10-K 1 ubsh-20181231x10k.htm 10-K
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
__________________________________________________
FORM 10-K
__________________________________________________

ý | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number: 0-20293
__________________________________________________
UNION BANKSHARES CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
__________________________________________________

VIRGINIA | 54-1598552
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1051 East Cary Street, Suite 1200, Richmond, Virginia 23219
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code is (804) 633-5031
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Name of exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $1.33 per share |  | The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
_________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and such files). Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 29.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer | ý | Accelerated filer | ¨
Non-accelerated filer | ¨ | Smaller reporting company | ¨
|  | Emerging growth company | ¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No ý
The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2018 was approximately $2,526,442,423 based on the closing share price on that date of $38.88 per share.
The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of February 20, 2019 was 81,902,311
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be used in conjunction with the registrant’s 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

UNION BANKSHARES CORPORATION
FORM 10-K
INDEX

ITEM |  | PAGE
PART I
Item 1. | Business | 1
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 14
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 26
Item 2. | Properties | 26
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 26
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 26
PART II
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 27
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 29
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 31
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 63
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 64
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 140
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 141
Item 9B. | Other Information | 142
PART III
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 143
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 145
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 145
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 146
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 146
PART IV
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 146
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 149
| Signatures | 150

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Glossary of Acronyms and Defined Terms
Access | – | Access National Corporation and its subsidiaries
AFS | – | Available for sale
ALCO | – | Asset Liability Committee
ALL | – | Allowance for loan losses
AOCI | – | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
ASC | – | Accounting Standards Codification
ASU | – | Accounting Standards Update
ATM | – | Automated teller machine
the Bank | – | Union Bank & Trust
BHCA | – | Bank Holding Company Act of 1956
BOLI | – | Bank-owned life insurance
bps | – | Basis points
CAMELS | – | International rating system bank supervisory authorities use to rate financial institutions.
CDARS | – | Certificates of Deposit Account Registry Service
CECL | – | Current expected credit losses
CFPB | – | Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Code | – | Internal Revenue Code of 1986
the Company | – | Union Bankshares Corporation and its subsidiaries
CRA | – | Community Reinvestment Act of 1977
DHFB | – | Dixon, Hubard, Feinour & Brown, Inc.
DIF | – | Deposit Insurance Fund
Dodd-Frank Act | – | Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010
EGRRCPA | – | Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act
EPS | – | Earnings per share
ESOP | – | Employee Stock Ownership Plan
Exchange Act | – | Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
FASB | – | Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIA | – | Federal Deposit Insurance Act
FDIC | – | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FDICIA | – | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act
Federal Reserve Act | – | Federal Reserve Act of 1913, as amended
Federal Reserve Bank | – | Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
FHLB | – | Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta
FICO | – | Financing Corporation
FMB | – | First Market Bank, FSB
FRB or Federal Reserve | – | Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
FTE | – | Fully taxable equivalent
GAAP or U.S. GAAP | – | Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States
HELOC | – | Home equity line of credit
HTM | – | Held to maturity
IDC | – | Interactive Data Corporation
LIBOR | – | London Interbank Offered Rate
NOL | – | Net operating losses
NPA | – | Nonperforming assets
OCI | – | Other comprehensive income

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OAL | – | Outfitter Advisors, Ltd.
ODCM | – | Old Dominion Capital Management, Inc.
OFAC | – | Office of Foreign Assets Control
OREO | – | Other real estate owned
OTTI | – | Other than temporary impairment
PCA | – | Prompt Corrective Action
PCI | – | Purchased credit impaired
PSU | – | Performance stock units
REVG | – | Real Estate Valuation Group
ROA | – | Return on average assets
ROE | – | Return on average common equity
ROTCE | – | Return on average tangible common equity
SAB | – | Staff Accounting Bulletin
SCC | – | Virginia State Corporation Commission
SEC | – | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Securities Act | – | Securities Act of 1933, as amended
Shore Premier | – | Shore Premier Finance
Shore Premier sale | – | The sale of substantially all of the assets and certain liabilities of Shore Premier
Tax Act | – | Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
TFSB | – | The Federal Savings Bank
TDR | – | Troubled debt restructuring
Treasury | – | U.S. Department of the Treasury
UIG | – | Union Insurance Group, LLC
UISI | – | Union Investment Services, Inc.
UMG | – | Union Mortgage Group, Inc.
VFG | – | Virginia Financial Group, Inc.
Xenith | – | Xenith Bankshares, Inc.

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain statements in this report may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are statements that include, without limitation, projections, predictions, expectations, or beliefs about future events or results or otherwise are not statements of historical fact, are based on certain assumptions as of the time they are made, and are inherently subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. Such statements are often characterized by the use of qualified words (and their derivatives) such as “expect,” “believe,” “estimate,” “plan,” “project,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “will,” “may,” “view,” “opportunity,” “potential,” or words of similar meaning or other statements concerning opinions or judgment of the Company and its management about future events. Although the Company believes that its expectations with respect to forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions within the bounds of its existing knowledge of its business and operations, there can be no assurance that actual future results, performance, or achievements of, or trends affecting, the Company will not differ materially from any projected future results, performance, achievements or trends expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Actual future results, performance, achievement or trends may differ materially from historical results or those anticipated depending on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the effects of or changes in:

• | changes in interest rates,

• | general economic and financial market conditions in the United States generally and particularly in the markets in which the Company operates and which its loans are concentrated, including the effects of declines in real estate values, an increase in unemployment levels, slowdowns in economic growth and any prolonged government shutdown,

• | the Company’s ability to manage its growth or implement its growth strategy,

• | the possibility that any of the anticipated benefits of the merger of Access with and into the Company on February 1, 2019 (the "Merger”) will not be realized or will not be realized within the expected time period, the businesses of the Company and Access may not be integrated successfully or such integration may be more difficult, time-consuming or costly than expected, the expected revenue synergies and cost savings from the Merger may not be fully realized or realized within the expected time frame, revenues following the Merger may be lower than expected, or customer and employee relationships and business operations may be disrupted by the Merger,

• | the Company’s ability to recruit and retain key employees,

• | the incremental cost and/or decreased revenues associated with exceeding $10 billion in assets,

• | real estate values in the Bank's lending area.

• | an insufficient ALL,

• | the quality or composition of the loan or investment portfolios,

• | concentrations of loans secured by real estate, particularly commercial real estate,

• | the effectiveness of the Company’s credit processes and management of the Company’s credit risk,

• | demand for loan products and financial services in the Company’s market area,

• | the Company’s ability to compete in the market for financial services,

• | technological risks and developments, and cyber-threats, attacks or events,

• | performance by the Company’s counterparties or vendors,

• | deposit flows,

• | the availability of financing and the terms thereof,

• | the level of prepayments on loans and mortgage-backed securities,

• | legislative or regulatory changes and requirements,

• | the impact of the Tax Act, including, but not limited to, the effect of the lower corporate tax rate, including on the valuation of the Company’s tax assets and liabilities;

• | changes in the effect of the Tax Act due to issuance of interpretive regulatory guidance or enactment of corrective or supplement legislation,

• | monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. government including policies of the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System,

• | changes to applicable accounting principles and guidelines, and

• | other factors, many of which are beyond the control of the Company.

More information on risk factors that could affect the Company’s forward-looking statements is included under the section entitled “Risk Factors” set forth herein. All risk factors and uncertainties described herein should be considered in evaluating
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forward-looking statements and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements. The actual results or developments anticipated may not be realized or, even if substantially realized, they may not have the expected consequences to or effects on the Company or its business or operations. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. The Company does not intend or assume any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements that may be made from time to time by or on behalf of the Company, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
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PART I
ITEM 1. - BUSINESS.
GENERAL
The Company is a financial holding company and a bank holding company organized under Virginia law and registered under the BHCA. The Company, headquartered in Richmond, Virginia is committed to the delivery of financial services through its subsidiary Union Bank & Trust and non-bank financial services affiliates. As of February 1, 2019, the Company’s bank subsidiary and certain non-bank financial services affiliates were:

Community Bank
Union Bank & Trust | Richmond, Virginia
Financial Services Affiliates
Capital Fiduciary Advisors, L.L.C | Reston, Virginia
Dixon, Hubard, Feinour & Brown, Inc. | Roanoke, Virginia
Middleburg Investment Services, LLC | Reston, Virginia
Middleburg Trust Company | Richmond, Virginia
Old Dominion Capital Management, Inc. | Charlottesville, Virginia
Outfitter Advisors, Ltd. | McLean, Virginia
Union Insurance Group, LLC | Richmond, Virginia

History
The Company was formed in connection with the July 1993 merger of Northern Neck Bankshares Corporation and Union Bancorp, Inc. Although the Company was formed in 1993, Union Bank & Trust Company, a predecessor of Union Bank & Trust, was formed in 1902, and certain other of the community banks that were acquired and ultimately merged to form what is now Union Bank & Trust were among the oldest in Virginia at the time they were acquired.
The table below indicates the year each community bank was formed, acquired by the Company, and merged into what is now Union Bank & Trust.

| Formed |  | Acquired |  | Merged
Union Bank & Trust Company | 1902 |  | n/a |  | 2010
Northern Neck State Bank | 1909 |  | 1993 |  | 2010
King George State Bank | 1974 |  | 1996 |  | 1999
Rappahannock National Bank | 1902 |  | 1998 |  | 2010
Bay Community Bank | 1999 |  | de novo bank |  | 2008
Guaranty Bank | 1981 |  | 2004 |  | 2004
Prosperity Bank & Trust Company | 1986 |  | 2006 |  | 2008
First Market Bank, FSB | 2000 |  | 2010 |  | 2010
StellarOne Bank | 1994 |  | 2014 |  | 2014
Xenith Bank | 1987 |  | 2018 |  | 2018
Access National Bank | 1999 |  | 2019 |  | 2019

