 |
Gross Charge-offs | $ | 705 |  | $ | 7,575 |  | $ | 7,494 |  | $ | 11,090 |  | $ | 213 |  | $ | 1,837 |  | $ | 5,952 |  | $ | 10,622 |  | $ | 45,488 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 365,158 |  | $ | 319,684 |  | $ | 537,069 |  | $ | 524,572 |  | $ | 433,844 |  | $ | 554,293 |  | $ | 97,999 |  | $ | 609 |  | $ | 2,833,228 |
Pass-Watch |  | 18,937 |  |  | 8,575 |  |  | 66,286 |  |  | 5,547 |  |  | 2,695 |  |  | 29,078 |  |  | 3,727 |  |  | 721 |  |  | 135,566 |
Special Mention |  | 4,417 |  |  | 410 |  |  | 6,759 |  |  | 3,756 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,559 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,901 |
Substandard |  | 1,322 |  |  | 2,630 |  |  | 5,574 |  |  | 1,563 |  |  | 1,248 |  |  | 12,923 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,260 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 389,834 |  | $ | 331,299 |  | $ | 615,688 |  | $ | 535,438 |  | $ | 437,787 |  | $ | 598,853 |  | $ | 101,726 |  | $ | 1,330 |  | $ | 3,011,955 |
Gross Charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 131 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 12 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 143 |
Commercial Real Estate - Income Producing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 416,947 |  | $ | 453,428 |  | $ | 975,075 |  | $ | 750,907 |  | $ | 494,925 |  | $ | 501,389 |  | $ | 31,673 |  | $ | 1,637 |  | $ | 3,625,981 |
Pass-Watch |  | 2,586 |  |  | 7,005 |  |  | 43,221 |  |  | 9,399 |  |  | 20,694 |  |  | 16,354 |  |  | 220 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 99,638 |
Special Mention |  | 20,292 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,986 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,278 |
Substandard |  | 1,818 |  |  | 18,189 |  |  | 8,604 |  |  | 2,210 |  |  | 19,731 |  |  | 163 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50,715 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 441,643 |  | $ | 478,622 |  | $ | 1,028,886 |  | $ | 762,516 |  | $ | 535,350 |  | $ | 517,906 |  | $ | 31,893 |  | $ | 1,796 |  | $ | 3,798,612 |
Gross Charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 8,819 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 8,822 |
Construction and Land Development: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 237,136 |  | $ | 418,002 |  | $ | 296,286 |  | $ | 103,259 |  | $ | 33,519 |  | $ | 14,477 |  | $ | 102,694 |  | $ | 2,031 |  | $ | 1,207,404 |
Pass-Watch |  | 624 |  |  | 2,279 |  |  | 62,415 |  |  | 391 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 323 |  |  | 159 |  |  | — |  |  | 66,221 |
Special Mention |  | 1,014 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,014 |
Substandard |  | 324 |  |  | 796 |  |  | 1,576 |  |  | 3,554 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,476 |
Doubtful |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 239,098 |  | $ | 421,077 |  | $ | 360,277 |  | $ | 107,204 |  | $ | 33,575 |  | $ | 15,000 |  | $ | 102,853 |  | $ | 2,031 |  | $ | 1,281,115 |
Gross Charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | 113 |  | $ | 94 |  | $ | 30 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 20 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 7 |  | $ | 264 |
Residential Mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 161,019 |  | $ | 422,269 |  | $ | 1,068,191 |  | $ | 882,918 |  | $ | 447,690 |  | $ | 932,182 |  | $ | 2,772 |  | $ | 201 |  | $ | 3,917,242 |
Nonperforming |  | 327 |  |  | 7,724 |  |  | 10,974 |  |  | 6,687 |  |  | 1,199 |  |  | 17,175 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44,086 |
Total | $ | 161,346 |  | $ | 429,993 |  | $ | 1,079,165 |  | $ | 889,605 |  | $ | 448,889 |  | $ | 949,357 |  | $ | 2,772 |  | $ | 201 |  | $ | 3,961,328 |
Gross Charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | 57 |  | $ | 189 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 132 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 380 |
Consumer Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 56,983 |  | $ | 39,301 |  | $ | 35,320 |  | $ | 20,397 |  | $ | 15,035 |  | $ | 41,299 |  | $ | 1,120,027 |  | $ | 30,296 |  | $ | 1,358,658 |
Nonperforming |  | 51 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 639 |  |  | 767 |  |  | 3,442 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 5,387 |  |  | 11,187 |
Total | $ | 57,034 |  | $ | 39,347 |  | $ | 35,640 |  | $ | 21,036 |  | $ | 15,802 |  | $ | 44,741 |  | $ | 1,120,562 |  | $ | 35,683 |  | $ | 1,369,845 |
Gross Charge-offs | $ | 92 |  | $ | 1,733 |  | $ | 2,474 |  | $ | 1,173 |  | $ | 180 |  | $ | 985 |  | $ | 8,826 |  | $ | 2,524 |  | $ | 17,987 |

Residential Mortgage Loans in Process of Foreclosure

Loans in process of foreclosure include those for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process according to local requirements of the applicable jurisdiction. Included in loans at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 wer e $13.0 million and $10.5 million, respectively, of loans secured by single family residential real estate that were in process of foreclosure. In addition to the single family residential real estate loans in process of foreclosure, the Company also held foreclosed single family residential properties in other real estate owned totaling $3.7 million and $2.0 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans held for sale total ed $33.2 million and $21.5 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Loans held for sale is composed primarily of residential mortgage loans originated for sale in the secondary market. At September 30, 2025, residential mortgage loans carried at the fair value option tot aled $33.2 million with an unpaid principal bala nce of $32.3 million. At December 31, 2024, residential mortgage loans carried at the fair value option totaled $18.9 million with an unpaid principal balance of $18.6 million. All other loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or market.

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5. Investments in Low Income Housing Tax Credit Entities

The Company invests in certain affordable housing project limited partnerships that are qualified low-income housing tax credit developments. These investments are considered variable interest entities for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary and, therefore, are not consolidated. These partnerships generate low-income tax credits that are earned over a 10-year period, beginning with the year the rental activity begins. The Company has elected to use the practical expedient method of amortization, which approximates the proportional amortization method, whereby the investment cost is amortized in proportion to the allocated tax credits over the 10 year tax credit period. Additionally, the Company recognizes deferred taxes on the basis difference of the tax equity investment to reflect the financial impact of other tax benefits (e.g., tax operating losses) not included in the practical expedient amortization. The tax credits, when realized, are reflected in the consolidated statements of income as a reduction of income tax expense. The Company’s investments in affordable housing limited partnerships totaled $37.5 million at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, with a carry balance net of accumulated amortization included in the other assets line item on our Consolidated Balance Sheets totaling $22.8 million and $25.6 million, respectively, for those same periods. The net impact of the low-income housing tax credit program was not material to our Consolidated Statements of Income or Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

6. Short term borrowings

Short-term borrowings include Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) advances totalin g $1.3 billion as of September 30, 2025. There were no FHLB advances outstanding at December 31, 2024. At September 30, 2025, FHLB advances outstanding was comprised of three fixed rate notes with a weighted average interest rate of 4.22% maturing on October 1, November 3, and December 1, 2025. As short-term advances mature, they are generally paid off and replaced with new short-term FHLB advances, if warranted, depending on funding needs.

Also included in short-term borrowings are securities sold under agreements to repurchase that mature daily and are secured by U.S. agency securities totaling $616.2 million and $638.7 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company borrows funds on a secured basis by selling securities under agreements to repurchase, mainly in connection with treasury management services offered to its deposit customers. As the Company maintains effective control over assets sold under agreements to repurchase, the securities continue to be carried on the consolidated statements of financial condition. Because the Company acts as borrower transferring assets to the counterparty, and the agreements mature daily, the Company’s risk is limited.

The remaining balances in short-term borrowings of $0.3 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, are federal funds purchased, which are unsecured borrowings from other banks, generally on an overnight basis.

7. Derivatives

Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives

The Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage risks related to differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments. The Bank also enters into interest rate derivative agreements as a service to certain qualifying customers. The Bank manages a matched book with respect to these customer derivatives in order to minimize its net interest rate risk exposure resulting from such agreements. In addition, the Bank also enters into risk participation agreements under which it may either sell or buy credit risk associated with a customer’s performance under certain interest rate derivative contracts related to loans in which participation interests have been sold to or purchased from other banks.

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Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Balance Sheet

The table below presents the notional or contractual amounts and fair values of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

|  |  |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  | Notional or |  |  |  | Notional or |  |  |
|  | Type of |  | Contractual |  | Derivative (1) |  | Contractual |  | Derivative (1) |
($ in thousands) |  | Hedge |  | Amount |  | Assets |  | Liabilities |  | Amount |  | Assets |  | Liabilities |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps - variable rate loans |  | Cash Flow |  | $ | 1,725,000 |  | $ | 4,655 |  | $ | 21,313 |  | $ | 1,350,000 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 48,022 |
Interest rate swaps - securities |  | Fair Value |  |  | 397,500 |  |  | 23,028 |  |  | — |  |  | 477,500 |  |  | 39,647 |  |  | — |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  | $ | 2,122,500 |  | $ | 27,683 |  | $ | 21,313 |  | $ | 1,827,500 |  | $ | 39,647 |  | $ | 48,022 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | N/A |  | $ | 5,021,110 |  | $ | 78,218 |  | $ | 78,382 |  | $ | 4,926,461 |  | $ | 108,702 |  | $ | 108,761 |
Risk participation agreements |  | N/A |  |  | 368,598 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 445,554 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 9 |
Interest rate-lock commitments on residential mortgage loans |  | N/A |  |  | 33,729 |  |  | 648 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,526 |  |  | — |  |  | 383 |
Forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans |  | N/A |  |  | 11,311 |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |  |  | 27,465 |  |  | 420 |  |  | — |
To Be Announced (TBA) securities |  | N/A |  |  | 35,750 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 15,250 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 1 |
Foreign exchange forward contracts |  | N/A |  |  | 111,184 |  |  | 4,885 |  |  | 4,826 |  |  | 82,756 |  |  | 1,389 |  |  | 1,358 |
Visa Class B derivative contract |  | N/A |  |  | 41,742 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,855 |  |  | 42,020 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,089 |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  | $ | 5,623,424 |  | $ | 83,856 |  | $ | 85,273 |  | $ | 5,565,032 |  | $ | 110,606 |  | $ | 112,601 |
Total derivatives |  |  |  | $ | 7,745,924 |  | $ | 111,539 |  | $ | 106,586 |  | $ | 7,392,532 |  | $ | 150,253 |  | $ | 160,623 |
Less: netting adjustment (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (43,383 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  |  |  | (76,413 | ) |  | — |
Total derivative assets/liabilities |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 68,156 |  | $ | 106,582 |  |  |  | $ | 73,840 |  | $ | 160,623 |

(1)
Derivative assets and liabilities are reported in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheets.
(2)
Represents balance sheet netting of derivative assets and liabilities for variation margin collateral held or placed with the same central clearing counterparty. See offsetting assets and liabilities for further information.

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

The Company is party to various interest rate swap agreements designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges of the Company’s forecasted variable cash flows for pools of variable rate loans. For each agreement, the Company receives interest at a fixed rate and pays at a variable rate. The Company has terminated certain interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges prior to maturity, including four agreements during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, for which the Company paid approximately $13.7 million. There were no terminated interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The net cash received/paid for cash flow hedge terminations was recorded as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and is being amortized into earnings through the original maturity dates of the respective contracts. The notional amounts of the active interest rate swap agreements at September 30, 2025 expire as follows: $50 million in 2025; $425 million in 2026; $825 million in 2027; $50 million in 2028; and $3 75 million thereafter.

Fair Value Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate swaps on securities available for sale

The Company is party to forward-starting fixed payer swaps that convert the latter portion of the term of certain available for sale securities to a floating rate. These derivative instruments are designated as fair value hedges of interest rate risk. This strategy provides the Company with a fixed rate coupon during the front-end unhedged tenor of the bonds and results in a floating rate security during the back-end hedged tenor. At September 30, 2025, these single layer instruments have hedge start dates between January 2025 and July 2026, and maturity dates from December 2027 through March 2031. The change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to interest rate risk is presented in interest income along with the change in the fair value of the hedging instrument.

During the nine months ending September 30, 2025, $203.5 million of fair value hedges became effective with the resulting net earnings recorded in interest income on the "Securities-taxable" line item on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Once effective, fair value hedges synthetically convert the notional portion of the hedged asset to a variable rate over the life of the hedge that is indexed to the federal funds effective rate.

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The Company terminated one swap agreement designated as a fair value hedge during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and received cash of approximately $2.3 million. At the time of termination, the value of the swap was recorded as an adjustment to the book value of the underlying security, thereby changing its current book yield and extending its duration. There were no fair value swap agreements terminated during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The hedged available for sale securities are part of closed portfolios of pre-payable commercial mortgage backed securities. In accordance with ASC 815, prepayment risk may be excluded when measuring the change in fair value of such hedged items attributable to interest rate risk under the portfolio layer method. At September 30, 2025, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolio of pre-payable commercial mortgage backed securities t otaled $432.2 million, excluding any basis adjustment. The amount that represents the hedged items was $374.4 million and the basis adjustment associated with the hedged items was a loss totaling $23.1 million.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedges

Customer interest rate derivative program

The Bank enters into interest rate derivative agreements, primarily rate swaps, with commercial banking customers to facilitate their risk management strategies. The Bank enters into offsetting agreements with unrelated financial institutions, thereby mitigating its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. Because the interest rate derivatives associated with this program do not meet hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer derivatives and the offsetting derivatives are recognized directly in earnings.

Risk participation agreements

The Bank also enters into risk participation agreements under which it may either assume or sell credit risk associated with a borrower’s performance under certain interest rate derivative contracts. In those instances where the Bank has assumed credit risk, it is not a direct counterparty to the derivative contract with the borrower and has entered into the risk participation agreement because it is a party to the related loan agreement with the borrower. In those instances in which the Bank has sold credit risk, it is the sole counterparty to the derivative contract with the borrower and has entered into the risk participation agreement because other banks participate in the related loan agreement. The Bank manages its credit risk under risk participation agreements by monitoring the creditworthiness of the borrower, based on the Bank’s normal credit review process.

Mortgage banking derivatives

The Bank also enters into certain derivative agreements as part of its mortgage banking activities. These agreements include interest rate lock commitments on prospective residential mortgage loans and forward commitments to sell loans to investors on either a best efforts or a mandatory delivery basis. The Company uses these forward sales commitments, which may include To Be Announced (“TBA”) security contracts, on the open market to protect the value of its rate locks and mortgage loans held for sale from changes in interest rates and pricing between the origination of the rate lock and the final sale of these loans. These instruments meet the definition of derivative financial instruments and are reflected in other assets and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with changes to the fair value recorded in noninterest income within the secondary mortgage market operations line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The loans sold on a mandatory basis commit the Company to deliver a specific principal amount of mortgage loans to an investor at a specified price, by a specified date. If the Company fails to deliver the amount of mortgages necessary to fulfill the commitment by the specified date, we may be obligated to pay a pair-off fee, based on then-current market prices, to the investor/counterparty to compensate the investor for the shortfall. Mandatory delivery forward commitments include TBA security contracts on the open market to provide protection against changes in interest rates on the locked mortgage pipeline. The Company expects that mandatory delivery contracts, including TBA security contracts, will experience changes in fair value opposite to the changes in the fair value of derivative loan commitments. Certain assumptions, including pull through rates and rate lock periods, are used in managing the existing and future hedges. The accuracy of underlying assumptions could impact the ultimate effectiveness of any hedging strategies.

Forward commitments under best effort contracts commit the Company to deliver a specific individual mortgage loan to an investor if the loan to the underlying borrower closes. Generally, best efforts cash contracts have no pair-off risk regardless of market movement. The price the investor will pay the seller for an individual loan is specified prior to the loan being funded, generally the same day the Company enters into the interest rate lock commitment with the potential borrower. The Company expects that these best efforts forward loan sale commitments will experience a net neutral shift in fair value with related derivative loan commitments.

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At the closing of the loan, the rate lock commitment derivative expires and the Company generally records a loan held for sale at fair value under the election of fair value option.

Customer foreign exchange forward contract derivatives

The Company enters into foreign exchange forward derivative agreements, primarily forward foreign currency contracts, with commercial banking customers to facilitate their risk management strategies. The Bank manages its risk exposure from such transactions by entering into offsetting agreements with unrelated financial institutions. The Bank has not elected to designate these foreign exchange forward contract derivatives as hedges; as such, changes in the fair value of both the customer derivatives and the offsetting derivatives are recognized directly in earnings.

Visa Class B derivative contract

The Company is a member of Visa USA. In 2018, the Company sold the majority of its Visa Class B holdings, at which time it entered into a derivative agreement with the purchaser whereby the Company will make or receive cash payments whenever the conversion ratio of the Visa Class B shares into Visa Class A shares is adjusted. The conversion ratio changes when Visa deposits funds to a litigation escrow established by Visa to pay settlements for certain litigation, for which Visa is indemnified by Visa USA members. The Company is also required to make periodic financing payments to the purchaser until all of Visa’s covered litigation matters are resolved. Thus, the derivative contract extends until the end of Visa’s covered litigation matters, the timing of which is uncertain.

During the second quarter of 2024, Visa allowed Class B holders to convert some but not all of their Class B shares to Class A shares. As a result of this conversion event, the Bank and its counterparty agreed to modify the transaction agreement to reflect the partial exchange and include certain provisions related to conversion rate changes. The conversion plan approved by Visa requires a minimum of 12 months before another exchange event and thus extends the expected time for a full resolution of the matter.

The contract includes a contingent accelerated termination clause based on the credit ratings of the Company. The fair value of the liability associated with this contract was $1.9 million at September 30, 2025 and $2.1 million at December 31, 2024. Refer to Note 16 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments for discussion of the valuation inputs and process for this derivative liability.

Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Statements of Income

The effects of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are presented in the table below.

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
($ in thousands) |  | Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized |  | September 30, |  |  | September 30, |
Derivative Instruments: |  | in the Statements of Income: |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable rate loans |  | Interest income - loans |  | $ | (8,979 | ) |  | $ | (12,649 | ) |  | $ | (26,174 | ) |  | $ | (38,120 | )
Fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities |  | Interest income - securities - taxable |  |  | 4,798 |  |  |  | 3,215 |  |  |  | 13,398 |  |  |  | 9,437 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage banking |  | Noninterest income - secondary mortgage market operations |  |  | (502 | ) |  |  | (370 | ) |  |  | 358 |  |  |  | 182 |
Customer and all other instruments |  | Noninterest income - other noninterest income |  |  | 1,932 |  |  |  | 923 |  |  |  | 3,630 |  |  |  | (2,939 | )
Total loss |  |  |  | $ | (2,751 | ) |  | $ | (8,881 | ) |  | $ | (8,788 | ) |  | $ | (31,440 | )

Credit Risk-Related Contingent Features

Certain of the Bank’s derivative instruments contain provisions allowing the financial institution counterparty to terminate the contracts in certain circumstances, such as the downgrade of the Bank’s credit ratings below specified levels, a default by the Bank on its indebtedness, or the failure of the Bank to maintain specified minimum regulatory capital ratios or its regulatory status as a well-capitalized institution. These derivative agreements also contain provisions regarding the posting of collateral by each party. At September 30, 2025, the Company was not in violation of any such provisions. The aggregate fair value of derivative instruments with credit risk-related contingent features that were in a net liability position at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $17.5 million and $39.1 million, respectively, for which the Company had posted collateral of $17.8 million and $38.0 million, respectively.

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Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

The Bank’s derivative instruments with certain counterparties contain legally enforceable netting provisions that allow for net settlement of multiple transactions to a single amount, which may be positive, negative, or zero. Agreements with certain bilateral counterparties require both parties to maintain collateral in the event that the fair values of derivative instruments exceed established exposure thresholds. For centrally cleared derivatives, the Company is subject to initial margin posting and daily variation margin exchange with the central clearinghouses. Offsetting information in regards to all derivative assets and liabilities, including accrued interest, subject to these master netting agreements at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 is presented in the following tables.

|  | As of September 30, 2025 |
|  | Gross |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the |  | Net Amounts Presented in the |  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition |
($ in thousands) |  | Amounts Recognized |  | Statement of Financial Condition |  | Statement of Financial Condition |  |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral |  | Net Amount |
Derivative Assets |  | $ | 94,709 |  | $ | (44,973 | ) | $ | 49,736 |  |  | $ | 42,453 |  | $ | 38,458 |  | $ | 45,741 |
Derivative Liabilities |  | $ | 42,456 |  | $ | (3 | ) | $ | 42,453 |  |  | $ | 42,453 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |

|  | As of December 31, 2024 |
|  | Gross |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the |  | Net Amounts Presented in the |  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition |
($ in thousands) |  | Amounts Recognized |  | Statement of Financial Condition |  | Statement of Financial Condition |  |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral |  | Net Amount |
Derivative Assets |  | $ | 149,808 |  | $ | (77,915 | ) | $ | 71,893 |  |  | $ | 54,707 |  | $ | 64,260 |  | $ | 81,446 |
Derivative Liabilities |  | $ | 54,707 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 54,707 |  |  | $ | 54,707 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |

The Company has excess posted collateral compared to total exposure due to initial margin requirements for day-to-day rate volatility.

8. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Shares Outstanding

Common shares outstanding excludes treasury shares totaling 8.1 million and 6.7 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, with a first-in-first-out cost basis of $354.3 million and $264.1 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Shares outstanding also excludes unvested restricted share a wards totaling 0.1 mil lion at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Stock Buyback Programs

On December 9, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a stock buyback program, effective January 1, 2025, whereby the Company is authorized to repurchase up to approximately 4.3 million shares of its common stock through the program’s expiration date of December 31, 2026. The program allows the Company to repurchase its common shares in the open market, by block purchase, through accelerated share repurchase programs, in privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise, in one or more transactions. The Company is not obligated to purchase any shares under this program, and the Board of Directors has the ability to terminate or amend the program at any time prior to the expiration date. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company repurchased 1.8 million shares of its common stock at an average cost o f $56.80 per share, inclusive of commissions, under this program. The Company has accru ed $0.8 million o f estimated excise tax associated with share repurchases during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Prior to its expiration on December 31, 2024, the Company had in place a stock repurchase program authorized by the Board of Directors on January 26, 2023, whereby the Company was authorized to repurchase up to approximately 4.3 million shares of its outstanding common stock. The program allowed the Company to repurchase its common shares in the open market, by block purchase, through accelerated share repurchase programs, in privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise, in one or more transactions from time to time, depending on market conditions and other factors, and in accordance with applicable regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company repurchased 612,913 shares of its common stock at an average cost of $48.63 per share, inclusive of commissions, under this program and accrued $0.2 million of estimated excise tax.

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

A rollforward of the components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) is presented in the table that follows:

($ in thousands) | Available for Sale Securities |  | HTM Securities Transferred from AFS |  | Employee Benefit Plans |  | Cash Flow Hedges |  | Equity Method Investment |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2024 | $ | (473,679 | ) | $ | (8,071 | ) | $ | (77,235 | ) | $ | (47,136 | ) | $ | 29 |  | $ | (606,092 | )
Net change in unrealized gain (loss) |  | 202,858 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,770 |  |  | 3,056 |  |  | 215,684 |
Reclassification of net loss realized and included in earnings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,623 |  |  | 26,174 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,797 |
Amortization of unrealized net loss on securities transferred to HTM |  | — |  |  | 1,205 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,205 |
Income tax expense |  | (46,822 | ) |  | (289 | ) |  | (759 | ) |  | (8,184 | ) |  | — |  |  | (56,054 | )
Balance, September 30, 2025 | $ | (317,643 | ) | $ | (7,155 | ) | $ | (75,371 | ) | $ | (19,376 | ) | $ | 3,085 |  | $ | (416,460 | )
Balance, December 31, 2023 | $ | (450,748 | ) | $ | (9,385 | ) | $ | (103,061 | ) | $ | (58,306 | ) | $ | 373 |  | $ | (621,127 | )
Net change in unrealized gain (loss) |  | 132,391 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,495 | ) |  | (344 | ) |  | 121,552 |
Reclassification of net loss realized and included in earnings |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,569 |  |  | 38,120 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,689 |
Valuation adjustments to employee benefit plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,014 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,014 |
Amortization of unrealized net loss on securities transferred to HTM |  | — |  |  | 1,279 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,279 |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | (28,958 | ) |  | (268 | ) |  | (5,555 | ) |  | (6,122 | ) |  | — |  |  | (40,903 | )
Balance, September 30, 2024 | $ | (347,315 | ) | $ | (8,374 | ) | $ | (83,033 | ) | $ | (36,803 | ) | $ | 29 |  | $ | (475,496 | )

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss (“AOCI”) is reported as a component of stockholders’ equity. AOCI can include, among other items, unrealized holding gains and losses on securities available for sale (“AFS”), including the Company’s share of unrealized gains and losses reported by a partnership accounted for under the equity method, gains and losses associated with pension or other post-retirement benefits that are not recognized immediately as a component of net periodic benefit cost, and gains and losses on derivative instruments that are designated as, and qualify as, cash flow hedges. Net unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities reclassified as securities held to maturity (“HTM”) also continue to be reported as a component of AOCI and will be amortized over the estimated remaining life of the securities as an adjustment to interest income. Subject to certain thresholds, unrealized losses on employee benefit plans will be reclassified into income as pension and post-retirement costs are recognized over the remaining service period of plan participants. Accumulated gains or losses on cash flow hedges of variable rate loans described in Note 7 - Derivatives will be reclassified into income over the life of the hedge. Accumulated other comprehensive loss resulting from terminated interest rate swaps are being amortized over the remaining maturities of the designated instruments. Gains and losses within AOCI are net of deferred income taxes, where applicable.

The following table shows the line items in the consolidated statements of income affected by amounts reclassified from AOCI.

|  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |
Amount reclassified from AOCI (a) |  | September 30, |  |  | Affected line item on
($ in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | the statement of income
Amortization of unrealized net loss on securities transferred to HTM |  | $ | (1,205 | ) |  | $ | (1,279 | ) |  | Interest income
Tax effect |  |  | 289 |  |  |  | 268 |  |  | Income taxes
Net of tax |  |  | (916 | ) |  |  | (1,011 | ) |  | Net income
Amortization of defined benefit pension and post-retirement items |  |  | (2,623 | ) |  |  | (3,569 | ) |  | Other noninterest expense (b)
Tax effect |  |  | 759 |  |  |  | 775 |  |  | Income taxes
Net of tax |  |  | (1,864 | ) |  |  | (2,794 | ) |  | Net income
Reclassification of unrealized loss on cash flow hedges |  |  | (21,594 | ) |  |  | (37,257 | ) |  | Interest income
Tax effect |  |  | 4,917 |  |  |  | 8,257 |  |  | Income taxes
Net of tax |  |  | (16,677 | ) |  |  | (29,000 | ) |  | Net income
Amortization of loss on terminated cash flow hedges |  |  | (4,580 | ) |  |  | (863 | ) |  | Interest income
Tax effect |  |  | 1,043 |  |  |  | 191 |  |  | Income taxes
Net of tax |  |  | (3,537 | ) |  |  | (672 | ) |  | Net income
Total reclassifications, net of tax |  | $ | (22,994 | ) |  | $ | (33,477 | ) |  | Net income

(a)
Amounts in parentheses indicate reduction in net income.
(b)
These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic pension and post-retirement cost that is reported with other noninterest
expense (see Note 13 – Retirement Plans for additional details).

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9. Other Noninterest Income

Components of other noninterest income are as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | September 30, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Income from bank-owned life insurance |  | $ | 5,752 |  |  | $ | 4,364 |  |  | $ | 15,938 |  |  | $ | 12,353 |
Credit related fees |  |  | 2,900 |  |  |  | 2,905 |  |  |  | 8,453 |  |  |  | 9,166 |
Income (loss) from customer and other derivatives |  |  | 1,932 |  |  |  | 923 |  |  |  | 3,630 |  |  |  | (2,939 | )
Net gains on sales of premises, equipment and other assets |  |  | 1,913 |  |  |  | 2,943 |  |  |  | 4,806 |  |  |  | 6,765 |
Other miscellaneous |  |  | 4,277 |  |  |  | 7,694 |  |  |  | 15,761 |  |  |  | 19,926 |
Total other noninterest income |  | $ | 16,774 |  |  | $ | 18,829 |  |  | $ | 48,588 |  |  | $ | 45,271 |

10. Other Noninterest Expense

Components of other noninterest expense are as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | September 30, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Corporate value and franchise taxes and other non-income taxes |  | $ | 4,371 |  |  | $ | 4,691 |  |  | $ | 13,407 |  |  | $ | 14,848 |
Entertainment and contributions |  |  | 2,984 |  |  |  | 2,707 |  |  |  | 9,718 |  |  |  | 8,570 |
Advertising |  |  | 3,619 |  |  |  | 3,331 |  |  |  | 9,622 |  |  |  | 9,509 |
Telecommunications and postage |  |  | 2,534 |  |  |  | 2,406 |  |  |  | 7,545 |  |  |  | 7,108 |
Travel expense |  |  | 1,691 |  |  |  | 1,534 |  |  |  | 4,814 |  |  |  | 4,233 |
Tax credit investment amortization |  |  | 1,068 |  |  |  | 1,585 |  |  |  | 3,204 |  |  |  | 4,694 |
Printing and supplies |  |  | 907 |  |  |  | 814 |  |  |  | 3,078 |  |  |  | 2,768 |
Net other retirement expense |  |  | (4,142 | ) |  |  | (4,396 | ) |  |  | (11,933 | ) |  |  | (13,727 | )
Other miscellaneous |  |  | 8,424 |  |  |  | 7,800 |  |  |  | 25,393 |  |  |  | 24,070 |
Total other noninterest expense |  | $ | 21,456 |  |  | $ | 20,472 |  |  | $ | 64,848 |  |  | $ | 62,073 |

11. Earnings Per Common Share

The Company calculates earnings per common share using the two-class method. The two-class method allocates net income to each class of common stock and participating security according to common dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Participating securities consist of nonvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents.

A summary of the information used in the computation of earnings per common share follows.

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | September 30, |
($ in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income to common shareholders |  | $ | 127,466 |  |  | $ | 115,572 |  |  | $ | 360,501 |  |  | $ | 338,741 |
Net income allocated to participating securities - basic and diluted |  |  | 552 |  |  |  | 772 |  |  |  | 1,559 |  |  |  | 2,366 |
Net income allocated to common shareholders - basic and diluted |  | $ | 126,914 |  |  | $ | 114,800 |  |  | $ | 358,942 |  |  | $ | 336,375 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average common shares - basic |  |  | 84,871 |  |  |  | 86,234 |  |  | $ | 85,509 |  |  | $ | 86,421 |
Dilutive potential common shares |  |  | 582 |  |  |  | 326 |  |  |  | 468 |  |  |  | 229 |
Weighted-average common shares - diluted |  |  | 85,453 |  |  |  | 86,560 |  |  | $ | 85,977 |  |  | $ | 86,650 |
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.50 |  |  | $ | 1.33 |  |  | $ | 4.20 |  |  | $ | 3.89 |
Diluted |  | $ | 1.49 |  |  | $ | 1.33 |  |  | $ | 4.17 |  |  | $ | 3.88 |

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Potential common shares consist of nonvested performance-based awards, nonvested restricted stock units, and restricted share awards deferred under the Company’s nonqualified deferred compensation plan. These potential common shares do not enter into the calculation of diluted earnings per share if the impact would be antidilutive, i.e., increase earnings per share or reduce a loss per share. The weighted average of potentially dilutive common shares that were anti-dilutive totaled 5,411 and 4,092 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 10,390 and 13,940 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, and were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the respective periods.

12. Segment Reporting

U.S. GAAP requires that inform ation be reported about a company’s operating segments using a “management approach.” Reportable segments are identified in these standards as those revenue-producing components for which discrete financial information is produced internally and which are subject to evaluation by our chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources to segments. The Company has identified the Capital Committee as the chief operating decision maker. Consistent with the Company’s strategy that is focused on providing a consistent package of banking products and services across all markets, the Company has identified its overall banking operations as its only reportable segment. There have been no changes in the basis of segmentation or basis of measurement of segment profit or loss since our last annual filing as of December 31, 2024.

Because the overall banking operations comprise substantially all of the Company’s consolidated operations, no separate financial segment disclosures are presented. The significant segment expenses included in net income are presented in the financial statement captions shown on the face of the Consolidated Statements of Income and in Note 10 – Other Noninterest Expense, and align materially with those reported to the Capital Committee. There are no other segment items that are required to reconcile expenses included in net income to significant expenses reviewed by the Capital Committee.

13. Retirement Plans

The Company offers a qualified defined benefit pension plan, the Hancock Whitney Corporation Pension Plan and Trust Agreement (“Pension Plan”), that covers certain eligible associates and is closed to new entrants. The Company makes contributions to the Pension Plan in amounts sufficient to meet funding requirements set forth in federal employee benefit and tax laws, plus such additional amounts as the Company may determine to be appropriate. The Company made no contributions to the pension plan during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and does no t anticipate being required to make a contribution during 2025. The Company also sponsors a nonqualified defined benefit plan covering certain associates, under which accrued benefits were frozen and no future benefits are accrued under this plan.

The Company sponsors defined benefit post-retirement plans for certain associates that provide health care and life insurance benefits. These plans are closed to new entrants.

The following table shows the components of net periodic benefit cost included in expense for the periods indicated.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |
| Pension Benefits |  |  | Other Post-Retirement Benefits |
(in thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Service cost | $ | 1,455 |  | $ | 1,900 |  |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | 7 |
Interest cost |  | 6,269 |  |  | 6,056 |  |  |  | 115 |  |  | 135 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (11,263 | ) |  | (11,901 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of net (gain) or loss and prior service costs |  | 1,073 |  |  | 1,530 |  |  |  | (338 | ) |  | (215 | )
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | (2,466 | ) | $ | (2,415 | ) |  | $ | (218 | ) | $ | (73 | )

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| Pension Benefits |  |  | Other Post-Retirement Benefits |
($ in thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Service cost (benefit) | $ | 4,606 |  | $ | 5,806 |  |  | $ | 23 |  | $ | 25 |
Interest cost |  | 18,817 |  |  | 17,986 |  |  |  | 423 |  |  | 443 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (33,797 | ) |  | (35,724 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of net (gain) or loss and prior service costs |  | 3,331 |  |  | 4,154 |  |  |  | (708 | ) |  | (585 | )
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | (7,043 | ) | $ | (7,778 | ) |  | $ | (262 | ) | $ | (117 | )

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Service cost is reflected in the “Benefit expense” line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income. Components other than service cost in the in the table above are reflected in “Net other retirement expense” in Note 10 – Other Noninterest Expense, and reported in the “Other expense” line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Additional information related to the Company’s retirement plans, including a defined contribution 401(k) plan, is provided in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

14. Share-Based Payment Arrangements

The Company maintains incentive compensation plans that provide for awards of share-based compensation to employees and directors. These plans have been approved by the Company’s shareholders. Detailed descriptions of these plans were included in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The Company’s restricted and performance-based share awards to certain employees and directors are subject to service requirements. A summary of the status of the Company’s nonvested restricted stock units and restricted and performance-based share awards at September 30, 2025 are presented in the following table.

|  |  |  |  | Weighted |
|  |  |  |  | Average |
|  | Number of |  |  | Grant Date |
|  | Shares |  |  | Fair Value |
Nonvested at January 1, 2025 |  |  | 1,391,236 |  |  | $ | 46.14 |
Granted |  |  | 556,319 |  |  |  | 56.12 |
Vested |  |  | (379,287 | ) |  |  | 49.10 |
Forfeited |  |  | (65,870 | ) |  |  | 47.77 |
Nonvested at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 1,502,398 |  |  | $ | 49.02 |

At September 30, 2025, there wa s $53.5 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested restricted and performance share awards and units expected to vest in the future. This compensation is expected to be recognized in expense over a weighted average period o f 3.1 years. The total fair value of shares that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $18.6 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company granted 441,068 restricted stock units (RSUs) to certain eligible employees. Unlike restricted share awards (RSAs), the holders of unvested restricted stock units have no rights as a shareholder of the Company, including voting or dividend rights. The Company has elected to award dividend equivalents on each restricted stock unit not deferred under the Company's nonqualified deferred compensation plan. Such dividend equivalents are forfeited should the employee terminate employment prior to the vesting of the RSU.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company granted to key members of executive management 26,989 performance share awards subject to a total shareholder return (“TSR”) performance metric with a grant date fair value of $66.84 per share. The fair value of the performance share units subject to TSR at the grant date was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation method. The number of performance share units subject to TSR that ultimately vest at the end of the three-year performance period, if any, will be based on the relative rank of the Company’s three-year TSR among the TSRs of a peer group of 49 regional banks. The Company also granted 26,198 performance share awards subject to a return on average assets (ROAA) performance metric and 26,198 performance share awards subject to a return on average tangible common equity (ROATCE) performance metric with a grant date fair value of $52.02 per share for both performance share awards. The number of performance shares subject to ROAA and ROTCE that ultimately vest if any, will be based on the relative rank of the Company’s three-year ROAA and RO ATCE relative the KBW Regional Bank index. The maximum number of performance share units that could vest is 200% of the target award. Compensation expense for these performance shares is recognized on a straight-line basis over the three-year service period.

15. Commitments and Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Bank enters into financial instruments, such as commitments to extend credit and letters of credit, to meet the financing needs of its customers. Such instruments are not reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements until they are funded, although they expose the Bank to varying degrees of credit risk and interest rate risk in much the same way as funded loans. Under regulatory capital guidelines, the Company and Bank must include unfunded commitments meeting certain criteria in risk-weighted capital calculations.

Commitments to extend credit include revolving commercial credit lines, nonrevolving loan commitments issued mainly to finance the acquisition and development or construction of real property or equipment, and credit card and personal credit lines. The availability of funds under commercial credit lines and loan commitments generally depends on whether the borrower continues to meet credit standards established in the underlying contract and other contractual conditions. Loan commitments generally have fixed

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expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee by the borrower. Credit card and personal credit lines are generally subject to cancellation if the borrower’s credit quality deteriorates. A number of commercial and personal credit lines are used only partially or, in some cases, not at all before they expire, and the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements of the Company.

A substantial majority of the letters of credit are standby agreements that obligate the Bank to fulfill a customer’s financial commitments to a third party if the customer is unable to perform. The Bank issues standby letters of credit primarily to provide credit enhancement to its customers’ other commercial or public financing arrangements and to help them demonstrate financial capacity to vendors of essential goods and services.

The contractual amounts of these instruments reflect the Company’s exposure to credit risk. The Company undertakes the same credit evaluation in making loan commitments and assuming conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments and may require collateral or other credit support. The Company had a reserve for unfunded lending commitments of $27.9 milli on and $24.1 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following table presents a summary of the Company’s off-balance sheet financial instruments as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Commitments to extend credit |  | $ | 9,474,133 |  |  | $ | 9,249,468 |
Letters of credit |  |  | 399,692 |  |  |  | 420,614 |

Legal Proceedings

The Company is party to various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Management does not believe that loss contingencies, if any, arising from pending litigation and regulatory matters will have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position or liquidity of the Company.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Special Assessment

In November 2023, the FDIC approved a final rule to implement a special deposit insurance assessment to recover losses to the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) arising from the full protection of uninsured depositors under the systemic risk exception following the receiverships of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank in the spring of 2023. To-date, the Company has expensed $29.4 million related to this special assessment based on loss estimate information provided by the FDIC.

The loss estimates resulting from the failures of these institutions may be subject to further change pending the projected and actual outcome of loss share agreements, joint ventures, and outstanding litigation. The exact amount of losses incurred will not be determined until the FDIC terminates the receiverships of these banks; therefore, the Company's exact exposure for FDIC special assessment remains unknown.

16. Fair Value Measurements

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The FASB’s guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to these valuation techniques used to measure fair value, giving preference to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (“level 1”) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs such as a reporting entity’s own data (“level 3”). Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, observable inputs other than quoted prices, such as interest rates and yield curves, and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

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Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis

The following tables present for each of the fair value hierarchy levels the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis on the consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | September 30, 2025 |
($ in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agency securities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 291,993 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 291,993 |
Municipal obligations |  |  | — |  |  |  | 193,133 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 193,133 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,590 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,590 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,315,510 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,315,510 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,948,416 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,948,416 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | — |  |  |  | 28,028 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 28,028 |
Total available for sale securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,793,670 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,793,670 |
Mortgage loans held for sale |  |  | — |  |  |  | 33,161 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 33,161 |
Derivative assets (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 68,156 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 68,156 |
Total recurring fair value measurements - assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,894,987 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,894,987 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities (1) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 104,727 |  |  | $ | 1,855 |  |  | $ | 106,582 |
Total recurring fair value measurements - liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 104,727 |  |  | $ | 1,855 |  |  | $ | 106,582 |

|  | December 31, 2024 |
($ in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agency securities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 182,282 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 182,282 |
Municipal obligations |  |  | — |  |  |  | 196,330 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 196,330 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,616 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,616 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,129,051 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,129,051 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,600,965 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,600,965 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35,247 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35,247 |
Total available for sale securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,161,491 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,161,491 |
Mortgage loans held for sale |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,929 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,929 |
Derivative assets (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 73,840 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 73,840 |
Total recurring fair value measurements - assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,254,260 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,254,260 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities (1) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 158,534 |  |  | $ | 2,089 |  |  | $ | 160,623 |
Total recurring fair value measurements - liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 158,534 |  |  | $ | 2,089 |  |  | $ | 160,623 |

(1) For further disaggregation of derivative assets and liabilities, see Note 7 - Derivatives.

Securities classified as level 2 include obligations of U.S. Government agencies and U.S. Government-sponsored agencies, including U.S. Treasury securities, residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations that are issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies, and state and municipal bonds. The level 2 fair value measurements for investment securities are obtained quarterly from a third-party pricing service that uses industry-standard pricing models. Substantially all of the model inputs are observable in the marketplace or can be supported by observable data.

The Company invests only in securities of investment grade quality with a targeted duration, for the overall portfolio, generally between two and five and a half years. Company policies generally limit investments to U.S. agency securities and municipal securities determined to be investment grade according to an internally generated score which generally includes a rating of not less than “Baa” or its equivalent by a nationally recognized statistical rating agency.

Loans held for sale consist of residential mortgage loans carried under the fair value option. The fair value for these instruments is classified as level 2 based on market prices obtained from potential buyers.

For the Company’s derivative financial instruments designated as hedges and those under the customer interest rate program, the fair value is obtained from a third-party pricing service that uses an industry-standard discounted cash flow model that relies on inputs,

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Overnight Index swap rate curves and SOFR swap curves (where applicable), all observable in the marketplace. To comply with the accounting guidance, credit valuation adjustments are incorporated in the fair values to appropriately reflect nonperformance risk for both the Company and the counterparties. Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value these derivative instruments fall within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit value adjustments utilize level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads. The Company has determined that the impact of the credit valuation adjustments is not significant to the overall valuation of these derivatives. As a result, the Company has classified its derivative valuations for these instruments in level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s policy is to measure counterparty credit risk quarterly for derivative instruments, which are all subject to master netting arrangements, consistent with how market participants would price the net risk exposure at the measurement date.

The Company also has certain derivative instruments associated with the Bank’s mortgage-banking activities. These derivative instruments include interest rate lock commitments on prospective residential mortgage loans and forward commitments to sell these loans to investors on a best efforts delivery basis and To Be Announced securities for mandatory delivery contracts. The fair value of these derivative instruments is measured using observable market prices for similar instruments and is classified as a level 2 measurement.

The Company’s level 3 liability consists of a derivative contract with the purchaser of 192,163 shares of Visa Class B common stock. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company retains the risks associated with the ultimate conversion of the Visa Class B common shares into shares of Visa Class A common stock, such that the counterparty will be compensated for any dilutive adjustments to the conversion ratio and the Company will be compensated for any anti-dilutive adjustments to the ratio. The agreement also requires periodic payments by the Company to the counterparty calculated by reference to the market price of Visa Class A common shares at the time of sale and a fixed rate of interest that stepped up once after the eighth scheduled quarterly payment. The fair value of the liability is determined using a discounted cash flow methodology. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement are the Company’s own assumptions about estimated changes in the conversion rate of the Visa Class B common shares into Visa Class A common shares, the date on which such conversion is expected to occur and the estimated growth rate of the Visa Class A common share price. Refer to Note 7 – Derivatives for information about the derivative contract with the counterparty.

The Company believes its valuation methods for its assets and liabilities carried at fair value are appropriate; however, the use of different methodologies or assumptions, particularly as applied to level 3 assets and liabilities, could have a material effect on the computation of their estimated fair values.

Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements and Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

The table below presents a rollforward of the amounts on the consolidated balance sheets for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024 for financial instruments of a material nature that are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy and are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

($ in thousands) |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 1,342 |
Cash settlement |  |  | (1,442 | )
Losses included in earnings |  |  | 2,189 |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2,089 |
Cash settlement |  |  | (1,082 | )
Losses included in earnings |  |  | 848 |
Balance at September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 1,855 |

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The table below provides an overview of the valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used in those techniques to measure the financial instrument measured on a recurring basis and classified within level 3 of the valuation. The range of sensitivities that management utilized in its fair value calculations is deemed acceptable in the industry with respect to the identified financial instrument.