On January 1, 2018, the Company completed its acquisition of Xenith and the merger of Xenith's wholly-owned subsidiary, Xenith Bank, with and into the Bank, with the Bank surviving.
On February 1, 2019, the Company completed its acquisition of Access and the merger of Access' wholly-owned subsidiary, Access National Bank, with and into the Bank, with the Bank surviving. In connection with the foregoing, the Company acquired the former subsidiaries of Access and Access National Bank (as applicable), including, without limitation, Capital Fiduciary Advisors, L.L.C., Middleburg Investment Services, LLC, and Middleburg Trust Company.
The Company’s headquarters are located in Richmond, Virginia, and its operations center is located in Ruther Glen, Virginia.
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Product Offerings and Market Distribution
The Company is a financial holding company and bank holding company organized under the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia and headquartered in Richmond, Virginia. The Company provides a full range of financial services through its bank subsidiary, Union Bank & Trust, throughout Virginia and in portions of Maryland and North Carolina. The Bank is a commercial bank chartered under the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia that provides banking, trust, and wealth management services. As of February 1, 2019, the Bank had 155 branches, seven of which are operated as Xenith Bank, a division of Union Bank & Trust of Richmond, Virginia, and 15 of which are operated as Access National Bank, a division of Union Bank & Trust of Richmond, Virginia or Middleburg Bank, a division of Union Bank & Trust of Richmond, Virginia, and approximately 200 ATMs located throughout Virginia, and portions of Maryland, and North Carolina. Certain non-bank affiliates of the Company include: Old Dominion Capital Management, Inc., and its subsidiary Outfitter Advisors, Ltd., Dixon, Hubard, Feinour, & Brown, Inc., Capital Fiduciary Advisors, L.L.C, and Middleburg Investment Services LLC, which provide investment advisory and/or brokerage services; Union Insurance Group, LLC, which offers various lines of insurance products; and Middleburg Trust Company, which provides trust services.
The Bank is a full-service bank offering consumers and businesses a wide range of banking and related financial services, including checking, savings, certificates of deposit, and other depository services, as well as loans for commercial, industrial, residential mortgage, and consumer purposes. The Bank offers credit cards through an arrangement with Elan Financial Services and delivers ATM services through the use of reciprocally shared ATMs in the major ATM networks as well as remote ATMs for the convenience of customers and other consumers. The Bank also offers mobile and internet banking services and online bill payment for all customers, whether retail or commercial. Additionally, the Bank’s wealth management division offers a wide variety of financial planning, wealth management and trust services.
Union Investment Services, operating as part of the wealth management division of the Bank, offers brokerage services and executes securities transactions through Raymond James, Inc., an independent broker dealer. As a result of the Access acquisition, the Company acquired Middleburg Investment Services, LLC, which provides brokerage services and executes securities transactions through LPL Financial, an independent broker-dealer.
The Bank has loan production offices in North Carolina and Maryland.
In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Bank completed a wind-down of the operations of UMG, the reportable mortgage segment. As a result of the acquisition of Access, the Bank now operates a mortgage business as a division of the Bank under the Access National Mortgage brand. The Access National Mortgage business lends to borrowers nationwide.
On June 29, 2018, the Bank entered into an agreement to sell substantially all of the assets and certain specific liabilities of Shore Premier.
UIG, an insurance agency, is owned by the Bank. This agency operates in an agreement with Bankers Insurance, LLC, a large insurance agency owned by community banks across Virginia and managed by the Virginia Bankers Association. UIG generates revenue through sales of various insurance products through Bankers Insurance LLC, including long-term care insurance and business owner policies. UIG also maintains ownership interests in four title agencies owned by community banks across Virginia and generates revenues through sales of title policies in connection with the Bank’s lending activities.
ODCM is a registered investment advisory firm with offices in Charlottesville and Alexandria, Virginia. ODCM and its subsidiary, Outfitter Advisors, Ltd, offer investment management and financial planning services primarily to families and individuals. Securities are offered through a third-party contractual agreement with Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., an independent broker dealer.
Additionally, following the Company’s acquisition of Access, (i) Capital Fiduciary Advisors, L.L.C., a registered investment advisor, provides wealth management services to high net worth individuals, businesses, and institutions. Securities are offered through Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., an independent broker dealer; and (ii) Middleburg Trust Company provides trust services to high net worth individuals, businesses and institutions.
SEGMENTS
The Company has one reportable segment: its traditional full-service community banking business. For more financial data and other information about the Company’s operating segment, refer to Note 18 “Segment Reporting Disclosures & Discontinued Operations” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
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Effective May 23, 2018, the Bank began winding down the operations of UMG, the reportable mortgage segment. The decision to exit the mortgage business was based on a number of strategic priorities and other factors, including the
additional investment in the business required to achieve the necessary scale to be competitive.
EXPANSION AND STRATEGIC ACQUISITIONS
The Company expands its market area and increases its market share through organic growth (internal growth and de novo expansion) and strategic acquisitions. Strategic acquisitions by the Company to date have included whole bank acquisitions, branch and deposit acquisitions, purchases of existing branches from other banks, and registered investment advisory firms. The Company generally considers acquisitions of companies in strong growth markets or with unique products or services that will benefit the entire organization. Targeted acquisitions are priced to be economically feasible with expected minimal short-term drag to achieve positive long-term benefits. These acquisitions may be paid for in the form of cash, stock, debt, or a combination thereof. The amount and type of consideration and deal charges paid could have a short-term dilutive effect on the Company’s earnings per share or book value. However, management anticipates that the cost savings and revenue enhancements in such transactions will provide long-term economic benefit to the Company.
On May 31, 2016, the Bank acquired ODCM, which currently operates as a stand-alone direct subsidiary of the Bank from its offices in Charlottesville and Alexandria, Virginia. On July 1, 2018, ODCM completed its acquisition of OAL, a McLean, Virginia based investment advisory firm with approximately $707.5 million in assets under management at December 31, 2018.
On January 1, 2018, the Company acquired Xenith, pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement dated May 19, 2017. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Xenith's common shareholders received 0.9354 shares of the Company's common stock in exchange for each share of Xenith's common stock, resulting in the Company issuing 21,922,077 shares of common stock. As a result of the transaction, Xenith Bank, Xenith's wholly-owned bank subsidiary, was merged with and into the Bank.
On April 1, 2018, the Bank completed its acquisition of DHFB, a Roanoke, Virginia based investment advisory firm with approximately $526.3 million in assets under management at December 31, 2018.
On February 1, 2019, the Company acquired Access, pursuant the Agreement and Plan of Reorganization dated as of October 4, 2018, as amended December 7, 2018, included a related Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement"). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Access's common shareholders received 0.75 shares of the Company's common stock in exchange for each share of Access's common stock, with cash paid in lieu of fractional shares, resulting in the Company issuing 15,842,026 shares of common stock. In connection with the transaction, Access National Bank, Access's wholly-owned bank subsidiary, was merged with and into the Bank. See Note 21 "Subsequent Events" in the "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
EMPLOYEES
As of December 31, 2018, the Company had 1,609 full-time equivalent employees, including executive officers, loan and other banking officers, branch personnel, and operations and other support personnel. None of the Company’s employees are represented by a union or covered under a collective bargaining agreement. The Company provides employees with a comprehensive employee benefit program which includes the following: group life, health and dental insurance, paid time off, educational opportunities, a cash incentive plan, a stock purchase plan, stock incentive plans, deferred compensation plans for officers and key employees, an ESOP, and a 401(k) plan with employer match.
COMPETITION
The financial services industry remains highly competitive and is constantly evolving. The Company experiences strong competition in all aspects of its business. In its market areas, the Company competes with large national and regional financial institutions, credit unions, other independent community banks, as well as consumer finance companies, mortgage companies, loan production offices, mutual funds, and life insurance companies. Competition for deposits and loans is affected by various factors including interest rates offered, the number and location of branches and types of products offered, and the reputation of the institution. Credit unions increasingly have been allowed to expand their membership definitions, and because they enjoy a favorable tax status, they have been able to offer more attractive loan and deposit pricing. The Company’s non-bank affiliates also operate in highly competitive environments. The Company believes its community bank framework and philosophy provide a competitive advantage, particularly with regard to larger national and regional institutions, allowing the Company to compete effectively. The Company has a strong market share within the markets it serves. The Company’s deposit market share in Virginia was 7.3% of total bank deposits as of June 30, 2018, making it the largest community bank headquartered in Virginia at that time.
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ECONOMY
The economies in the Company’s market areas are widely diverse and include local and federal government, military, agriculture, and manufacturing. Based on Virginia Employment Commission data, the state’s seasonally-adjusted unemployment rate is 2.8% as of December 31, 2018 compared to 3.7% at year-end 2017, and continues to be below the national rate of 3.9% at year-end 2018. The Company’s management continues to consider future economic events and their impact on the Company’s performance while focusing attention on managing nonperforming assets, controlling costs, and working with borrowers to mitigate and protect against risk of loss.
SUPERVISION AND REGULATION
The Company and the Bank are extensively regulated under both federal and state laws. The following description briefly addresses certain historic and current provisions of federal and state laws and certain regulations, proposed regulations, and the potential impacts on the Company and the Bank. To the extent statutory or regulatory provisions or proposals are described in this report, the description is qualified in its entirety by reference to the particular statutory or regulatory provisions or proposals.
The Company
General. As a financial holding company and a bank holding company registered under the BHCA, the Company is subject to supervision, regulation, and examination by the Federal Reserve. The Company elected to be treated as a financial holding company by the Federal Reserve in September 2013. The Company is also registered under the bank holding company laws of Virginia and is subject to supervision, regulation, and examination by the SCC.
Enacted in 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act has significantly changed the financial regulatory regime in the United States. Since the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act, U.S. banks and financial services firms, such as the Company and the Bank, have been subject to enhanced regulation and oversight. Several provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act remain subject to further rulemaking, guidance, and interpretation by the federal banking agencies.
The current administration and its appointees to the federal banking agencies have expressed interest in reviewing, revising, and perhaps repealing portions of the Dodd-Frank Act and certain of its implementing regulations. On May 14, 2018, the President signed into law the EGRRCPA which, among other things, amended certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act as well as statutes administered by the Federal Reserve and the FDIC. Certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act and changes thereto resulting from the enactment of EGRRCPA that may affect the Company and the Bank are discussed below in more detail.
Permitted Activities. The permitted activities of a bank holding company are limited to managing or controlling banks, furnishing services to or performing services for its subsidiaries, and engaging in other activities that the Federal Reserve determines by regulation or order to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. In addition, bank holding companies that qualify and elect to be financial holding companies, such as the Company, may engage in any activity, or acquire and retain the shares of a company engaged in any activity, that is either (i) financial in nature or incidental to such financial activity (as determined by the Federal Reserve in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury) or (ii) complementary to a financial activity and does not pose a substantial risk to the safety and soundness of depository institutions or the financial system generally (as solely determined by the Federal Reserve), without prior approval of the Federal Reserve. Activities that are financial in nature include but are not limited to securities underwriting and dealing, insurance underwriting, and making merchant banking investments.
To maintain financial holding company status, a financial holding company and all of its depository institution subsidiaries must be “well capitalized” and “well managed.” A depository institution subsidiary is considered to be “well capitalized” if it satisfies the requirements for this status under applicable Federal Reserve capital requirements. A depository institution subsidiary is considered “well managed” if it received a composite rating and management rating of at least “satisfactory” in its most recent examination. A financial holding company’s status will also depend upon it maintaining its status as “well capitalized” and “well managed” under applicable Federal Reserve regulations. If a financial holding company ceases to meet these capital and management requirements, the Federal Reserve’s regulations provide that the financial holding company must enter into an agreement with the Federal Reserve to comply with all applicable capital and management requirements. Until the financial holding company returns to compliance, the Federal Reserve may impose limitations or conditions on the conduct of its activities, and the company may not commence any of the broader financial activities permissible for financial holding companies or acquire a company engaged in such financial activities without prior approval of the Federal Reserve. If the company does not return to compliance within 180 days, the Federal Reserve may require the financial holding company to divest its depository institution subsidiaries or to cease engaging in any activity that is financial in nature (or incident to such financial activity) or complementary to a financial activity.
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In order for a financial holding company to commence any new activity permitted by the BHCA or to acquire a company engaged in any new activity permitted by the BHCA, each insured depository institution subsidiary of the financial holding company must have received a rating of at least “satisfactory” in its most recent examination under the CRA. See below under “The Bank – Community Reinvestment Act.”
Despite prior approval, the Federal Reserve may order a bank holding company or its subsidiaries to terminate any activity or to terminate ownership or control of any subsidiary when the Federal Reserve has reasonable cause to believe that a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness, or stability of any bank subsidiary of that bank holding company may result from such an activity.
Banking Acquisitions; Changes in Control. The BHCA and related regulations require, among other things, the prior approval of the Federal Reserve in any case where a bank holding company proposes to (i) acquire direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the outstanding voting stock of any bank or bank holding company (unless it already owns a majority of such voting shares), (ii) acquire all or substantially all of the assets of another bank or bank holding company, or (iii) merge or consolidate with any other bank holding company. In determining whether to approve a proposed bank acquisition, the Federal Reserve will consider, among other factors, the effect of the acquisition on competition, the public benefits expected to be received from the acquisition, any outstanding regulatory compliance issues of any institution that is a party to the transaction, the projected capital ratios and levels on a post-acquisition basis, the financial condition of each institution that is a party to the transaction and of the combined institution after the transaction, the parties' managerial resources and risk management and governance processes and systems, the parties' compliance with the Bank Secrecy Act and anti-money laundering requirements, and the acquiring institution’s performance under the CRA and its compliance with fair housing and other consumer protection laws.
Subject to certain exceptions, the BHCA and the Change in Bank Control Act, together with the applicable regulations, require Federal Reserve approval (or, depending on the circumstances, no notice of disapproval) prior to any person or company’s acquiring “control” of a bank or bank holding company. A conclusive presumption of control exists if an individual or company acquires the power, directly or indirectly, to direct the management or policies of an insured depository institution or to vote 25% or more of any class of voting securities of any insured depository institution. A rebuttable presumption of control exists if a person or company acquires 10% or more but less than 25% of any class of voting securities of an insured depository institution and either the institution has registered its securities with the SEC under Section 12 of the Exchange Act or no other person will own a greater percentage of that class of voting securities immediately after the acquisition. The Company’s common stock is registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act.
In addition, Virginia law requires the prior approval of the SCC for (i) the acquisition by a Virginia bank holding company of more than 5% of the voting shares of a Virginia bank or a Virginia bank holding company, or (ii) the acquisition by any other person of control of a Virginia bank holding company or a Virginia bank.
Source of Strength. Federal Reserve policy has historically required bank holding companies to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to their subsidiary banks. The Dodd-Frank Act codified this policy as a statutory requirement. Under this requirement, the Company is expected to commit resources to support the Bank, including times when the Company may not be in a financial position to provide such resources. Any capital loans by a bank holding company to any of its subsidiary banks are subordinate in right of payment to depositors and to certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary banks. In the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, any commitment by the bank holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to priority of payment.
Safety and Soundness. There are a number of obligations and restrictions imposed on bank holding companies and their subsidiary banks by law and regulatory policy that are designed to minimize potential loss to the depositors of such depository institutions and the DIF in the event of a depository institution insolvency, receivership, or default. For example, under the FDICIA, to avoid receivership of an insured depository institution subsidiary, a bank holding company is required to guarantee the compliance of any subsidiary bank that may become “undercapitalized” with the terms of any capital restoration plan filed by such subsidiary with its appropriate federal bank regulatory agency up to the lesser of (i) an amount equal to 5% of the institution’s total assets at the time the institution became undercapitalized, or (ii) the amount that is necessary (or would have been necessary) to bring the institution into compliance with all applicable capital standards as of the time the institution fails to comply with such capital restoration plan.
Under the FDIA, the federal bank regulatory agencies have adopted guidelines prescribing safety and soundness standards. These guidelines establish general standards relating to capital management, internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, information systems, data security, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure and risk
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management, vendor management, corporate governance, asset growth and compensation, fees, and benefits. In general, the guidelines require, among other things, appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage the risk and exposures specified in the guidelines.
Capital Requirements. The Federal Reserve imposes certain capital requirements on bank holding companies under the BHCA, including a minimum leverage ratio and a minimum ratio of “qualifying” capital to risk-weighted assets. These requirements are described below under “The Bank – Capital Requirements”. Subject to its capital requirements and certain other restrictions, the Company is able to borrow money to make a capital contribution to the Bank, and such loans may be repaid from dividends paid by the Bank to the Company.
Limits on Dividends and Other Payments. The Company is a legal entity, separate and distinct from its subsidiaries. A significant portion of the revenues of the Company result from dividends paid to it by the Bank. There are various legal limitations applicable to the payment of dividends by the Bank to the Company and to the payment of dividends by the Company to its shareholders. The Bank is subject to various statutory and regulatory restrictions on its ability to pay dividends to the Company. Under current regulations, prior approval from the Federal Reserve is required if cash dividends declared by the Bank in any given year exceed net income for that year, plus retained net profits of the two preceding years. The payment of dividends by the Bank or the Company may be limited by other factors, such as requirements to maintain capital above regulatory guidelines. Bank regulatory agencies have the authority to prohibit the Bank or the Company from engaging in an unsafe or unsound practice in conducting its respective business. The payment of dividends, depending on the financial condition of the Bank, or the Company, could be deemed to constitute such an unsafe or unsound practice.
Under the FDIA, insured depository institutions such as the Bank, are prohibited from making capital distributions, including the payment of dividends, if, after making such distributions, the institution would become “undercapitalized” (as such term is used in the statute). Based on the Bank’s current financial condition, the Company does not expect that this provision will have any impact on its ability to receive dividends from the Bank. The Company’s non-bank subsidiaries pay dividends to the Company periodically, subject to certain statutory restrictions.
In addition to dividends it receives from the Bank, the Company receives management fees from its affiliated companies for expenses incurred related to external financial reporting and audit fees, investor relations expenses, Board of Directors fees, and legal fees related to corporate actions. These fees are charged to each subsidiary based upon various specific allocation methods measuring the estimated usage of such services by that subsidiary. The fees are eliminated from the financial statements in the consolidation process.
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The Bank
General. The Bank is supervised and regularly examined by the Federal Reserve and the SCC. The various laws and regulations administered by the bank regulatory agencies affect corporate practices, such as the payment of dividends, incurrence of debt, and acquisition of financial institutions and other companies; they also affect business practices, such as the payment of interest on deposits, the charging of interest on loans, types of business conducted, and location of offices. Certain of these law and regulations are referenced above under “The Company.”
Interchange Fees. Under the Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act, the Federal Reserve adopted rules establishing standards for assessing whether the interchange fees that may be charged with respect to certain electronic debit transactions are “reasonable and proportional” to the costs incurred by issuers for processing such transactions.
Interchange fees, or “swipe” fees, are charges that merchants pay to the Bank and other card-issuing banks for processing electronic payment transactions. Under the final rules, which are applicable to financial institutions that have assets of $10.0 billion or more, the maximum permissible interchange fee is equal to the sum of 21 cents plus 5 bps of the transaction value for many types of debit interchange transactions. The rules permit an upward adjustment to an issuer’s debit card interchange fee of no more than one cent per transaction if the issuer develops and implements policies and procedures reasonably designed to achieve certain fraud-prevention standards. The Federal Reserve also has rules governing routing and exclusivity that require issuers to offer two unaffiliated networks for routing transactions on each debit or prepaid product.
As the Bank exceeded $10.0 billion in assets on January 1, 2018, effective July 1, 2019 the Bank will become subject to the interchange fee cap, and no longer qualify for the small issuer exemption from the cap. The small issuer exemption applies to any debit card issuer that, together with its affiliates, has total assets of less than $10 billion as of the end of the previous calendar year.
Capital Requirements. The Federal Reserve and the other federal banking agencies have issued risk-based and leverage capital guidelines applicable to U.S. banking organizations. Those regulatory agencies may from time to time require that a banking organization maintain capital above the minimum levels because of its financial condition or actual or anticipated growth.
The Federal Reserve has adopted final rules regarding capital requirements and calculations of risk-weighted assets to implement the Basel III regulatory capital reforms from the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act.
Under these updated risk-based capital requirements of the Federal Reserve, the Company and the Bank are required to maintain (i) a minimum ratio of total capital (which is defined as core capital and supplementary capital less certain specified deductions from total capital such as reciprocal holdings of depository institution capital instruments and equity investments) to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.0% (unchanged from the prior requirement), (ii) a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital (which consists principally of common and certain qualifying preferred shareholders’ equity (including grandfathered trust preferred securities) as well as retained earnings, less certain intangibles and other adjustments) to risk-weighted assets of at least 6.0% (increased from the prior requirement of 4.0%), and (iii) a minimum ratio of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5% (a new requirement). These rules provide that “Tier 2 capital” consists of cumulative preferred stock, long-term perpetual preferred stock, a limited amount of subordinated and other qualifying debt (including certain hybrid capital instruments), and a limited amount of the general loan loss allowance.
The Tier 1, common equity Tier 1, and total capital to risk-weighted asset ratios of the Company were 11.09%, 9.93% and 12.88%, respectively, as of December 31, 2018, thus exceeding the minimum requirements for "well capitalized" status. The Tier 1, common equity Tier 1, and total capital to risk-weighted asset ratios of the Bank were 12.40%, 12.40% and 12.77%, respectively, as of December 31, 2018, also exceeding the minimum requirements for "well capitalized" status.
Each of the federal bank regulatory agencies also has established a minimum leverage capital ratio of Tier 1 capital to average adjusted assets (“Tier 1 leverage ratio”). The guidelines require a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 3.0% for advanced approach banking organizations; all other banking organizations are required to maintain a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0%. In addition, for a depository institution to be considered “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework for PCA, its Tier 1 leverage ratio must be at least 5.0%. Banking organizations that have experienced internal growth or made acquisitions are expected to maintain strong capital positions substantially above the minimum supervisory levels without significant reliance on intangible assets. The Federal Reserve has not advised the Company or the Bank of any specific minimum leverage ratio applicable to either entity. As of December 31, 2018, the Tier 1 leverage ratios of the Company and the Bank were 9.71% and 10.84%, respectively, well above the minimum requirements.
The Federal Reserve's final rules also imposed a capital conservation buffer requirement that began to be phased in beginning January 1, 2016, at 0.625% of risk-weighted assets, and increased by the same amount each year until fully implemented at 2.5% on January 1, 2019. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress.
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Banking institutions with a ratio of common equity Tier 1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the conservation buffer will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.
The final rules became fully phased in on January 1, 2019, and require the Company and the Bank to maintain (i) a minimum ratio of common equity Tier 1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5%, plus a 2.5% “capital conservation buffer” (which is added to the 4.5% common equity Tier 1 ratio, effectively resulting in a minimum ratio of common equity Tier 1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7.0%); (ii) a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 6.0%, plus the 2.5% capital conservation buffer (which is added to the 6.0% Tier 1 capital ratio, effectively resulting in a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5%); (iii) a minimum ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.0%, plus the 2.5% capital conservation buffer (which is added to the 8.0% total capital ratio, effectively resulting in a minimum total capital ratio of 10.5%); and (iv) a minimum leverage ratio of 4.0%, calculated as the ratio of Tier 1 capital to average assets.
With respect to the Bank, the Federal Reserve’s final rules also revised the “prompt corrective action” regulations pursuant to Section 38 of the FDIA by (i) introducing a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio requirement at each level (other than critically undercapitalized), with the required ratio being 6.5% for well-capitalized status; (ii) increasing the minimum Tier 1 capital ratio requirement for each category, with the minimum ratio for well-capitalized status being 8.0% (as compared to the prior ratio of 6.0%); and (iii) eliminating the provision that provided that a bank with a composite supervisory rating of 1 may have a 3.0% Tier 1 leverage ratio and still be well-capitalized. These new thresholds were effective for the Bank as of January 1, 2015. The minimum total capital to risk-weighted assets ratio (10.0%) and minimum leverage ratio (5.0%) for well-capitalized status were unchanged by the final rules.
The Federal Reserve's final rules also included changes in the risk weights of assets to better reflect credit risk and other risk exposures. These include a 150% risk weight (up from 100%) for certain high volatility commercial real estate acquisition, development, and construction loans and nonresidential mortgage loans that are 90 days past due or otherwise on nonaccrual status, a 20% (up from 0%) credit conversion factor for the unused portion of a commitment with an original maturity of one year or less that is not unconditionally cancellable, a 250% risk weight (up from 100%) for mortgage servicing rights and deferred tax assets that are not deducted from capital, and increased risk-weights (from 0% to up to 600%) for equity exposures.
The Federal Reserve’s regulatory capital rules also provide that in some circumstances trust preferred securities may not be considered Tier 1 capital of a bank holding company with total consolidated assets of greater than $15 billion, and instead will qualify as Tier 2 capital. The Company has $150.0 million of trust preferred securities outstanding and approximately $13.8 billion in assets as of December 31, 2018.
Deposit Insurance. The deposits of the Bank are insured up to applicable limits by the DIF of the FDIC and are subject to deposit insurance assessments based on average total assets minus average tangible equity to maintain the DIF. The basic limit on FDIC deposit insurance coverage is $250,000 per depositor. Under the FDIA, the FDIC may terminate deposit insurance upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations as an insured depository institution, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC, subject to administrative and potential judicial hearing and review processes.
As required by the Dodd-Frank Act, the FDIC has adopted a large-bank pricing assessment structure, set a target “designated reserve ratio” of 2 percent for the DIF, in lieu of dividends, provides for a lower assessment rate schedule, when the reserve ratio reaches 2 percent and 2.5 percent. An institution's assessment rate is based on a statistical analysis of financial ratios that estimates the likelihood of failure over a three-year period, which considers the institution’s weighted average CAMELS component rating, and is subject to further adjustments including related to levels of unsecured debt and brokered deposits (not applicable to banks with less than $10 billion in assets). At December 31, 2018, total base assessment rates for institutions that have been insured for at least five years with assets of $10 billion range from 1.5 to 40 bps. In addition, institutions with assets over $10 billion are subject to a surcharge equal to 4.5 bps of assets that exceed $10 billion, and will apply until the reserve ratio reaches 1.35 percent or until December 31, 2018, whichever is later. In 2018 and 2017, the Company paid $5.0 million and $3.0 million, respectively, in deposit insurance assessments.
In addition, all FDIC insured institutions are required to pay assessments to the FDIC at an annual rate of approximately one basis point of insured deposits to fund interest payments on bonds issued by the Financing Corporation, an agency of the federal government established to recapitalize the predecessor to the Savings Association Insurance Fund. These assessments will continue until the FICO bonds mature, with such maturities beginning in 2017 and continuing through 2019.
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Transactions with Affiliates. Pursuant to Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W, the authority of the Bank to engage in transactions with related parties or “affiliates,” or to make loans to insiders, is limited. Loan transactions with an affiliate generally must be collateralized and certain transactions between the Bank and its affiliates, including the sale of assets, the payment of money or the provision of services, must be on terms and conditions that are substantially the same, or at least as favorable to the Bank, as those prevailing for comparable nonaffiliated transactions. In addition, the Bank generally may not purchase securities issued or underwritten by affiliates.
Loans to executive officers, directors, or to any person who directly or indirectly, or acting through or in concert with one or more persons, owns, controls, or has the power to vote more than 10% of any class of voting securities of a bank (“10% Shareholders”), are subject to Sections 22(g) and 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and their corresponding regulations (Regulation O) and Section 13(k) of the Exchange Act relating to the prohibition on personal loans to executives (which exempts financial institutions in compliance with the insider lending restrictions of Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act). Among other things, these loans must be made on terms substantially the same as those prevailing on transactions made to unaffiliated individuals and certain extensions of credit to those persons must first be approved in advance by a disinterested majority of the entire Board of Directors. Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act prohibits loans to any of those individuals where the aggregate amount exceeds an amount equal to 15% of an institution’s unimpaired capital and surplus plus an additional 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus in the case of loans that are fully secured by readily marketable collateral, or when the aggregate amount on all of the extensions of credit outstanding to all of these persons would exceed the Bank’s unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus. Section 22(g) of the Federal Reserve Act identifies limited circumstances in which the Bank is permitted to extend credit to executive officers.
Prompt Corrective Action. Federal banking regulators are authorized and, under certain circumstances, required to take certain actions against banks that fail to meet their capital requirements. The federal bank regulatory agencies have additional enforcement authority with respect to undercapitalized depository institutions. “Well capitalized” institutions may generally operate without additional supervisory restriction. With respect to “adequately capitalized” institutions, such banks cannot normally pay dividends or make any capital contributions that would leave it undercapitalized, they cannot pay a management fee to a controlling person if, after paying the fee, it would be undercapitalized, and they cannot accept, renew, or roll over any brokered deposit unless the bank has applied for and been granted a waiver by the FDIC.
Immediately upon becoming “undercapitalized,” a depository institution becomes subject to the provisions of Section 38 of the FDIA, which: (i) restrict payment of capital distributions and management fees; (ii) require that the appropriate federal banking agency monitor the condition of the institution and its efforts to restore its capital; (iii) require submission of a capital restoration plan; (iv) restrict the growth of the institution’s assets; and (v) require prior approval of certain expansion proposals. The appropriate federal banking agency for an undercapitalized institution also may take any number of discretionary supervisory actions if the agency determines that any of these actions is necessary to resolve the problems of the institution at the least possible long-term cost to the DIF, subject in certain cases to specified procedures. These discretionary supervisory actions include: (i) requiring the institution to raise additional capital; (ii) restricting transactions with affiliates; (iii) requiring divestiture of the institution or the sale of the institution to a willing purchaser; and (iv) any other supervisory action that the agency deems appropriate. These and additional mandatory and permissive supervisory actions may be taken with respect to significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized institutions. The Bank met the definition of being “well capitalized” as of December 31, 2018.
As described above in “The Bank – Capital Requirements,” the Federal Reserve's final rules to implement the Basel III regulatory capital reforms incorporate new requirements into the PCA framework.
Community Reinvestment Act. The Bank is subject to the requirements of the CRA. The CRA imposes on financial institutions an affirmative and ongoing obligation to meet the credit needs of the local communities, including low and moderate income neighborhoods. If the Bank receives a rating from the Federal Reserve of less than “satisfactory” under the CRA, restrictions on operating activities would be imposed. In addition, in order for a financial holding company, like the Company, to commence any new activity permitted by the BHCA, or to acquire any company engaged in any new activity permitted by the BHCA, each insured depository institution subsidiary of the financial holding company must have received a rating of at least “satisfactory” in its most recent examination under the CRA. The Bank received a “satisfactory” CRA rating in its most recent examination.
FHLB. The Bank is a member of the FHLB of Atlanta, which is one of 12 regional Federal Home Loan Banks that provide funding to their members for making housing loans as well as for affordable housing and community development loans. Each Federal Home Loan Bank serves as a reserve, or central bank, for the members within its assigned region, and makes loans to its members in accordance with policies and procedures established by the Board of Directors of the applicable Federal Home
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Loan Bank. As a member, the Bank must purchase and maintain stock in the FHLB. At December 31, 2018, the Bank owned $72.0 million of FHLB stock.
Confidentiality of Customer Information. The Company and the Bank are subject to various laws and regulations that address the privacy of nonpublic personal financial information of customers. A financial institution must provide to its customers information regarding its policies and procedures with respect to the handling of customers’ personal information. Each institution must conduct an internal risk assessment of its ability to protect customer information. These privacy laws and regulations generally prohibit a financial institution from providing a customer’s personal financial information to unaffiliated parties without prior notice and approval from the customer.
In August 2018, the CFPB published its final rule to update Regulation P pursuant to the amended Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. Under this rule, certain qualifying financial institutions are not required to provide annual privacy notices to customers. To qualify, a financial institution must not share nonpublic personal information about customers except as described in certain statutory exceptions which do not trigger a customer’s statutory opt-out right. In addition, the financial institution must not have changed its disclosure policies and practices from those disclosed in its most recent privacy notice. The rule sets forth timing requirements for delivery of annual privacy notices in the event that a financial institution that qualified for the annual notice exemption later changes its policies or practices in such a way that it no longer qualifies for the exemption.