($ in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
|  | Fair Value
Level 3 Class |  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024
Derivative liability | $ |  | 1,855 |  | $ | 2,089
Valuation technique |  | Discounted cash flow |  |  | Discounted cash flow
Unobservable inputs: |  |  |  |  |
Visa Class A appreciation - range |  | 6-12% |  |  | 6-12%
Visa Class A appreciation - weighted average |  | 9% |  |  | 9%
Conversion rate - range |  | 1.60 x-1.56 x |  |  | 1.60 x-1.56 x
Conversion rate -weighted average |  | 1.5800 x |  |  | 1.5800 x
Time until resolution |  | 24-36 months |  |  | 33-45 months

The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers between valuation hierarchy levels as of the end of a reporting period.

Fair Value of Assets Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis

Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Collateral-dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss are level 2 assets measured at the fair value of the underlying collateral based on independent third-party appraisals that take into consideration market-based information such as recent sales activity for similar assets in the property’s market.

Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets, including both foreclosed property and surplus banking property, are level 3 assets that are adjusted to fair value, less estimated selling costs, upon transfer from loans or property and equipment. Subsequently, other real estate owned and foreclosed assets are carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value less estimated selling costs. Fair values are determined by sales agreement or third-party appraisals as discounted for estimated selling costs, information from comparable sales, and marketability of the assets.

The fair value information presented below is not as of the period end, rather it was as of the date the fair value adjustment was recorded during the twelve months for each of the dates presented below, and excludes nonrecurring fair value measurements of assets no longer on the balance sheet.

The following tables present the Company’s financial assets that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis for each of the fair value hierarchy levels.

|  | September 30, 2025 |
($ in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Collateral-dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 53,172 |  |  | $ | 53,172 |
Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,140 |  |  |  | 11,140 |
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 64,312 |  |  | $ | 64,312 |

|  | December 31, 2024 |
($ in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Collateral-dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,301 |  |  | $ | 28,301 |
Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27,797 |  |  |  | 27,797 |
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 56,098 |  |  | $ | 56,098 |

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Accounting guidance from the FASB requires the disclosure of estimated fair value information about certain on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments, including those financial instruments that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis. The significant methods and assumptions used by the Company to estimate the fair value of financial instruments are discussed below.

Cash, Short-Term Investments and Federal Funds Sold – For these short-term instruments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Securities – The fair value measurement for securities available for sale is discussed earlier in this note. The same measurement techniques were applied to the valuation of securities held to maturity.

Loans, Net – The fair value measurement for certain collateral dependent loans that are individually evaluated for credit loss was described earlier in this note. For the remaining portfolio, fair values were generally determined by discounting scheduled cash flows using discount rates determined with reference to current market rates at which loans with similar terms would be made to borrowers of similar credit quality.

Loans Held for Sale – These loans are either carried under the fair value option or at the lower of cost or market. Given the short duration of these instruments, the carrying amount is considered a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Deposits – The accounting guidance requires that the fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as noninterest-bearing demand deposits, interest-bearing checking and savings accounts, be assigned fair values equal to amounts payable upon demand (“carrying amounts”). The fair value of fixed maturity certificates of deposit is estimated using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.

Federal Funds Purchased and Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase – For these short-term liabilities, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Short-Term FHLB Borrowings – At September 30, 2025, short-term FHLB borrowings consisted of three short-term fixed rate borrowings for which the fair value was estimated by discounting contractual cash flows using current market rates at which borrowing with similar terms could be obtained.

Long-Term Debt – The fair value is estimated by discounting the future contractual cash flows using current market rates at which debt with similar terms could be obtained.

Derivative Financial Instruments – The fair value measurement for derivative financial instruments is described earlier in this note.

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The following tables present the estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments by fair value hierarchy levels and the corresponding carrying amounts.

| September 30, 2025 |
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total Fair |  | Carrying |
($ in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Value |  | Amount |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, interest-bearing bank deposits, and federal funds sold | $ | 1,425,650 |  | $ | 246 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,425,896 |  | $ | 1,425,896 |
Available for sale securities |  | — |  |  | 5,793,670 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,793,670 |  |  | 5,793,670 |
Held to maturity securities |  | — |  |  | 2,064,591 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,064,591 |  |  | 2,197,611 |
Loans, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,186,462 |  |  | 23,186,462 |  |  | 23,282,929 |
Loans held for sale |  | — |  |  | 33,161 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,161 |  |  | 33,161 |
Derivative financial instruments |  | — |  |  | 68,156 |  |  | — |  |  | 68,156 |  |  | 68,156 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 28,653,441 |  | $ | 28,653,441 |  | $ | 28,659,750 |
Federal funds purchased |  | — |  |  | 300 |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |  |  | 300 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  | — |  |  | 616,220 |  |  | — |  |  | 616,220 |  |  | 616,220 |
FHLB short-term borrowings |  | — |  |  | 1,275,047 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,275,047 |  |  | 1,275,000 |
Long-term debt |  | — |  |  | 176,174 |  |  | — |  |  | 176,174 |  |  | 210,657 |
Derivative financial instruments |  | — |  |  | 104,727 |  |  | 1,855 |  |  | 106,582 |  |  | 106,582 |

| December 31, 2024 |
($ in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, interest-bearing bank deposits, and federal funds sold | $ | 1,514,216 |  | $ | 409 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,514,625 |  | $ | 1,514,625 |
Available for sale securities |  | — |  |  | 5,161,491 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,161,491 |  |  | 5,161,491 |
Held to maturity securities |  | — |  |  | 2,233,526 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,233,526 |  |  | 2,435,663 |
Loans, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,562,577 |  |  | 22,562,577 |  |  | 22,980,565 |
Loans held for sale |  | — |  |  | 21,525 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,525 |  |  | 21,525 |
Derivative financial instruments |  | — |  |  | 73,840 |  |  | — |  |  | 73,840 |  |  | 73,840 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 29,482,628 |  | $ | 29,482,628 |  | $ | 29,492,851 |
Federal funds purchased |  | — |  |  | 300 |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |  |  | 300 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  | — |  |  | 638,715 |  |  | — |  |  | 638,715 |  |  | 638,715 |
Long-term debt |  | — |  |  | 174,660 |  |  | — |  |  | 174,660 |  |  | 210,544 |
Derivative financial instruments |  | — |  |  | 158,534 |  |  | 2,089 |  |  | 160,623 |  |  | 160,623 |

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17. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

There were no new accounting standards adopted during the during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures," to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures by requiring additional categories of information about federal, state, and foreign income taxes to be included in the rate reconciliation and by requiring more detail to be disclosed on certain reconciling item categories that meet a quantitative threshold. Additionally, the amendment requires all entities to annually disclose disaggregated information about income taxes paid using specific quantitative thresholds and income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Entities should apply the amendments on a prospective basis and retrospective application is permitted. As the update contains only amendments to disclosure requirements, adoption will have no impact to the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40),” to improve the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The amendments in this update require disclosure of specified information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to financial statements. Disclosure requirements also include a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively, among other items. An entity is not precluded from providing additional voluntary disclosures that may provide investors with additional decision-useful information. This update, as amended, is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this update, or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently assessing the provisions of this guidance. As the update contains only amendments to disclosure requirements, adoption will have no impact to the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software,” to modernize the accounting for software costs that are accounted for under Subtopic 350-40. The amendments in this update remove all references to prescriptive and sequential software development stages in Subtopic 350-40 and instead require an entity to begin capitalizing software costs when both of the following occur: (1) management has authorized and committed to funding the software project, and (2) it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function. The amendment also provides factors to consider when evaluating probable-to-complete recognition thresholds and specifies that the disclosures in Subtopic 360-10, “Property, Plant and Equipment,” are required for all capitalized internal-use software. Further, the amendment supersedes website development costs guidance and incorporates the recognition requirements in this subtopic. The amendments in this update are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. Entities may apply a prospective transition approach, a modified transition approach or a retrospective approach. The Company is currently assessing the provisions of this guidance, but does not expect adoption to have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The objective of this discussion and analysis is to provide material information relevant to the assessment of the financial condition and results of operations of Hancock Whitney Corporation and its subsidiaries during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and selected comparable prior periods, including an evaluation of the amounts and certainty of cash flows from operations and outside sources. This discussion and analysis is intended to highlight and supplement financial and operating data and information presented elsewhere in this report, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes. The discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning and protections of section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, our actual results may differ from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements we make in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in other reports or documents that we file from time to time with the SEC include, but are not limited to, the following:

•
general economic and business conditions in our local markets, including conditions affecting employment levels, interest rates, inflation, the threat of recession, volatile equity capital markets, property and casualty insurance costs, collateral values, customer income, creditworthiness and confidence, spending and savings that may affect customer bankruptcies, defaults, charge-offs and deposit activity; and the impact of the foregoing on customer behavior (including the velocity and levels of deposit withdrawals and loan repayment);
•
uncertainties surrounding geopolitical events, trade policy, taxation policy, and monetary policy which continue to impact the outlook for future economic growth; impacts from current and/or future imposition of tariffs by the United States against other nations; consideration of responsive actions by these nations, including retaliatory tariffs, or the expansion of import fees and tariffs among a larger group of nations is bringing greater ambiguity to the outlook for future economic growth, including reduced consumer spending, lower economic growth or recession, reduced demand for U.S. exports, disruptions to supply chains, impacts from decreased international tourism, decreased demand for banking products and services, and negative credit quality developments arising from the foregoing or other factors;
•
adverse developments in the banking industry highlighted by high-profile bank failures and the potential impact of such developments on customer confidence, liquidity and regulatory responses to these developments (including increases in the cost of our deposit insurance assessments), the Company's ability to effectively manage its liquidity risk and any growth plans, and the availability of capital and funding;
•
balance sheet and revenue growth expectations may differ from actual results;
•
the risk that our provision for credit losses may be inadequate or may be negatively affected by credit risk exposure;
•
loan growth expectations;
•
management’s predictions about charge-offs;
•
fluctuations in commercial and residential real estate values, especially as they relate to the value of collateral supporting the Company's loans;
•
the risk that our enterprise risk management framework may not identify or address risks adequately, which may result in unexpected losses;
•
the impact of current (including Sabal Trust Company) and future business combinations on our performance and financial condition including our ability to successfully integrate the businesses;
•
the potential impact of third-party business combinations in our footprint on our performance and financial condition;
•
deposit trends, including growth, pricing and betas;
•
credit quality trends;
•
changes in interest rates, including actions taken by the Federal Reserve Board and the impact of fluctuations in interest rates on our financial projections, models and guidance;
•
net interest margin trends, including the impact of ongoing elevated interest rates;
•
changes in the cost and availability of funding due to changes in the deposit and credit markets;
•
success of revenue-generating and cost reducing initiatives;
•
future expense levels;
•
changes in expense to revenue (efficiency ratio), including the risk that we may not realize and/or sustain benefits from efficiency and growth initiatives or that we may not be able to realize cost savings or revenue benefits in the time period expected, which could negatively affect our future profitability;
•
the effectiveness of derivative financial instruments and hedging activities to manage risks;
•
risks related to our reliance on third parties to provide key components of our business infrastructure, including the risks related to disruptions in services or financial difficulties of a third-party vendor;
•
risks related to potential claims, damages, penalties, fines and reputational damage resulting from pending or future litigation, regulatory proceedings or enforcement actions;

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•
risks related to the ability of our operational framework to manage risks associated with our business such as credit risk and operation risk, including third-party vendors and other service providers, which could, among other things, result in a material breach of operating or security systems as a result of a cyber-attack or similar acts;
•
the extensive use, reliability, disruption, and accuracy of the models and data upon which we rely;
•
risks related to our implementation of new lines of business, new products and services, new technologies, and expansion of our existing business opportunities;
•
projected tax rates;
•
future profitability;
•
purchase accounting impacts, such as accretion levels;
•
our ability to identify and address potential cybersecurity risks and/or breaches, which may be exacerbated by recent developments in generative artificial intelligence, on our systems and/or third party vendors and service providers on which we rely, a material failure of which could disrupt our business and result in the disclosure of and/or misuse or misappropriation of confidential or proprietary information, disruption or damage to our systems, increased costs, losses, or adverse effects to our reputation;
•
our ability to receive dividends from Hancock Whitney Bank could affect our liquidity, including our ability to pay dividends or take other capital actions;
•
the risk that we may be required to make substantial expenditures to keep pace with regulatory initiatives and rapid technology changes in the financial services market;
•
the impact on our financial results, reputation, and business if we are unable to comply with all applicable federal and state regulations or other supervisory actions or directives and any necessary capital initiatives;
•
our ability to effectively compete with other traditional and non-traditional financial services companies, some of whom possess greater financial resources than we do or are subject to different regulatory standards;
•
our ability to maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting;
•
the financial impact of future tax legislation;
•
the effects of geopolitical conflicts, war or other conflicts, acts of terrorism, climate change, natural disasters such as hurricanes, freezes, flooding, man-made disasters, such as oil spills, health emergencies, epidemics or pandemics, or other catastrophic events that may affect general economic conditions, and/or increase costs, including, but not limited to, property and casualty and other insurance costs;
•
risks related to diversity, equity and inclusion, and environmental, social and governance legislation, rulemaking, activism and litigation, the scope and pace of which could alter our reputation and shareholder, associate, customer and third-party affiliations;
•
changes in laws and regulations affecting our businesses, including governmental monetary and fiscal policies, legislation and regulations relating to bank products and services, increased regulatory scrutiny resulting from bank failures, as well as changes in the enforcement and interpretation of such laws and regulations by applicable governmental and self-regulatory agencies, which could require us to change certain business practices, increase compliance risk, reduce our revenue, impose additional costs on us, or otherwise negatively affect our businesses;
•
the impact of the current federal government shutdown, and uncertainties stemming for the duration of this, or other future federal shutdowns;
•
the potential implementation of a regulatory reform agenda impacting rulemaking, supervision, examination and enforcement priorities of the federal banking agencies; and
•
the risk that the regulatory environment may not be conducive to or may prohibit the consummation of future mergers and/or business combinations, may increase the length of time and amount of resources required to consummate such transactions, and the potential to reduce anticipated benefits from such mergers or combinations.

Also, any statement that does not describe historical or current facts is a forward-looking statement. These statements often include the words “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “intends,” “plans,” “forecast,” “goals,” “targets,” “initiatives,” “focus,” “potentially,” “probably,” “projects,” “outlook,” or similar expressions or future conditional verbs such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” and “could.” Forward-looking statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of management and on information currently available to management. Our statements speak as of the date hereof, and we do not assume any obligation to update these statements or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those contained in such statements in light of new information or future events.

Forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Investors are cautioned against placing undue reliance on such statements. Actual results may differ materially from those set forth in the forward looking statements. Additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially can be found in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, or in other periodic reports that we file with the SEC.

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You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We do not intend, and undertake no obligation, to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of differences in actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting such statements, except as required by law.

OVERVIEW

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations include non-GAAP measures used to describe our performance. These non-GAAP financial measures have inherent limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered on a standalone basis or as a substitute for analyses of financial condition and results as reported under GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures are not standardized and therefore, it may not be possible to compare these measures with other companies that present measures having the same or similar names. These disclosures should not be considered an alternative to GAAP.

A reconciliation of those measures to GAAP measures are provided in the Consolidated Financial Results table later in this item. The following is a summary of these non-GAAP measures and an explanation as to why they are deemed useful.

Consistent with the provisions of subpart 229.1400 of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Regulation S-K, “Disclosures by Bank and Savings and Loan Registrants,” we present net interest income, net interest margin and efficiency ratios on a fully taxable equivalent ("te") basis. The te basis adjusts for the tax-favored status of net interest income from certain loans and investments using a statutory federal tax rate of 21% to increase tax-exempt interest income to a taxable equivalent basis. We believe this measure to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income, and that it enhances comparability of net interest income arising from taxable and tax-exempt sources.

We present certain additional non-GAAP financial measures to assist the reader with a better understanding of the Company’s performance period over period, and to provide investors with assistance in understanding the success management has experienced in executing its strategic initiatives. The Company highlights certain items that are outside of our principal business and/or are not indicative of forward-looking trends in supplemental disclosure items below our GAAP financial data and presents certain "Adjusted" ratios that exclude these disclosed items. These adjusted ratios provide management and the reader with a measure that may be more indicative of forward-looking trends in our business, as well as demonstrate the effects of significant gains or losses and changes.

We define Adjusted Pre-Provision Net Revenue as net income excluding provision expense and income tax expense, plus the taxable equivalent adjustment (as defined above), less supplemental disclosure items (as defined above). Management believes that adjusted pre-provision net revenue is a useful financial measure because it enables investors and others to assess the Company’s ability to generate capital to cover credit losses through a credit cycle. We define Adjusted Revenue as net interest income (te) and noninterest income less supplemental disclosure items. We define Adjusted Noninterest Expense as noninterest expense less supplemental disclosure items. We define our Efficiency Ratio as noninterest expense to total net interest income (te) and noninterest income, excluding amortization of purchased intangibles and supplemental disclosure items, if applicable. Management believes adjusted revenue, adjusted noninterest expense and the efficiency ratio are useful measures as they provide a greater understanding of ongoing operations and enhance comparability with prior periods.

Acquisition

On May 2, 2025, we completed the acquisition of Sabal Trust Company (“Sabal”). Based in St. Petersburg, Florida, with three additional locations in the Central Florida region, Sabal was the largest independent, employee-owned non-depository trust company in Florida. The transaction added assets under management and administration of approximately $3 billion to our existing trust and asset management business and provides the opportunity to develop relationships in other private, wholesale and retail services in high-growth markets.

For additional information on this transaction, refer to Note 2 – "Acquisition" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this document.

Current Economic Environment

The economic landscape presented an increasingly complex picture in the third quarter of 2025, with marked divergence between financial markets and the broader economy. While the turbulence of the tariff rollout has moderated, the reality of these levies continues to disrupt U.S. and global growth, with tariff rates averaging around 15% compared to approximately 2.5% in recent years. The burden of tariffs on global supply chains, with exporters and importers struggling to absorb costs and increasingly passing them on to consumers, has reversed some of the progress made in curbing inflation in recent years. Unemployment statistics, where available, remained fairly positive and showed only modest migration to a range of 4.2% to 4.3% during the period, though continued

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slowing in job growth and disruptions in the labor market have dampened the outlook. Based on the most recent Federal Reserve estimate, real gross domestic product (GDP) grew 4.0% on an annualized basis in the third quarter of 2025, buoyed by consumer spending that may not be sustainable in the near term as reports indicate steadily declining consumer confidence. Despite tariff escalations, mounting concerns about a slowing economy, and the then-imminent government shutdown, financial markets continued the rebound that began in the second quarter, with equity markets ending the quarter at all-time highs.

While the Federal Reserve maintains committed to its dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability, it has acknowledged the challenge of current economic situation. The resumption of interest rate easement in September amid increasing inflation indicates deeper concerns about the downside risks of a softening labor market. Delays in collection and reporting of economic data as a result of the ongoing government shutdown may further impact future policy decisions.

Within the financial services industry, economic uncertainty and prolonged elevated interest rates continue to present headwinds in terms of loan demand and deposit behavior. Despite these pressures, we experienced another quarter of loan growth, though to a lesser degree than the prior quarter, and our net interest margin was unchanged.

Economic Outlook

We utilize economic forecasts produced by Moody’s Analytics (Moody’s) that provide various scenarios to assist in the development of our economic outlook. This outlook discussion utilizes the September 2025 Moody’s forecast, the most current available at September 30, 2025. The forecasts are anchored on a baseline forecast scenario, which Moody’s defines as the “most likely outcome” of where the economy is headed based on current conditions. Several upside and downside scenarios are produced that are derived from the baseline scenario and incorporate varying degrees of favorable and unfavorable adjustments to economic indicators and circumstances as compared to the baseline.

Key assumptions within the September 2025 baseline forecast include the following: (1) The effective tariff rate is expected to continue to increase in the fourth quarter of 2025 and the first quarter of 2026 to an average of around 15%, and is expected to remain for the entirety of the current administration; (2) the Federal Reserve will issue rate cuts of 25 basis points each in September and December 2025, with further gradual reductions in 2026 until the benchmark rate reaches 3%; (3) job growth continues to slow and, as a result, the current unemployment rate of 4.3% will trend slowly higher and peak at 4.8% in the fourth quarter of 2026; (4) GDP will display modest annual below-trend growth in the coming years of 1.8% in 2025, 1.5% in 2026, and 1.8% in 2027; and, (5) the 10-year U.S. Treasury yield is forecasted to average 4.3% in 2025 and hover around its current level through the end of the decade because of elevated inflation and fiscal uncertainty.

The S-2 scenario presents a downside alternative to the baseline. The S-2 scenario assumes the impacts of the current administration's tariff and immigration plans and actions on the economy are worse than expected, causing inflation to rise in the fourth quarter of 2025. The effective tariff rate is forecasted to increase to 22% and remain elevated through the end of 2028. Further, elevated interest rates weaken credit-sensitive spending more than anticipated and there is longer and farther-reaching disturbance from geopolitical conflict. The scenario assumes the unemployment rate will rise considerably to a peak of 7.2% in the third quarter of 2026 and remain elevated before returning to full employment in late 2028. As a result of these pressures, the U.S. falls into a mild recession beginning in the fourth quarter of 2025 that lasts for three quarters, with the stock market contracting 23% and a peak-to-trough decline in GDP of 1%. Despite the onset of the recession, rising inflation prompts the Federal Reserve to raise its benchmark interest rate in the fourth quarter of 2025 before resuming easement in the first quarter of 2026.

Management has deemed certain assumptions underlying the downside S-2 scenario to be as likely to occur in the near term as those underlying the baseline scenario, and, as such, the baseline scenario and the S-2 scenario were each given probability weightings of 50% in the calculation of our allowance for credit losses calculation at September 30, 2025. The weightings are consistent with those applied in the calculation of allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2025.

The credit loss outlook for our portfolio as a whole has not changed materially since June 30, 2025. We continue to closely monitor our portfolio for customers that are sensitive to prolonged inflation, the elevated interest rate environment, tariffs, labor market conditions and/or other economic circumstances that may impact credit quality.

Recent and expected changes in fiscal and other policies with the current administration, including the ongoing government shutdown, create significant uncertainty as to the impact on the U.S and global economies. The effects of continued elevated inflation, and the Federal Reserve’s actions to counter these effects and respond to other economic concerns, could reduce economic growth in the near term. The full extent of the impact of these and other influential factors are uncertain and may have an adverse effect on the U.S. economy, including the possibility of an economic recession or slower growth in the near or midterm.

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Highlights of the Third Quarter 2025

We reported net income for the third quarter of 2025 of $127.5 million, or $1.49 per diluted common share, compared to $113.5 million, or $1.32 per diluted common share, in the second quarter of 2025 and $115.6 million, or $1.33 per diluted common share, in the third quarter of 2024. The second quarter of 2025 includes $5.9 million, or $0.05 per diluted share, of supplemental disclosure items related to the costs associated with the acquisition of Sabal Trust Company. There were no supplemental disclosure items in the third quarters of 2025 or 2024.

Third quarter 2025 results compared to second quarter 2025:

•
Net income of $127.5 million, or $1.49 per diluted share
•
Adjusted pre-provision net revenue, a non-GAAP measure, totaled $175.6 million, up $7.6 million, or 5%
•
Period-end loans totaled $23.6 billion, up $134.8 million, or 1%
•
Period-end deposits totaled $28.7 billion, down $386.9 million, or 1%
•
Criticized loans continued to moderate, while total nonaccrual loans increased; annualized net charge-offs to average loans was 0.19%, down from 0.31%
•
Allowance for credit losses coverage to total loans remains solid at 1.45%, unchanged from June 30, 2025
•
Net interest margin of 3.49%, unchanged from prior quarter
•
Tangible common equity ratio of 10.01%, up 17 bps; common equity tier 1 ratio of 14.09%, up 12 bps; and total risk-based capital ratio of 15.92%, up 10 bps
•
Efficiency ratio, a non-GAAP measure, improved to 54.10%, compared to 54.91%

Our results for the third quarter of 2025 again reflect strong performance and profitability. Adjusted pre-provision net revenue and return on assets grew, efficiency ratio improved, credit quality remained stable and net interest margin was unchanged despite a declining interest rate environment. Solid earnings performance drove growth in our capital ratios, even as we continued to deploy capital to fund organic balance sheet growth and repurchase 662,500 shares of our common stock. We remain committed to executing on our organic growth plan while maintaining operational efficiency and proactively managing capital to enhance shareholder value.

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Consolidated Financial Results

The following table contains the consolidated financial results for the periods indicated.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended |
| September 30, |  | June 30, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |  | September 30, |
(in thousands, except per share data) | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Income Statement Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | $ | 409,020 |  | $ | 402,581 |  | $ | 395,321 |  | $ | 414,286 |  | $ | 429,476 |  | $ | 1,206,922 |  | $ | 1,278,705 |
Interest income (te) (a) |  | 411,591 |  |  | 405,077 |  |  | 398,127 |  |  | 417,021 |  |  | 432,169 |  |  | 1,214,795 |  |  | 1,287,056 |
Interest expense |  | 129,282 |  |  | 125,622 |  |  | 125,416 |  |  | 140,730 |  |  | 157,712 |  |  | 380,320 |  |  | 470,340 |
Net interest income (te) |  | 282,309 |  |  | 279,455 |  |  | 272,711 |  |  | 276,291 |  |  | 274,457 |  |  | 834,475 |  |  | 816,716 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 12,651 |  |  | 14,925 |  |  | 10,462 |  |  | 11,912 |  |  | 18,564 |  |  | 38,038 |  |  | 40,255 |
Noninterest income |  | 106,001 |  |  | 98,524 |  |  | 94,791 |  |  | 91,209 |  |  | 95,895 |  |  | 299,316 |  |  | 272,920 |
Noninterest expense |  | 212,753 |  |  | 215,979 |  |  | 205,059 |  |  | 202,333 |  |  | 203,839 |  |  | 633,791 |  |  | 617,577 |
Income before income taxes |  | 160,335 |  |  | 144,579 |  |  | 149,175 |  |  | 150,520 |  |  | 145,256 |  |  | 454,089 |  |  | 423,453 |
Income tax expense |  | 32,869 |  |  | 31,048 |  |  | 29,671 |  |  | 28,446 |  |  | 29,684 |  |  | 93,588 |  |  | 84,712 |
Net income | $ | 127,466 |  | $ | 113,531 |  | $ | 119,504 |  | $ | 122,074 |  | $ | 115,572 |  | $ | 360,501 |  | $ | 338,741 |
Supplemental disclosure items-included above, pre-tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sabal Trust Company acquisition expense | $ | — |  | $ | 5,911 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,911 |  | $ | — |
FDIC special assessment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,800 |
Balance Sheet Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period end balance sheet data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans | $ | 23,596,565 |  | $ | 23,461,750 |  | $ | 23,098,146 |  | $ | 23,299,447 |  | $ | 23,455,587 |  | $ | 23,596,565 |  | $ | 23,455,587 |
Earning assets |  | 32,532,320 |  |  | 31,965,130 |  |  | 31,661,169 |  |  | 31,857,841 |  |  | 32,045,222 |  |  | 32,532,320 |  |  | 32,045,222 |
Total assets |  | 35,766,407 |  |  | 35,212,652 |  |  | 34,750,680 |  |  | 35,081,785 |  |  | 35,238,107 |  |  | 35,766,407 |  |  | 35,238,107 |
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | 10,305,303 |  |  | 10,638,785 |  |  | 10,614,874 |  |  | 10,597,461 |  |  | 10,499,476 |  |  | 10,305,303 |  |  | 10,499,476 |
Total deposits |  | 28,659,750 |  |  | 29,046,612 |  |  | 29,194,733 |  |  | 29,492,851 |  |  | 28,982,905 |  |  | 28,659,750 |  |  | 28,982,905 |
Stockholders' equity |  | 4,474,479 |  |  | 4,365,419 |  |  | 4,278,672 |  |  | 4,127,636 |  |  | 4,174,687 |  |  | 4,474,479 |  |  | 4,174,687 |
Average balance sheet data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans | $ | 23,425,895 |  | $ | 23,249,241 |  | $ | 23,068,573 |  | $ | 23,248,512 |  | $ | 23,552,002 |  | $ | 23,249,212 |  | $ | 23,759,083 |
Earning assets |  | 32,213,632 |  |  | 32,081,140 |  |  | 32,023,885 |  |  | 32,333,012 |  |  | 32,263,748 |  |  | 32,106,914 |  |  | 32,452,619 |
Total assets |  | 34,751,209 |  |  | 34,527,276 |  |  | 34,355,515 |  |  | 34,770,663 |  |  | 34,780,386 |  |  | 34,546,116 |  |  | 34,959,722 |
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | 10,121,707 |  |  | 10,317,446 |  |  | 10,163,221 |  |  | 10,409,022 |  |  | 10,359,390 |  |  | 10,200,640 |  |  | 10,519,199 |
Total deposits |  | 28,492,076 |  |  | 28,649,900 |  |  | 28,752,416 |  |  | 29,108,381 |  |  | 28,940,163 |  |  | 28,630,511 |  |  | 29,189,160 |
Stockholders' equity |  | 4,368,746 |  |  | 4,284,279 |  |  | 4,182,814 |  |  | 4,138,326 |  |  | 4,021,211 |  |  | 4,279,294 |  |  | 3,889,265 |
Common Share Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per share - basic | $ | 1.50 |  | $ | 1.32 |  | $ | 1.38 |  | $ | 1.41 |  | $ | 1.33 |  | $ | 4.20 |  | $ | 3.89 |
Earnings per share - diluted |  | 1.49 |  |  | 1.32 |  |  | 1.38 |  |  | 1.40 |  |  | 1.33 |  |  | 4.17 |  |  | 3.88 |
Cash dividends per common share |  | 0.45 |  |  | 0.45 |  |  | 0.45 |  |  | 0.40 |  |  | 0.40 |  |  | 1.35 |  |  | 1.10 |
Book value per share (period-end) |  | 52.82 |  |  | 51.15 |  |  | 49.73 |  |  | 47.93 |  |  | 48.47 |  |  | 52.82 |  |  | 48.47 |
Tangible book value per share (period-end) |  | 41.07 |  |  | 39.46 |  |  | 39.40 |  |  | 37.58 |  |  | 38.10 |  |  | 41.07 |  |  | 38.10 |
Weighted average number of shares - diluted |  | 85,453 |  |  | 85,943 |  |  | 86,462 |  |  | 86,602 |  |  | 86,560 |  |  | 85,977 |  |  | 86,650 |
Period-end number of shares |  | 84,711 |  |  | 85,351 |  |  | 86,033 |  |  | 86,124 |  |  | 86,136 |  |  | 84,711 |  |  | 86,136 |

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| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended |
| September 30, |  | June 30, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |  | September 30, |
($ in thousands) | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Performance and other data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average assets |  | 1.46 | % |  | 1.32 | % |  | 1.41 | % |  | 1.40 | % |  | 1.32 | % |  | 1.40 | % |  | 1.29 | %
Return on average common equity |  | 11.58 | % |  | 10.63 | % |  | 11.59 | % |  | 11.74 | % |  | 11.43 | % |  | 11.26 | % |  | 11.63 | %
Return on average tangible common equity |  | 15.00 | % |  | 13.71 | % |  | 14.72 | % |  | 14.96 | % |  | 14.70 | % |  | 14.48 | % |  | 15.12 | %
Tangible common equity ratio (b) |  | 10.01 | % |  | 9.84 | % |  | 10.01 | % |  | 9.47 | % |  | 9.56 | % |  | 10.01 | % |  | 9.56 | %
Tangible common equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio |  | 14.09 | % |  | 13.97 | % |  | 14.48 | % |  | 14.14 | % |  | 13.78 | % |  | 14.09 | % |  | 13.78 | %
Net interest margin (te) |  | 3.49 | % |  | 3.49 | % |  | 3.43 | % |  | 3.41 | % |  | 3.39 | % |  | 3.47 | % |  | 3.36 | %
Noninterest income as a percentage of total revenue (te) |  | 27.30 | % |  | 26.07 | % |  | 25.79 | % |  | 24.82 | % |  | 25.89 | % |  | 26.40 | % |  | 25.05 | %
Efficiency ratio (c) |  | 54.10 | % |  | 54.91 | % |  | 55.22 | % |  | 54.46 | % |  | 54.42 | % |  | 54.73 | % |  | 55.67 | %
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of period-end loans |  | 1.33 | % |  | 1.33 | % |  | 1.38 | % |  | 1.37 | % |  | 1.35 | % |  | 1.33 | % |  | 1.35 | %
Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of period-end loans |  | 1.45 | % |  | 1.45 | % |  | 1.49 | % |  | 1.47 | % |  | 1.46 | % |  | 1.45 | % |  | 1.46 | %
Annualized net charge-offs to average loans |  | 0.19 | % |  | 0.31 | % |  | 0.18 | % |  | 0.20 | % |  | 0.30 | % |  | 0.23 | % |  | 0.19 | %
Nonaccrual loans as a percentage of loans |  | 0.48 | % |  | 0.40 | % |  | 0.45 | % |  | 0.42 | % |  | 0.35 | % |  | 0.48 | % |  | 0.35 | %
FTE headcount |  | 3,603 |  |  | 3,580 |  |  | 3,497 |  |  | 3,476 |  |  | 3,458 |  |  | 3,603 |  |  | 3,458 |
Reconciliation of pre-provision net revenue (te) and adjusted pre-provision net revenue(te) (non-GAAP measures) (d) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (GAAP) | $ | 127,466 |  | $ | 113,531 |  | $ | 119,504 |  | $ | 122,074 |  | $ | 115,572 |  | $ | 360,501 |  | $ | 338,741 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 12,651 |  |  | 14,925 |  |  | 10,462 |  |  | 11,912 |  |  | 18,564 |  |  | 38,038 |  |  | 40,255 |
Income tax expense |  | 32,869 |  |  | 31,048 |  |  | 29,671 |  |  | 28,446 |  |  | 29,684 |  |  | 93,588 |  |  | 84,712 |
Pre-provision net revenue |  | 172,986 |  |  | 159,504 |  |  | 159,637 |  |  | 162,432 |  |  | 163,820 |  |  | 492,127 |  |  | 463,708 |
Taxable equivalent adjustment |  | 2,571 |  |  | 2,496 |  |  | 2,806 |  |  | 2,735 |  |  | 2,693 |  |  | 7,873 |  |  | 8,351 |
Pre-provision net revenue (te) |  | 175,557 |  |  | 162,000 |  |  | 162,443 |  |  | 165,167 |  |  | 166,513 |  |  | 500,000 |  |  | 472,059 |
Adjustments from supplemental disclosure items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sabal Trust Company acquisition expense |  | — |  |  | 5,911 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,911 |  |  | — |
FDIC special assessment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,800 |
Adjusted pre-provision net revenue (te) | $ | 175,557 |  | $ | 167,911 |  | $ | 162,443 |  | $ | 165,167 |  | $ | 166,513 |  | $ | 505,911 |  | $ | 475,859 |
Reconciliation of revenue (te), adjusted revenue (te) and efficiency ratio (non-GAAP measures) (d) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | $ | 279,738 |  | $ | 276,959 |  | $ | 269,905 |  | $ | 273,556 |  | $ | 271,764 |  | $ | 826,602 |  | $ | 808,365 |
Noninterest income |  | 106,001 |  |  | 98,524 |  |  | 94,791 |  |  | 91,209 |  |  | 95,895 |  |  | 299,316 |  |  | 272,920 |
Total GAAP revenue |  | 385,739 |  |  | 375,483 |  |  | 364,696 |  |  | 364,765 |  |  | 367,659 |  |  | 1,125,918 |  |  | 1,081,285 |
Taxable equivalent adjustment |  | 2,571 |  |  | 2,496 |  |  | 2,806 |  |  | 2,735 |  |  | 2,693 |  |  | 7,873 |  |  | 8,351 |
Total revenue (te) | $ | 388,310 |  | $ | 377,979 |  | $ | 367,502 |  | $ | 367,500 |  | $ | 370,352 |  | $ | 1,133,791 |  | $ | 1,089,636 |
GAAP noninterest expense | $ | 212,753 |  | $ | 215,979 |  | $ | 205,059 |  | $ | 202,333 |  | $ | 203,839 |  | $ | 633,791 |  | $ | 617,577 |
Amortization of intangibles |  | (2,694 | ) |  | (2,524 | ) |  | (2,113 | ) |  | (2,206 | ) |  | (2,292 | ) |  | (7,331 | ) |  | (7,207 | )
Adjustments from supplemental disclosure items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sabal Trust Company acquisition expense |  | — |  |  | (5,911 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,911 | ) |  | — |
FDIC special assessment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,800 | )
Adjusted noninterest expense for efficiency | $ | 210,059 |  | $ | 207,544 |  | $ | 202,946 |  | $ | 200,127 |  | $ | 201,547 |  | $ | 620,549 |  | $ | 606,570 |
Efficiency ratio (c) |  | 54.10 | % |  | 54.91 | % |  | 55.22 | % |  | 54.46 | % |  | 54.42 | % |  | 54.73 | % |  | 55.67 | %

(a)
For analytical purposes, management adjusts interest income and net interest income for tax-exempt items to a taxable equivalent basis using a federal income tax rate of 21%.
(b)
The tangible common equity ratio is common stockholders’ equity less intangible assets divided by total assets less intangible assets.
(c)
The efficiency ratio, a non-GAAP financial measure, is noninterest expense to total net interest (te) and noninterest income, excluding amortization of purchased intangibles and supplemental disclosure items.
(d)
Refer to the non-GAAP financial measures section of this analysis for a discussion of these measures.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Net Interest Income

Net interest income (te) for the third quarter of 2025 totaled $282.3 million, up $2.9 million, or 1%, compared to the second quarter of 2025, and $834.5 million for nine months ended September 30, 2025, up $17.8 million, or 2%, compared to the same period in 2024.

The $2.9 million increase in net interest income (te) from the second quarter of 2025 was driven by an increase in interest income (te) of $6.5 million that was partially offset by an increase in interest expense of $3.6 million. The increase in interest income (te) was driven primarily by an additional accrual day, growth in average earning assets and a favorable change in the mix therein, and higher yields on the securities portfolio. The increase in interest expense was largely driven by an increase in average short-term borrowings and the impact of an additional accrual day, partially offset by a decrease in the cost of interest-bearing deposits and a favorable change in the mix therein.

The net interest margin for the third quarter of 2025 was 3.49%, unchanged from the second quarter of 2025, as higher securities yields (+2 bps) and a favorable change in earning asset mix with higher average loans (+2 bps) were offset by an unfavorable change in funding mix as the volume of higher-cost short-term borrowings increased (-4 bps).

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The $17.8 million increase in net interest income (te) for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from the same period in 2024 was largely interest rate driven, as the decline in prevailing rates on interest-bearing liabilities and an increase in securities yields outpaced lower yields on loans. The increase is also reflective of favorable changes in average balance and mix within interest-bearing liabilities, partially offset by a decline in average loans and the net impact of one less accrual day. Interest income (te) decreased $72.3 million, driven largely by a decrease in both loan yields and average balances, partially offset by increases in securities yields and average balances. Interest income (te) from securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 also includes $3.7 million associated with certain fair value hedges that became effective during the year. Interest expense decreased $90.0 million, driven largely by a decline in both the average balance of interest-bearing deposits and the interest rates paid on those deposits. The decrease in average interest-bearing deposits includes the impact of the elimination of brokered time deposits and a decline in retail time deposits, a portion of which shifted to lower-cost transaction and savings deposits.

The net interest margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was 3.47%, up 11 bps from 3.36% for the same period in 2024. The increase in the net interest margin also reflects the decrease in the cost of funds outpacing the decline in the yield on earning assets. The rate on interest-bearing liabilities was down 55 bps from 2024, primarily driven by the lower interest rate environment, promotional rate reductions, the elimination of brokered time deposits and a more favorable mix of retail deposits. The yield on average earning assets was down 25 bps, largely the result of a 36 bp decline in the loan yield, reflective of market interest rate movement, that was partially offset by a 24 bp increase in securities yields, as cash flows from maturing securities were reinvested into instruments with higher yields, coupled with a 6 bp favorable impact from fair value hedge effectiveness described above.

The following tables detail the components of our net interest income (te) and net interest margin.

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | June 30, 2025 |  |  | September 30, 2024 |
($ in millions) |  | Volume |  |  | Interest (d) |  | Rate |  |  | Volume |  |  | Interest (d) |  | Rate |  |  | Volume |  |  | Interest (d) |  | Rate |
Average earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial & real estate loans (te) (a) |  | $ | 18,041.2 |  |  | $ | 277.9 |  |  | 6.12 | % |  | $ | 17,832.7 |  |  | $ | 271.1 |  |  | 6.10 | % |  | $ | 18,179.9 |  |  | $ | 298.5 |  |  | 6.53 | %
Residential mortgage loans |  |  | 4,052.3 |  |  |  | 40.6 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  |  | 4,082.0 |  |  |  | 41.6 |  |  | 4.07 | % |  |  | 3,997.0 |  |  |  | 39.9 |  |  | 3.99 | %
Consumer loans |  |  | 1,332.4 |  |  |  | 27.7 |  |  | 8.25 | % |  |  | 1,334.5 |  |  |  | 27.8 |  |  | 8.34 | % |  |  | 1,375.1 |  |  |  | 30.6 |  |  | 8.85 | %
Loan fees & late charges |  |  | — |  |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | (0.6 | ) |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 0.00 | %
Total loans (te) (b) |  |  | 23,425.9 |  |  |  | 345.9 |  |  | 5.87 | % |  |  | 23,249.2 |  |  |  | 339.9 |  |  | 5.86 | % |  |  | 23,552.0 |  |  |  | 370.9 |  |  | 6.27 | %
Loans held for sale |  |  | 22.2 |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 6.73 | % |  |  | 24.4 |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 6.55 | % |  |  | 26.5 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 8.63 | %
US Treasury and government agency securities |  |  | 661.7 |  |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | 3.25 | % |  |  | 628.9 |  |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 3.16 | % |  |  | 556.4 |  |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 2.92 | %
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 6,962.1 |  |  |  | 50.3 |  |  | 2.89 | % |  |  | 6,864.2 |  |  |  | 48.4 |  |  | 2.82 | % |  |  | 6,807.9 |  |  |  | 44.2 |  |  | 2.60 | %
Municipals (te) |  |  | 742.5 |  |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | 2.96 | % |  |  | 761.2 |  |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 2.95 | % |  |  | 831.1 |  |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | 2.96 | %
Other securities |  |  | 17.4 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 3.72 | % |  |  | 17.5 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 3.69 | % |  |  | 23.5 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 3.86 | %
Total securities (te) (c) |  |  | 8,383.7 |  |  |  | 61.3 |  |  | 2.92 | % |  |  | 8,271.8 |  |  |  | 59.1 |  |  | 2.86 | % |  |  | 8,218.9 |  |  |  | 54.7 |  |  | 2.66 | %
Total short-term investments |  |  | 381.8 |  |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 4.19 | % |  |  | 535.7 |  |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | 4.28 | % |  |  | 466.3 |  |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 5.16 | %
Total earning assets (te) |  | $ | 32,213.6 |  |  | $ | 411.6 |  |  | 5.08 | % |  | $ | 32,081.1 |  |  | $ | 405.1 |  |  | 5.06 | % |  | $ | 32,263.7 |  |  | $ | 432.2 |  |  | 5.34 | %
Average interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing transaction and savings deposits |  | $ | 11,662.6 |  |  | $ | 63.1 |  |  | 2.15 | % |  | $ | 11,341.9 |  |  | $ | 59.7 |  |  | 2.11 | % |  | $ | 10,905.3 |  |  | $ | 65.1 |  |  | 2.37 | %
Time deposits |  |  | 3,860.5 |  |  |  | 34.0 |  |  | 3.50 | % |  |  | 4,044.4 |  |  |  | 35.9 |  |  | 3.57 | % |  |  | 4,904.9 |  |  |  | 57.5 |  |  | 4.66 | %
Public funds |  |  | 2,847.3 |  |  |  | 21.0 |  |  | 2.93 | % |  |  | 2,946.2 |  |  |  | 22.1 |  |  | 3.01 | % |  |  | 2,770.6 |  |  |  | 24.6 |  |  | 3.54 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 18,370.4 |  |  |  | 118.1 |  |  | 2.55 | % |  |  | 18,332.5 |  |  |  | 117.7 |  |  | 2.58 | % |  |  | 18,580.8 |  |  |  | 147.2 |  |  | 3.15 | %
Repurchase agreements |  |  | 604.0 |  |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 1.51 | % |  |  | 606.7 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 1.39 | % |  |  | 609.8 |  |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 1.61 | %
Other short-term borrowings |  |  | 531.3 |  |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 4.40 | % |  |  | 247.0 |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 4.49 | % |  |  | 362.4 |  |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | 5.43 | %
Long-term debt |  |  | 210.6 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 5.66 | % |  |  | 211.1 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 5.67 | % |  |  | 236.4 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 5.18 | %
Total borrowings |  |  | 1,345.9 |  |  |  | 11.2 |  |  | 3.30 | % |  |  | 1,064.8 |  |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 2.96 | % |  |  | 1,208.6 |  |  |  | 10.5 |  |  | 3.46 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 19,716.3 |  |  |  | 129.3 |  |  | 2.60 | % |  |  | 19,397.3 |  |  |  | 125.6 |  |  | 2.60 | % |  |  | 19,789.4 |  |  |  | 157.7 |  |  | 3.17 | %
Net interest-free funding sources |  |  | 12,497.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,683.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,474.3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total cost of funds |  | $ | 32,213.6 |  |  | $ | 129.3 |  |  | 1.59 | % |  | $ | 32,081.1 |  |  | $ | 125.6 |  |  | 1.57 | % |  | $ | 32,263.7 |  |  | $ | 157.7 |  |  | 1.94 | %
Net interest spread (te) |  |  |  |  | $ | 282.3 |  |  | 2.48 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | 279.5 |  |  | 2.46 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | 274.5 |  |  | 2.17 | %
Net interest margin |  | $ | 32,213.6 |  |  | $ | 282.3 |  |  | 3.49 | % |  | $ | 32,081.1 |  |  | $ | 279.5 |  |  | 3.49 | % |  | $ | 32,263.7 |  |  | $ | 274.5 |  |  | 3.39 | %

(a)
Taxable equivalent (te) amounts were calculated using a federal income tax rate of 21%.
(b)
Includes nonaccrual loans.
(c)
Average securities do not include unrealized holding gains/losses on available for sale securities.
(d)
Included in interest income is net purchase accounting accretion of $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. There was no net purchase accounting accretion in 2025.