Although these laws and regulations impose compliance costs and create privacy obligations and, in some cases, reporting obligations, and compliance with all of the laws, regulations, and privacy and reporting obligations may require significant resources of the Company and the Bank, these laws and regulations do not materially affect the Bank’s products, services or other business activities.
Required Disclosure of Customer Information. The Company and the Bank are also subject to various laws and regulations that attempt to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. The Bank Secrecy Act requires all financial institutions to, among other things, create a system of controls designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorism, and imposes recordkeeping and reporting requirements. The USA Patriot Act added additional regulations to facilitate information sharing among governmental entities and financial institutions for the purpose of combating terrorism and money laundering, imposes standards for verifying customer identification at account opening, and requires financial institutions to establish anti-money laundering programs. The OFAC, which is a division of the Treasury, is responsible for helping to ensure that United States entities do not engage in transactions with “enemies” of the United States, as defined by various Executive Orders and Acts of Congress. If the Bank finds a name of an “enemy” of the United States on any transaction, account, or wire transfer that is on an OFAC list, it must freeze such account or place transferred funds into a blocked account, and report it to OFAC.
Volcker Rule. The Dodd-Frank Act prohibits insured depository institutions and their holding companies from engaging in proprietary trading except in limited circumstances and prohibits them from owning equity interests in excess of 3% of Tier 1 capital in private equity and hedge funds (known as the “Volcker Rule”). On December 10, 2013, the federal bank regulatory agencies adopted final rules implementing the Volcker Rule. These final rules prohibit banking entities from (i) engaging in short-term proprietary trading for their own accounts, and (ii) having certain ownership interests in and relationships with hedge funds or private equity funds. The final rules are intended to provide greater clarity with respect to both the extent of those primary prohibitions and of the related exemptions and exclusions. The final rules also require each regulated entity to establish an internal compliance program that is consistent with the extent to which it engages in activities covered by the Volcker Rule, which must include (for the largest entities) making regular reports about those activities to regulators. Although the final rules provide some tiering of compliance and reporting obligations based on size, the fundamental prohibitions of the Volcker Rule apply to the Company and the Bank. The final rules were effective April 1, 2014, with full compliance being phased in over a period that ended on July 21, 2016. The final rules do not have a material impact on the Company's financial position.
Consumer Financial Protection. The Bank is subject to a number of federal and state consumer protection laws that extensively govern its relationship with its customers. These laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Service Members Civil Relief Act, laws governing flood insurance, federal and state laws prohibiting unfair and deceptive business practices, foreclosure laws, and various regulations that implement some or all of the foregoing. These laws and regulations mandate certain disclosure requirements and regulate the manner in which financial institutions must deal with customers when taking deposits, making loans, collecting loans, and providing other services. If the Bank fails to comply with these laws and regulations, it may be subject to various penalties. Failure to comply with consumer protection requirements may also result in failure to obtain any required bank regulatory approval for merger or acquisition transactions the Bank may wish to pursue or being prohibited from engaging in such transactions even if approval is not required.
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The Dodd-Frank Act centralized responsibility for consumer financial protection by creating a new agency, the CFPB, and giving it responsibility for implementing, examining, and enforcing compliance with federal consumer protection laws. The CFPB focuses on (i) risks to consumers and compliance with the federal consumer financial laws, (ii) the markets in which firms operate and risks to consumers posed by activities in those markets, (iii) depository institutions that offer a wide variety of consumer financial products and services, and (iv) non-depository companies that offer one or more consumer financial products or services. The CFPB is responsible for implementing, examining and enforcing compliance with federal consumer financial laws for institutions with more than $10 billion of assets, including, beginning April 1, 2018, the Company and the Bank. The Company and the Bank are subject to federal consumer protection rules enacted by the CFPB.
The CFPB has broad rulemaking authority for a wide range of consumer financial laws that apply to all banks, including, among other things, the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive, or abusive” acts and practices. Abusive acts or practices are defined as those that materially interfere with a consumer’s ability to understand a term or condition of a consumer financial product or service or take unreasonable advantage of a consumer’s (i) lack of financial savvy, (ii) inability to protect himself in the selection or use of consumer financial products or services, or (iii) reasonable reliance on a covered entity to act in the consumer’s interests. The CFPB can issue cease-and-desist orders against banks and other entities that violate consumer financial laws. The CFPB may also institute a civil action against an entity in violation of federal consumer financial law in order to impose a civil penalty or injunction. Further, regulatory positions taken by the CFPB may influence how other regulatory agencies apply the subject consumer financial protection laws and regulations.
Mortgage Banking Regulation. In connection with making mortgage loans, the Company and the Bank are subject to rules and regulations that, among other things, establish standards for loan origination, prohibit discrimination, provide for inspections and appraisals of property, require credit reports on prospective borrowers, in some cases restrict certain loan features and fix maximum interest rates and fees, require the disclosure of certain basic information to mortgagors concerning credit and settlement costs, limit payment for settlement services to the reasonable value of the services rendered and require the maintenance and disclosure of information regarding the disposition of mortgage applications based on race, gender, geographical distribution and income level. The Company and the Bank are also subject to rules and regulations that require the collection and reporting of significant amounts of information with respect to mortgage loans and borrowers.
The Company’s and the Bank’s mortgage origination activities are subject to Regulation Z, which implements the Truth in Lending Act. Certain provisions of Regulation Z require creditors to make a reasonable and good faith determination based on verified and documented information that a consumer applying for a mortgage loan has a reasonable ability to repay the loan according to its terms. Creditors are required to determine consumers’ ability to repay in one of two ways. The first alternative requires the creditor to consider the following eight underwriting factors when making the credit decision: (i) current or reasonably expected income or assets; (ii) current employment status; (iii) the monthly payment on the covered transaction; (iv) the monthly payment on any simultaneous loan; (v) the monthly payment for mortgage-related obligations; (vi) current debt obligations, alimony, and child support; (vii) the monthly debt-to-income ratio or residual income; and (viii) credit history. Alternatively, the creditor can originate “qualified mortgages,” which are entitled to a presumption that the creditor making the loan satisfied the ability-to-repay requirements. In general, a “qualified mortgage” is a mortgage loan without negative amortization, interest-only payments, balloon payments, or terms exceeding 30 years. In addition, to be a qualified mortgage the points and fees paid by a consumer cannot exceed 3% of the total loan amount. Qualified mortgages that are “higher-priced” (e.g., subprime loans) garner a rebuttable presumption of compliance with the ability-to-repay rules, while qualified mortgages that are not “higher-priced” (e.g. prime loans) are given a safe harbor of compliance. To meet the mortgage credit needs of a broader customer base, the Company is predominantly an originator of mortgages that are intended to be in compliance with the ability-to-pay requirements.
Brokered Deposits. Section 29 of the FDIA and FDIC regulations generally limit the ability of any bank to accept, renew or roll over any brokered deposit unless it is “well capitalized” or, with the FDIC’s approval, “adequately capitalized.” However, as a result of EGRRCPA, the FDIC is undertaking a comprehensive review of its regulatory approach to brokered deposits, including reciprocal deposits, and interest rate caps applicable to banks that are less than “well capitalized.” At this time, it is difficult to predict the impact, if any, of the FDIC’s review of brokered deposit regulations.
Cybersecurity. The federal bank regulatory agencies have adopted guidelines for establishing information security standards and cybersecurity programs for implementing safeguards under the supervision of a financial institution’s board of directors. These guidelines, along with related regulatory materials, increasingly focus on risk management and processes related to information technology and the use of third parties in the provision of financial products and services. The federal bank regulatory agencies expect financial institutions to establish lines of defense and to ensure that their risk management processes address the risk posed by compromised customer credentials, and also expect financial institutions to maintain sufficient business continuity planning processes to ensure rapid recovery, resumption and maintenance of the institution’s operations
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after a cyberattack. If the Company or the Bank fails to meet the expectations set forth in this regulatory guidance, the Company or the Bank could be subject to various regulatory actions and any remediation efforts may require significant resources of the Company or the Bank.
In October 2016, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued proposed rules on enhanced cybersecurity risk-management and resilience standards that would apply to very large financial institutions and to services provided by third parties to these institutions. The comment period for these proposed rules has closed and a final rule has not been published. Although the proposed rules would apply only to bank holding companies and banks with $50 billion or more in total consolidated assets, these rules could influence the federal bank regulatory agencies’ expectations and supervisory requirements for information security standards and cybersecurity programs of financial institutions with less than $50 billion in total consolidated assets.
Incentive Compensation. In 2010, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued comprehensive final guidance on incentive compensation policies intended to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of financial institutions do not undermine the safety and soundness of such institutions by encouraging excessive risk-taking. The Interagency Guidance on Sound Incentive Compensation Policies, which covers all employees that have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of financial institutions, either individually or as part of a group, is based upon the key principles that a financial institution’s incentive compensation arrangements should: (i) provide incentives that do not encourage risk-taking beyond the institution’s ability to effectively identify and manage risks; (ii) be compatible with effective internal controls and risk management; and (iii) be supported by strong corporate governance, including active and effective oversight by the financial institution’s Board of Directors.
The Federal Reserve will review, as part of the regular, risk-focused examination process, the incentive compensation arrangements of financial institutions, such as the Company and the Bank, that are not “large, complex banking organizations.” These reviews will be tailored to each financial institution based on the scope and complexity of the institution’s activities and the prevalence of incentive compensation arrangements. The findings of the supervisory initiatives will be included in reports of examination. Deficiencies will be incorporated into the institution’s supervisory ratings, which can affect the institution’s ability to make acquisitions and take other actions. Enforcement actions may be taken against a financial institution if its incentive compensation arrangements, or related risk-management control or governance processes, pose a risk to the institution’s safety and soundness and the financial institution is not taking prompt and effective measures to correct the deficiencies.
In 2016, the SEC and the federal banking agencies proposed rules that prohibit covered financial institutions (including bank holding companies and banks) from establishing or maintaining incentive-based compensation arrangements that encourage inappropriate risk taking by providing covered persons (consisting of senior executive officers and significant risk takers, as defined in the rules) with excessive compensation, fees, or benefits that could lead to material financial loss to the financial institution. The proposed rules outline factors to be considered when analyzing whether compensation is excessive and whether an incentive-based compensation arrangement encourages inappropriate risks that could lead to material loss to the covered financial institution, and establishes minimum requirements that incentive-based compensation arrangements must meet to be considered to not encourage inappropriate risks and to appropriately balance risk and reward. The proposed rules also impose additional corporate governance requirements on the boards of directors of covered financial institutions and impose additional record-keeping requirements. The comment period for these proposed rules has closed and a final rule has not yet been published.
Heightened Requirements for Bank Holding Companies with $10 Billion or More in Assets
Various federal banking laws and regulations, including rules adopted by the Federal Reserve pursuant to the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act, impose heightened requirements on certain large banks and bank holding companies. Most of these rules apply primarily to bank holding companies with at least $50 billion in total consolidated assets, but certain rules also apply to banks and bank holding companies with at least $10 billion in total consolidated assets. Following the Company’s acquisition of Xenith that was effective January 1, 2018, the Company and the Bank each have total consolidated assets of more than $10 billion.
Recent Developments. As a result of the Dodd-Frank Act, institutions with assets that exceed $10 billion, were required among other things to: perform annual stress tests and establish a dedicated risk committee of the board of directors responsible for overseeing enterprise-wide risk management policies, which must be commensurate with capital structure, risk profile, complexity, activities, size, and other appropriate risk-related factors, and must include as a member at least one risk management expert. In addition, such institutions (i) may be examined for compliance with federal consumer protection laws primarily by the CFPB; (ii) are subject to increased FDIC deposit insurance assessment requirements; (iii) are subject to a cap on debit card interchange fees; and (iv) may be subject to higher regulatory capital requirements.
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However, the amendments to the Dodd-Frank Act made by EGRRCPA provide limited regulatory relief for certain financial institutions and additional tailoring of banking and consumer protection laws, which preserve the existing framework under which U.S. financial institutions are regulated, including the discretionary authority of the Federal Reserve and the FDIC to supervise bank holding companies and insured depository institutions, such as the Company and the Bank.
In particular, following the enactment of EGRRCPA, bank holding companies with less than $100 billion in assets, such as the Company, are exempt from the enhanced prudential standards imposed under Section 165 of the Dodd-Frank Act (including but not limited to resolution planning and enhanced liquidity and risk management requirements). As a result, the Company is relieved from the requirement to conduct company-run stress testing for itself and the Bank. Notwithstanding that federal banking agencies will not take action to require company-run stress testing, the capital planning and risk management practices of the Company and the Bank will continue to be reviewed through the regular supervisory processes of the Federal Reserve.
Furthermore, EGRRCPA increased the asset threshold for requiring a bank holding company to establish a separate risk committee of independent directors from $10 billion to $50 billion. Notwithstanding the changes implemented by EGRRCPA increasing this asset threshold, the Company anticipates retaining its separate risk committee of independent directors.
In addition to amendments and changes to the Dodd-Frank Act set forth in the interagency statement regarding the impact of EGRRCPA released by the federal banking agencies on July 6, 2018, EGRRCPA includes certain other banking-related, consumer protection, and securities laws-related provisions. Many of EGRRCPA’s changes must be implemented through rules adopted by federal agencies, and certain changes remain subject to their substantial regulatory discretion. As a result, the full impact of EGRRCPA will remain unclear for the immediate future. The Company and the Bank expect to continue to evaluate the potential impact of EGRRCPA as it is further implemented by the regulators.
Future Regulation
From time to time, various legislative and regulatory initiatives are introduced in Congress and state legislatures, as well as by regulatory agencies. Such initiatives may include proposals to expand or contract the powers of bank holding companies and depository institutions or proposals to substantially change the financial institution regulatory system. Such legislation could change banking statutes and the operating environment of the Company and the Bank in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, such legislation could increase or decrease the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities, or affect the competitive balance among banks, savings associations, credit unions, and other financial institutions. The Company cannot predict whether any such legislation will be enacted, and, if enacted, the effect that it, or any implementing regulations, would have on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company or the Bank.
Effect of Governmental Monetary Policies
The Company’s operations are affected not only by general economic conditions but also by the policies of various regulatory authorities. In particular, the Federal Reserve uses monetary policy tools to impact money market and credit market conditions and interest rates to influence general economic conditions. These policies have a significant impact on overall growth and distribution of loans, investments, and deposits; they affect market interest rates charged on loans or paid for time and savings deposits. Federal Reserve monetary policies have had a significant effect on the operating results of commercial banks, including the Company, in the past and are expected to do so in the future.
Filings with the SEC
The Company files annual, quarterly, and other reports under the Exchange Act with the SEC. These reports and this Form 10-K are posted and available at no cost on the Company’s investor relations website, http://investors.bankatunion.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company files such documents with the SEC. The information contained on the Company’s website is not a part of this Form 10-K or of any other filing with the SEC. The Company’s filings are also available through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
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ITEM 1A. - RISK FACTORS
An investment in the Company’s securities involves risks. In addition to the other information set forth in this report, including the information addressed under “Forward-Looking Statements,” investors in the Company’s securities should carefully consider the factors discussed below. These factors could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, and capital position and could cause the Company’s actual results to differ materially from its historical results or the results contemplated by the forward-looking statements contained in this report, in which case the trading price of the Company’s securities could decline.
Risks Related to the Company’s Operations
The Company’s business may be adversely affected by conditions in the financial markets and economic conditions generally.
The community banking industry is directly affected by national, regional, and local economic conditions. The economies in the Company’s market areas continued to improve during 2018, though there is no assurance that economic improvements will continue in the future. Management allocates significant resources to mitigate and respond to risks associated with changing economic conditions, however, such conditions cannot be predicted or controlled. Adverse changes in economic conditions, including a reduction in federal government spending, a prolonged government shutdown, flatter yield curve, extended low interest rates, or negative changes in consumer and business spending, borrowing, and savings habits, could adversely affect the credit quality of the Company’s loans, and/or the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. The Company’s financial performance is dependent on the business environment in the markets where the Company operates, in particular, the ability of borrowers to pay interest on and repay principal of outstanding loans and the value of collateral securing those loans, as well as demand for loans and other products and services the Company offers. In addition, the Company holds securities which can be significantly affected by various factors, including interest rates and credit ratings assigned by third parties. Rising interest rates or an adverse credit rating on securities held by the Company could result in a reduction of the fair value of its securities portfolio and have an adverse impact on the Company's financial condition.
Adverse changes in economic conditions in Virginia, Maryland, or North Carolina or adverse conditions in an industry on which a local market in which the Company does business could hurt the Company’s business in a material way.
The Company provides full service banking and other financial services throughout Virginia and in portions of Maryland and North Carolina. The Company’s loan and deposit activities are directly affected by, and the Company’s financial success depends on, economic conditions within the local markets in which the Company does business, as well as conditions in the industries on which those markets are economically dependent. A deterioration in local economic conditions or in the condition of an industry on which a local market relies could adversely affect such factors as unemployment rates, business formations and expansions, housing demand, apartment vacancy rates and real estate values in the local market. This could result in, among other things, a decline in loan demand, a reduction in the number of creditworthy borrowers seeking loans, an increase in loan delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures, an increase in classified and nonaccrual loans, a decrease in the value of loan collateral and a decline in the net worth and liquidity of borrowers and guarantors. Any of these factors could hurt the Company’s business in a material way.
The Company’s operations may be adversely affected by cyber security risks and cyber-attacks.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company collects and stores sensitive data, including proprietary business information and personally identifiable information of its customers and employees in systems and on networks. The secure processing, maintenance, and use of this information is critical to the Company's operations and business strategy. In addition, the Company relies heavily on communications and information systems to conduct its business. Any failure, interruption, or breach in security or operational integrity of these systems, such as "hacking", "identity theft" and "cyber fraud", could result in failures or disruptions in the Company's customer relationship management, the general ledger, deposits, loans, and other systems. The Company has invested in accepted technologies, and continually reviews its controls, processes and practices that are designed to protect its networks, computers, and data, including customer information from damage or unauthorized access. Despite these security measures, the Company’s computer systems and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance, or other disruptions. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, or to disable or degrade systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, the Company may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate protective measures.
There can be no assurance that the Company will not suffer cyber attacks or other information security breaches or be impacted by losses from such events in the future. The Company’s risk and exposure to these matters remain heightened because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats, current use of internet banking and mobile banking channels, expanded operations and third-party information systems. Recent instances of attacks specifically targeting financial services businesses indicate that the risk to the Company’s systems remains significant.
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A breach of any kind could compromise systems and the information stored there could be accessed, damaged, or disclosed. A breach in security or other failure could result in legal claims, regulatory penalties, disruption in operations, remediation expenses, costs associated with customer notification and credit monitoring services, increased insurance premiums, fines and costs associated with civil litigation, loss of customers and business partners, and damage to the Company’s reputation, which could adversely affect its business and financial condition. Furthermore, as cyber threats continue to evolve and increase, the Company may be required to expend significant additional financial and operational resources to modify or enhance its protective measures, or to investigate and remediate any identified information security vulnerabilities.
Integrating Access into the Company’s operations may be more difficult, costly or time-consuming than expected, and if the Company does not successfully combine Access’s business into its business, the Company’s results of operations would be adversely affected.
The Company’s future success will depend, in part, on its ability to realize the anticipated benefits and cost savings from combining the businesses of the Company and Access and to combine those businesses in a manner that permits growth opportunities and cost savings to be realized without materially disrupting the legacy customer relationships of Access or the Company or decreasing revenues due to loss of customers. However, to realize these anticipated benefits and cost savings, the Company must successfully combine the businesses of the Company and Access. If the Company is not able to achieve these objectives, the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the merger of the Company and Access may not be realized fully, or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected.
The success of the merger and the future operating performance of the Company and the Bank will depend, in part, on the Company’s ability to successfully combine the businesses of the Company and Access, including the merger of Access National Bank into the Bank, which occurred on February 1, 2019. The success of the subsidiary bank merger will, in turn, depend on a number of factors, including the Company’s ability to: (i) integrate the operations and branches of Access National Bank and the Bank; (ii) retain the deposits and customers of Access National Bank and the Bank; (iii) control the incremental increase in noninterest expense arising from the merger in a manner that enables the combined bank to improve its overall operating efficiencies; and (iv) retain and integrate the appropriate personnel of Access National Bank into the operations of the Bank, as well as reducing overlapping bank personnel. The integration of Access National Bank and the Bank has required, and will continue to require, the dedication of the time and resources of the Bank’s management and may temporarily distract management’s attention from the day-to-day business of the Bank. If the Bank is unable to successfully integrate Access National Bank, the Bank may not be able to realize expected operating efficiencies and eliminate redundant costs.
The integration process may result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of the Company’s and the Bank’s ongoing business, and inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that affect adversely the Company’s ability to maintain relationships with customers and employees or achieve the anticipated benefits of the merger. The loss of key employees could adversely affect the Company’s ability to successfully conduct its business in the markets in which Access historically operated, which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial results and the value of its common stock. As with any merger of financial institutions, there also may be disruptions that cause the Bank to lose customers or cause customers to withdraw their deposits, or other unintended consequences that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition. These integration matters could have an adverse effect on the Company for an undetermined period as it continues to integrate Access’s legacy business into the Company’s business.
The inability of the Company to successfully manage its growth or to implement its growth strategy may adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and financial conditions.
The Company may not be able to successfully implement its growth strategy if it is unable to identify and compete for attractive markets, locations, or opportunities to expand in the future. In addition, the ability to manage growth successfully depends on whether the Company can maintain adequate capital levels, maintain cost controls, effectively manage asset quality, and successfully integrate any businesses acquired into the organization.
As consolidation within the financial services industry continues, the competition for suitable strategic acquisition candidates may increase. The Company will compete with other financial services companies for acquisition and expansion opportunities, and many of those competitors will have greater financial resources than the Company does and may be able to pay more for an acquisition than the Company is able or willing to pay. The Company cannot assure that it will have opportunities to acquire other financial institutions, or acquire or establish new branches on attractive terms or at all, or that the Company will be able to negotiate, finance, and complete any opportunities available to it.
If the Company is unable to effectively implement its strategies for organic growth and strategic acquisitions (if any), the business, results of operations, and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
Difficulties in combining the operations of acquired entities with the Company’s own operations may prevent the Company from achieving the expected benefits from acquisitions.
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The Company may not be able to fully achieve the strategic objectives and operating efficiencies expected in an acquisition. Inherent uncertainties exist in integrating the operations of an acquired entity. In addition, the markets and industries in which the Company and its potential acquisition targets operate are highly competitive. The Company may lose its customers and/or key personnel, or those of acquired entities, as a result of an acquisition. The Company may also not be able to control the incremental increase in noninterest expense arising from an acquisition in a manner that improves its overall operating efficiencies. These factors could contribute to the Company not achieving the expected benefits from its acquisitions within desired time frames, if at all. Future business acquisitions (if any) could be material to the Company and it may issue additional shares of common stock to pay for those acquisitions, which would dilute current shareholders’ ownership interests. Acquisitions also could require the Company to use substantial cash, other liquid assets, or to incur debt; the Company could therefore become more susceptible to economic downturns and competitive pressures. Further, acquisitions typically involve the payment of a premium over book and market values and, therefore, some dilution of the Company’s tangible book value and net income per common share may occur in connection with any future acquisitions.
Changes in interest rates could adversely affect the Company’s income and cash flows.
The Company’s income and cash flows depend to a great extent on the difference between the interest rates earned on interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and the interest rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. These rates are highly sensitive to many factors beyond the Company’s control, including general economic conditions and the policies of the Federal Reserve and other governmental and regulatory agencies. Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, will influence the origination of loans, the prepayment of loans, the fair value of existing assets and liabilities, the purchase of investments, the retention and generation of deposits, the rates received on loans and investment securities, and the rates paid on deposits or other sources of funding. The impact of these changes may be magnified if the Company does not effectively manage the relative sensitivity of its assets and liabilities to changes in market interest rates. In addition, the Company’s ability to reflect such interest rate changes in pricing its products is influenced by competitive pressures. Fluctuations in these areas may adversely affect the Company and its shareholders.
The Company generally seeks to maintain a neutral position in terms of the volume of assets and liabilities that mature or re-price during any period so that it may reasonably maintain its net interest margin; however, interest rate fluctuations, loan prepayments, loan production, deposit flows, and competitive pressures are constantly changing and influence the ability to maintain a neutral position. Generally, the Company’s earnings will be more sensitive to fluctuations in interest rates depending upon the variance in volume of assets and liabilities that mature and re-price in any period. The extent and duration of the sensitivity will depend on the cumulative variance over time, the velocity and direction of changes in interest rates, shape and slope of the yield curve, and whether the Company is more asset sensitive or liability sensitive. Accordingly, the Company may not be successful in maintaining a neutral position and, as a result, the Company’s net interest margin may be affected.
The Company’s ALL may prove to be insufficient to absorb incurred losses in its loan portfolio.
Like all financial institutions, the Company maintains an allowance for loan losses to provide for loans that its borrowers may not repay in their entirety. The Company believes that it maintains an allowance for loan losses at a level adequate to absorb probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the corresponding balance sheet date and in compliance with applicable accounting and regulatory guidance. However, the allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to cover actual loan losses and future provisions for loan losses could materially and adversely affect the Company’s operating results. Accounting measurements related to impairment and the loan loss allowance requires significant estimates that are subject to uncertainty and changes relating to new information and changing circumstances. The significant uncertainties surrounding the ability of the Company’s borrowers to execute their business models successfully through changing economic environments, competitive challenges, and other factors complicate the Company’s estimates of the risk of loss and amount of loss on any loan. Due to the degree of uncertainty and susceptibility of these factors to change, the actual losses may vary from current estimates. The Company expects possible fluctuations in the loan loss provisions due to the uncertain economic conditions.
The Company’s banking regulators, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the allowance for loan losses and may require the Company to increase its allowance for loan losses by recognizing additional provisions for loan losses charged to expense, or to decrease the allowance for loan losses by recognizing loan charge-offs, net of recoveries. Any such required additional provisions for loan losses or charge-offs could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, the measure of the Company's ALL is dependent on the adoption and interpretation of accounting standards. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” Under this ASU, the current incurred loss credit impairment methodology will be replaced with the CECL model, a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. Accordingly, the implementation of the CECL model will change the Company's current method of providing ALL and may result in material changes in the Company's accounting for credit losses on financial instruments. The CECL model may create more volatility in the Company's level of ALL. If the
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Company is required to materially increase its level of ALL for any reason, such increase could adversely affect its business, financial condition, and results of operations. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. See Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for information regarding the Company’s implementation of CECL.
The Bank’s concentration in loans secured by real estate may adversely affect earnings due to changes in the real estate markets.
The Bank offers a variety of secured loans, including commercial lines of credit, commercial term loans, real estate, construction, home equity, consumer, and other loans. Many of the Bank’s loans are secured by real estate (both residential and commercial). A major change in the real estate markets, resulting in deterioration in the value of this collateral, or in the local or national economy, could adversely affect borrowers’ ability to pay these loans, which in turn could negatively affect the Bank. The Bank tries to limit its exposure to these risks by monitoring extensions of credit carefully; however, risks of loan defaults and foreclosures are unavoidable in the banking industry. As the Bank cannot fully eliminate credit risk; credit losses will occur in the future. Additionally, changes in the real estate market also affect the value of foreclosed assets, and therefore, additional losses may occur when management determines it is appropriate to sell the assets.
The Bank has significant credit exposure in commercial real estate, and loans with this type of collateral are viewed as having more risk of default.
The Bank’s commercial real estate portfolio consists primarily of non-owner-operated properties and other commercial properties. These types of loans are generally viewed as having more risk of default than residential real estate loans. They are also typically larger than residential real estate loans and consumer loans and depend on cash flows from the owner’s business or the property to service the debt. Cash flows may be affected significantly by general economic conditions, and a downturn in the local economy or in occupancy rates in the local economy where the property is located could increase the likelihood of default. The Bank’s loan portfolio contains a number of commercial real estate loans with relatively large balances, and thus the deterioration of one or a few of these loans could cause a significant increase in the percentage of non-performing loans. An increase in non-performing loans could result in a loss of earnings from these loans, an increase in the provision for loan losses and an increase in charge-offs, all of which could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s financial condition and results of operations.
The Bank’s banking regulators generally give commercial real estate lending greater scrutiny and may require banks with higher levels of commercial real estate loans to implement enhanced risk management practices, which could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s results of operations. Such practices include underwriting, internal controls, risk management policies, and portfolio stress testing, as well as possibly higher levels of allowances for losses and capital levels as a result of commercial real estate lending growth and exposures.
The Bank’s loan portfolio contains construction and development loans, and a decline in real estate values and economic conditions could adversely affect the value of the collateral securing the loans and have an adverse effect on the Bank’s financial condition.
Construction and development loans are generally viewed as having more risk than residential real estate loans because repayment is often dependent on completion of the project and the subsequent financing of the completed project as a commercial real estate or residential real estate loan and, in some instances, on the rent or sale of the underlying project.
Although the Bank’s construction and development loans are primarily secured by real estate, the Bank believes that, in the case of the majority of these loans, the real estate collateral by itself may not be a sufficient source for repayment of the loan if real estate values decline. If the Bank is required to liquidate the collateral securing a construction and development loan to satisfy the debt, its earnings and capital may be adversely affected. A period of reduced real estate values may continue for some time, resulting in potential adverse effects on the Bank’s earnings and capital.
The Bank relies upon independent appraisals to determine the value of the real estate which secures a significant portion of its loans, and the values indicated by such appraisals may not be realizable if the Bank is forced to foreclose upon such loans.
A significant portion of the Bank’s loan portfolio consists of loans secured by real estate. The Bank relies upon independent appraisers to estimate the value of such real estate. Appraisals are only estimates of value and the independent appraisers may make mistakes of fact or judgment that adversely affect the reliability of their appraisals. In addition, events occurring after the initial appraisal may cause the value of the real estate to increase or decrease. As a result of any of these factors, the real estate securing some of the Bank’s loans may be more or less valuable than anticipated at the time the loans were made. If a default occurs on a loan secured by real estate that is less valuable than originally estimated, the Bank may not be able to recover the outstanding balance of the loan.