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|  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | September 30, 2024 |
($ in millions) |  | Volume |  |  | Interest (d) |  |  | Rate |  |  | Volume |  |  | Interest (d) |  |  | Rate |
Average earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial & real estate loans (te) (a) |  | $ | 17,871.8 |  |  | $ | 816.1 |  |  |  | 6.10 | % |  | $ | 18,380.4 |  |  | $ | 895.6 |  |  |  | 6.51 | %
Residential mortgage loans |  |  | 4,038.3 |  |  |  | 120.8 |  |  |  | 3.99 | % |  |  | 3,986.9 |  |  |  | 114.5 |  |  |  | 3.83 | %
Consumer loans |  |  | 1,339.1 |  |  |  | 83.1 |  |  |  | 8.29 | % |  |  | 1,391.8 |  |  |  | 92.5 |  |  |  | 8.88 | %
Loan fees & late charges |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1.1 | ) |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | 0.00 | %
Total loans (te) (b) |  |  | 23,249.2 |  |  |  | 1,018.9 |  |  |  | 5.86 | % |  |  | 23,759.1 |  |  |  | 1,107.4 |  |  |  | 6.22 | %
Loans held for sale |  |  | 22.4 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 6.66 | % |  |  | 22.3 |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 7.88 | %
US Treasury and government agency securities |  |  | 626.7 |  |  |  | 14.8 |  |  |  | 3.14 | % |  |  | 534.7 |  |  |  | 11.2 |  |  |  | 2.80 | %
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 6,886.5 |  |  |  | 145.4 |  |  |  | 2.81 | % |  |  | 6,802.6 |  |  |  | 129.8 |  |  |  | 2.54 | %
Municipals (te) |  |  | 768.7 |  |  |  | 17.0 |  |  |  | 2.96 | % |  |  | 849.4 |  |  |  | 18.9 |  |  |  | 2.96 | %
Other securities |  |  | 17.6 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 3.68 | % |  |  | 23.5 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 3.74 | %
Total securities (te) (c) |  |  | 8,299.5 |  |  |  | 177.7 |  |  |  | 2.85 | % |  |  | 8,210.2 |  |  |  | 160.6 |  |  |  | 2.61 | %
Total short-term investments |  |  | 535.8 |  |  |  | 17.1 |  |  |  | 4.27 | % |  |  | 461.0 |  |  |  | 17.7 |  |  |  | 5.13 | %
Total earning assets (te) |  | $ | 32,106.9 |  |  | $ | 1,214.8 |  |  |  | 5.05 | % |  | $ | 32,452.6 |  |  | $ | 1,287.0 |  |  |  | 5.30 | %
Average interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing transaction and savings deposits |  | $ | 11,404.0 |  |  | $ | 180.1 |  |  |  | 2.11 | % |  | $ | 10,812.7 |  |  | $ | 186.6 |  |  |  | 2.31 | %
Time deposits |  |  | 4,057.7 |  |  |  | 109.9 |  |  |  | 3.62 | % |  |  | 4,905.5 |  |  |  | 173.3 |  |  |  | 4.72 | %
Public funds |  |  | 2,968.2 |  |  |  | 66.4 |  |  |  | 2.99 | % |  |  | 2,951.8 |  |  |  | 79.4 |  |  |  | 3.59 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 18,429.9 |  |  |  | 356.4 |  |  |  | 2.59 | % |  |  | 18,670.0 |  |  |  | 439.3 |  |  |  | 3.14 | %
Repurchase agreements |  |  | 614.0 |  |  |  | 6.2 |  |  |  | 1.35 | % |  |  | 635.9 |  |  |  | 8.3 |  |  |  | 1.74 | %
Other short-term borrowings |  |  | 262.7 |  |  |  | 8.7 |  |  |  | 4.43 | % |  |  | 329.1 |  |  |  | 13.5 |  |  |  | 5.50 | %
Long-term debt |  |  | 210.8 |  |  |  | 9.0 |  |  |  | 5.72 | % |  |  | 236.4 |  |  |  | 9.2 |  |  |  | 5.19 | %
Total borrowings |  |  | 1,087.5 |  |  |  | 23.9 |  |  |  | 2.94 | % |  |  | 1,201.4 |  |  |  | 31.0 |  |  |  | 3.45 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 19,517.4 |  |  |  | 380.3 |  |  |  | 2.61 | % |  |  | 19,871.4 |  |  |  | 470.3 |  |  |  | 3.16 | %
Net interest-free funding sources |  |  | 12,589.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,581.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total cost of funds |  | $ | 32,106.9 |  |  | $ | 380.3 |  |  |  | 1.58 | % |  | $ | 32,452.6 |  |  | $ | 470.3 |  |  |  | 1.94 | %
Net interest spread (te) |  |  |  |  | $ | 834.5 |  |  |  | 2.45 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | 816.7 |  |  |  | 2.13 | %
Net interest margin |  | $ | 32,106.9 |  |  | $ | 834.5 |  |  |  | 3.47 | % |  | $ | 32,452.6 |  |  | $ | 816.7 |  |  |  | 3.36 | %

(a)
Taxable equivalent (te) amounts were calculated using a federal income tax rate of 21%.
(b)
Includes nonaccrual loans.
(c)
Average securities do not include unrealized holding gains/losses on available for sale securities.
(d)
Included in interest income is net purchase accounting accretion of $1.6 million nine months ended September 30, 2024. There was no net purchase accounting accretion in 2025.

Provision for Credit Losses

During the third quarter of 2025, we recorded a provision for credit losses of $12.7 million, compared to $14.9 million in the second quarter of 2025. The provision for credit loss in the third quarter of 2025 included net charge-offs of $11.4 million and a reserve build of $1.3 million, compared to net charge-offs of $17.8 million and a reserve release of $2.9 million in the second quarter of 2025.

Annualized net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans in the third quarter of 2025 were 0.19%, down from 0.31%, in the second quarter of 2025. Net charge-offs in the third quarter of 2025 included $7.5 million in the commercial portfolio, $3.8 million in the consumer portfolio and $0.2 million in the residential mortgage portfolio. Net charge-offs in the second quarter of 2025 included $14.7 million in the commercial portfolio, $2.9 million in the consumer portfolio, and $0.2 million in the residential mortgage portfolio.

We recorded a provision for credit losses of $38.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $40.3 million for the same period in 2024. The provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 included net charge-offs of $39.4 million and a reserve release of $1.4 million, compared to net charge-offs of $34.3 million and a reserve build of $6.0 million in the same period in 2024. Net charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were 0.23% of average loans, comprised of net charge-offs of $29.2 million in the commercial portfolio, $10.1 million in the consumer portfolio and $0.1 million in the residential mortgage portfolio. Net charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 were 0.19% of average loans, comprised of net charge-offs of $23.8 million in the commercial portfolio and $10.7 million in the consumer portfolio, partially offset by net recoveries of $0.2 million in the residential mortgage portfolio.

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The discussion labeled "Allowance for Credit Losses and Asset Quality" that appears later in this Item provides additional information on these changes and on general credit quality.

Noninterest Income

Noninterest income totaled $106.0 million for the third quarter of 2025, up $7.5 million, or 8%, from the second quarter of 2025. The increase in noninterest income from the second quarter of 2025 was largely driven by investment and annuity fees and insurance commissions, a full quarter's impact from the Sabal Trust Company (Sabal) acquisition, service charges on deposit accounts, and net gains on sales of assets. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, noninterest income totaled $299.3 million, up $26.4 million, or 10%, from the same period in 2024. The increase from the same period in 2024 was largely driven by trust fees, reflecting the May 2025 acquisition of Sabal, income from derivatives, service charges on deposits, investment and annuity fees and insurance commissions, income from bank-owned life insurance, and income from secondary mortgage market operations, partially offset by declines in other miscellaneous, and net gains on sales of assets. A more detailed discussion of these and other noninterest income variances follows.

The components of noninterest income are presented in the following table for the indicated periods.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended |
| September 30, |  | June 30, |  | September 30, |  | September 30, |  | September 30, |
($ in thousands) | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Service charges on deposit accounts | $ | 25,220 |  | $ | 24,256 |  | $ | 23,144 |  | $ | 73,595 |  | $ | 67,658 |
Trust fees |  | 24,211 |  |  | 22,753 |  |  | 18,014 |  |  | 64,986 |  |  | 53,564 |
Bank card and ATM fees |  | 21,814 |  |  | 22,004 |  |  | 21,639 |  |  | 64,532 |  |  | 64,088 |
Investment and annuity fees and insurance commissions |  | 14,507 |  |  | 10,603 |  |  | 10,890 |  |  | 36,525 |  |  | 32,523 |
Secondary mortgage market operations |  | 3,475 |  |  | 4,147 |  |  | 3,379 |  |  | 11,090 |  |  | 9,816 |
Income from bank-owned life insurance |  | 5,752 |  |  | 5,313 |  |  | 4,364 |  |  | 15,938 |  |  | 12,353 |
Credit related fees |  | 2,900 |  |  | 2,713 |  |  | 2,905 |  |  | 8,453 |  |  | 9,166 |
Income (loss) from customer and other derivatives |  | 1,932 |  |  | 1,969 |  |  | 923 |  |  | 3,630 |  |  | (2,939 | )
Net gains on sales of premises, equipment and other assets |  | 1,913 |  |  | 1,036 |  |  | 2,943 |  |  | 4,806 |  |  | 6,765 |
Other miscellaneous |  | 4,277 |  |  | 3,730 |  |  | 7,694 |  |  | 15,761 |  |  | 19,926 |
Total noninterest income | $ | 106,001 |  | $ | 98,524 |  | $ | 95,895 |  | $ | 299,316 |  | $ | 272,920 |

Service charges on deposit accounts include consumer, business, and corporate deposit account servicing fees, as well as nonsufficient funds fees on non-consumer accounts, overdraft and overdraft protection fees, and other customer transaction-related fees. Service charges on deposits totaled $25.2 million for the third quarter of 2025, up $1.0 million, or 4%, from the second quarter of 2025. The linked-quarter increase was driven primarily by consumer overdraft fees. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, service charges on deposits totaled $73.6 million, up $5.9 million, or 9%, from the same period in 2024. The year-over-year increase was largely attributable to consumer overdraft fees, and analysis fees and overdraft fees on business accounts.

Trust fee income represents revenue generated from a full range of trust services, including asset management and custody services provided to individuals, businesses and institutions. Trust fees totaled $24.2 million for the third quarter of 2025, up $1.5 million, or 6%, from the second quarter of 2025. The linked-quarter increase reflects a full quarter's impact from the May 2025 acquisition of Sabal. Trust fees for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 totaled $65.0 million, up $11.4 million, or 21%, from the same period in 2024. The year-over-year increase reflects $9.0 million in personal trust fees as a result of the Sabal acquisition and growth in our legacy personal and corporate trust fees, partially offset by a decline in employee benefits trust revenue.

Bank card and ATM fees include interchange and other income from credit and debit card transactions, fees earned from processing card transactions for merchants, and fees earned from ATM transactions. Bank card and ATM fees totaled $21.8 million for the third quarter of 2025, down $0.2 million, or 1%, from the second quarter of 2025, driven primarily by merchant service fees. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, bank card and ATM fees totaled $64.5 million, up $0.4 million, or 1%, from the same period in 2024, as increases in purchasing card and debit card processing fees were partially offset by declines in business credit card processing fees and ATM fees.

Investment and annuity fees and insurance commissions, which include both fees earned from sales of annuity and insurance products, as well as managed account fees, totaled $14.5 million, up $3.9 million, or 37%, from the second quarter of 2025, largely attributable to strong annuity sales and an increase in fixed income trading transactions driven by favorable market conditions. The linked-quarter increase is also reflective of an increase in investment management and corporate underwriting fees. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, investment and annuity fees and insurance commissions totaled $36.5 million, up $4.0 million, or 12%, from the

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same period in 2024, largely attributable to increases in investment management fees and fixed income trading fees. The year-over-year increase also reflects increases in annuity fees and corporate underwriting fees.

Income from secondary mortgage market operations is comprised of income produced from the origination and sales of residential mortgage loans in the secondary market. We offer a full range of mortgage products to our customers and typically sell longer-term fixed-rate loans while retaining the majority of adjustable-rate loans, as well as loans generated through programs to support customer relationships. Secondary mortgage market operations income will vary based on mortgage application volume, pull through rates, the percentage of loans ultimately sold in the secondary market and the timing of such sales. Income from secondary mortgage market operations was $3.5 million in the third quarter of 2025, down $0.7 million, or 16%, from the second quarter of 2025. The linked-quarter decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in mortgage loan production. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, income from secondary mortgage market operations totaled $11.1 million, up $1.3 million, or 13%, from the same period in 2024. The year-over-year increase was primarily attributable to an increase in mortgage loan production, coupled with a higher percentage of loans sold in the secondary market as opposed to being held in our loan portfolio.

Income from bank-owned life insurance (BOLI) is typically generated through insurance benefit proceeds as well as the growth of the cash surrender value of insurance contracts held. Income from BOLI was $5.8 million for the third quarter of 2025, up $0.4 million, or 8%, from the second quarter of 2025. The linked-quarter increase was attributable to a $0.3 million increase in mortality gains and a $0.1 million increase in income associated with changes in cash surrender value. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, income from BOLI totaled $15.9 million, up $3.6 million, or 29%, from the same period in 2024. The year-over-year increase is attributable to a $2.3 million increase in income associated with changes in cash surrender value and a $1.3 million increase in mortality gains.

Credit related fees include fees assessed on letters of credit and unused portions of loan commitments. Credit related fees were $2.9 million for the third quarter of 2025, up $0.2 million, or 7%, from the second quarter of 2025. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, credit related fees totaled $8.5 million, down $0.7 million, or 8%, from the same period in 2024. The linked-quarter and year-over-year variances were largely driven by unused commitment fees, which are generally a function of credit line utilization.

Income or loss from customer and other derivatives is largely from our customer interest rate derivative program. Income from customer and other derivatives totaled $1.9 million for the third quarter of 2025, relatively flat when compared to the second quarter of 2025. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, income from customer and other derivatives totaled $3.6 million compared to a loss of $2.9 million for the same period in 2024. The year-over-year increase was due in part to the 2024 results including a $1.5 million loss related to assumption changes for certain valuation inputs on customer derivatives and $1.2 million of higher losses resulting from assumption changes to the Visa Class B derivative liability. The remaining year-over-year increase is attributable to the customer interest rate derivative program, driven by market conditions. Derivative income can be volatile and is dependent upon the composition of the portfolio, volume and mix of sales and termination activity, and market value adjustments due to market interest rate movement.

Net gains on sales of premises, equipment and other assets consist primarily of net revenue earned from sales of excess-bank owned facilities and equipment no longer in use, gains on sales of Small Business Administration (SBA) and other non-residential mortgage loans, and leases and other assets associated with the equipment finance line of business. Net gains on sales of premises, equipment and other assets totaled $1.9 million for the third quarter of 2025, up $0.9 million from the second quarter of 2025, largely driven by gains on sales of leases and SBA loans. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net gains on sales of premises, equipment and other assets totaled $4.8 million, down $2.0 million from the same period in 2024, largely driven by a declines in gains on sales of premises totaling $1.6 million, as the comparative period included a $1.5 million gain on the sale of a former branch property, and gains on sales of SBA loans totaling $0.5 million. The level of net gains or losses on sales of these assets in a given reporting period will vary based on a variety of circumstances.

Other miscellaneous income is comprised of various items, including income from investments in small business investment companies (SBIC), dividends on Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) stock, and fees from loan syndication and other specialty lines of business. Other miscellaneous income totaled $4.3 million, up $0.5 million, or 15%, from the second quarter of 2025. The linked-quarter increase was largely driven by a $1.8 million increase in syndication fees that was partially offset by a $1.3 million decrease in SBIC income. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, other miscellaneous income totaled $15.8 million, down $4.2 million, or 21%, from the same period in 2024. The year-over-year decline was largely driven by declines of $5.1 million in dividends on FHLB stock, reflecting a decline in the level of stock owned and the yield, and $1.2 million in SBIC income, partially offset by an increase of $2.9 million in syndication fees. SBIC income and syndication fees will vary from period to period, depending on activity.

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Noninterest Expense

Noninterest expense for the third quarter of 2025 was $212.8 million, down $3.2 million, or 1%, from the second quarter of 2025. Included in noninterest expense for the second quarter of 2025 were supplemental disclosure items totaling $5.9 million attributable to costs associated with the acquisition of Sabal. Excluding the supplemental disclosure items, noninterest expense for the third quarter of 2025 was up $2.7 million, or 1%, from the second quarter of 2025, largely driven by an increase in personnel expense that was partially offset by decreases in other real estate and foreclosed assets expense and professional services expense. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, noninterest expense totaled $633.8 million, up $16.2 million, or 3%, from the same period in 2024. The nine months ended September 30, 2025 included the $5.9 million Sabal acquisition supplemental disclosure items as described above, and the nine months ended September 30, 2024 included a $3.8 million supplemental disclosure item attributable to an FDIC special assessment. Excluding the impact of the supplemental disclosure items in both periods, noninterest expense was up $14.1 million, or 2%, from the same period in 2024, largely attributable to increases in professional services expense, other real estate and foreclosed assets expense, data processing expense and business development expenses, partially offset by decreases in personnel expense and deposit insurance and regulatory fees. A more detailed discussion of these and other noninterest expense variances follows.

The components of noninterest expense are presented in the following table for the indicated periods.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended |
| September 30, |  | June 30, |  | September 30, |  | September 30, |  | September 30, |
($ in thousands) | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Compensation expense | $ | 100,681 |  | $ | 95,875 |  | $ | 94,371 |  | $ | 285,508 |  | $ | 288,061 |
Employee benefits |  | 21,341 |  |  | 20,637 |  |  | 21,400 |  |  | 67,373 |  |  | 67,593 |
Personnel expense |  | 122,022 |  |  | 116,512 |  |  | 115,771 |  |  | 352,881 |  |  | 355,654 |
Net occupancy expense |  | 14,066 |  |  | 13,825 |  |  | 13,438 |  |  | 41,471 |  |  | 39,991 |
Equipment expense |  | 4,156 |  |  | 4,541 |  |  | 4,689 |  |  | 12,788 |  |  | 13,229 |
Data processing expense |  | 30,665 |  |  | 33,448 |  |  | 31,124 |  |  | 95,363 |  |  | 91,232 |
Professional services expense |  | 13,375 |  |  | 16,371 |  |  | 10,984 |  |  | 41,981 |  |  | 29,478 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 2,694 |  |  | 2,524 |  |  | 2,292 |  |  | 7,331 |  |  | 7,207 |
Deposit insurance and regulatory fees |  | 4,656 |  |  | 4,822 |  |  | 5,480 |  |  | 14,504 |  |  | 20,419 |
Other real estate and foreclosed asset expense (income), net |  | (337 | ) |  | 1,181 |  |  | (411 | ) |  | 2,624 |  |  | (1,706 | )
Corporate value and franchise taxes and other non-income taxes |  | 4,371 |  |  | 4,733 |  |  | 4,691 |  |  | 13,407 |  |  | 14,848 |
Entertainment and contributions |  | 2,984 |  |  | 3,347 |  |  | 2,707 |  |  | 9,718 |  |  | 8,570 |
Advertising |  | 3,619 |  |  | 2,988 |  |  | 3,331 |  |  | 9,622 |  |  | 9,509 |
Telecommunications and postage |  | 2,534 |  |  | 2,570 |  |  | 2,406 |  |  | 7,545 |  |  | 7,108 |
Travel expense |  | 1,691 |  |  | 1,891 |  |  | 1,534 |  |  | 4,814 |  |  | 4,233 |
Tax credit investment amortization |  | 1,068 |  |  | 1,068 |  |  | 1,585 |  |  | 3,204 |  |  | 4,694 |
Printing and supplies |  | 907 |  |  | 1,269 |  |  | 814 |  |  | 3,078 |  |  | 2,768 |
Net other retirement expense |  | (4,142 | ) |  | (3,907 | ) |  | (4,396 | ) |  | (11,933 | ) |  | (13,727 | )
Other miscellaneous |  | 8,424 |  |  | 8,796 |  |  | 7,800 |  |  | 25,393 |  |  | 24,070 |
Total noninterest expense | $ | 212,753 |  | $ | 215,979 |  | $ | 203,839 |  | $ | 633,791 |  | $ | 617,577 |
Supplemental Disclosure Items Included in Noninterest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sabal Trust Company acquisition expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Personnel expense | $ | — |  | $ | 1,422 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,422 |  | $ | — |
Data processing expense |  | — |  |  | 1,976 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,976 |  |  | — |
Professional services expense |  | — |  |  | 1,550 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,550 |  |  | — |
Printing and supplies |  | — |  |  | 210 |  |  | — |  |  | 210 |  |  | — |
Other |  | — |  |  | 753 |  |  | — |  |  | 753 |  |  | — |
| $ | — |  | $ | 5,911 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,911 |  | $ | — |
FDIC deposit insurance special assessment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposit insurance and regulatory fees | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,800 |
Total supplemental disclosure items included in noninterest expense | $ | — |  | $ | 5,911 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,911 |  | $ | 3,800 |

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Personnel expense consists of salaries, incentive compensation, long-term incentives, payroll taxes, and other employee benefits such as 401(k), pension, and insurance for medical, life and disability. Personnel expense totaled $122.0 million for the third quarter of 2025, up $5.5 million, or 5%, from the second quarter of 2025. The three months ended June 30, 2025 included $1.4 million of Sabal acquisition costs highlighted as supplemental disclosure items. Excluding these acquisition costs, personnel expense for the third quarter of 2025 was up $6.9 million, or 6%, from the second quarter of 2025. The linked-quarter increase was largely attributable to increases in bonus and incentive compensation, and salary expense as a result of one additional payroll day and an increase in headcount. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, personnel expense totaled $352.9 million, down $2.8 million, or 1%, from the same period in 2024. Excluding the $1.4 million of acquisition costs, personnel expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was down $4.2 million, or 1%, from the same period in 2024. The year-over-year decline reflects a favorable impact from salary deferrals associated with lending activities and decreases in commissions and incentives expense and in retirement benefits expense, partially offset by increases in salary expense as a result of annual merit increases and an increase in headcount and in bonus and share-based compensation.

Occupancy and equipment expenses are primarily composed of lease expenses, depreciation, maintenance and repairs, rent, property taxes, and other equipment expenses. Occupancy and equipment expenses totaled $18.2 million for the third quarter of 2025, relatively flat compared to the second quarter of 2025. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, occupancy and equipment expenses totaled $54.3 million, up $1.0 million, or 2%, from the same period in 2024. The year-over-year increase was largely driven by building and equipment maintenance and leased facility expense that were partially offset by decreases in depreciation and amortization and building insurance costs. Occupancy and equipment expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 includes approximately $0.8 million of Sabal operating costs post-merger.

Data processing expense includes expenses related to third party technology processing and servicing costs, technology project costs and fees associated with bank card and ATM transactions, and credit card reward expenses. Data processing expense was $30.7 million for the third quarter of 2025, down $2.8 million, or 8%, from the second quarter of 2025. Included in the three months ended June 30, 2025 was $2.0 million of Sabal acquisition costs highlighted as supplemental disclosure items. Excluding these acquisition costs, data processing expense for the third quarter of 2025 was down $0.8 million, or 3%, from the second quarter of 2025, driven largely by a decrease in amortization and maintenance on data processing software and in certain activity-based processing fees and ATM services. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, data processing expense totaled $95.4 million, up $4.1 million, or 5%, from the same period in 2024. Excluding the $2.0 million of acquisition costs, data processing expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was up $2.2 million, or 2%, from the same period in 2024. The year-over-year increase was largely attributable to increases in certain activity-based fees, including card processing, credit card rewards expense and ATM servicing, and in technology enhancement costs, partially offset by a decrease in amortization and maintenance on data processing software. Data processing expense can vary from period to period, depending on business needs and technology enhancement initiatives.

Professional services expense includes accounting and audit, legal, consulting and certain outsourced service expense. Professional services expense for the third quarter of 2025 totaled $13.4 million, down $3.0 million, or 18%, from the second quarter of 2025. Included in the three months ended June 30, 2025 was $1.5 million of Sabal acquisition costs highlighted as supplemental disclosure items. Excluding these acquisition costs, professional services expense for the third quarter of 2025 was down $1.4 million, or 10%, from the second quarter of 2025, primarily attributable to legal fees. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, professional services expense totaled $42.0 million, up $12.5 million, or 42%, from the same period in 2024. Excluding the $1.5 million of acquisition costs, professional services expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was up $11.0 million, or 37%, from the same period in 2024, largely attributable to costs associated with consulting and other professional services for stand-alone engagements, including process improvement projects, legal fees, and expense for certain outsourced initiatives. Professional services expense may vary from period to period, generally related to the timing of external service needs.

Deposit insurance and regulatory fees for the third quarter of 2025 totaled $4.7 million, down $0.2 million, or 3%, from the second quarter of 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, deposit insurance and regulatory fees totaled $14.5 million, down $5.9 million, or 29%, from the same period in 2024. Included in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was a supplemental disclosure item of $3.8 million attributable to a more sizable adjustment to the special assessment by the FDIC to cover losses incurred under the systemic risk exception following the failure of two large regional banks. Excluding the impact of the supplemental disclosure item, deposit insurance and regulatory fees were down $2.1 million, or 13%, primarily attributable to changes in our risk-based assessment calculation as well as less significant quarterly adjustments to the special assessment based on quarterly updates from the FDIC.

The FDIC special assessment expense recorded to date is management's estimate of our portion of the cost attributable to the systemic risk exception based on information from the FDIC. However, the loss estimates resulting from the failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank may be subject to further change pending the projected and actual outcome of loss share agreements, joint

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ventures, and outstanding litigation. The exact amount of losses incurred will not be determined until the FDIC terminates the receiverships of these banks; therefore, the exact exposure to the Company remains unknown.

Income from other real estate and foreclosed assets totaled $0.3 million in the third quarter of 2025, compared to net losses of $1.2 million in the second quarter of 2025, driven primarily by a decrease in other real estate valuation expense. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net losses from other real estate and foreclosed assets totaled $2.6 million, compared to net gains of $1.7 million for the same period last year. The net losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 include increased net expense of $2.5 million attributable to one commercial property that was sold during the third quarter of 2025. The level of net income or losses associated with holding and maintaining the other real estate owned portfolio can vary depending on sales activity, valuation adjustments and income or expense associated with operating and maintaining foreclosed property. Gains or losses on the sale of other real estate and foreclosed assets may occur periodically and are dependent on the number and type of assets for sale and current market conditions.

Corporate value, franchise and other non-income tax expense for the third quarter of 2025 totaled $4.4 million, down $0.4 million, or 8%, from the second quarter of 2025. The linked-quarter decrease is largely attributable to bank share tax. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, corporate value, franchise and other non-income tax expense totaled $13.4 million, down $1.4 million, or 10%, from the same period in 2024. The year-over-year decline is largely attributable to decreases in both franchise and bank share taxes. The calculation of bank share tax is based on multiple variables, including average quarterly assets, earnings and stockholders’ equity to determine the taxable assessment value and can vary from period to period.

Business development-related expenses (including advertising, travel, entertainment and contributions) totaled $8.3 million for the third quarter of 2025, relatively flat compared to the second quarter of 2025, as an increase in advertising expense was largely offset by declines in entertainment, contributions and travel expenses. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, business development-related expenses totaled $24.2 million, up $1.8 million, or 8%, from the same period in 2024, largely driven by sponsorships, travel expense and contributions.

All other expenses, excluding amortization of intangibles, is comprised of a variety of other operational expenses and losses, tax credit investment amortization, and net other retirement expense. All other expenses totaled $8.8 million for the third quarter of 2025, down $1.0 million, or 10%, from the second quarter of 2025. Included in the three months ended June 30, 2025 was approximately $1.0 million of Sabal acquisition costs highlighted as supplemental disclosure items. Excluding these acquisition costs, other expenses for the third quarter of 2025 were virtually flat compared to the second quarter of 2025. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, all other expenses totaled $27.3 million, up $2.4 million, or 10%, from the same period in 2024. Excluding the approximately $1.0 million of acquisition costs, all other expenses were up $1.4 million, or 6%, from the same period in 2024, driven largely by an increase in net other retirement expense and other miscellaneous expenses that were partially offset by a decrease in tax credit investment amortization.

Income Taxes

The effective income tax rate for the third quarter of 2025 was 20.5% compared to 21.5% in the second quarter of 2025. The effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was 20.6% compared to 20.0% for the same period in 2024.

Many factors impact the effective income tax rate including, but not limited to, the level of pre-tax income and relative impact of net tax benefits related to tax credit investments, tax-exempt interest income, bank-owned life insurance, and nondeductible expenses. Additionally, discrete tax items recognized in any given period affect the comparability of the effective income tax rate between periods. Such items include share-based compensation, valuation allowance changes, uncertain tax position changes and tax law changes.

Our effective tax rate has historically varied from the federal statutory rate primarily because of tax-exempt income and tax credits. Interest income on bonds issued by or loans to state and municipal governments and authorities, and earnings from the bank-owned life insurance program are the major components of tax-exempt income. The main source of tax credits has been investments in tax-advantaged securities and tax credit projects. These investments are made primarily in the markets we serve and are directed at tax credits issued under the Federal and State New Market Tax Credit (“NMTC”) programs, Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (“LIHTC”) programs, as well as pre-2018 Qualified Zone Academy Bonds (“QZAB”) and Qualified School Construction Bonds (“QSCB”). These investments generate tax credits, which reduce current and future taxes and are recognized when earned as a benefit in the provision for income taxes.

We have invested in NMTC projects through investments in our own Community Development Entities (“CDE”), as well as other unrelated CDEs. Federal tax credits from NMTC investments are recognized over a seven-year period, while recognition of the benefits from state tax credits varies from three to five years. We have also invested in affordable housing projects that generate

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federal LIHTC tax credits that are recognized over a ten-year period, beginning in the year the rental activity begins. The amortization of the LIHTC investment cost is recognized as a component of income tax expense in proportion to the tax credits recognized over the ten-year credit period.

Based on tax credit investments that have been made to date in 2025, we expect to realize benefits from federal and state tax credits over the next three years totaling $8.2 million, $8.0 million, and $5.5 million in 2026, 2027, and 2028, respectively. We intend to continue making investments in tax credit projects. However, our ability to access new credits will depend upon, among other factors, federal and state tax policies and the level of competition for such credits.

On July 4, 2025, “An Act to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Title II of H. Con. Res. 14,” more commonly referred to as the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” (OBBBA) was signed into law. OBBBA enacted broad changes to the domestic and international taxation arena by extending many expiring Tax Cuts and Jobs Act tax provisions among other individual and business tax relief measures, along with funding national defense and border security, cutting certain federal spending programs, phasing out certain renewable energy credits created by the Inflation Reduction Act, and raising the national debt ceiling, among other things. Based on information available to date, we do not anticipate the OBBBA will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations, absent any further changes in law.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Liquidity

Liquidity management ensures that funds are available to meet the cash flow requirements of our depositors and borrowers, while also meeting the operating, capital and strategic cash flow needs of the Company, the Bank and other subsidiaries. As part of the overall asset and liability management process, liquidity management strategies and measurements have been developed to manage and monitor liquidity risk. The following table summarizes available liquidity at September 30, 2025:

|  | September 30, 2025 |
($ in thousands) |  | Total Available |  |  | Amount Used |  |  | Net Availability |
Available Sources of Funding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Internal Sources: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Free securities |  | $ | 4,794,817 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,794,817 |
External Sources: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank (a) |  |  | 6,658,567 |  |  |  | 2,408,105 |  |  |  | 4,250,462 |
Federal Reserve Bank |  |  | 3,294,449 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,294,449 |
Brokered deposits |  |  | 4,298,962 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,298,962 |
Other |  |  | 1,144,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,144,000 |
Total Available Sources of Funding |  | $ | 20,190,795 |  |  | $ | 2,408,105 |  |  | $ | 17,782,690 |
Cash and other interest-bearing bank deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,425,896 |
Total Liquidity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,208,586 |

(a) Amount used includes letters of credit.

Liquidity levels of financial institutions continue to be in heightened focus since the failure of several major regional U.S. banks that experienced large-scale deposit runs in the first half of 2023. At September 30, 2025, our available on and off-balance sheet liquidity of $19.2 billion is well in excess of our estimated uninsured, noncollateralized deposits of approximately $11.2 billion.

The asset portion of the balance sheet provides liquidity primarily through loan principal repayments, maturities and repayments of investment securities and occasional sales of various assets. Short-term investments such as federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell and interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve Bank or with other commercial banks are additional sources of liquidity to meet cash flow requirements. Free securities represent unpledged securities that can be sold or used as collateral for borrowings, and include unpledged securities assigned to short-term dealer repurchase agreements or to the Federal Reserve Bank discount window. Total pledged securities were $3.2 billion at September 30, 2025, virtually unchanged from June 30, 2025 and down from $3.9 billion at December 31, 2024. The decrease in pledged securities and related increase in free securities compared to December 31, 2024 is largely attributable to pledges that were released in response to a decrease in public funds deposits. Both securities and FHLB letters of credit are pledged as collateral related to public funds and repurchase agreements. Management has established an internal target for the ratio of free securities to total securities of 20% or greater. As shown in the table below, our ratio of free securities to total securities was 60.83% at September 30, 2025, compared to 59.44% at June 30, 2025, and 48.65% at December 31, 2024.

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| September 30, |  | June 30, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |
Liquidity Metrics | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024 |
Free securities / total securities |  | 60.83 | % |  | 59.44 | % |  | 58.64 | % |  | 48.65 | % |  | 56.52 | %
Core deposits / total deposits |  | 94.81 | % |  | 94.68 | % |  | 94.34 | % |  | 94.12 | % |  | 92.95 | %
Wholesale funds / core deposits |  | 7.74 | % |  | 4.57 | % |  | 2.74 | % |  | 3.09 | % |  | 6.28 | %
Liquid assets / total liabilities |  | 19.88 | % |  | 17.67 | % |  | 18.08 | % |  | 15.26 | % |  | 18.38 | %
Quarter-to-date average loans / quarter-to-date average deposits |  | 82.22 | % |  | 81.15 | % |  | 80.23 | % |  | 79.87 | % |  | 81.38 | %

The liability portion of the balance sheet provides liquidity mainly through the ability to use cash sourced from customer deposit accounts. At September 30, 2025, deposits totaled $28.7 billion, down $386.9 million from June 30, 2025 and $833.1 million from December 31, 2024, due primarily to typical seasonal movement in public funds deposits and retail time deposit maturities. There were no brokered time deposits at September 30, 2025 or June 30, 2025, compared to $6.9 million at December 31, 2024. The use of brokered deposits as a funding source is subject to certain policies regarding the amount, term and interest rate.

Core deposits consist of total deposits excluding certificates of deposit of $250,000 or more and brokered deposits. Core deposits totaled $27.2 billion at September 30, 2025, down $326.9 million, or 1%, compared to June 30, 2025, and $585.3 million, or 2%, from December 31, 2024. Changes in the level of core deposits will vary based on the level of total deposits and the mix therein. The ratio of core deposits to total deposits was 94.81% at September 30, 2025 compared to 94.68% at June 30, 2025, and 94.12% at December 31, 2024.

Purchases of federal funds, securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings from customers provide additional sources of liquidity to meet short-term funding requirements. Besides funding from customer sources, the Bank has a line of credit with the FHLB that is secured by blanket pledges of certain mortgage loans. At September 30, 2025, the bank had $1.3 billion in borrowings and approximately $4.3 billion available under this line. At September 30, 2025, the unused borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve’s discount window was approximately $3.3 billion. There were no outstanding borrowings with the Federal Reserve at any date during any period covered by this report.

Wholesale funds, which are comprised of short-term borrowings, long-term debt and brokered deposits were 7.74% of core deposits at September 30, 2025, compared to 4.57% at June 30, 2025, and 3.09% at December 31, 2024. At September 30, 2025, wholesale funds totaled $2.1 billion, an increase of $846.6 million from June 30 2025 and $1.2 billion from December 31, 2024, with the variance for both periods largely driven by higher short-term FHLB borrowings. The amount of wholesale funds outstanding will vary based on retail deposit levels and current funding needs. The Company has established an internal target for wholesale funds to be less than 25% of core deposits.

Other key measures used to monitor liquidity include the liquid asset ratio and the loan-to-deposit ratio. The liquid asset ratio (liquid assets, consisting of cash, short-term investments and free securities, divided by total liabilities) measures our ability to meet short-term obligations. Our liquid asset ratio was 19.88% at September 30, 2025, compared to 17.67% at June 30, 2025, and 15.26% at December 31, 2024. Management has established a minimum liquid asset ratio of 7.5% and an internal target of 12% or greater. The loan to deposit ratio (average loans outstanding for the reporting period divided by average deposits outstanding) measures the amount of funds the Bank lends for each dollar of deposits on hand. Our average loan-to-deposit ratio for the third quarter of 2025 was 82.22%, compared to 81.15% for the second quarter of 2025, and 79.87% for the fourth quarter of 2024. Management has an established target range for the loan-to-deposit ratio of 87% to 89%, but will operate outside that range under certain circumstances.

Cash generated from operations is another important source of funds to meet liquidity needs. The Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows included in Part I, Item 1 of this document present operating cash flows and summarize all significant sources and uses of funds during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Dividends received from the Bank have been the primary source of funds available to the Parent for the payment of dividends to our stockholders, repurchasing our common stock in the open market, and for servicing its debt. The liquidity management process takes into account the various regulatory provisions that can limit the amount of dividends the Bank can distribute to the Parent. The Parent targets cash and other liquid assets to provide liquidity in an amount sufficient to fund approximately six quarters of ongoing cash or liquid asset needs, consisting primarily of common stockholder dividends, debt service requirements, and any expected early extinguishment of debt. The Parent may operate below the target level on a temporary basis if a return to the target can be achieved in the near-term, generally not to exceed four quarters. The Parent had cash and liquid assets of $259.9 million at September 30, 2025, exceeding our internal target.

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Capital Resources

Stockholders’ equity totaled $4.5 billion at September 30, 2025, up $346.8 million, or 8%, from December 31, 2024. The increase from December 31, 2024 is primarily attributable to net income of $360.5 million, other comprehensive income of $189.6 million and $15.0 million of long-term incentive plan and dividend reinvestment activity. These factors were partially offset by dividends of $117.4 million and share repurchases of $100.9 million.

The tangible common equity (TCE) ratio was 10.01% at September 30, 2025, up 54 bps from 9.47% at December 31, 2024, driven primarily by tangible net earnings (+108 bps), other comprehensive income (+55 bps) and stock-based compensation and other (+4 bps), partially offset by capital deployed in the Sabal acquisition (-33 bps), dividends (-34 bps), common share repurchases (-29 bps), and tangible asset growth (-17 bps).

The regulatory capital ratios of the Company and the Bank at September 30, 2025 remained well in excess of current regulatory minimum requirements, including capital conservation buffers, by at least $1.2 billion. The Company and the Bank have been categorized as “well-capitalized” in the most recent notices received from our regulators. Refer to the Supervision and Regulation section in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for further discussion of our capital requirements.

The following table shows the regulatory capital ratios for the Company and the Bank as calculated under current rules for the indicated periods. The capital ratios presented for December 31, 2024 and prior reflect the election to use the current expected credit loss five-year transition rule, which expired on December 31, 2024.

| Well- |  | September 30, |  | June 30, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |
| Capitalized |  | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024 |
Total capital (to risk weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hancock Whitney Corporation |  | 10.00 | % |  | 15.92 | % |  | 15.82 | % |  | 16.37 | % |  | 15.93 | % |  | 15.56 | %
Hancock Whitney Bank |  | 10.00 | % |  | 14.88 | % |  | 14.79 | % |  | 15.27 | % |  | 14.83 | % |  | 14.52 | %
Tier 1 common equity capital (to risk weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hancock Whitney Corporation |  | 6.50 | % |  | 14.09 | % |  | 13.97 | % |  | 14.48 | % |  | 14.14 | % |  | 13.78 | %
Hancock Whitney Bank |  | 6.50 | % |  | 13.67 | % |  | 13.57 | % |  | 14.02 | % |  | 13.67 | % |  | 13.36 | %
Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hancock Whitney Corporation |  | 8.00 | % |  | 14.09 | % |  | 13.97 | % |  | 14.48 | % |  | 14.14 | % |  | 13.78 | %
Hancock Whitney Bank |  | 8.00 | % |  | 13.67 | % |  | 13.57 | % |  | 14.02 | % |  | 13.67 | % |  | 13.36 | %
Tier 1 leverage capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hancock Whitney Corporation |  | 5.00 | % |  | 11.46 | % |  | 11.35 | % |  | 11.55 | % |  | 11.29 | % |  | 11.03 | %
Hancock Whitney Bank |  | 5.00 | % |  | 11.11 | % |  | 11.02 | % |  | 11.18 | % |  | 10.91 | % |  | 10.69 | %

We regularly perform stress analysis on our capital levels. One such scenario includes the hypothetical impact of including accumulated other comprehensive losses on market valuations of available for sale securities and cash flow hedges in regulatory capital and a further stress scenario that includes both those losses plus losses on the held to maturity investment portfolio in regulatory capital. We estimate that our regulatory capital ratios would remain in excess of the well-capitalized minimums under both of these stress scenarios at September 30, 2025.

On July 24, 2025, our board of directors declared a regular quarterly common stock cash dividend of $0.45 per share. The quarterly common stock cash dividend was paid on September 15, 2025 to shareholders of record on September 5, 2025. The Company has paid uninterrupted dividends to its shareholders since 1967.

In December 2024, our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program, effective January 1, 2025, to repurchase up to 4.3 million shares of the Company’s common stock (approximately 5% of the shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2024). The authorization is set to expire on December 31, 2026. The shares may be repurchased in the open market, by block purchase, through accelerated share repurchase plans, in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, in one or more transactions, from time to time, depending upon market conditions and other factors, and in accordance with applicable regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company is not obligated to purchase any shares under this program and the repurchase authorization may be terminated or amended by the Board at any time prior to the expiration date. During the third quarter of 2025, the Company repurchased 662,500 shares under this program at an average price of $60.48 per share, inclusive of commissions. At September 30, 2025, 1,762,500 shares had been repurchased under this program at an average price of $56.80 per share, inclusive of commissions. The company has accrued an estimated excise tax liability on net share repurchases of $0.8 million at September 30, 2025.

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BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS

Short-Term Investments

Short-term investments are held so that funds are available to meet the cash flow needs of both borrowers and depositors. Short-term investments, including interest-bearing bank deposits and federal funds sold, were $911.3 million at September 30, 2025, up $306.7 million from June 30, 2025 and down $28.4 million from December 31, 2024. Average short-term investments of $381.8 million for the third quarter of 2025 were down $153.9 million from the second quarter of 2025. Average short term investments for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 totaled $535.8 million, up $74.8 million compared from the same period in 2024. Typically, the balance of short-term investments will change on a daily basis depending upon movement in customer loan and deposit accounts.

Securities

The purpose of the securities portfolio is to increase profitability, mitigate interest rate risk, provide liquidity and comply with regulatory pledging requirements. Our securities portfolio includes securities categorized as available for sale and held to maturity. Available for sale securities are carried at fair value and may be sold prior to maturity. Unrealized gains or losses on available for sale securities, net of deferred taxes, are recorded as accumulated other comprehensive income or loss in stockholders' equity.

Investment in securities totaled $8.0 billion at September 30, 2025, up $123.3 million, or 2%, from June 30, 2025 and $394.1 million, or 5%, from December 31, 2024. The increases from both comparative periods were driven by favorable movement in the fair value adjustment on the available for sale portfolio and additional investment in the available for sale portfolio. At September 30, 2025, securities available for sale totaled $5.8 billion and securities held to maturity totaled $2.2 billion.

Our securities portfolio consists mainly of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations that are issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies. We invest only in high quality investment grade securities with a targeted portfolio effective duration generally between two and five and a half years. At September 30, 2025, the average expected maturity of the portfolio was 5.19 years with an effective duration of 3.87 years and a nominal weighted-average yield of 2.82%. Under an immediate, parallel rate shock using increases of 100 bps and 200 bps, the effective durations would be 3.93 years for both scenarios. At December 31, 2024, the average expected maturity of the portfolio was 5.58 years with an effective duration of 4.12 years and a nominal weighted-average yield of 2.66%. The changes in expected maturity, effective duration, and nominal weighted-average yield were largely the result of reinvestment and additional investment in the portfolio during the period. At September 30, 2025, approximately $432.2 million of our available for sale securities are hedged with $397.5 million in fair value hedges in order to provide protection and flexibility to reposition and/or reprice the portfolio, effectively reducing the duration (market price risk) on the hedged securities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, $203.5 million of fair value hedges became effective, with the net earnings recorded in interest income. Once effective, fair value hedges synthetically convert the notional amount of the hedged asset over the life of the hedge to a variable rate instrument that is indexed to the federal funds effective rate.

At the end of each reporting period, we evaluate the securities portfolio for credit loss. Based on our assessments, expected credit loss was not material for any period presented, and therefore no allowance for credit loss was recorded.