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The Company’s credit standards and its on-going credit assessment processes might not protect it from significant credit losses.
The Company assumes credit risk by virtue of making loans and extending loan commitments and letters of credit. The Company manages credit risk through a program of underwriting standards, heightened review of certain credit decisions, and a continuous quality assessment process of credit already extended. The Company’s exposure to credit risk is managed through the use of consistent underwriting standards that emphasize local lending while avoiding highly leveraged transactions and excessive industry and other concentrations. The Company’s credit administration function employs risk management techniques to help ensure that problem loans are promptly identified. While these procedures are designed to provide the Company with the information needed to implement policy adjustments where necessary and to take appropriate corrective actions, there can be no assurance that such measures will be effective in avoiding undue credit risk.
The Company’s focus on lending to small to mid-sized community-based businesses may increase its credit risk.
Most of the Company’s commercial business and commercial real estate loans are made to small business or middle market customers. These businesses generally have fewer financial resources in terms of capital or borrowing capacity than larger entities and have a heightened vulnerability to economic conditions. If general economic conditions in the market areas in which the Company operates negatively impact this important customer sector, the Company’s results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. Moreover, a portion of these loans have been made by the Company in recent years, and the borrowers may not have experienced a complete business or economic cycle. Any deterioration of the borrowers’ businesses may hinder their ability to repay their loans with the Company, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
Nonperforming assets take significant time to resolve and adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.
The Company’s nonperforming assets adversely affect its net income in various ways. The Company does not record interest income on nonaccrual loans, which adversely affects its income and increases loan administration costs. When the Company receives collateral through foreclosures and similar proceedings, it is required to mark the related loan to the then fair market value of the collateral less estimated selling costs, which may result in a loss. An increase in the level of nonperforming assets also increases the Company’s risk profile and may affect the minimum capital levels regulators believe are appropriate for the Company in light of such risks. The Company utilizes various techniques such as workouts, restructurings, and loan sales to manage problem assets. Increases in or negative adjustments in the value of these problem assets, the underlying collateral, or in the borrowers’ performance or financial condition, could adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, the resolution of nonperforming assets requires significant commitments of time from management and staff, which can be detrimental to the performance of their other responsibilities, including origination of new loans. There can be no assurance that the Company will avoid further increases in nonperforming assets in the future.
The Company faces substantial competition that could adversely affect the Company’s growth and/or operating results.
The Company operates in a competitive market for financial services and faces intense competition from other financial institutions both in making loans and attracting deposits which can greatly affect pricing for its products and services. The Company’s primary competitors include community, regional, and national banks as well as credit unions and mortgage companies. Many of these financial institutions are significantly larger and have established customer bases, greater financial resources, and higher lending limits. In addition, credit unions are exempt from corporate income taxes, providing a significant competitive pricing advantage compared to banks. Accordingly, some of the Company’s competitors in its market have the ability to offer products and services that it is unable to offer or to offer such products and services at more competitive rates.
The Company’s consumers may increasingly decide not to use the Bank to complete their financial transactions, which would have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition and operations.
Technology and other changes are allowing parties to complete financial transactions through alternative methods that historically have involved banks. For example, consumers can now maintain funds that would have historically been held as bank deposits in brokerage accounts, mutual funds, or general-purpose reloadable prepaid cards. Consumers can also complete transactions such as paying bills and/or transferring funds directly without the assistance of banks. The process of eliminating banks as intermediaries, known as “disintermediation,” could result in the loss of fee income, as well as the loss of customer deposits and the related income generated from those deposits. The loss of these revenue streams and the lower cost of deposits as a source of funds could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
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The Company’s mortgage revenue is cyclical and is sensitive to the level of interest rates, changes in economic conditions, decreased economic activity, and slowdowns in the housing market, any of which could adversely impact the Company’s profits.
As a result of the acquisition of Access, the Bank now operates a mortgage business as a division of the Bank under the Access National Mortgage brand. The Access National Mortgage business lends to borrowers nationwide. The success of the Company’s mortgage business is dependent upon its ability to originate loans and sell them to investors, in each case at or near current volumes. Loan production levels are sensitive to changes in the level of interest rates and changes in economic conditions. Loan production levels may suffer if the Company experiences a slowdown in the local housing market or tightening credit conditions. Any sustained period of decreased activity caused by fewer refinancing transactions, higher interest rates, housing price pressure, or loan underwriting restrictions would adversely affect the Company’s mortgage originations and, consequently, could significantly reduce its income from mortgage activities. As a result, these conditions would also adversely affect the Company’s results of operations.
Deteriorating economic conditions may also cause home buyers to default on their mortgages. In certain cases where the Company has originated loans and sold them to investors, the Company may be required to repurchase loans or provide a financial settlement to investors if it is proven that the borrower failed to provide full and accurate information on, or related to, their loan application, if appraisals for such properties have not been acceptable or if the loan was not underwritten in accordance with the loan program specified by the loan investor. In the ordinary course of business, the Company records an indemnification reserve relating to mortgage loans previously sold based on historical statistics and loss rates. If such reserves were insufficient to cover claims from investors, such repurchases or settlements would adversely affect the Company's results of operations.
The carrying value of goodwill and other intangible assets may be adversely affected.
When the Company completes an acquisition, goodwill and other intangible assets are often recorded on the date of acquisition as an asset. Current accounting guidance requires goodwill to be tested for impairment, and the Company performs such impairment analysis at least annually. A significant adverse change in expected future cash flows or sustained adverse change in the Company’s common stock could require the asset to become impaired. If impaired, the Company would incur a charge to earnings that would have a significant impact on the results of operations. The Company’s carrying value of goodwill was approximately $727.2 million at December 31, 2018.
The Company’s risk-management framework may not be effective in mitigating risk and loss.
The Company maintains an enterprise risk management program that is designed to identify, assess, mitigate, monitor, and report the risks that it faces. These risks include: interest-rate, credit, liquidity, operational, reputation, compliance, and legal. While the Company assesses and improves this program on an ongoing basis, there can be no assurance that its approach and framework for risk management and related controls will effectively mitigate all risk and limit losses in its business. If conditions or circumstances arise that expose flaws or gaps in the Company’s risk-management program, or if the Company's controls break down, the Company’s results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.
The Company’s exposure to operational, technological, and organizational risk may adversely affect the Company.
Similar to other financial institutions, the Company is exposed to many types of operational and technological risk, including reputation, legal, and compliance risk. The Company’s ability to grow and compete is dependent on its ability to build or acquire the necessary operational and technological infrastructure and to manage the cost of that infrastructure while it expands and integrates acquired businesses. Operational risk can manifest itself in many ways, such as errors related to failed or inadequate processes, faulty or disabled computer systems, fraud by employees or persons outside of the Company, and exposure to external events. The Company is dependent on its operational infrastructure to help manage these risks. From time to time, it may need to change or upgrade its technology infrastructure. The Company may experience disruption, and it may face additional exposure to these risks during the course of making such changes. As the Company acquires other financial institutions, it faces additional challenges when integrating different operational platforms. Such integration efforts may be more disruptive to the Company's business and/or more costly or time-intensive than anticipated.
The Company continually encounters technological change which could affect its ability to remain competitive.
The financial services industry is continually undergoing technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve customers and to reduce costs. The Company continues to invest in technology and connectivity to automate functions previously performed manually, to facilitate the ability of customers to engage in financial transactions, and otherwise to enhance the customer experience with respect to its products and services. The Company’s continued success depends, in part, upon its ability to address the needs of its customers by using technology to provide products and services that satisfy customer demands and create efficiencies in its operations. A failure to maintain or enhance a competitive position with respect to
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technology, whether because of a failure to anticipate customer expectations, substantially fewer resources to invest in technological improvements than larger competitors, or because the Company’s technological developments fail to perform as desired or are not rolled out in a timely manner, may cause the Company to lose market share or incur additional expense.
New lines of business or new products and services may subject the Company to additional risk.
From time to time, the Company may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services, the Company may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as competitive alternatives and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business and/or a new product or service. Furthermore, strategic planning remains important as the Company adopts innovative products, services, and processes in response to the evolving demands for financial services and the entrance of new competitors, such as out-of-market banks and financial technology firms. Any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the Company’s system of internal controls, so the Company must responsibly innovate in a manner that is consistent with sound risk management and is aligned with the Bank’s overall business strategies. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business and/or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition.
The operational functions of business counterparties over which the Company may have limited or no control may experience disruptions that could adversely impact the Company.
Multiple major U.S. retailers and a major consumer credit reporting agency have experienced data systems incursions in recent years reportedly resulting in the thefts of credit and debit card information, online account information, and other personal and financial data of hundreds of millions of individuals. Retailer incursions affect cards issued and deposit accounts maintained by many banks, including the Bank. Although neither the Company’s nor the Bank’s systems are breached in retailer incursions, such incursions can still cause customers to be dissatisfied with the Bank and otherwise adversely affect the Company's and the Bank's reputation. These events can also cause the Bank to reissue a significant number of cards and take other costly steps to avoid significant theft loss to the Bank and its customers. In some cases, the Bank may be required to reimburse customers for the losses they incur. Credit reporting agency intrusions affect the Bank’s customers and can require these customers and the Bank to increase account monitoring and take remedial action to prevent unauthorized account activity or access. Other possible points of intrusion or disruption not within the Company’s nor the Bank’s control include internet service providers, electronic mail portal providers, social media portals, distant-server (“cloud”) service providers, electronic data security providers, telecommunications companies, and smart phone manufacturers.
The Company and the Bank rely on other companies to provide key components of their business infrastructure.
Third parties provide key components of the Company’s (and the Bank’s) business operations such as data processing, recording and monitoring transactions, online banking interfaces and services, internet connections, and network access. While the Company has selected these third-party vendors carefully, it does not control their actions. Any problem caused by these third parties, such as poor performance of services, failure to provide services, disruptions in communication services provided by a vendor, and failure to handle current or higher volumes could adversely affect the Company’s ability to deliver products and services to its customers and otherwise conduct its business, and may harm its reputation. Financial or operational difficulties of a third-party vendor could also hurt the Company’s operations if those difficulties affect the vendor’s ability to serve the Company. Replacing these third-party vendors could also create significant delay and expense. Accordingly, use of such third parties creates an unavoidable inherent risk to the Company’s business operations.
The Company depends on the accuracy and completeness of information about clients and counterparties, and its financial condition could be adversely affected if it relies on misleading information.
In deciding whether to extend credit or to enter into other transactions with clients and counterparties, the Company may rely on information furnished to it by or on behalf of clients and counterparties, including financial statements and other financial information, which the Company does not independently verify. The Company also may rely on representations of clients and counterparties as to the accuracy and completeness of that information and, with respect to financial statements, on reports of independent auditors. For example, in deciding whether to extend credit to clients, the Company may assume that a customer’s audited financial statements conform to GAAP and present fairly, in all material respects, the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of the customer. The Company’s financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted to the extent it relies on financial statements that do not comply with GAAP or are materially misleading.
Negative perception of the Company through social media may adversely affect the Company’s reputation and business.
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The Company’s reputation is critical to the success of its business. The Company believes that its brand image has been well received by customers, reflecting the fact that the brand image, like the Company’s business, is based in part on trust and confidence. The Company’s reputation and brand image could be negatively affected by rapid and widespread distribution of publicity through social media channels. The Company’s reputation could also be affected by the Company’s association with clients affected negatively through social media distribution, or other third parties, or by circumstances outside of the Company’s control. Negative publicity, whether true or untrue, could affect the Company’s ability to attract or retain customers, or cause the Company to incur additional liabilities or costs, or result in additional regulatory scrutiny.
The Company’s dependency on its management team and the unexpected loss of any of those personnel could adversely affect operations.
The Company is a customer-focused and relationship-driven organization. Future growth is expected to be driven in large part by the relationships maintained with customers. While the Company has assembled an experienced management team, is building the depth of that team, and has management development plans in place, the unexpected loss of key employees could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business and may result in lower revenues or greater expenses.
Failure to maintain effective systems of internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operation and financial condition.
Effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures are necessary for the Company to provide reliable financial reports, to effectively prevent fraud, and to operate successfully as a public company. If the Company cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, its reputation and operating results would be harmed. As part of the Company’s ongoing monitoring of internal control, it may discover material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in its internal control that require remediation. A “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
The Company has in the past discovered, and may in the future discover, specific areas of its internal controls that need improvement. In addition, the Company continually works to improve the overall operation of its internal controls. The Company cannot, however, be certain that these measures will ensure that it implements and maintains adequate controls over its financial processes and reporting in the future. Any failure to maintain effective controls or to timely implement any necessary improvement of the Company’s internal and disclosure controls could, among other things, result in losses from fraud or error, harm the Company’s reputation, or cause investors to lose confidence in the Company’s reported financial information, all of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operation and financial condition and the trading price of the Company's securities.
Limited availability of financing or inability to raise capital could adversely impact the Company.
The amount, type, source, and cost of the Company’s funding directly impacts the ability to grow assets. In addition, the Company could need to raise additional capital in the future to provide it with sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet its commitments and business needs, particularly if the Company’s asset quality or earnings were to deteriorate significantly, or if the Company develops an asset concentration that requires the support of additional capital. The ability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, and other sources could become more difficult, more expensive, or altogether unavailable. A number of factors, many of which are outside the Company's control, could make such financing more difficult, more expensive or unavailable including: the financial condition of the Company at any given time; rate disruptions in the capital markets; the reputation for soundness and security of the financial services industry as a whole; and competition for funding from other banks or similar financial service companies, some of which could be substantially larger or have stronger credit ratings.
The Company is a defendant in a variety of litigation and other actions, which may have a material adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operation.
The Company may be involved from time to time in a variety of litigation arising out of its business. The Company’s insurance may not cover all claims that may be asserted against it, and any claims asserted against it, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, may harm the Company’s reputation. Should the ultimate judgments or settlements in any litigation exceed the Company’s insurance coverage, they could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operation for any period. In addition, the Company may not be able to obtain appropriate types or levels of insurance in the future, nor may the Company be able to obtain adequate replacement policies with acceptable terms, if at all.
The Company may not be able to generate sufficient taxable income to fully realize its deferred tax assets.
The Company has NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes that relate to its deferred tax assets. The Company’s management currently believes that it is more likely than not that the Company will realize its deferred tax assets, based on management’s expectation that the Company will generate taxable income in future years sufficient to absorb substantially all of its NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes. If the Company is unable to generate sufficient taxable income, it may not be able to
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fully realize its deferred tax assets and would be required to record a valuation allowance against these assets. A valuation allowance would be recorded as income tax expense and would adversely affect the Company’s net income.
Sales of the Company’s common stock in connection with merger or acquisition activity, or other capital transactions may result in an ownership change of control, thus limiting the Company’s ability to realize its deferred tax assets.
The Company’s ability to utilize its NOLs is subject to the rules of Section 382 of the Code, which generally restricts the use of NOLs after an “ownership change.” An ownership change occurs if, among other things, there is a cumulative increase of more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of stock ownership by the shareholders (or specified groups of shareholders) who own or have owned, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of a corporation’s common stock or are otherwise treated as 5% shareholders under Section 382 and U.S. Department of Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder because of an increase of these shareholders over a rolling three-year period. In the event of an ownership change, Section 382 imposes an annual limitation on the amount of taxable income a corporation may offset with NOL carryforwards. This annual limitation is generally equal to the product of the value of the corporation’s stock on the date of the ownership change multiplied by the long-term tax-exempt rate published monthly by the Internal Revenue Service. This annual limitation may be increased for five years after an ownership change by any “built-in gain,” which is the amount of a hypothetical intangible calculated as the value of the corporation less the fair value of tangible assets at the time of the ownership change. Any unused annual limitation may be carried over to later years until the applicable expiration date for the respective NOLs.
Any merger or acquisition activity in which the Company may engage would require it to evaluate whether an ownership change would occur. Given the level of merger and acquisition activity in the Company’s target markets, the Company cannot ensure that its ability to use its NOLs to offset income will not become limited in the future. As a result, the Company could pay taxes earlier and in larger amounts than would be the case if its NOLs were available to reduce its income taxes without restriction. If the utilization of the Company’s NOLs is restricted, it would be required to record a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets, which could materially and adversely affect the Company’s net income.
Risks Related to the Company’s Regulatory Environment
Due to the Company’s increased asset size and as a result of recent acquisitions, the Company is subject to additional regulation, increased supervision and increased costs.
Various federal banking laws and regulations, including rules adopted by the Federal Reserve pursuant to the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act impose additional regulatory requirements on institutions with $10 billion or more in assets. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had $13.8 billion in total assets. As a result, the Company is subject to the additional regulatory requirements, increased supervision and increased costs, including the following: (i) supervision, examination and enforcement by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau with respect to consumer financial protection laws; (ii) regulatory stress testing requirements, whereby the Company is required to conduct an annual stress test (using assumptions for baseline, adverse and severely adverse scenarios); (iii) a modified methodology for calculating FDIC insurance assessments and potentially higher assessment rates; (iv) enhanced supervision as a larger financial institution; and (v) under the Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act, is subject to a cap on the interchange fees that may be charged in certain electronic debit and prepaid card transactions.
In the Company’s acquisition of Access, the Company acquired the mortgage division of Access National Bank, which before the acquisition operated on a nationwide basis and subject to federal preemption of certain state laws. This mortgage division is now operating as a division of the Bank and, as a result, is not entitled to any such federal preemption. The Company and the Bank may incur increased costs in order to comply with state laws that apply to the mortgage division’s nationwide operations.
The imposition of these regulatory requirements and increased supervision may require commitment of additional financial resources to regulatory compliance, may increase the Company’s cost of operations, and may otherwise have a significant impact on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, the results of the stress testing process may lead the Company to retain additional capital or alter the mix of its capital components as compared to the Company’s current capital management strategy.
Current and proposed regulation addressing consumer privacy and data use and security could increase the Company’s costs and impact its reputation.
The Company is subject to a number of laws concerning consumer privacy and data use and security, including information safeguard rules under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. These rules require that financial institutions develop, implement, and maintain a written, comprehensive information security program containing safeguards that are appropriate to the financial institution’s size and complexity, the nature and scope of the financial institution’s activities, and the sensitivity of any
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customer information at issue. The United States has experienced a heightened legislative and regulatory focus on privacy and data security, including requiring consumer notification in the event of a data breach. In addition, most states have enacted security breach legislation requiring varying levels of consumer notification in the event of certain types of security breaches. New regulations in these areas may increase compliance costs, which could negatively impact earnings. In addition, failure to comply with the privacy and data use and security laws and regulations to which the Company is subject, including by reason of inadvertent disclosure of confidential information, could result in fines, sanctions, penalties, or other adverse consequences and loss of consumer confidence, which could materially adversely affect the Company’s results of operations, overall business, and reputation.
Legislative or regulatory changes or actions, or significant litigation, could adversely affect the Company or the businesses in which the Company is engaged.
The Company is subject to extensive state and federal regulation, supervision, and legislation that govern almost all aspects of its operations. These regulations affect the Company's lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy, and growth, among other things. Laws and regulations change from time to time and are primarily intended for the protection of consumers, depositors, the FDIC’s DIF, and the banking system of the whole, rather than shareholders. The impact of any changes to laws and regulations or other actions by regulatory agencies are unpredictable, but may negatively affect the Company or its ability to increase the value of its business. Such changes could include higher capital requirements, increased insurance premiums, increased compliance costs, reductions of noninterest income, limitations on services and products that can be provided, or the increased ability of nonbanks to offer competing financial services and products, among other things. Failure to comply with laws, regulations, and policies could result in actions by regulatory agencies or significant litigation against the Company, which could cause the Company to devote significant time and resources to defend itself and may lead to liability, penalties, reputational damage, or regulatory restrictions that materially adversely affect the Company and its shareholders. Future legislation, regulation, and government policy could affect the banking industry as a whole, including the Company's business and results of operations, in ways that are difficult to predict. In addition, the Company's results of operations also could be adversely affected by changes in the way in which existing statutes and regulations are interpreted or applied by courts and government agencies.
The Company is subject to more stringent capital and liquidity requirements as a result of the Basel III regulatory capital reforms and the Dodd-Frank Act, which could adversely affect its return on equity and otherwise affect its business.
The Company and the Bank are each subject to capital adequacy guidelines and other regulatory requirements specifying minimum amounts and types of capital which each must maintain. From time to time, regulators implement changes to these regulatory capital adequacy guidelines. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, the federal banking agencies have established stricter capital requirements and leverage limits for banks and bank holding companies that are based on the Basel III regulatory capital reforms. These stricter capital requirements were fully-implemented on January 1, 2019. See “Business – Supervision and Regulation – The Bank - Capital Requirements” for further information about the requirements.
The application of more stringent capital requirements could, among other things, result in lower returns on equity, require the raising of additional capital, and result in regulatory actions if the Company were to be unable to comply with such requirements. Furthermore, the imposition of liquidity requirements in connection with the implementation of Basel III could result in the Company having to lengthen the term of its funding, restructure its business models, and/or increase its holdings of liquid assets. Implementation of changes to asset risk weightings for risk-based capital calculations, items included or deducted in calculating regulatory capital and/or additional capital conservation buffers could result in management modifying its business strategy, and could limit the Company’s ability to make distributions, including paying out dividends or buying back shares. If the Company and the Bank fail to meet these minimum capital guidelines and/or other regulatory requirements, the Company’s financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.
Regulations issued by the CFPB could adversely impact the Company’s earnings.
The CFPB has broad rulemaking authority to administer and carry out the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act with respect to financial institutions that offer covered financial products and services to consumers. Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the CFPB issued a final rule effective January 10, 2014, requiring mortgage lenders to make a reasonable and good faith determination based on verified and documented information that a consumer applying for a mortgage loan has a reasonable ability to repay the loan according to its terms, or to originate “qualified mortgages” that meet specific requirements with respect to terms, pricing, and fees. The rule also contains additional disclosure requirements at mortgage loan origination and in monthly statements. These requirements could limit the Company’s ability to make certain types of loans or loans to certain borrowers, or could make it more expensive and/or time consuming to make these loans, which could adversely impact the Company’s profitability.
Changes in accounting standards could impact reported earnings.
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The authorities that promulgate accounting standards, including the FASB, SEC, and other regulatory authorities, periodically change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. These changes are difficult to predict and can materially impact how the Company records and reports its financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, the Company could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in the restatement of financial statements for prior periods. Such changes could also require the Company to incur additional personnel or technology costs.
Risks Related to the Company’s Securities
The Company relies on dividends from its subsidiaries for substantially all of its revenue.
The Company is a financial holding company and a bank holding company that conducts substantially all of its operations through the Bank and other subsidiaries. As a result, the Company relies on dividends from its subsidiaries, particularly the Bank, for substantially all of its revenues. There are various regulatory restrictions on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends or make other payments to the Company. Also, the Company’s right to participate in a distribution of assets upon a subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of the subsidiary’s creditors. In the event the Bank is unable to pay dividends to the Company, the Company may not be able to service debt, pay obligations, or pay a cash dividend to the holders of its common stock and the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. Further, although the Company has historically paid a cash dividend to the holders of its common stock, holders of the common stock are not entitled to receive dividends, and regulatory or economic factors may cause the Company’s Board of Directors to consider, among other things, the reduction of dividends paid on the Company’s common stock even if the Bank continues to pay dividends to the Company.
The Company’s common stock has less liquidity than stocks for larger publicly-traded companies.
The trading volume in the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market has been relatively low when compared with larger companies listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market or other stock exchanges. There is no assurance that a more active and liquid trading market for the common stock will exist in the future. Consequently, shareholders may not be able to sell a substantial number of shares for the same price at which shareholders could sell a smaller number of shares. In addition, the Company cannot predict the effect, if any, that future sales of its common stock in the market, or the availability of shares of common stock for sale in the market, will have on the market price of the common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock in the market, or the potential for large amounts of sales in the market, could cause the price of the Company’s common stock to decline, or reduce the Company’s ability to raise capital through future sales of common stock.
Future issuances of the Company’s common stock could adversely affect the market price of the common stock and could be dilutive.
The Company is not restricted from issuing additional shares of common stock, including any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, shares of common stock. Issuances of a substantial number of shares of common stock, or the expectation that such issuances might occur, including in connection with acquisitions by the Company, could materially adversely affect the market price of the shares of common stock and could be dilutive to shareholders. Because the Company’s decision to issue common stock in the future will depend on market conditions and other factors, it cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, or nature of possible future issuances of its common stock. Accordingly, the Company’s shareholders bear the risk that future issuances of common stock will reduce the market price of the common stock and dilute their stock holdings in the Company.
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Common stock is equity and is subordinate to the Company’s existing and future indebtedness and preferred stock and effectively subordinated to all the indebtedness and other non-common equity claims against the Bank and the Company’s other subsidiaries.
Shares of the Company’s common stock are equity interests and do not constitute indebtedness. As such, shares of the common stock will rank junior to all of the Company’s indebtedness and to other non-equity claims against the Company and its assets available to satisfy claims against it, including in the event of the Company’s liquidation. Additionally, holders of the Company’s common stock are subject to prior dividend and liquidation rights of holders of outstanding preferred stock, if any. The Company’s Board of Directors is authorized to issue classes or series of preferred stock without any action on the part of the holders of the Company’s common stock, and the Company is permitted to incur additional debt. Upon liquidation, lenders and holders of the Company’s debt securities and preferred stock would receive distributions of the Company’s available assets prior to holders of the Company’s common stock. Furthermore, the Company’s right to participate in a distribution of assets upon any of its subsidiaries’ liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of that subsidiary’s creditors, including holders of any preferred stock of that subsidiary.
The Company’s governing documents and Virginia law contain anti-takeover provisions that could negatively affect its shareholders.
The Company’s Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and the Virginia Stock Corporation Act contain certain provisions designed to enhance the ability of the Company’s Board of Directors to respond to attempts to acquire control of the Company. These provisions and the ability to set the voting rights, preferences, and other terms of any series of preferred stock that may be issued, may be deemed to have an anti-takeover effect and may discourage takeovers (which certain shareholders may deem to be in their best interest). To the extent that such takeover attempts are discouraged, temporary fluctuations in the market price of the Company’s common stock resulting from actual or rumored takeover attempts may be inhibited. These provisions also could discourage or make more difficult a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest, even though such transactions may be favorable to the interests of shareholders, and could potentially adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock.
Economic conditions may cause volatility in the Company’s common stock value.
The value of publicly traded stocks in the financial services sector can be volatile, including due to declining or sustained weak economic conditions, which may make it more difficult for a holder to sell the Company's common stock when the holder wants and at prices that are attractive. However, even in a stable economic environment the value of the Company’s common stock can be affected by a variety of factors such as expected results of operations, actual results of operations, actions taken by shareholders, news or expectations based on the performance of others in the financial services industry, and expected impacts of a changing regulatory environment. These factors not only impact the value of the Company’s common stock but could also affect the liquidity of the stock given the Company’s size, geographical footprint, and industry.
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ITEM 1B. - UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
The Company has no unresolved staff comments to report.
ITEM 2. - PROPERTIES.
The Company, through its subsidiaries, owns or leases buildings that are used in the normal course of business. The Company leases its corporate headquarters, which is located in an office building at 1051 East Cary Street, Suite 1200, Richmond, Virginia. The Company’s subsidiaries own or lease various other offices in the counties and cities in which they operate. As of February 1, 2019, the Bank operated 155 branches throughout Virginia and in portions of Maryland and North Carolina. The Company owns its operations center, which is located in Ruther Glen, Virginia. See the Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 5 “Premises and Equipment” in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K for information with respect to the amounts at which the Company’s premises and equipment are carried and commitments under long-term leases.
ITEM 3. - LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
In the ordinary course of its operations, the Company and its subsidiaries are parties to various legal proceedings. Based on the information presently available, and after consultation with legal counsel, management believes that the ultimate outcome in such legal proceedings, in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on the business or the financial condition or results of operations of the Company.
ITEM 4. - MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
None.
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PART II
ITEM 5. - MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.
The following performance graph does not constitute soliciting material and should not be deemed filed or incorporated by reference into any other Company filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent the Company specifically incorporates the performance graph by reference therein.
Five-Year Stock Performance Graph
The following chart compares the yearly percentage change in the cumulative shareholder return on the Company’s common stock during the five years ended December 31, 2018, with (1) the Total Return Index for the NASDAQ Composite, and (2) the Total Return Index for SNL U.S. Bank NASDAQ. This comparison assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2013 in the Company’s common stock and the comparison groups and assumes the reinvestment of all cash dividends prior to any tax effect and retention of all stock dividends. The Company previously also used the Total Return Index for NASDAQ Bank Stock, which is no longer available from the Company’s service provider. Instead, the Company is using the SNL U.S. Bank NASDAQ index as a replacement, which includes many of the same companies that are in the NASDAQ Bank Stock index and are also a part of the Company’s peer group.