Loans

Total loans at September 30, 2025 were $23.6 billion, up $134.8 million, or 1%, from June 30, 2025 and up $297.1 million, or 1%, from December 31, 2024. The net increase in loans was largely driven by growth in commercial real estate and equipment finance loans, partially offset by a higher level of payoffs and lower credit line utilization. A more detailed discussion of loan portfolio segment activity follows.

The following table shows the composition of our loan portfolio at each date indicated.

|  | September 30, |  |  | June 30, |  |  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | September 30, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2024 |
Total loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial non-real estate |  | $ | 9,680,597 |  |  | $ | 9,760,733 |  |  | $ | 9,636,594 |  |  | $ | 9,876,592 |  |  | $ | 9,588,309 |
Commercial real estate - owner occupied |  |  | 3,279,258 |  |  |  | 3,136,182 |  |  |  | 3,000,998 |  |  |  | 3,011,955 |  |  |  | 3,096,173 |
Total commercial and industrial |  |  | 12,959,855 |  |  |  | 12,896,915 |  |  |  | 12,637,592 |  |  |  | 12,888,547 |  |  |  | 12,684,482 |
Commercial real estate - income producing |  |  | 4,076,643 |  |  |  | 3,940,309 |  |  |  | 3,809,664 |  |  |  | 3,798,612 |  |  |  | 3,988,661 |
Construction and land development |  |  | 1,197,305 |  |  |  | 1,219,514 |  |  |  | 1,287,919 |  |  |  | 1,281,115 |  |  |  | 1,423,615 |
Residential mortgages |  |  | 4,027,600 |  |  |  | 4,057,307 |  |  |  | 4,025,145 |  |  |  | 3,961,328 |  |  |  | 3,988,309 |
Consumer |  |  | 1,335,162 |  |  |  | 1,347,705 |  |  |  | 1,337,826 |  |  |  | 1,369,845 |  |  |  | 1,370,520 |
Total loans |  | $ | 23,596,565 |  |  | $ | 23,461,750 |  |  | $ | 23,098,146 |  |  | $ | 23,299,447 |  |  | $ | 23,455,587 |

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Our commercial customer base is diversified over a range of industries. We lend mainly to middle-market and smaller commercial entities, although we do participate in larger shared-credit loan facilities generally with businesses/sponsors operating in our market areas that are well known to the relationship officers. Shared national credits outstanding at September 30, 2025 totaled approximately $2.1 billion, or 8.9% of total loans, down $113.7 million compared to June 30, 2025, and down $206.0 million from December 31, 2024. At September 30, 2025, our largest industry concentrations in shared national credits includes approximately $318 million in real estate rental and leasing, $290 million in finance and insurance, $233 million in information, $220 million in manufacturing, $179 million in wholesale trade, $177 million in transportation and warehousing, and $156 million in construction, with the remainder of the balance in other diverse industries.

Commercial and industrial (“C&I”) loans include both non-real estate and owner occupied real estate secured loans. C&I totaled $13.0 billion at September 30, 2025, up $62.9 million, or less than 1%, from June 30, 2025 and $71.3 million, or 1%, from December 31, 2024. The increase is reflective of growth spread across several sectors and industries.

Our C&I loan portfolio is well diversified by product, client, and geography throughout our footprint. Nevertheless, we may be exposed to certain concentrations of credit risk which exist in relation to different borrowers or groups of borrowers, specific types of collateral, industries, loan products, or regions. The following table provides detail of the more significant industry concentrations for our commercial and industrial loan portfolio, which is based on NAICS codes for all industries, with the exception of energy, which is based on the borrower’s source of revenue (i.e. a manufacturer whose income is derived from energy-related business is reported as energy).

| September 30, |  | June 30, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |
| 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024 |
|  |  | Pct of |  |  |  | Pct of |  |  |  | Pct of |  |  |  | Pct of |  |  |  | Pct of |
( $ in thousands ) | Balance |  | Total |  | Balance |  | Total |  | Balance |  | Total |  | Balance |  | Total |  | Balance |  | Total |
Commercial & industrial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail trade | $ | 1,400,293 |  |  | 11 | % | $ | 1,327,530 |  |  | 10 | % | $ | 1,301,529 |  |  | 10 | % | $ | 1,283,203 |  |  | 10 | % | $ | 1,262,357 |  |  | 10 | %
Health care and social assistance |  | 1,306,684 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 1,376,655 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 1,387,001 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 1,447,349 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 1,373,275 |  |  | 11 | %
Real estate and rental and leasing |  | 1,233,906 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 1,249,885 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 1,220,072 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 1,189,727 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 1,216,311 |  |  | 9 | %
Manufacturing |  | 1,216,813 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 1,178,187 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 1,123,114 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 1,191,781 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 1,152,823 |  |  | 9 | %
Wholesale trade |  | 1,117,737 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 1,103,615 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 1,105,444 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 1,148,034 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 1,076,834 |  |  | 9 | %
Construction |  | 1,100,770 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 993,338 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 1,000,155 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 989,313 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 968,213 |  |  | 7 | %
Transportation and warehousing |  | 976,880 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 986,952 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 973,187 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 965,893 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 974,147 |  |  | 8 | %
Professional, scientific, and technical services |  | 818,290 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 796,817 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 729,215 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 756,573 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 747,559 |  |  | 6 | %
Accommodation, food services and entertainment |  | 807,897 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 755,365 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 786,180 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 772,721 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 735,563 |  |  | 6 | %
Finance and insurance |  | 593,798 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 676,691 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 638,039 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 683,401 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 729,627 |  |  | 6 | %
Information |  | 461,178 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 453,154 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 437,902 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 410,284 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 395,155 |  |  | 3 | %
Other services (except public administration) |  | 395,869 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 396,440 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 381,715 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 414,514 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 404,696 |  |  | 3 | %
Public administration |  | 358,704 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 366,942 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 388,659 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 402,872 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 412,246 |  |  | 3 | %
Admin, support, waste mgmt, remediation services |  | 325,086 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 336,566 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 330,951 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 326,385 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 337,175 |  |  | 3 | %
Educational services |  | 235,165 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 242,677 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 244,391 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 240,096 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 243,023 |  |  | 2 | %
Energy |  | 169,536 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 177,551 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 178,969 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 197,317 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 188,619 |  |  | 1 | %
Other |  | 441,249 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 478,550 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 411,069 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 469,084 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 466,859 |  |  | 4 | %
Total commercial & industrial loans | $ | 12,959,855 |  |  | 100 | % | $ | 12,896,915 |  |  | 100 | % | $ | 12,637,592 |  |  | 100 | % | $ | 12,888,547 |  |  | 100 | % | $ | 12,684,482 |  |  | 100 | %

Commercial real estate - income producing loans totaled approximately $4.1 billion at September 30, 2025, up $136.3 million, or 3%, from June 30, 2025 and $278.0 million, or 7%, from December 31, 2024. Construction and land development loans totaled approximately $1.2 billion at September 30, 2025, down $22.2 million, or 2%, from June 30, 2025, and $83.8 million or 7%, from December 31, 2024. The following table details the end-of-period aggregated commercial real estate - income producing and construction loan balances by property type. Loans reflected in 1-4 family residential construction include both loans to construction builders as well as single family borrowers.

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| September 30, |  | June 30, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |
| 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024 |
|  |  | Pct of |  |  |  | Pct of |  |  |  | Pct of |  |  |  | Pct of |  |  |  | Pct of |
( $ in thousands ) | Balance |  | Total |  | Balance |  | Total |  | Balance |  | Total |  | Balance |  | Total |  | Balance |  | Total |
Commercial real estate - income producing and construction loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Multifamily | $ | 1,397,370 |  |  | 26 | % | $ | 1,401,521 |  |  | 27 | % | $ | 1,363,926 |  |  | 27 | % | $ | 1,343,544 |  |  | 26 | % | $ | 1,324,329 |  |  | 25 | %
Retail |  | 836,666 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 821,420 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 783,489 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 773,621 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 836,827 |  |  | 15 | %
Industrial |  | 772,552 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 710,424 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 756,324 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 698,520 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 761,464 |  |  | 14 | %
Healthcare related properties |  | 650,448 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 641,735 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 647,046 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 658,067 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 746,342 |  |  | 14 | %
Office |  | 516,659 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 503,525 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 496,379 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 506,690 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 485,672 |  |  | 9 | %
Hotel, motel and restaurants |  | 402,728 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 437,650 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 423,005 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 424,866 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 491,065 |  |  | 9 | %
1-4 family residential construction |  | 239,568 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 228,104 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 217,849 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 235,745 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 264,819 |  |  | 5 | %
Other land loans |  | 174,048 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 169,303 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 183,725 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 192,919 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 181,459 |  |  | 3 | %
Other |  | 283,909 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 246,141 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 225,840 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 245,755 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 320,299 |  |  | 6 | %
Total commercial real estate - income producing and construction loans | $ | 5,273,948 |  |  | 100 | % | $ | 5,159,823 |  |  | 100 | % | $ | 5,097,583 |  |  | 100 | % | $ | 5,079,727 |  |  | 100 | % | $ | 5,412,276 |  |  | 100 | %

The residential mortgage loan portfolio totaled $4.0 billion at September 30, 2025, down $29.7 million, or 1%, compared to June 30, 2025 and up $66.3 million, or 2%, compared to December 31, 2024. The composition of the residential mortgage loan portfolio will depend on the volume of loans originated and the percentage ultimately sold in the secondary market.

The consumer loan portfolio totaled $1.3 billion at September 30, 2025, down $12.5 million, or 1%, from June 30, 2025 and $34.7 million, or 3%, from December 31, 2024. Changes in the consumer loan portfolio balance include the impact of our exit from the indirect automobile lending market, where the existing portfolio is in run-off. The indirect loan portfolio totaled $5.9 million at September 30, 2025, down $3.0 million from June 30, 2025 and down $12.1 million from December 31, 2024.

Average loans for the third quarter of 2025 of $23.4 billion were up $176.7 million, or 1%, compared to the second quarter of 2025.

Allowance for Credit Losses and Asset Quality

Our allowance for credit losses was $341.5 million at September 30, 2025, up $1.2 million from June 30, 2025, and down $1.3 million from December 31, 2024. The increase in the allowance for credit losses from June 30, 2025 is attributable to a $12.7 million provision for credit losses, partially offset by $11.4 million of net charge-offs. Our overall credit loss outlook is not significantly different from that at June 30, 2025. Uncertainty remains related to economic conditions and geopolitical conflict, which continues to influence an elevated reserve relative to pre-pandemic levels. The allowance for loan losses increased $0.4 million and the reserve for unfunded lending commitments increased $0.8 million from June 30, 2025. The relatively flat allowance for loan losses at September 30, 2025 compared to June 30, 2025 includes an increase in individually evaluated reserves on problem loans of $2.2 million, a modest reduction in funded reserves for the commercial real estate - income producing portfolio due to more stable performance and outlook, as well other relatively minor changes among the portfolios. The increase in the reserve for unfunded commitments compared to June 30, 2025 is largely volume driven.

We utilized the September 2025 Moody's economic scenarios in our allowance for credit losses calculation at September 30, 2025. After considering the variables underlying each of the Moody's economic scenarios, management probability-weighed both the baseline scenario and the downside S-2 mild recessionary scenario at 50% in the computation of the allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2025, consistent with the weightings used in the calculation of allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2025. Each of the scenarios considered have varying degrees of severity and duration of impacts to forecasted market conditions, economic indicators, monetary and other governmental policies and geopolitical conditions, among other variables. Refer to the Economic Outlook section of this discussion and analysis for further information on the Moody’s scenarios and our weighting assumptions.

Our allowance for credit losses coverage to total loans was 1.45% at September 30, 2025, flat compared to June 30, 2025 and down modestly from 1.47% at December 31, 2024. The allowance for credit losses on the commercial portfolio totaled $271.2 million, or 1.49% of that portfolio, at September 30, 2025, compared to $268.7 million, or 1.49%, at June 30, 2025. The allowance for credit losses on the residential mortgage portfolio totaled $42.6 million, or 1.06% of that portfolio, at September 30, 2025, compared to $43.6 million, or 1.08%, at June 30, 2025. The allowance for credit losses on the consumer portfolio totaled $27.6 million, or 2.07% of that portfolio, at September 30, 2025, compared to $28.0 million, or 2.08%, at June 30, 2025.

Criticized commercial loans totaled $549.2 million at September 30, 2025, down $20.2 million, or 4%, from $569.3 million at June 30, 2025, and $73.9 million, or 12%, from $623.0 million at December 31, 2024. Criticized loans are defined as those having potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention (risk-rated as special mention, substandard and doubtful), including both accruing and nonaccruing loans. The Company routinely assesses the ratings of loans in its portfolio through an established and comprehensive portfolio management process. In addition, the Company often reviews portfolios of loans to determine if there are areas of risk not specifically identified in its loan by loan approach. Criticized commercial loans comprised 3.01% of that portfolio at

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September 30, 2025, down from 3.15% at June 30, 2025, and 3.47% at December 31, 2024. We remain focused on identifying specific and broader risk indicators that may be impacting certain segments in our portfolio, and we have not seen signs of significant weakening in any particular industry, sector or geographic segment beyond what we believe has been experienced by the banking industry as a whole. Our criticized commercial loans at September 30, 2025 are diversified across many industries, with the largest concentrations as follows: $89.8 million in real estate, rental and leasing; $83.5 million in retail trade; $67.9 million in wholesale trade; $63.8 million in accommodation, food service, and entertainment; $62.2 million in transportation and warehousing; $50.6 million in construction; $41.3 million in healthcare and social assistance; and $30.2 million in manufacturing. Commercial loans risk rated pass-watch totaled $596.3 million at September 30, 2025, up $46.4 million, or 8%, from June 30, 2025, and $74.9 million, or 14%, from December 31, 2024. The pass-watch risk rating includes credits with negative performance trends that reflect sufficient risk to cause concern, but have not risen to the level of criticized.

Net charge-offs were $11.4 million, or 0.19% of average total loans on an annualized basis in the third quarter of 2025, compared to $17.8 million, or 0.31% of average total loans on an annualized basis in the second quarter of 2025. Net charge-offs in the third quarter of 2025 included $7.5 million in the commercial portfolio, $3.8 million in the consumer portfolio and $0.2 million in the residential mortgage portfolio. Net charge-offs in the second quarter of 2025 included $14.7 million in the commercial portfolio, $2.9 million in the consumer portfolio and $0.2 million in the residential mortgage portfolio.

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The following table provides a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses, coverage ratios and net charge-off ratios for the periods indicated.

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | June 30, |  |  | September 30, |  |  | September 30, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Provision and Allowance for Credit Losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses at beginning of period |  | $ | 313,189 |  |  | $ | 318,119 |  |  | $ | 316,148 |  |  | $ | 318,882 |  |  | $ | 307,907 |
Loans charged-off: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial non real estate |  |  | 7,961 |  |  |  | 18,352 |  |  |  | 16,565 |  |  |  | 32,445 |  |  |  | 33,869 |
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  |  | 1,885 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,626 |  |  |  | — |
Total commercial & industrial |  |  | 9,846 |  |  |  | 18,352 |  |  |  | 16,565 |  |  |  | 37,071 |  |  |  | 33,869 |
Commercial real estate - income producing |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 8,819 |
Construction and land development |  |  | 1,258 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 1,291 |  |  |  | 264 |
Total commercial |  |  | 11,104 |  |  |  | 18,377 |  |  |  | 16,604 |  |  |  | 38,396 |  |  |  | 42,952 |
Residential mortgages |  |  | 249 |  |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | 678 |  |  |  | 229 |
Consumer |  |  | 4,383 |  |  |  | 3,689 |  |  |  | 4,347 |  |  |  | 12,283 |  |  |  | 13,249 |
Total charge-offs |  |  | 15,736 |  |  |  | 22,328 |  |  |  | 21,113 |  |  |  | 51,357 |  |  |  | 56,430 |
Recoveries of loans previously charged-off: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial non real estate |  |  | 3,442 |  |  |  | 3,392 |  |  |  | 2,013 |  |  |  | 8,484 |  |  |  | 18,067 |
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  |  | 178 |  |  |  | 268 |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 541 |  |  |  | 986 |
Total commercial & industrial |  |  | 3,620 |  |  |  | 3,660 |  |  |  | 2,138 |  |  |  | 9,025 |  |  |  | 19,053 |
Commercial real estate - income producing |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 7 |
Construction and land development |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 123 |  |  |  | 62 |
Total commercial |  |  | 3,632 |  |  |  | 3,673 |  |  |  | 2,140 |  |  |  | 9,160 |  |  |  | 19,122 |
Residential mortgages |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | 521 |  |  |  | 430 |
Consumer |  |  | 606 |  |  |  | 803 |  |  |  | 812 |  |  |  | 2,213 |  |  |  | 2,586 |
Total recoveries |  |  | 4,306 |  |  |  | 4,542 |  |  |  | 3,086 |  |  |  | 11,894 |  |  |  | 22,138 |
Total net charge-offs |  |  | 11,430 |  |  |  | 17,786 |  |  |  | 18,027 |  |  |  | 39,463 |  |  |  | 34,292 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 11,877 |  |  |  | 12,856 |  |  |  | 19,150 |  |  |  | 34,217 |  |  |  | 43,656 |
Allowance for loan losses at end of period |  | $ | 313,636 |  |  | $ | 313,189 |  |  | $ | 317,271 |  |  | $ | 313,636 |  |  | $ | 317,271 |
Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments at beginning of period |  | $ | 27,100 |  |  | $ | 25,031 |  |  | $ | 26,079 |  |  | $ | 24,053 |  |  | $ | 28,894 |
Provision for losses on unfunded lending commitments |  |  | 774 |  |  |  | 2,069 |  |  |  | (586 | ) |  |  | 3,821 |  |  |  | (3,401 | )
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments at end of period |  | $ | 27,874 |  |  | $ | 27,100 |  |  | $ | 25,493 |  |  | $ | 27,874 |  |  | $ | 25,493 |
Total Allowance for Credit Losses |  | $ | 341,510 |  |  | $ | 340,289 |  |  | $ | 342,764 |  |  | $ | 341,510 |  |  | $ | 342,764 |
Total Provision for Credit Losses |  | $ | 12,651 |  |  | $ | 14,925 |  |  | $ | 18,564 |  |  | $ | 38,038 |  |  | $ | 40,255 |
Coverage Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans |  |  | 1.33 | % |  |  | 1.33 | % |  |  | 1.35 | % |  |  | 1.33 | % |  |  | 1.35 | %
Allowance for credit losses to period-end loans |  |  | 1.45 | % |  |  | 1.45 | % |  |  | 1.46 | % |  |  | 1.45 | % |  |  | 1.46 | %
Charge-offs ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross charge-offs to average loans |  |  | 0.27 | % |  |  | 0.39 | % |  |  | 0.36 | % |  |  | 0.30 | % |  |  | 0.32 | %
Recoveries to average loans |  |  | 0.07 | % |  |  | 0.08 | % |  |  | 0.05 | % |  |  | 0.07 | % |  |  | 0.12 | %
Net charge-offs to average loans |  |  | 0.19 | % |  |  | 0.31 | % |  |  | 0.30 | % |  |  | 0.23 | % |  |  | 0.19 | %
Net Charge-offs to average loans by portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial non real estate |  |  | 0.19 | % |  |  | 0.62 | % |  |  | 0.60 | % |  |  | 0.33 | % |  |  | 0.22 | %
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  |  | 0.21 | % |  |  | (0.04 | )% |  |  | (0.02 | )% |  |  | 0.18 | % |  |  | (0.04 | )%
Total commercial & industrial |  |  | 0.19 | % |  |  | 0.46 | % |  |  | 0.45 | % |  |  | 0.29 | % |  |  | 0.15 | %
Commercial real estate - income producing |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | (0.00 | )% |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.29 | %
Construction and land development |  |  | 0.42 | % |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.01 | % |  |  | 0.13 | % |  |  | 0.02 | %
Total commercial |  |  | 0.16 | % |  |  | 0.33 | % |  |  | 0.32 | % |  |  | 0.22 | % |  |  | 0.17 | %
Residential mortgages |  |  | 0.02 | % |  |  | 0.02 | % |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.01 | % |  |  | (0.01 | )%
Consumer |  |  | 1.12 | % |  |  | 0.87 | % |  |  | 1.02 | % |  |  | 1.01 | % |  |  | 1.02 | %

The following table sets forth for the periods indicated nonaccrual loans and reportable loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by type, and foreclosed and surplus ORE and other foreclosed assets. The table also includes loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing.