| Period Ended
Index | 12/31/2013 |  |  | 12/31/2014 |  |  | 12/31/2015 |  |  | 12/31/2016 |  |  | 12/31/2017 |  |  | 12/31/2018 |
Union Bankshares Corporation | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 99.41 |  |  | $ | 107.26 |  |  | $ | 156.52 |  |  | $ | 162.28 |  |  | $ | 129.61 |
NASDAQ Composite | 100.00 |  |  | 114.75 |  |  | 122.74 |  |  | 133.62 |  |  | 173.22 |  |  | 168.30 |
SNL U.S. Bank NASDAQ | 100.00 |  |  | 103.57 |  |  | 111.80 |  |  | 155.02 |  |  | 163.20 |  |  | 137.56 |

Source: SNL Financial Corporation LC, Charlottesville, VA (2018)
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Information on Common Stock, Market Prices and Dividends
The Company’s common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market and is traded under the symbol “UBSH.” There were 65,977,149 shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding at the close of business on December 31, 2018. The shares were held by 6,328 shareholders of record. The closing price of the Company’s common stock on December 31, 2018 was $28.23 per share compared to $36.17 on December 29, 2017, which was the last business day of 2017.
Regulatory restrictions on the ability of the Bank to transfer funds to the Company at December 31, 2018 are set forth in Note 20 “Parent Company Financial Information,” contained in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. A discussion of certain limitations on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company and the ability of the Company to pay dividends on its common stock, is set forth in Part I, Item 1 “Business” of this Form 10-K under the headings “Supervision and Regulation – The Company - Limits on Dividends and Other Payments.”
It is anticipated that dividends will continue to be paid on a quarterly basis. In making its decision on the payment of dividends on the Company’s common stock, the Board of Directors considers operating results, financial condition, capital adequacy, regulatory requirements, shareholder returns, and other factors.
Stock Repurchase Program
In the first quarter of 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program to purchase up to $25.0 million worth of the Company’s common stock on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The repurchase program expired on December 31, 2016, at which time approximately $13.0 million had gone unpurchased. The Company's Board of Directors did not authorize a share repurchase program in 2017 or 2018.
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ITEM 6. - SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.
The following table sets forth selected financial data for the Company over each of the past five years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 (1)
Results of Operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income | $ | 528,788 |  |  | $ | 329,044 |  |  | $ | 293,736 |  |  | $ | 275,387 |  |  | $ | 273,140 |
Interest expense | 102,097 |  |  | 50,037 |  |  | 29,770 |  |  | 24,937 |  |  | 19,927 |
Net interest income | 426,691 |  |  | 279,007 |  |  | 263,966 |  |  | 250,450 |  |  | 253,213 |
Provision for credit losses | 13,736 |  |  | 10,802 |  |  | 8,883 |  |  | 9,450 |  |  | 7,800 |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses | 412,955 |  |  | 268,205 |  |  | 255,083 |  |  | 241,000 |  |  | 245,413 |
Noninterest income | 104,241 |  |  | 62,429 |  |  | 59,849 |  |  | 54,993 |  |  | 51,220 |
Noninterest expenses | 337,767 |  |  | 225,668 |  |  | 213,090 |  |  | 206,310 |  |  | 222,419 |
Income before income taxes | 179,429 |  |  | 104,966 |  |  | 101,842 |  |  | 89,683 |  |  | 74,214 |
Income tax expense | 30,016 |  |  | 32,790 |  |  | 25,944 |  |  | 23,071 |  |  | 19,533 |
Income from continuing operations | 149,413 |  |  | 72,176 |  |  | 75,898 |  |  | 66,612 |  |  | 54,681 |
Discontinued operations, net of tax | (3,165 | ) |  | 747 |  |  | 1,578 |  |  | 467 |  |  | (2,517 | )
Net income (2) | $ | 146,248 |  |  | $ | 72,923 |  |  | $ | 77,476 |  |  | $ | 67,079 |  |  | $ | 52,164 |
Financial Condition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets | $ | 13,765,599 |  |  | $ | 9,315,179 |  |  | $ | 8,426,793 |  |  | $ | 7,693,291 |  |  | $ | 7,358,643 |
Securities available for sale, at fair value | 1,774,821 |  |  | 974,222 |  |  | 946,764 |  |  | 903,292 |  |  | 1,102,114 |
Securities held to maturity, at carrying value | 492,272 |  |  | 199,639 |  |  | 201,526 |  |  | 205,374 |  |  | — |
Loans held for investment, net of deferred fees and costs | 9,716,207 |  |  | 7,141,552 |  |  | 6,307,060 |  |  | 5,671,462 |  |  | 5,345,996 |
Allowance for loan losses | 41,045 |  |  | 38,208 |  |  | 37,192 |  |  | 34,047 |  |  | 32,384 |
Intangible assets, net | 775,853 |  |  | 313,331 |  |  | 318,793 |  |  | 316,832 |  |  | 325,277 |
Tangible assets, net (3) | 12,989,746 |  |  | 9,001,848 |  |  | 8,108,000 |  |  | 7,376,459 |  |  | 7,033,366 |
Deposits | 9,970,960 |  |  | 6,991,718 |  |  | 6,379,489 |  |  | 5,963,936 |  |  | 5,638,770 |
Total borrowings | 1,756,278 |  |  | 1,219,414 |  |  | 990,089 |  |  | 680,175 |  |  | 686,935 |
Total liabilities | 11,841,018 |  |  | 8,268,850 |  |  | 7,425,761 |  |  | 6,697,924 |  |  | 6,381,474 |
Common stockholders' equity | 1,924,581 |  |  | 1,046,329 |  |  | 1,001,032 |  |  | 995,367 |  |  | 977,169 |
Tangible common stockholders' equity (3) | 1,148,728 |  |  | 732,998 |  |  | 682,239 |  |  | 678,535 |  |  | 651,892 |
Ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin (2) | 3.67 | % |  | 3.48 | % |  | 3.64 | % |  | 3.73 | % |  | 3.93 | %
Net interest margin (FTE) (3) | 3.74 | % |  | 3.63 | % |  | 3.80 | % |  | 3.89 | % |  | 4.09 | %
Return on average assets (2) | 1.11 | % |  | 0.83 | % |  | 0.96 | % |  | 0.90 | % |  | 0.72 | %
Return on average common stockholders' equity (2) | 7.85 | % |  | 7.07 | % |  | 7.79 | % |  | 6.76 | % |  | 5.30 | %
Return on average tangible common stockholders' equity (2)(3) | 14.40 | % |  | 10.75 | % |  | 12.14 | % |  | 10.81 | % |  | 9.00 | %
Efficiency ratio (2) | 63.62 | % |  | 66.09 | % |  | 65.81 | % |  | 67.54 | % |  | 73.06 | %
CET1 capital (to risk weighted assets) | 9.93 | % |  | 9.04 | % |  | 9.72 | % |  | 10.55 | % |  | 11.20 | %
Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets) | 11.10 | % |  | 10.14 | % |  | 10.97 | % |  | 11.93 | % |  | 12.76 | %
Total capital (to risk weighted assets) | 12.88 | % |  | 12.43 | % |  | 13.56 | % |  | 12.46 | % |  | 13.38 | %
Leverage Ratio | 9.71 | % |  | 9.42 | % |  | 9.87 | % |  | 10.68 | % |  | 10.62 | %
Common equity to total assets | 13.98 | % |  | 11.23 | % |  | 11.88 | % |  | 12.94 | % |  | 13.28 | %
Tangible common equity / tangible assets (3) | 8.84 | % |  | 8.14 | % |  | 8.41 | % |  | 9.20 | % |  | 9.27 | %

29

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 (1)
Asset Quality |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses | $ | 41,045 |  |  | $ | 38,208 |  |  | $ | 37,192 |  |  | $ | 34,047 |  |  | $ | 32,384 |
Nonaccrual loans | $ | 26,953 |  |  | $ | 21,743 |  |  | $ | 9,973 |  |  | $ | 11,936 |  |  | $ | 19,255 |
Foreclosed property | $ | 6,722 |  |  | $ | 5,253 |  |  | $ | 7,430 |  |  | $ | 11,994 |  |  | $ | 23,058 |
ALL / total outstanding loans | 0.42 | % |  | 0.54 | % |  | 0.59 | % |  | 0.60 | % |  | 0.61 | %
Nonaccrual loans/total loans | 0.28 | % |  | 0.30 | % |  | 0.16 | % |  | 0.21 | % |  | 0.36 | %
ALL / nonaccrual loans | 152.28 | % |  | 175.73 | % |  | 372.93 | % |  | 285.25 | % |  | 168.18 | %
NPAs / total outstanding loans | 0.35 | % |  | 0.38 | % |  | 0.28 | % |  | 0.42 | % |  | 0.79 | %
Net charge-offs / total average loans | 0.12 | % |  | 0.15 | % |  | 0.09 | % |  | 0.14 | % |  | 0.11 | %
Provision / total average loans | 0.15 | % |  | 0.17 | % |  | 0.15 | % |  | 0.17 | % |  | 0.15 | %
Per Share Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings per share, basic | $ | 2.22 |  |  | $ | 1.67 |  |  | $ | 1.77 |  |  | $ | 1.49 |  |  | $ | 1.13 |
Earnings per share, diluted (2) | 2.22 |  |  | 1.67 |  |  | 1.77 |  |  | 1.49 |  |  | 1.13 |
Cash dividends paid per share | 0.88 |  |  | 0.81 |  |  | 0.77 |  |  | 0.68 |  |  | 0.58 |
Market value per share | 28.23 |  |  | 36.17 |  |  | 35.74 |  |  | 25.24 |  |  | 24.08 |
Book value per share | 29.34 |  |  | 24.10 |  |  | 23.15 |  |  | 22.38 |  |  | 21.73 |
Tangible book value per share (3) | 17.51 |  |  | 16.88 |  |  | 15.78 |  |  | 15.25 |  |  | 14.50 |
Dividend payout ratio | 39.64 | % |  | 48.50 | % |  | 43.50 | % |  | 45.64 | % |  | 51.33 | %
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic | 65,859,166 |  |  | 43,698,897 |  |  | 43,784,193 |  |  | 45,054,938 |  |  | 46,036,023 |
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted | 65,908,573 |  |  | 43,779,744 |  |  | 43,890,271 |  |  | 45,138,891 |  |  | 46,130,895 |

(1) Changes to previously reported 2014 amounts were the result of the adoption of ASU No. 2014-01, "Accounting for Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects."
(2) This performance metric is presented on a GAAP basis; however, there are related supplemental non-GAAP performance measures that the Company believes may be useful to investors as they exclude non-operating adjustments resulting from acquisitions as well as other nonrecurring tax expenses as applicable and allow investors to see the combined economic results of the organization. These measures are a supplement to GAAP used to prepare the Company’s financial statements and should not be viewed as a substitute for GAAP measures. In addition, the Company’s non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to non-GAAP measures of other companies. Refer to Item 7-"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section "Non-GAAP Measures" of this Form 10-K for operating metrics, which exclude merger-related costs and certain nonrecurring items, including operating earnings, return on average assets, return on average equity, return on average tangible common equity, efficiency ratio, and earnings per share.
(3) Non-GAAP; please refer to Item 7 - "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section "Non-GAAP Measures" of this Form 10-K.
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ITEM 7. - MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The following discussion and analysis provides information about the major components of the results of operations and financial condition, liquidity, and capital resources of the Company and its subsidiaries. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the “Consolidated Financial Statements” and the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” presented in Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” contained in this Form 10-K.
31

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
General
The accounting and reporting policies of the Company are in accordance with U.S. GAAP and conform to general practices within the banking industry. The Company’s financial position and results of operations are affected by management’s application of accounting policies, including estimates, assumptions, and judgments made to arrive at the carrying value of assets and liabilities and amounts reported for revenues, expenses, and related disclosures. Different assumptions in the application of these policies could result in material changes in the Company’s consolidated financial position and/or results of operations. The Company evaluates its critical accounting estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis and updates them, as needed. Management has discussed the Company’s critical accounting policies and estimates with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
The critical accounting and reporting policies include the Company’s accounting for the ALL, business combinations, and goodwill. The Company’s accounting policies are fundamental to understanding the Company’s consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations. Accordingly, the Company’s significant accounting policies are discussed in detail in Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
The following is a summary of the Company’s critical accounting policies that are highly dependent on estimates, assumptions, and judgments.
Allowance for Loan Losses - The provision for loan losses charged to operations is an amount sufficient to bring the ALL to an estimated balance that management considers adequate to absorb probable incurred losses inherent in the portfolio. Loans are charged against the ALL when management believes the collectability of the principal is unlikely, while recoveries of amounts previously charged-off are credited to the ALL. Management’s determination of the adequacy of the ALL is based on an evaluation of the composition of the loan portfolio, the value and adequacy of collateral, current economic conditions, historical loan loss experience, and other risk factors. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions, particularly those affecting real estate values.
The Company performs regular credit reviews of the loan portfolio to review the credit quality and adherence to its underwriting standards. The credit reviews include Annual Loan Servicing performed by Commercial Bankers in accordance with the Commercial Loan Policy (CLP), relationship reviews that accompany annual loan renewals, and reviews by the Company's Loan Review Group. Upon origination, each commercial loan is assigned a risk rating ranging from one to nine, with loans closer to one having less risk. This risk rating scale is the Company’s primary credit quality indicator. Consumer loans are not risk rated unless past due status, bankruptcy or other event results in the assignment of a Substandard or worse risk rating in accordance with the CLP. The Company has various committees that review and ensure that the ALL methodology is in accordance with GAAP and loss factors used appropriately reflect the risk characteristics of the loan portfolio.
The Company’s ALL consists of specific, general, and qualitative components.
Specific Reserve Component
The specific reserve component relates to impaired loans. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Upon being identified as impaired, for loans not considered to be collateral-dependent, an ALL is then established when the discounted cash flows of the impaired loan are lower than the carrying value of that loan. The impairment of collateral-dependent loans is measured based on the fair value of the underlying collateral, less selling costs, compared to the carrying value of the loan. If the Company determines that the value of an impaired collateral dependent loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan, it charges off the deficiency if it is determined that such amount represents a confirmed loss.
The Company obtains independent appraisals from a pre-approved list of independent, third party appraisers located in the market in which the collateral is located. The Company’s approved appraiser list is continuously maintained to ensure the list only includes such appraisers that have the experience, reputation, character, and knowledge of the respective real estate market. At a minimum, it is ascertained that the appraiser is currently licensed in the state in which the property is located, experienced in the appraisal of properties similar to the property being appraised, has knowledge of current real estate market conditions and financing trends, and is reputable. The Company’s internal REVG, which reports to the Enterprise Risk Management group, performs either a technical or administrative review of all appraisals obtained. A technical review will ensure the overall quality of the appraisal, while an administrative review ensures that all of the required components of an appraisal are present. Independent appraisals or valuations are updated every 12 months for all impaired loans. The Company’s
32

impairment analysis documents the date of the appraisal used in the analysis. Adjustments to appraised values are only permitted to be made by the REVG. The impairment analysis is reviewed and approved by senior Credit Administration officers and the Special Assets Loan Committee. External appraisals are the primary source to value collateral dependent loans; however, the Company may also utilize values obtained through other valuation sources if it is deemed to be better aligned with the collateral resolution. Impairment analyses are updated, reviewed, and approved on a quarterly basis at or near the end of each reporting period.
General Reserve Component
The general reserve component covers non-impaired loans and is quantitatively derived from an estimate of credit losses adjusted for various qualitative factors applicable to both commercial and consumer loan segments. The estimate of credit losses is a function of the net charge-off historical loss experience to the average loan balance of the portfolio averaged during a period that management has determined to be adequately reflective of the losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The Company has implemented a rolling 24-quarter look back period, which is re-evaluated on a periodic basis to ensure the reasonableness of the period being used.
The following table shows the types of qualitative factors management considers:

QUALITATIVE FACTORS
Portfolio |  | National / International |  | Local
Experience and ability of lending team |  | Interest rates |  | Gross state product
Pace of loan growth |  | Inflation |  | Unemployment rate
Footprint and expansion |  | Unemployment |  | Home prices
Execution of loan risk rating process |  | Level of economic activity |  | CRE Prices
Degree of credit oversight |  | Political and trade uncertainty |  |
Underwriting standards |  | Asset prices |  |
Delinquency levels in portfolio |  |  |  |
Charge-off trends in portfolio |  |  |  |
Credit concentrations / nature and volume of the portfolio |  |  |  |

Impaired Loans- A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed.
For the consumer loan segment, large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. This evaluation subjects each of the Company’s homogenous pools to a historical loss factor derived from net charge-offs experienced over the preceding 24 quarters. The Company applies payments received on impaired loans to principal and interest based on the contractual terms until they are placed on nonaccrual status. All payments received are then applied to reduce the principal balance and recognition of interest income is terminated, as discussed in Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Business Combinations and Divestitures - Business combinations are accounted for under ASC 805, Business Combinations, using the acquisition method of accounting. The acquisition method of accounting requires an acquirer to recognize the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the acquisition date measured at their fair values as of that date. To determine the fair values, the Company utilizes third party valuations, appraisals, and internal valuations based on discounted cash flow analysis or other valuation techniques. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the Company will identify the acquiree and the closing date and apply applicable recognition principles and conditions. If they are necessary to implement its plan to exit an activity of an acquiree, costs that the Company expects, but is not obligated, to incur in the future are not liabilities at the acquisition date, nor are costs to terminate the employment or relocate an acquiree’s employees. The Company does not recognize these costs as part of applying the acquisition method. Instead, the Company recognizes these costs as expenses in its post-combination financial statements in accordance with other applicable GAAP.
Merger-related costs are costs the Company incurs to effect a business combination. Those costs include advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees. Some other examples of costs to the Company include systems
33

conversions, integration planning consultants, contract terminations, and advertising costs. The Company will account for merger-related costs as expenses in the periods in which the costs are incurred and the services are received, with one exception. The costs to issue debt or equity securities will be recognized in accordance with other applicable accounting guidance. These merger-related costs are included on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income classified within the noninterest expense caption.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets - The Company follows ASC 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, which prescribes the accounting for goodwill and intangible assets subsequent to initial recognition. Goodwill resulting from business combinations prior to January 1, 2009 represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill resulting from business combinations after January 1, 2009 is generally determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree, over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exists that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. The Company has selected April 30th as the date to perform the annual impairment test. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives, which range from 4 to 14 years, to their estimated residual values. Goodwill is the only intangible asset with an indefinite life on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Long-lived assets, including purchased intangible assets subject to amortization, such as the core deposit intangible asset, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Assets to be disposed of would be separately presented in the balance sheet and reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, and are no longer depreciated. Management concluded that no circumstances indicating an impairment of these assets existed as of the balance sheet date.
The Company performed its annual impairment testing as of April 30, 2018 and determined that there was no impairment to its goodwill. The Company also performed a qualitative analysis to determine if any factors necessitated additional testing and no indicators of impairment were noted as of year-end. During 2018, and in connection with the wind-down of the Company's mortgage subsidiary, approximately $864,000 of goodwill was written off.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Executive Overview
On January 1, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Xenith, a bank holding company based in Richmond, Virginia. The Company's full-year results for 2018 include the financial results of Xenith.
On April 1, 2018, the Bank completed its acquisition of DHFB, a Roanoke, Virginia based investment advisory firm. The financial results of DHFB are included in the Company's results starting in the second quarter of 2018.
On May 23, 2018, the Bank announced that it had entered into an agreement with a third-party mortgage company, TFSB, to allow TFSB to offer residential mortgages from certain Bank locations on the terms and conditions set forth in the agreement. Concurrently with this arrangement, the Bank began the process of winding down the operations of UMG, the Company's reportable mortgage segment. Effective at the close of business June 1, 2018, UMG was no longer originating mortgages in its name. In connection with this transaction, the Company recorded exit costs totaling approximately $3.7 million in 2018, which includes goodwill impairment of approximately $864,000. These costs and the Company's mortgage segment results are reported as discontinued operations.
On June 29, 2018, the Bank entered into an agreement to sell substantially all of the assets and certain specific liabilities of Shore Premier, consisting primarily of marine loans totaling $383.9 million, for approximately $375.0 million in cash and 1,250,000 shares of the purchasing company's common stock. The initial estimated after-tax gain recorded in the second quarter of 2018 was $16.5 million, net of transaction and other related costs, which was subsequently reduced by $737,000 in the third quarter based on updated information obtained and wind-down costs incurred.
On June 29, 2018, the Bank sold approximately $206.3 million in consumer home improvement loans that had been originated through a third-party lending program. These loans were sold at par.
On July 1, 2018, ODCM, a subsidiary of the Bank, completed its acquisition of OAL, a McLean, Virginia based investment advisory firm. The financial results of OAL are included in the Company's results starting in the third quarter of 2018.
The Company closed three branches during the second quarter of 2018 as part of the conversion activities related to its acquisition of Xenith. After further analyzing its branch footprint, the Company decided to consolidate an additional seven branches, approximately 5% of the Company's branch network, during the third quarter of 2018. This resulted in after-tax branch closure costs of approximately $850,000 recorded in 2018.
Net Income & Performance Metrics

• | The Company reported net income of $146.2 million and earnings per share of $2.22 for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to net income of $72.9 million and earnings per share of $1.67 for the year ended December 31, 2017.

• | The Company's net operating earnings(1) were $178.3 million and operating earnings per share(1) were $2.71 for 2018 compared to net operating earnings(1) of $83.6 million and operating earnings per share(1) of $1.91 for 2017.

• | ROA was 1.11% for 2018 compared to 0.83% for 2017; operating ROA(1) was 1.35% for 2018 compared to 0.95% for 2017.

• | ROE was 7.85% for 2018 compared to 7.07% for 2017; operating ROE(1) was 9.57% for 2018 compared to 8.11% for 2017.

• | ROTCE(1) was 14.40% for 2018 compared to 10.75% for 2017; operating ROTCE(1) was 17.35% for 2018 compared to 12.24% for 2017.

(1) For a reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures, including the non-GAAP operating measures that exclude merger-related costs and nonrecurring tax expenses unrelated to the Company’s normal operations, refer to section "Non-GAAP Measures" included within Item 7.
Balance Sheet

• | Loans held for investment from continuing operations, net of deferred fees and costs, were $9.7 billion at December 31, 2018, an increase of $2.6 billion from December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily a result of the Xenith acquisition.

• | Total deposits from continuing operations at December 31, 2018 were $10.0 billion, an increase of $3.0 billion from December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily a result of the Xenith acquisition.

• | Cash dividends per common share increased to $0.88 during 2018 from $0.81 per common share during 2017.

35

Access Acquisition

• | The Company acquired Access on February 1, 2019. The 2018 results included herein are prior to the effective date of the Merger.