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| September 30, |  | June 30, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |
($ in thousands) | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024 |
Loans accounted for on a nonaccrual basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial non-real estate | $ | 39,108 |  | $ | 20,196 |  | $ | 15,261 |  | $ | 14,172 |  | $ | 17,443 |
Commercial non-real estate - modified |  | 8,084 |  |  | 11,710 |  |  | 19,393 |  |  | 19,246 |  |  | 3,954 |
Total commercial non-real estate |  | 47,192 |  |  | 31,906 |  |  | 34,654 |  |  | 33,418 |  |  | 21,397 |
Commercial real estate - owner occupied |  | 6,667 |  |  | 3,237 |  |  | 3,913 |  |  | 2,727 |  |  | 1,988 |
Commercial real estate - owner-occupied - modified |  | 341 |  |  | 352 |  |  | 366 |  |  | — |  |  | 901 |
Total commercial real estate - owner-occupied |  | 7,008 |  |  | 3,589 |  |  | 4,279 |  |  | 2,727 |  |  | 2,889 |
Commercial real estate - income producing |  | 4,782 |  |  | 5,094 |  |  | 5,127 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 1,918 |
Commercial real estate - income producing - modified |  | — |  |  | 841 |  |  | 841 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial real estate - income producing |  | 4,782 |  |  | 5,935 |  |  | 5,968 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 1,918 |
Construction and land development |  | 3,281 |  |  | 1,932 |  |  | 1,851 |  |  | 5,561 |  |  | 6,316 |
Construction and land development - modified |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total construction and land development |  | 3,281 |  |  | 1,932 |  |  | 1,851 |  |  | 5,561 |  |  | 6,316 |
Residential mortgage |  | 40,284 |  |  | 41,122 |  |  | 41,978 |  |  | 43,157 |  |  | 38,571 |
Residential mortgage - modified |  | 742 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 4,426 |  |  | 929 |  |  | 541 |
Total residential mortgage |  | 41,026 |  |  | 41,300 |  |  | 46,404 |  |  | 44,086 |  |  | 39,112 |
Consumer |  | 10,115 |  |  | 10,260 |  |  | 11,058 |  |  | 11,187 |  |  | 11,234 |
Consumer - modified |  | 150 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total consumer |  | 10,265 |  |  | 10,260 |  |  | 11,058 |  |  | 11,187 |  |  | 11,234 |
Total nonaccrual loans | $ | 113,554 |  | $ | 94,922 |  | $ | 104,214 |  | $ | 97,335 |  | $ | 82,866 |
ORE and foreclosed assets |  | 11,140 |  |  | 26,847 |  |  | 26,690 |  |  | 27,797 |  |  | 27,732 |
Total nonaccrual loans and ORE and foreclosed assets | $ | 124,694 |  | $ | 121,769 |  | $ | 130,904 |  | $ | 125,132 |  | $ | 110,598 |
Modified loans - still accruing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial non-real estate | $ | 65,284 |  | $ | 45,123 |  | $ | 58,188 |  | $ | 74,211 |  | $ | 82,609 |
Commercial real estate - owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 799 |
Commercial real estate - income producing |  | — |  |  | 1,846 |  |  | 1,882 |  |  | 2,741 |  |  | 3,050 |
Construction and land development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential mortgage |  | 16,891 |  |  | 15,265 |  |  | 10,514 |  |  | 2,241 |  |  | 3,344 |
Consumer |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 354 |
Total modified loans - still accruing | $ | 82,218 |  | $ | 62,234 |  | $ | 70,618 |  | $ | 79,324 |  | $ | 90,156 |
Total reportable modified loans | $ | 91,535 |  | $ | 75,315 |  | $ | 95,644 |  | $ | 99,499 |  | $ | 95,552 |
Loans 90 days past due still accruing | $ | 24,576 |  | $ | 58,702 |  | $ | 15,593 |  | $ | 21,852 |  | $ | 5,967 |
Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual loans to total loans |  | 0.48 | % |  | 0.40 | % |  | 0.45 | % |  | 0.42 | % |  | 0.35 | %
Nonaccrual loans plus ORE and foreclosed assets to loans plus ORE and foreclosed assets |  | 0.53 | % |  | 0.52 | % |  | 0.57 | % |  | 0.54 | % |  | 0.47 | %
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans |  | 276.20 | % |  | 329.94 | % |  | 305.26 | % |  | 327.61 | % |  | 382.87 | %
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans and accruing loans 90 days past due |  | 227.06 | % |  | 203.87 | % |  | 265.53 | % |  | 267.55 | % |  | 357.15 | %
Loans 90 days past due still accruing to loans |  | 0.10 | % |  | 0.25 | % |  | 0.07 | % |  | 0.09 | % |  | 0.03 | %

Nonaccrual loans plus ORE and foreclosed assets totaled $124.7 million at September 30, 2025, up $2.9 million from June 30, 2025, and down $0.4 million from December 31, 2024. Nonaccrual loans of $113.6 million increased $18.6 million from June 30, 2025, and $16.2 million from December 31, 2024. The ratio of nonaccrual loans to total loans remains relatively low at 0.48% of the total portfolio. ORE and foreclosed assets were $11.1 million at September 30, 2025, down $15.7 million from June 30, 2025, and $16.7 million from December 31, 2024, largely attributable to the sale of a commercial property. Nonaccrual loans plus ORE and other foreclosed assets as a percentage of total loans, ORE and other foreclosed assets was 0.53% at September 30, 2025, up 1 bp from June 30, 2025, and down 1 bp from December 31, 2024.

Deposits

Deposits provide the most significant source of funding for our interest earning assets. Generally, our ability to compete for market share depends on our deposit pricing and our wide range of products and services that are focused on customer needs, among other factors. We offer high-quality banking services with convenient delivery channels, including online and mobile banking. We provide specialized services to our commercial customers to promote commercial deposit growth. These services include treasury management, industry expertise and lockbox services.

Lack of diversity in concentration within a deposit base may increase the risk of events or trends that could prompt a larger-scale demand for deposits outflow. Concerns over a financial institution's ability to protect deposit balances in excess of the federally insured limit may increase the risk of a deposit run. We consider our deposit base to be seasoned, stable and well-diversified. We also offer our customers an insured cash sweep product (ICS) that allows customers to secure deposits above FDIC insured limits. We continue to see demand for the ICS product, with the balance totaling $349.7 million at September 30, 2025, compared to $385.4 million at June 30, 2025 and $359.7 million at December 31, 2024. At September 30, 2025, we have calculated our average deposit account size by dividing period-end deposits by the population of accounts with balances to be approximately $37,000, which includes

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$201,200 in our commercial and small business lines (excluding public funds), $118,900 in our wealth management business line, and $18,000 in our consumer business line.

Further, at September 30, 2025, our sources of liquidity exceed uninsured deposits. We have estimated the Bank’s amount of uninsured deposits using the methodologies and assumptions required for FDIC regulatory reporting to be approximately $14.2 billion at September 30, 2025, down $222.6 million compared to June 30, 2025. Our uninsured deposit total at September 30, 2025 includes approximately $3.0 billion of public funds that have pledged securities as collateral, leaving approximately $11.2 billion of noncollateralized, uninsured deposits compared to total liquidity of $19.2 billion. Our ratio of noncollateralized, uninsured deposits to total deposits was approximately 39.2% at September 30, 2025, compared to 38.6% at June 30, 2025 and 37.3% at December 31, 2024.

Total deposits were $28.7 billion at September 30, 2025, down $386.9 million, or 1%, from June 30, 2025 and $833.1 million, or 3%, from December 31, 2024. Average deposits for the third quarter of 2025 were $28.5 billion, down $157.8 million, or 1%, from the second quarter of 2025.

The following table shows the composition of our deposits at each date indicated.

|  | September 30, |  | June 30, |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |  | September 30, |
($ in thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2024 |
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 10,305,303 |  | $ | 10,638,785 |  | $ | 10,614,874 |  | $ | 10,597,461 |  | $ | 10,499,476 |
Interest-bearing retail transaction and savings deposits |  |  | 11,776,338 |  |  | 11,498,300 |  |  | 11,419,406 |  |  | 11,327,725 |  |  | 10,902,720 |
Interest-bearing public fund deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Public fund transaction and savings deposits |  |  | 2,706,540 |  |  | 2,902,513 |  |  | 2,921,566 |  |  | 3,127,427 |  |  | 2,622,580 |
Public fund time deposits |  |  | 93,417 |  |  | 83,472 |  |  | 82,750 |  |  | 85,072 |  |  | 81,525 |
Total interest-bearing public fund deposits |  |  | 2,799,957 |  |  | 2,985,985 |  |  | 3,004,316 |  |  | 3,212,499 |  |  | 2,704,105 |
Retail time deposits |  |  | 3,778,152 |  |  | 3,923,542 |  |  | 4,156,137 |  |  | 4,348,265 |  |  | 4,686,111 |
Brokered time deposits |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,901 |  |  | 190,493 |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 18,354,447 |  |  | 18,407,827 |  |  | 18,579,859 |  |  | 18,895,390 |  |  | 18,483,429 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 28,659,750 |  | $ | 29,046,612 |  | $ | 29,194,733 |  | $ | 29,492,851 |  | $ | 28,982,905 |

Noninterest-bearing demand deposits totaled $10.3 billion at September 30, 2025, down $333.5 million, or 3%, from June 30, 2025 and $292.2 million, or 3%, from December 31, 2024. Noninterest-bearing demand deposits comprised 36% of total deposits at September 30, 2025, down from 37% at June 30, 2025, and flat compared to December 31, 2024.

Interest-bearing transaction and savings accounts totaled $11.8 billion at September 30, 2025, up $278.0 million, or 2%, from June 30, 2025 and $448.6 million, or 4%, from December 31, 2024. Interest-bearing public fund deposits totaled $2.8 billion at September 30, 2025, down $186.0 million, or 6%, from June 30, 2025 and $412.5 million or 13%, from December 31, 2024. The decrease in public funds deposits from both comparative periods is mostly reflective of typical seasonal outflows as the calendar year elapses. Retail time deposits totaled $3.8 billion at September 30, 2025, down $145.4 million, or 4%, from June 30, 2025 and $570.1 million, or 13%, from December 31, 2024. The decline in retail time deposits is mostly attributable to maturities that did not renew, reflective of interest rate movement, including promotional rate reductions; a portion of these deposits shifted into interest-bearing transaction and savings accounts or non-interest bearing accounts. We had no brokered time deposits at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, compared to $6.9 million at December 31, 2024. The Company uses brokered deposits as one component of its funding strategy, subject to certain policies regarding the amount, term and interest rate.

The rate paid on interest-bearing deposits for the third quarter of 2025 was 2.55%, down 3 bps from 2.58% in the second quarter of 2025. Rates paid on deposits will vary based on prevailing interest rates and promotional rate offerings on the various product types. The following table sets forth average balances and weighted-average rates paid on deposits for the third and second quarters of 2025 and the third quarter of 2024.

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| Three months ended
| September 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2025 |  |  |  | September 30, 2024 |  |
($ in millions) | Balance |  | Rate |  |  | Mix |  |  |  | Balance |  | Rate |  |  | Mix |  |  |  | Balance |  | Rate |  |  | Mix |  |
Interest-bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing transaction deposits | $ | 2,929.5 |  |  | 1.42 |  | % |  | 10.3 |  | % |  | $ | 2,840.7 |  |  | 1.37 |  | % |  | 9.9 |  | % |  | $ | 2,739.8 |  |  | 1.67 |  | % |  | 9.5 |  | %
Money market deposits |  | 6,604.1 |  |  | 2.89 |  |  |  | 23.2 |  |  |  |  | 6,380.4 |  |  | 2.90 |  |  |  | 22.2 |  |  |  |  | 6,121.7 |  |  | 3.35 |  |  |  | 21.2 |  |
Savings deposits |  | 2,146.7 |  |  | 0.83 |  |  |  | 7.5 |  |  |  |  | 2,138.8 |  |  | 0.72 |  |  |  | 7.5 |  |  |  |  | 2,052.0 |  |  | 0.40 |  |  |  | 7.1 |  |
Time deposits |  | 3,842.8 |  |  | 3.51 |  |  |  | 13.5 |  |  |  |  | 4,026.4 |  |  | 3.58 |  |  |  | 14.1 |  |  |  |  | 4,896.7 |  |  | 4.67 |  |  |  | 16.9 |  |
Public Funds |  | 2,847.3 |  |  | 2.93 |  |  |  | 10.0 |  |  |  |  | 2,946.2 |  |  | 3.01 |  |  |  | 10.3 |  |  |  |  | 2,770.6 |  |  | 3.54 |  |  |  | 9.6 |  |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | 18,370.4 |  |  | 2.55 |  | % |  | 64.5 |  |  |  |  | 18,332.5 |  |  | 2.58 |  | % |  | 64.0 |  |  |  |  | 18,580.8 |  |  | 3.15 |  | % |  | 64.3 |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits |  | 10,121.7 |  |  |  |  |  | 35.5 |  |  |  |  | 10,317.4 |  |  |  |  |  | 36.0 |  |  |  |  | 10,359.4 |  |  |  |  |  | 35.7 |  |
Total deposits | $ | 28,492.1 |  |  |  |  |  | 100.0 |  | % |  | $ | 28,649.9 |  |  |  |  |  | 100.0 |  | % |  | $ | 28,940.2 |  |  |  |  |  | 100.0 |  | %

The following sets forth the maturities of time certificates of deposit greater than $250,000 at September 30, 2025.

| September 30, |
($ in thousands) | 2025 |
Three months | $ | 728,070 |
Over three months through six months |  | 412,057 |
Over six months through one year |  | 339,054 |
Over one year |  | 9,387 |
Total | $ | 1,488,568 |

Short-Term Borrowings

At September 30, 2025, short-term borrowings totaled $1.9 billion, up $846.6 million from June 30, 2025 and $1.3 billion from December 31, 2024. The increases from both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were primarily driven by FHLB borrowings. Average short-term borrowings of $1.1 billion in the third quarter of 2025 were up $281.7 million, or 33%, from the second quarter of 2025.

Short-term borrowings are a core portion of the Company’s funding strategy and can fluctuate depending on our funding needs and the sources utilized. Customer repurchase agreements and borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) are the major sources of short-term borrowings. Customer repurchase agreements are offered mainly to commercial customers to assist them with their cash management strategies or to provide a temporary investment vehicle for their excess liquidity pending redeployment for corporate or investment purposes. While customer repurchase agreements provide a recurring source of funds to the Bank, amounts available will vary. FHLB borrowings are collateralized by certain residential mortgage and commercial real estate loans included in the Bank’s loan portfolio, subject to specific criteria. FHLB borrowings totaled $1.3 billion at September 30, 2025, compared to $400 million at June 30, 2025. There were no FHLB borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2024.

Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt totaled $210.7 million at September 30, 2025, virtually unchanged from both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Long-term debt at September 30, 2025 includes subordinated notes payable with an aggregate principal amount of $172.5 million, a stated maturity of June 15, 2060, and a fixed rate of 6.25% per annum that qualify as Tier 2 capital of certain regulatory capital ratios. Subject to prior approval by the Federal Reserve, the Company may redeem these notes in whole or in part on any of its quarterly interest payment dates.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

Loan Commitments and Letters of Credit

In the normal course of business, the Bank enters into financial instruments, such as commitments to extend credit and letters of credit, to meet the financing needs of its customers. Such instruments are not reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements until they are funded, although they expose the Bank to varying degrees of credit risk and interest rate risk in much the same way as funded loans. Under regulatory capital guidelines, the Company and Bank must include unfunded commitments meeting certain criteria in risk-weighted capital calculations.

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Commitments to extend credit include revolving commercial credit lines, non-revolving loan commitments issued mainly to finance the acquisition and development or construction of real property or equipment, and credit card and personal credit lines. The availability of funds under commercial credit lines and loan commitments generally depends on whether the borrower continues to meet credit standards established in the underlying contract and other contractual conditions. Loan commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee by the borrower. Credit card and personal credit lines are generally subject to cancellation if the borrower’s credit quality deteriorates. A number of commercial and personal credit lines are used only partially or, in some cases, not at all before they expire, and the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent our future cash requirements.

A substantial majority of the letters of credit are standby agreements that obligate the Bank to fulfill a customer’s financial commitments to a third party if the customer is unable to perform. The Bank issues standby letters of credit primarily to provide credit enhancement to its customers’ other commercial or public financing arrangements and to help them demonstrate financial capacity to vendors of essential goods and services.

The contractual amounts of these instruments reflect our exposure to credit risk. The Bank undertakes the same credit evaluation in making loan commitments and assuming conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments and may require collateral or other credit support. At September 30, 2025, the Company had a reserve for credit losses on unfunded lending commitments totaling $27.9 million.

The following table shows the commitments to extend credit and letters of credit at September 30, 2025 according to expiration date.

|  |  |  |  | Expiration Date |
|  |  |  |  | Less than |  |  | 1-3 |  |  | 3-5 |  |  | More than |
($ in thousands) |  | Total |  |  | 1 year |  |  | years |  |  | years |  |  | 5 years |
Commitments to extend credit |  | $ | 9,474,133 |  |  | $ | 4,152,388 |  |  | $ | 2,406,522 |  |  | $ | 2,139,953 |  |  | $ | 775,270 |
Letters of credit |  |  | 399,692 |  |  |  | 359,216 |  |  |  | 39,617 |  |  |  | 859 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 9,873,825 |  |  | $ | 4,511,604 |  |  | $ | 2,446,139 |  |  | $ | 2,140,812 |  |  | $ | 775,270 |

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

There were no material changes or developments during the reporting period with respect to methodologies that the Company uses when applying what management believes are critical accounting policies and developing critical accounting estimates as disclosed in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and with those generally practiced within the banking industry which require management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. Estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, and the resulting estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of certain assets and liabilities not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Refer to Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitat ive Disclosures About Market Risk

Our primary market risk is interest rate risk that stems from uncertainty with respect to the absolute and relative levels of future market interest rates that affect our financial products and services. In an attempt to manage our exposure to interest rate risk, management measures the sensitivity of our net interest income and cash flows under various market interest rate scenarios, establishes interest rate risk management policies and implements asset/liability management strategies designed to promote a relatively stable net interest margin under varying rate environments.

Net Interest Income at Risk

The following table presents an analysis of our interest rate risk as measured by the estimated changes in net interest income resulting from an instantaneous and sustained parallel shift in rates at September 30, 2025. Shifts are measured in 100 basis point increments in a range from -500 to +500 basis points from base case, with -300 through +300 basis points presented in the table below. Our interest rate sensitivity modeling incorporates a number of assumptions including loan and deposit repricing characteristics, the rate of loan prepayments and other factors. The base scenario assumes that the current interest rate environment is held constant over a 24-month forecast period and is the scenario to which all others are compared in order to measure the change in net interest income. Policy limits

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on the change in net interest income under a variety of interest rate scenarios are approved by the Board of Directors. All policy scenarios assume a static volume forecast where the balance sheet is held constant, although other scenarios are modeled.

|  | Estimated Increase |
|  | (Decrease) in NII |
| Change in Interest Rates | Year 1 |  | Year 2 |
| (basis points) |  |  |  |
- | 300 |  | -6.01 | % |  | -14.23 | %
- | 200 |  | -4.10 | % |  | -9.79 | %
- | 100 |  | -1.89 | % |  | -4.55 | %
+ | 100 |  | 1.53 | % |  | 3.79 | %
+ | 200 |  | 2.85 | % |  | 7.19 | %
+ | 300 |  | 4.15 | % |  | 10.54 | %

The results indicate a general asset sensitivity across most scenarios driven primarily by repricing of cash flows in the investment and loan portfolios. As short-term rates have remained elevated, the funding mix has shifted to more rate sensitive deposits resulting in lower overall net interest income at risk as deposit repricing is expected to offset rate adjustments in the floating rate loan book. Furthermore, due to the funding mix shift, the Company is currently less sensitive to changes in short-term rate movements with interest rate risk being driven more by changes in the mid to long-term segment of the yield curve. When deemed prudent, management has taken actions to mitigate exposure to interest rate risk with on- or off-balance sheet financial instruments and intends to do so in the future. Possible actions include, but are not limited to, changes in the pricing of loan and deposit products, modifying the composition of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and adding to, modifying or terminating existing interest rate swap agreements or other financial instruments used for interest rate risk management purposes.

Even if interest rates change in the designated amounts, there can be no assurance that our assets and liabilities would perform as anticipated. Additionally, a change in the U.S. Treasury rates in the designated amounts accompanied by a change in the shape of the U.S. Treasury yield curve would cause significantly different changes to net interest income than indicated above. Strategic management of our balance sheet and earnings is fluid and would be adjusted to accommodate these movements. As with any method of measuring interest rate risk, certain shortcomings are inherent in the methods of analysis presented above. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods to repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Also, the interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in market rates. Certain assets such as adjustable-rate loans have features which restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. Also, the ability of many borrowers to service their debt may decrease in the event of an interest rate increase. All of these factors are considered in monitoring exposure to interest rate risk.

Economic Value of Equity (EVE)

EVE simulation involves calculating the present value of all future cash flows from assets and subtracting the present value of all future cash outflows from liabilities including the impact of off-balance sheet items such as interest rate hedges. This analysis results in a theoretical market value of the bank's equity or EVE. Management’s focus on EVE analysis is not on the resulting calculation of EVE itself, but instead on the sensitivity of EVE to changes in market rates. Policy limits on the change in EVE under a variety of interest rate scenarios are approved by the Board of Directors. The following table presents an analysis of the change in the Bank’s EVE resulting from instantaneous and parallel shifts in rates as of September 30, 2025. Shifts are measured in 100 basis point increments ranging from -500 to +500 basis points from base case, with -300 through +300 basis points presented in table below.

|  |  | Estimated Change in EVE at
Change in Interest Rates |  | September 30, 2025
(basis points) |  |
- | 300 |  | 2.03%
- | 200 |  | 2.11%
- | 100 |  | 1.57%
+ | 100 |  | -2.34%
+ | 200 |  | -5.08%
+ | 300 |  | -7.93%

The net changes in EVE presented in the preceding table are within the parameters approved by the Boards of Directors. Because EVE measures the present value of cash flows over the estimated lives of instruments, the change in EVE does not directly correlate to the degree that earnings would be impacted over a shorter time horizon (i.e., the current year). Further, EVE does not consider factors

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such as future balance sheet growth, changes in product mix, changes in yield curve relationships, possible hedging activities, or changing product spreads, each of which could mitigate the adverse impact of changes in interest rates.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

In connection with the preparation of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, an evaluation was carried out by the Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of September 30, 2025, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, identified no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three month period ended September 30, 2025, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTH ER INFORMATION

Item 1. Lega l Proceedings

The Company, including subsidiaries, is party to various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We do not believe that loss contingencies, if any, arising from pending litigation and regulatory matters will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or liquidity.

Item 1A. Ri sk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this Report, in evaluating an investment in the Company’s securities, investors should consider carefully, among other things, the risk factors previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of our 2024 Form 10-K. which could materially affect the Company's business, financial position, results of operations, cash flows, or future results. Please be aware that these risks may change over time and other risks may prove to be important in the future. New risks may emerge at any time, and we cannot predict such risks or estimate the extent to which they may affect our business, financial condition or results of operations, or the trading price of our securities.

There are no material changes during the period covered by this Report to the risk factors previously disclosed in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Eq uity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The Company has in place a Board-approved stock buyback program whereby the Company is authorized to repurchase up to 4,306,000 shares of its common stock through the program’s expiration date of December 31, 2026. The program allows the Company to repurchase its common shares in the open market, by block purchase, through accelerated share repurchase programs, in privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise, in one or more transactions in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company is not obligated to purchase any shares under this program and the repurchase authorization may be terminated or amended by the Board at any time prior to the expiration date.

The following is a summary of common share repurchases during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

| Total Number of Shares Purchased (a) |  | Average Price Paid per Share (b) |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of a Publicly Announced Plan or Program |  | Maximum Number of Shares that may yet be Purchased under such Plans or Programs |
July 1, 2025 - July 31, 2025 |  | 600,251 |  | $ | 60.74 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 2,606,000 |
August 1, 2025 - August 31, 2025 |  | 63,362 |  | $ | 57.93 |  |  | 62,500 |  |  | 2,543,500 |
September 1, 2025 - September30, 2025 |  | 255 |  | $ | 63.18 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,543,500 |
|  | 663,868 |  | $ | 60.48 |  |  | 662,500 |  |  |

(a) Includes common stock purchased in connection with our share-based payment plans related shares used to cover payroll tax withholding requirements. See Note 14 – Share-Based Payment Arrangements in our 2024 Form 10-K, which includes additional information regarding our share-based incentive plans.

(b) Average price paid does not include the one percent excise tax charged on public company net share repurchases.

Item 5. Other Information

Pursuant to Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K, none of the Company's directors or executive officers adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

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Item 6. E xhibits

(a) Exhibits:

Exhibit Number |  | Description |  | Filed Herewith |  | Form |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date
3.1 |  | Second Amended and Restated Articles of Hancock Whitney Corporation |  |  |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  | 5/1/2020
3.2 |  | Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Hancock Whitney Corporation |  |  |  | 8-K |  | 3.2 |  | 5/1/2020
31.1 |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
31.2 |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
32.1 |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
32.2 |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |

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SIGNA TURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| Hancock Whitney Corporation
| By: |  | /s/ John M. Hairston
|  |  | John M. Hairston
|  |  | President & Chief Executive Officer
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
|  |  | /s/ Michael M. Achary
|  |  | Michael M. Achary
|  |  | Senior Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
|  |  | November 4, 2025

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