Net Income
2018 compared to 2017
Net income for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $73.3 million, or 100.6%, from $72.9 million to $146.2 million and represented earnings per share of $2.22 compared to $1.67 for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to the acquisition of Xenith. Excluding $32.1 million in after-tax merger-related costs, net operating earnings (non-GAAP) were $178.3 million and operating earnings per share (non-GAAP) were $2.71 for the year ended December 31, 2018. For reconciliation of the non-GAAP measures, refer to section “Non-GAAP Measures” included within this Item 7. Included in net income for the year ended December 31, 2018 was a net loss from discontinued operations of $3.2 million compared to net income from discontinued operations of $747,000 for the year ended December 31, 2017. Refer to Note 18 "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations" in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data", of this Form 10-K for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.
Net interest income in 2018 increased $147.7 million from 2017, primarily driven by higher average loan balances and the acquisition of Xenith. The provision for credit losses increased $2.9 million from $10.8 million in 2017 to $13.7 million in 2018 mainly due to loan growth.
Noninterest income increased $41.8 million from $62.4 million in 2017 to $104.2 million in 2018. The increase was driven by the acquisition of Xenith and the Shore Premier sale.
Noninterest expense increased $112.1 million, or 49.7%, from $225.7 million in 2017 to $337.8 million in 2018. Excluding $39.7 million and $5.4 million in merger-related costs in 2018 and 2017, respectively, operating noninterest expense (non-GAAP) increased $77.8 million, or 35.3%, compared to 2017. This increase was primarily due to the acquisition of Xenith.
2017 compared to 2016
Net income for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased $4.6 million, or 5.9%, from $77.5 million to $72.9 million and represented earnings per share of $1.67 compared to $1.77 for the year ended December 31, 2016. Excluding $4.4 million in after-tax merger-related costs and $6.3 million in nonrecurring tax expenses related to the Tax Act, net operating earnings (non-GAAP) were $83.6 million and operating earnings per share (non-GAAP) were $1.91 for the year ended December 31, 2017. For reconciliation of the non-GAAP measures, refer to section “Non-GAAP Measures” included within this Item 7. Included in net income was net income from discontinued operations of $747,000 and $1.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Refer to Note 18 "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations" Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data", of this Form 10-K for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.
Net interest income from continuing operations in 2017 increased $15.0 million from 2016, primarily driven by higher average loan balances. The provision for credit losses increased $1.9 million from $8.9 million in 2016 to $10.8 million in 2017 mainly due to loan growth.
Noninterest income from continuing operations increased $2.6 million from $59.8 million in 2016 to $62.4 million in 2017. The increase was driven by increases in customer-related fee income, fiduciary and asset management fees, and BOLI income, which were partially offset by lower loan-related interest rate swap fees.
Noninterest expense from continuing operations increased $12.6 million, or 5.9%, from $213.1 million in 2016 to $225.7 million in 2017. Excluding $5.4 million in merger-related costs in 2017, operating noninterest expense (non-GAAP) increased $7.2 million, or 3.4%, compared to 2016. This increase is primarily driven by an increase in salaries and benefits costs, OREO and credit-related expenses, and technology and data processing fees, which were partially offset by decreases in amortization of intangible assets and communication expenses.
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Net Interest Income
Net interest income, which represents the principal source of revenue for the Company, is the amount by which interest income exceeds interest expense. The net interest margin is net interest income expressed as a percentage of average earning assets. Changes in the volume and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as their respective yields and rates, have a significant impact on the level of net interest income, the net interest margin, and net income.
The information presented excludes discontinued operations. Refer to Note 18 "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations" in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data", of this Form 10-K for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.
The following tables show interest income on earning assets and related average yields, as well as interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities and related average rates paid for the periods indicated:

| For the Year Ended December 31, |  |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Change
| (Dollars in thousands)
Average interest-earning assets | $ | 11,620,893 |  |  | $ | 8,016,311 |  |  | $ | 3,604,582 |  |  |
Interest income | $ | 528,788 |  |  | $ | 329,044 |  |  | $ | 199,744 |  |  |
Interest income (FTE) (1) | $ | 536,981 |  |  | $ | 340,810 |  |  | $ | 196,171 |  |  |
Yield on interest-earning assets | 4.55 | % |  | 4.10 | % |  | 45 |  |  | bps
Yield on interest-earning assets (FTE) (1) | 4.62 | % |  | 4.25 | % |  | 37 |  |  | bps
Average interest-bearing liabilities | $ | 9,106,716 |  |  | $ | 6,262,536 |  |  | $ | 2,844,180 |  |  |
Interest expense | $ | 102,097 |  |  | $ | 50,037 |  |  | $ | 52,060 |  |  |
Cost of interest-bearing liabilities | 1.12 | % |  | 0.80 | % |  | 32 |  |  | bps
Cost of funds | 0.88 | % |  | 0.62 | % |  | 26 |  |  | bps
Net interest income | $ | 426,691 |  |  | $ | 279,007 |  |  | $ | 147,684 |  |  |
Net interest income (FTE) (1) | $ | 434,884 |  |  | $ | 290,773 |  |  | $ | 144,111 |  |  |
Net interest margin | 3.67 | % |  | 3.48 | % |  | 19 |  |  | bps
Net interest margin (FTE) (1) | 3.74 | % |  | 3.63 | % |  | 11 |  |  | bps

(1) Refer to section "Non-GAAP Measures" included within this Item 7
For the year ended December 31, 2018, net interest income was $426.7 million, an increase of $147.7 million from 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2018, tax-equivalent net interest income was $434.9 million, an increase of $144.1 million from the prior year. The increase in both net interest income and tax-equivalent net interest income were primarily the result of a $3.6 billion increase in average interest-earning assets and a $2.8 billion increase in average interest-bearing liabilities from the impact of the Xenith acquisition. Net accretion related to acquisition accounting increased $12.2 million from $7.0 million in 2017 to $19.2 million in 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2018, net interest margin increased 19 bps and tax-equivalent net interest margin increased 11 bps compared to 2017. The net increases in net interest margin and net interest margin (FTE) measures were primarily driven by an increase in the yield on earnings assets, partially offset by a smaller increase in cost of funds. The increase in the yield on earning assets was primarily attributable to higher loan portfolio yields due to increased short term market interest rates on variable rate loans and higher accretion income. The increase in cost of funds was primarily due to increased interest-bearing deposits and short-term borrowing rates resulting from increased short-term market interest rates.
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| For the Year Ended December 31, |  |
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Change
| (Dollars in thousands)
Average interest-earning assets | $ | 8,016,311 |  |  | $ | 7,249,090 |  |  | $ | 767,221 |  |  |
Interest income | $ | 329,044 |  |  | $ | 293,736 |  |  | $ | 35,308 |  |  |
Interest income (FTE) (1) | $ | 340,810 |  |  | $ | 305,164 |  |  | $ | 35,646 |  |  |
Yield on interest-earning assets | 4.10 | % |  | 4.05 | % |  | 5 |  |  | bps
Yield on interest-earning assets (FTE) (1) | 4.25 | % |  | 4.21 | % |  | 4 |  |  | bps
Average interest-bearing liabilities | $ | 6,262,536 |  |  | $ | 5,600,174 |  |  | $ | 662,362 |  |  |
Interest expense | $ | 50,037 |  |  | $ | 29,770 |  |  | $ | 20,267 |  |  |
Cost of interest-bearing liabilities | 0.80 | % |  | 0.53 | % |  | 27 |  |  | bps
Cost of funds | 0.62 | % |  | 0.41 | % |  | 21 |  |  | bps
Net interest income | $ | 279,007 |  |  | $ | 263,966 |  |  | $ | 15,041 |  |  |
Net interest income (FTE) (1) | $ | 290,773 |  |  | $ | 275,394 |  |  | $ | 15,379 |  |  |
Net interest margin | 3.48 | % |  | 3.64 | % |  | (16 | ) |  | bps
Net interest margin (FTE) (1) | 3.63 | % |  | 3.80 | % |  | (17 | ) |  | bps

(1) Refer to section "Non-GAAP Measures" included within this Item 7
For the year ended December 31, 2017, net interest income was $279.0 million, an increase of $15.0 million from 2016. For the year ended December 31, 2017, tax-equivalent net interest income was $290.8 million, an increase of $15.4 million from the prior year, primarily driven by higher average loan balances. Net accretion related to acquisition accounting increased $1.3 million from $5.7 million in 2016 to $7.0 million in 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2017, net interest margin decreased by 16 basis points and tax-equivalent net interest margin decreased by 17 bps compared to 2016. The net declines in these margin measures were primarily driven by the 21 bps increase in cost of funds, partially offset by the increase in interest-earning asset yields. The increase in the cost of funds was primarily attributable to the subordinated notes that the Company issued in the fourth quarter of 2016 as well as increased interest-bearing deposit and short-term borrowing rates.
38

The following table shows interest income on interest-earning assets and related average yields as well as interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities and related average rates paid for the years indicated (dollars in thousands):
AVERAGE BALANCES, INCOME AND EXPENSES, YIELDS AND RATES (TAXABLE EQUIVALENT BASIS)

| For the Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
| Average Balance |  | Interest Income / Expense (1) |  | Yield / Rate (1)(2) |  | Average Balance |  | Interest Income / Expense (1) |  | Yield / Rate (1)(2) |  | Average Balance |  | Interest Income / Expense (1) |  | Yield / Rate (1)(2)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | $ | 1,229,038 |  |  | $ | 36,851 |  |  | 3.00 | % |  | $ | 761,994 |  |  | $ | 20,305 |  |  | 2.66 | % |  | $ | 754,287 |  |  | $ | 18,319 |  |  | 2.43 | %
Tax-exempt | 647,980 |  |  | 25,262 |  |  | 3.90 | % |  | 468,111 |  |  | 21,852 |  |  | 4.67 | % |  | 448,405 |  |  | 21,216 |  |  | 4.73 | %
Total securities | 1,877,018 |  |  | 62,113 |  |  | 3.31 | % |  | 1,230,105 |  |  | 42,157 |  |  | 3.43 | % |  | 1,202,692 |  |  | 39,535 |  |  | 3.29 | %
Loans, net (3) (4) | 9,584,785 |  |  | 471,768 |  |  | 4.92 | % |  | 6,701,101 |  |  | 296,958 |  |  | 4.43 | % |  | 5,956,125 |  |  | 264,197 |  |  | 4.44 | %
Other earning assets | 159,090 |  |  | 3,100 |  |  | 1.95 | % |  | 85,105 |  |  | 1,695 |  |  | 1.99 | % |  | 90,273 |  |  | 1,432 |  |  | 1.59 | %
Total earning assets | 11,620,893 |  |  | $ | 536,981 |  |  | 4.62 | % |  | 8,016,311 |  |  | $ | 340,810 |  |  | 4.25 | % |  | 7,249,090 |  |  | $ | 305,164 |  |  | 4.21 | %
Allowance for loan losses | (41,218 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (38,014 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (36,034 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total non-earning assets | 1,601,934 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 841,845 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 833,249 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 13,181,609 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,820,142 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,046,305 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transaction and money market accounts | $ | 4,898,764 |  |  | $ | 32,222 |  |  | 0.66 | % |  | $ | 3,396,552 |  |  | $ | 11,892 |  |  | 0.35 | % |  | $ | 2,952,625 |  |  | $ | 6,327 |  |  | 0.21 | %
Regular savings | 640,337 |  |  | 847 |  |  | 0.13 | % |  | 565,901 |  |  | 643 |  |  | 0.11 | % |  | 592,215 |  |  | 850 |  |  | 0.14 | %
Time deposits (5) | 2,078,073 |  |  | 26,267 |  |  | 1.26 | % |  | 1,271,649 |  |  | 13,571 |  |  | 1.07 | % |  | 1,177,732 |  |  | 10,554 |  |  | 0.90 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits | 7,617,174 |  |  | 59,336 |  |  | 0.78 | % |  | 5,234,102 |  |  | 26,106 |  |  | 0.50 | % |  | 4,722,572 |  |  | 17,731 |  |  | 0.38 | %
Other borrowings (6) | 1,489,542 |  |  | 42,761 |  |  | 2.87 | % |  | 1,028,434 |  |  | 23,931 |  |  | 2.33 | % |  | 877,602 |  |  | 12,039 |  |  | 1.37 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 9,106,716 |  |  | $ | 102,097 |  |  | 1.12 | % |  | 6,262,536 |  |  | $ | 50,037 |  |  | 0.80 | % |  | 5,600,174 |  |  | $ | 29,770 |  |  | 0.53 | %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | 2,100,489 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,467,373 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,388,216 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities | 111,189 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 59,386 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 63,130 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities | 11,318,394 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,789,295 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,051,520 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders' equity | 1,863,215 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,030,847 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 994,785 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 13,181,609 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,820,142 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,046,305 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  | $434,884 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $290,773 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $275,394 |  |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.50 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.45 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.68 | %
Cost of funds |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.88 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.62 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.41 | %
Net interest margin |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.74 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.63 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.80 | %

(1) Income and yields are reported on a taxable equivalent basis using the statutory federal corporate tax rate of 21% for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 35% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
(2) Rates and yields are annualized and calculated from actual, not rounded amounts in thousands, which appear above.
(3) Nonaccrual loans are included in average loans outstanding.
(4) Interest income on loans includes $17.1 million, $6.8 million, and $5.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, in accretion of the fair market value adjustments related to acquisitions.
(5) Interest expense on certificates of deposits includes $2.6 million, $0, and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, in accretion of the fair market value adjustments related to acquisitions.
(6) Interest expense on borrowings includes ($506,000), $170,000, and $458,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 in accretion (amortization) of the fair market value adjustments related to acquisitions.
39

The Volume Rate Analysis table below presents changes in interest income and interest expense and distinguishes between the changes related to increases or decreases in average outstanding balances of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities (volume), and the changes related to increases or decreases in average interest rates on such assets and liabilities (rate). Changes attributable to both volume and rate have been allocated proportionally. Results, on a taxable equivalent basis, are as follows in this Volume Rate Analysis table for the years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 vs. 2017 Increase (Decrease) Due to Change in: |  | 2017 vs. 2016 Increase (Decrease) Due to Change in:
| Volume |  | Rate |  | Total |  | Volume |  | Rate |  | Total
Earning Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | $ | 13,740 |  |  | $ | 2,806 |  |  | $ | 16,546 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 1,797 |  |  | $ | 1,986 |
Tax-exempt | 7,428 |  |  | (4,018 | ) |  | 3,410 |  |  | 923 |  |  | (287 | ) |  | 636 |
Total securities | 21,168 |  |  | (1,212 | ) |  | 19,956 |  |  | 1,112 |  |  | 1,510 |  |  | 2,622 |
Loans, net (1) | 139,042 |  |  | 35,768 |  |  | 174,810 |  |  | 33,014 |  |  | (253 | ) |  | 32,761 |
Other earning assets | 1,443 |  |  | (38 | ) |  | 1,405 |  |  | (86 | ) |  | 349 |  |  | 263 |
Total earning assets | $ | 161,653 |  |  | $ | 34,518 |  |  | $ | 196,171 |  |  | $ | 34,040 |  |  | $ | 1,606 |  |  | $ | 35,646 |
Interest-Bearing Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transaction and money market accounts | $ | 6,808 |  |  | $ | 13,522 |  |  | $ | 20,330 |  |  | $ | 1,067 |  |  | $ | 4,498 |  |  | $ | 5,565 |
Regular savings | 90 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 204 |  |  | (36 | ) |  | (171 | ) |  | (207 | )
Time deposits (2) | 9,835 |  |  | 2,861 |  |  | 12,696 |  |  | 889 |  |  | 2,128 |  |  | 3,017 |
Total interest-bearing deposits | 16,733 |  |  | 16,497 |  |  | 33,230 |  |  | 1,920 |  |  | 6,455 |  |  | 8,375 |
Other borrowings (3) | 12,378 |  |  | 6,452 |  |  | 18,830 |  |  | 2,354 |  |  | 9,538 |  |  | 11,892 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 29,111 |  |  | 22,949 |  |  | 52,060 |  |  | 4,274 |  |  | 15,993 |  |  | 20,267 |
Change in net interest income | $ | 132,542 |  |  | $ | 11,569 |  |  | $ | 144,111 |  |  | $ | 29,766 |  |  | $ | (14,387 | ) |  | $ | 15,379 |

(1) The rate-related change in interest income on loans includes the impact of higher accretion of the acquisition-related fair market value adjustments of $10.4 million and $1.6 million for the 2018 vs. 2017 and 2017 vs. 2016 change, respectively.
(2) The rate-related change in interest expense on deposits includes the impact of higher accretion of the acquisition-related fair market value adjustments of $2.6 million for the 2018 vs. 2017 change; there was no impact on accretion impact on the 2017 vs. 2016 change.
(3) The rate-related change in interest expense on other borrowings includes the impact of lower accretion of the acquisition-related fair market value adjustments of $676,000 and $288,000 for the 2018 vs. 2017 and 2017 vs. 2016 change, respectively.
The Company’s fully taxable equivalent net interest margin includes the impact of acquisition accounting fair value adjustments. The impact of net accretion for 2016, 2017, 2018, and the remaining estimated net accretion are reflected in the following table (dollars in thousands):

| Loans Accretion |  | Deposit Accretion |  | Borrowings Accretion (Amortization) |  | Total
For the year ended December 31, 2016 | $ | 5,218 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 458 |  |  | $ | 5,676 |
For the year ended December 31, 2017 | 6,784 |  |  | — |  |  | 170 |  |  | 6,954 |
For the year ended December 31, 2018 | 17,145 |  |  | 2,553 |  |  | (506 | ) |  | 19,192 |
For the years ending (estimated) (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2019 | 10,538 |  |  | 1,170 |  |  | (660 | ) |  | 11,048 |
2020 | 8,130 |  |  | 284 |  |  | (734 | ) |  | 7,680 |
2021 | 6,614 |  |  | 108 |  |  | (805 | ) |  | 5,917 |
2022 | 4,984 |  |  | 21 |  |  | (827 | ) |  | 4,178 |
2023 | 2,996 |  |  | — |  |  | (850 | ) |  | 2,146 |
Thereafter | 10,550 |  |  | — |  |  | (11,633 | ) |  | (1,083 | )

(1) Estimated net accretion only includes accretion for the previously completed acquisitions completed prior to December 31,2018. The accretion effects of the Access Merger are not included in the information above.
40

Noninterest Income
The following tables exclude discontinued operations. Refer to Note 18 "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations" in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data", of this Form 10-K for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.

| For the Year Ended December 31, |  | Change
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | %
| (Dollars in thousands)
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | $ | 25,439 |  |  | $ | 18,850 |  |  | $ | 6,589 |  |  | 35.0 | %
Other service charges, commissions and fees | 5,603 |  |  | 4,593 |  |  | 1,010 |  |  | 22.0 | %
Interchange fees, net | 18,803 |  |  | 14,974 |  |  | 3,829 |  |  | 25.6 | %
Fiduciary and asset management fees | 16,150 |  |  | 11,245 |  |  | 4,905 |  |  | 43.6 | %
Gains (losses) on securities transactions, net | 383 |  |  | 800 |  |  | (417 | ) |  | (52.1 | )%
Bank owned life insurance income | 7,198 |  |  | 6,144 |  |  | 1,054 |  |  | 17.2 | %
Loan-related interest rate swap fees | 3,554 |  |  | 3,051 |  |  | 503 |  |  | 16.5 | %
Gain on Shore Premier sale | 19,966 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,966 |  |  | — | %
Other operating income | 7,145 |  |  | 2,772 |  |  | 4,373 |  |  | 157.8 | %
Total noninterest income | $ | 104,241 |  |  | $ | 62,429 |  |  | $ | 41,812 |  |  | 67.0 | %

For the year ended December 31, 2018, noninterest income increased $41.8 million, or 67.0%, to $104.2 million, from $62.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily driven by the net gain on the Shore Premier sale of $20.0 million. Customer-related fee income increased by $11.4 million primarily due to increases in overdraft and debit card interchange fees related to the acquisition of Xenith; fiduciary and asset management fees were $4.9 million higher primarily due to the acquisitions of DHFB and OAL in the second and third quarter of 2018, respectively; BOLI increased $1.1 million primarily due to death benefit proceeds received in 2018; and the increase in other operating income was primarily driven by insurance proceeds of approximately $976,000 and higher income from Bankers Insurance Group.

| For the Year Ended December 31, |  | Change
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | $ |  | %
| (Dollars in thousands)
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | $ | 18,850 |  |  | $ | 18,168 |  |  | $ | 682 |  |  | 3.8 | %
Other service charges, commissions and fees | 4,593 |  |  | 4,445 |  |  | 148 |  |  | 3.3 | %
Interchange fees, net | 14,974 |  |  | 14,058 |  |  | 916 |  |  | 6.5 | %
Fiduciary and asset management fees | 11,245 |  |  | 10,199 |  |  | 1,046 |  |  | 10.3 | %
Gains (losses) on securities transactions, net | 800 |  |  | 205 |  |  | 595 |  |  | 290.2 | %
Bank owned life insurance income | 6,144 |  |  | 5,513 |  |  | 631 |  |  | 11.4 | %
Loan-related interest rate swap fees | 3,051 |  |  | 4,254 |  |  | (1,203 | ) |  | (28.3 | )%
Other operating income | 2,772 |  |  | 3,007 |  |  | (235 | ) |  | (7.8 | )%
Total noninterest income | $ | 62,429 |  |  | $ | 59,849 |  |  | $ | 2,580 |  |  | 4.3 | %

For the year ended December 31, 2017, noninterest income increased $2.6 million, or 4.3%, to $62.4 million, from $59.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Customer-related fee income increased by $1.7 million primarily due to increases in overdraft and debit card interchange fees; fiduciary and asset management fees were $1.0 million higher due to the acquisition of ODCM in the second quarter of 2016; BOLI increased $631,000 primarily due to death benefit proceeds received in 2017; and gains on sales of securities were $595,000 higher, in each case as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. These increases were partially offset by lower loan-related swap fees of $1.2 million.
41

Noninterest Expense
The following tables exclude discontinued operations. Refer to Note 18 "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations" in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data", of this Form 10-K for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.

| For the Year Ended December 31, |  | Change
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ |  | %
| (Dollars in thousands)
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and benefits | $ | 159,378 |  |  | $ | 115,968 |  |  | $ | 43,410 |  |  | 37.4 | %
Occupancy expenses | 25,368 |  |  | 18,558 |  |  | 6,810 |  |  | 36.7 | %
Furniture and equipment expenses | 11,991 |  |  | 10,047 |  |  | 1,944 |  |  | 19.3 | %
Printing, postage, and supplies | 4,650 |  |  | 4,901 |  |  | (251 | ) |  | (5.1 | )%
Communications expense | 3,898 |  |  | 3,304 |  |  | 594 |  |  | 18.0 | %
Technology and data processing | 18,397 |  |  | 16,132 |  |  | 2,265 |  |  | 14.0 | %
Professional services | 10,283 |  |  | 7,767 |  |  | 2,516 |  |  | 32.4 | %
Marketing and advertising expense | 10,043 |  |  | 7,795 |  |  | 2,248 |  |  | 28.8 | %
FDIC assessment premiums and other insurance | 6,644 |  |  | 4,048 |  |  | 2,596 |  |  | 64.1 | %
Other taxes | 11,542 |  |  | 8,087 |  |  | 3,455 |  |  | 42.7 | %
Loan-related expenses | 7,206 |  |  | 4,733 |  |  | 2,473 |  |  | 52.3 | %
OREO and credit-related expenses | 4,131 |  |  | 3,764 |  |  | 367 |  |  | 9.8 | %
Amortization of intangible assets | 12,839 |  |  | 6,088 |  |  | 6,751 |  |  | 110.9 | %
Training and other personnel costs | 4,259 |  |  | 3,843 |  |  | 416 |  |  | 10.8 | %
Merger-related costs | 39,728 |  |  | 5,393 |  |  | 34,335 |  |  | NM |
Other expenses | 7,410 |  |  | 5,240 |  |  | 2,170 |  |  | 41.4 | %
Total noninterest expense | $ | 337,767 |  |  | $ | 225,668 |  |  | $ | 112,099 |  |  | 49.7 | %

NM - Not meaningful
For the year ended December 31, 2018, noninterest expense increased $112.1 million, or 49.7%, to $337.8 million, from $225.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Excluding merger-related costs of $39.7 million and $5.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, operating noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $77.8 million, or 35.3% compared to the same period in 2017, primarily driven by the acquisitions of Xenith, DHFB and OAL. Salaries and benefits expenses increased $43.4 million primarily due to the Xenith a cquisition. Marketing and advertising expense increased $2.2 million due to building brand awareness of the combined companies and increased sponsorships and advertising for new programs and products.
42

| For the Year Ended December 31, |  | Change
| 2017 |  | 2016 |  | $ |  | %
| (Dollars in thousands)
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and benefits | $ | 115,968 |  |  | $ | 110,521 |  |  | $ | 5,447 |  |  | 4.9 | %
Occupancy expenses | 18,558 |  |  | 18,502 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 0.3 | %
Furniture and equipment expenses | 10,047 |  |  | 9,814 |  |  | 233 |  |  | 2.4 | %
Printing, postage, and supplies | 4,901 |  |  | 4,610 |  |  | 291 |  |  | 6.3 | %
Communications expense | 3,304 |  |  | 3,744 |  |  | (440 | ) |  | (11.8 | )%
Technology and data processing | 16,132 |  |  | 15,032 |  |  | 1,100 |  |  | 7.3 | %
Professional services | 7,767 |  |  | 8,051 |  |  | (284 | ) |  | (3.5 | )%
Marketing and advertising expense | 7,795 |  |  | 7,756 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 0.5 | %
FDIC assessment premiums and other insurance | 4,048 |  |  | 5,406 |  |  | (1,358 | ) |  | (25.1 | )%
Other taxes | 8,087 |  |  | 5,448 |  |  | 2,639 |  |  | 48.4 | %
Loan-related expenses | 4,733 |  |  | 4,168 |  |  | 565 |  |  | 13.6 | %
OREO and credit-related expenses | 3,764 |  |  | 2,600 |  |  | 1,164 |  |  | 44.8 | %
Amortization of intangible assets | 6,088 |  |  | 7,210 |  |  | (1,122 | ) |  | (15.6 | )%
Training and other personnel costs | 3,843 |  |  | 3,359 |  |  | 484 |  |  | 14.4 | %
Merger-related expenses | 5,393 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,393 |  |  | — | %
Other expenses | 5,240 |  |  | 6,869 |  |  | (1,629 | ) |  | (23.7 | )%
Total noninterest expense | $ | 225,668 |  |  | $ | 213,090 |  |  | $ | 12,578 |  |  | 5.9 | %

For the year ended December 31, 2017, noninterest expense increased $12.6 million, or 5.9%, to $225.7 million, from $213.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Excluding merger-related costs of $5.4 million, operating noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $7.2 million, or 3.4%, from the year ended December 31, 2016. Salaries and benefits expense increased $5.4 million primarily related to annual merit adjustments; increases in benefits and equity-based compensation; and increased expenses related to investments in the Company's growth, including the acquisition of ODCM. The increase in other taxes was partially offset by the decrease in FDIC expenses, including assessment premiums and other insurance, due to the impact of the issuance of the subordinated notes in the fourth quarter of 2016. The remaining increase in other taxes was primarily related to a nonrecurring reduction in expenses of approximately $900,000 related to the Company's investment in a historic rehabilitation project that was completed, and the related historic tax credits realized, in the third quarter of 2016. OREO and credit-related expenses increased $1.2 million primarily due to higher valuation adjustments as well as losses on sales of properties compared to gains in 2016. During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company entered into a contract to sell a long-held property that includes developed residential lots, a golf course, and undeveloped land and as a result recorded a valuation adjustment of $980,000. Technology and data processing costs increased $1.1 million, mostly due to higher software maintenance and online banking costs due to increased customer activity compared to 2016. These increases were partially offset by lower intangible amortization expense of $1.1 million and declines in communication expenses of $440,000.
43

Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes is based upon the results of operations, adjusted for the effect of certain tax-exempt income and non-deductible expenses. In addition, certain items of income and expense are reported in different periods for financial reporting and tax return purposes. The tax effects of these temporary differences are recognized currently in the deferred income tax provision or benefit. Deferred tax assets or liabilities are computed based on the difference between the financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using the applicable enacted marginal tax rate.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into law. Among other things, the Tax Act permanently reduced the corporate tax rate to 21% from the prior maximum rate of 35%, effective for tax years including or commencing January 1, 2018. As a result of the reduction of the corporate tax rate to 21%, companies were required to revalue their deferred tax assets and liabilities as of the date of enactment, with resulting tax effects accounted for in the fourth quarter of 2017. During 2017, the Company recorded $6.1 million in additional tax expense based on the Company's analysis of the impact of the Tax Act.
The Bank is not subject to a state income tax in its primary place of business (Virginia). The Company’s other subsidiaries are subject to state income taxes and have generated losses for state income tax purposes. Based on its latest analysis, at December 31, 2018, management concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company would be able to fully realize its deferred tax asset related to net operating losses generated at the state level and adjusted the valuation allowance accordingly. State net operating loss carryovers will begin to expire after 2026.
The effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was 16.7%, 31.2%, and 25.5%, respectively. The changes in the effective tax rate in 2018 and 2017 were due primarily to the impact of the Tax Act.
44

BALANCE SHEET
The following information excludes discontinued operations. Refer to Note 18 "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations" in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data", of this Form 10-K for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.
Assets
At December 31, 2018, total assets were $13.8 billion, an increase of $4.5 billion, from $9.3 billion at December 31, 2017. The increase in assets was primarily related to the acquisition of Xenith and loan growth.
On January 1, 2018, the Company completed its acquisition of Xenith. Below is a summary of the transaction and related impact on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet.
• The fair value of assets acquired equaled $3.2 billion, and the fair value of liabilities assumed equaled $2.9 billion.
• Loans held for investment acquired totaled $2.5 billion with a fair value of $2.5 billion.
• Total deposits assumed totaled $2.5 billion with a fair value of $2.6 billion.
• Total goodwill arising from the transaction equaled $423.8 million.
• Core deposit intangibles acquired totaled $38.5 million.
Loans held for investment, net of deferred fees and costs, were $9.7 billion at December 31, 2018, an increase of $2.6 billion, or 36.1%, from December 31, 2017. On a pro forma basis, including Xenith loans and the impact of Shore Premier, loans held for investment increased $120.8 million from January 1, 2018, primarily due to the Shore Premier sale and the sale of consumer home improvement loans that had been originated through a third-party lending program. Loans held for investment grew $683.9 million, or 7.6% from January 1, 2018. Average loan balances increased $2.6 billion in 2018, or 37.3%, from 2017. The increase from prior year was primarily due to the Xenith acquisition. For additional information on the Company’s loan activity, please refer to section “Loan Portfolio” included within this Item 7 and Note 4 “Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
At December 31, 2018, total liabilities were $11.8 billion, an increase of $3.5 billion, from $8.3 billion at December 31, 2017.
Total deposits at December 31, 2018 were $10.0 billion, an increase of $3.0 billion, or 42.6%, when compared to $7.0 billion at December 31, 2017. On a pro-forma basis, including Xenith deposits, deposits grew $429.6 million, or 4.5%, from January 1, 2018. Average deposit balances increased $3.0 billion, or 43.1%, from 2017. The increase from prior year was primarily due to the Xenith acquisition and the Company's continued growth in low cost deposit accounts, specifically demand deposits and money market accounts. The increase in low cost deposit accounts is driven by the Company’s focus on acquiring low cost funding sources and customer preference for liquidity in response to current market conditions. For additional information on this topic, see section “Deposits” included within this Item 7.
Total borrowings at December 31, 2018 were $1.8 billion, an increase of $536.9 million, or 44.0%, when compared to $1.2 billion at December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily driven by increases in FHLB borrowings of $483.6 million. For additional information on the Company’s borrowing activity, please refer to Note 8 “Borrowings” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 ""Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
At December 31, 2018, stockholders’ equity was $1.9 billion, an increase of $878.3 million from December 31, 2017. The Company’s capital ratios continue to exceed the minimum capital requirements for regulatory purposes. The following table summarizes the Company’s regulatory capital ratios for the periods ended December 31, (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratio | 9.93 | % |  | 9.04 | %
Tier 1 capital ratio | 11.09 | % |  | 10.14 | %
Total capital ratio | 12.88 | % |  | 12.43 | %
Common equity to total assets | 13.98 | % |  | 11.23 | %
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (1) | 8.84 | % |  | 8.14 | %
(1) Refer to Item 7 section "Non-GAAP Measures" included within this item 7

45

During 2018, the Company declared and paid cash dividends of $0.88 per share, an increase of $0.07 per share, or 8.6%, over cash dividends paid in 2017.
Securities
At December 31, 2018, the Company had total investments in the amount of $2.4 billion, or 17.4% of total assets, as compared to $1.2 billion, or 13.4% of total assets, at December 31, 2017. The Company seeks to diversify its portfolio to minimize risk. It focuses on purchasing mortgage-backed securities for cash flow and reinvestment opportunities and securities issued by states and political subdivisions due to the tax benefits and the higher yield offered from these securities. The majority of the Company’s mortgage-backed securities are investment grade. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company entered into a swap agreement to hedge the interest rate on a portion of its fixed rate available for sale securities. For information regarding the hedge transaction related to available for sale securities, see Note 10, "Derivatives" in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
The table below sets forth a summary of the securities available for sale, securities held to maturity, and restricted stock for the following periods (dollars in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Available for Sale: |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 468,491 |  |  | $ | 301,824 |
Corporate bonds | 167,696 |  |  | 113,880 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 1,129,865 |  |  | 548,858 |
Other securities | 8,769 |  |  | 9,660 |
Total securities available for sale, at fair value | 1,774,821 |  |  | 974,222 |
Held to Maturity: |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions, at carrying value | 492,272 |  |  | 199,639 |
Restricted Stock: |  |  |
Federal Reserve Bank stock | 52,576 |  |  | 27,558 |
FHLB stock | 72,026 |  |  | 47,725 |
Total restricted stock, at cost | 124,602 |  |  | 75,283 |
Total investments | $ | 2,391,695 |  |  | $ | 1,249,144 |

During each quarter and at year end, the Company conducts an assessment of the securities portfolio for OTTI consideration. No OTTI was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Company monitors the portfolio, which is subject to liquidity needs, market rate changes, and credit risk changes, to determine whether adjustments are needed. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers included in mortgage-backed securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
46

The following table summarizes the contractual maturity of securities available for sale at fair value and their weighted average yields as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| 1 Year or Less |  | 1 - 5 Years |  | 5 - 10 Years |  | Over 10 Years |  | Total
Mortgage backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortized cost | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 156,830 |  |  | $ | 91,347 |  |  | $ | 889,828 |  |  | $ | 1,138,034 |
Fair value | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 154,387 |  |  | $ | 89,433 |  |  | $ | 886,016 |  |  | $ | 1,129,865 |
Weighted average yield (1) | 3.73 |  |  | 2.30 |  |  | 2.40 |  |  | 3.12 |  |  | 2.95 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortized cost | $ | 16,355 |  |  | $ | 29,194 |  |  | $ | 42,994 |  |  | $ | 378,045 |  |  | $ | 466,588 |
Fair value | $ | 16,491 |  |  | $ | 29,667 |  |  | $ | 43,527 |  |  | $ | 378,806 |  |  | $ | 468,491 |
Weighted average yield (1) | 5.10 |  |  | 4.15 |  |  | 4.05 |  |  | 3.64 |  |  | 3.76 |
Corporate bonds and other securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortized cost | $ | 6,269 |  |  | $ | 4,979 |  |  | $ | 83,870 |  |  | $ | 81,212 |  |  | $ | 176,330 |
Fair value | $ | 6,269 |  |  | $ | 4,945 |  |  | $ | 84,344 |  |  | $ | 80,907 |  |  | $ | 176,465 |
Weighted average yield (1) | 2.11 |  |  | 3.65 |  |  | 4.54 |  |  | 3.40 |  |  | 3.90 |
Total securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortized cost | $ | 22,653 |  |  | $ | 191,003 |  |  | $ | 218,211 |  |  | $ | 1,349,085 |  |  | $ | 1,780,952 |
Fair value | $ | 22,789 |  |  | $ | 188,999 |  |  | $ | 217,304 |  |  | $ | 1,345,729 |  |  | $ | 1,774,821 |
Weighted average yield (1) | 4.27 |  |  | 2.62 |  |  | 3.55 |  |  | 3.28 |  |  | 3.26 |

(1) Yields on tax-exempt securities have been computed on a tax-equivalent basis.
The following table summarizes the contractual maturity of securities held to maturity at carrying value and their weighted average yields as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| 1 Year or Less |  | 1 - 5 Years |  | 5 - 10 Years |  | Over 10 Years |  | Total
Obligations of states and political subdivisions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Carrying Value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,893 |  |  | $ | 3,480 |  |  | $ | 484,899 |  |  | $ | 492,272 |
Fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,900 |  |  | $ | 3,507 |  |  | $ | 492,094 |  |  | $ | 499,501 |
Weighted average yield (1) | — |  |  | 2.31 |  |  | 2.64 |  |  | 4.12 |  |  | 4.09 |

(1) Yields on tax-exempt securities have been computed on a tax-equivalent basis.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company maintained a diversified municipal bond portfolio with approximately 61% of its holdings in general obligation issues and the remainder primarily backed by revenue bonds. Issuances within the State of Texas represented 17%; no other state had a concentration above 10%. Substantially all municipal holdings are considered investment grade. When purchasing municipal securities, the Company focuses on strong underlying ratings for general obligation issuers or bonds backed by essential service revenues.
47

Loan Portfolio
Loans held for investment, net of deferred fees and costs, were $9.7 billion and $7.1 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied loans continue to represent the Company’s largest category, comprising 25.4% of the total loan portfolio at December 31, 2018.
The following table presents the Company’s composition of loans held for investment, net of deferred fees and costs, in dollar amounts and as a percentage of total gross loans as of December 31, (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Construction and Land Development | $ | 1,194,821 |  |  | 12.3 | % |  | $ | 948,791 |  |  | 13.3 | % |  | $ | 751,131 |  |  | 11.9 | % |  | $ | 749,720 |  |  | 13.2 | % |  | $ | 656,380 |  |  | 12.3 | %
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 1,337,345 |  |  | 13.8 | % |  | 943,933 |  |  | 13.2 | % |  | 857,805 |  |  | 13.6 | % |  | 860,086 |  |  | 15.2 | % |  | 869,200 |  |  | 16.3 | %
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 2,467,410 |  |  | 25.4 | % |  | 1,713,659 |  |  | 24.0 | % |  | 1,564,295 |  |  | 24.8 | % |  | 1,270,480 |  |  | 22.3 | % |  | 1,183,514 |  |  | 22.0 | %
Multifamily Real Estate | 548,231 |  |  | 5.6 | % |  | 357,079 |  |  | 5.0 | % |  | 334,276 |  |  | 5.3 | % |  | 322,528 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | 297,366 |  |  | 5.6 | %
Commercial & Industrial | 1,317,135 |  |  | 13.6 | % |  | 612,023 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | 551,526 |  |  | 8.7 | % |  | 435,365 |  |  | 7.7 | % |  | 374,096 |  |  | 7.0 | %
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 713,750 |  |  | 7.3 | % |  | 612,395 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | 551,636 |  |  | 8.7 | % |  | 517,063 |  |  | 9.2 | % |  | 508,503 |  |  | 9.5 | %
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 600,578 |  |  | 6.2 | % |  | 485,690 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | 477,911 |  |  | 7.6 | % |  | 461,406 |  |  | 8.1 | % |  | 474,571 |  |  | 8.9 | %
Auto | 301,943 |  |  | 3.1 | % |  | 282,474 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | 262,071 |  |  | 4.2 | % |  | 234,061 |  |  | 4.1 | % |  | 207,813 |  |  | 3.9 | %
HELOC | 613,383 |  |  | 6.3 | % |  | 537,521 |  |  | 7.5 | % |  | 526,884 |  |  | 8.4 | % |  | 516,726 |  |  | 9.1 | % |  | 523,341 |  |  | 9.8 | %
Consumer | 379,694 |  |  | 3.9 | % |  | 408,667 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | 278,549 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 169,903 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | 125,313 |  |  | 2.3 | %
Other Commercial | 241,917 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | 239,320 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | 150,976 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | 134,124 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | 125,899 |  |  | 2.4 | %
Total loans held for investment | $ | 9,716,207 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 7,141,552 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 6,307,060 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5,671,462 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5,345,996 |  |  | 100.0 | %

The following table presents the remaining maturities, based on contractual maturity, by loan type and by rate type (variable or fixed), as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

|  |  |  |  | Variable Rate |  | Fixed Rate
| Total Maturities |  | Less than 1 year |  | Total |  | 1-5 years |  | More than 5 years |  | Total |  | 1-5 years |  | More than 5 years
Construction and Land Development | $ | 1,194,821 |  |  | $ | 567,346 |  |  | $ | 356,970 |  |  | $ | 289,810 |  |  | $ | 67,160 |  |  | $ | 270,505 |  |  | $ | 211,573 |  |  | $ | 58,932 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 1,337,345 |  |  | 160,235 |  |  | 298,962 |  |  | 59,819 |  |  | 239,143 |  |  | 878,148 |  |  | 600,108 |  |  | 278,040 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 2,467,410 |  |  | 252,925 |  |  | 882,486 |  |  | 390,913 |  |  | 491,573 |  |  | 1,331,999 |  |  | 996,827 |  |  | 335,172 |
Multifamily Real Estate | 548,231 |  |  | 39,765 |  |  | 224,044 |  |  | 110,156 |  |  | 113,888 |  |  | 284,422 |  |  | 258,886 |  |  | 25,536 |
Commercial & Industrial | 1,317,135 |  |  | 426,303 |  |  | 527,440 |  |  | 437,448 |  |  | 89,992 |  |  | 363,392 |  |  | 261,907 |  |  | 101,485 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 713,750 |  |  | 102,873 |  |  | 96,286 |  |  | 12,815 |  |  | 83,471 |  |  | 514,591 |  |  | 407,804 |  |  | 106,787 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 600,578 |  |  | 11,197 |  |  | 300,784 |  |  | 6,203 |  |  | 294,581 |  |  | 288,597 |  |  | 21,895 |  |  | 266,702 |
Auto | 301,943 |  |  | 2,663 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 299,276 |  |  | 154,437 |  |  | 144,839 |
HELOC | 613,383 |  |  | 51,678 |  |  | 555,051 |  |  | 96,695 |  |  | 458,356 |  |  | 6,654 |  |  | 1,207 |  |  | 5,447 |
Consumer | 379,694 |  |  | 5,226 |  |  | 14,883 |  |  | 13,005 |  |  | 1,878 |  |  | 359,585 |  |  | 247,414 |  |  | 112,171 |
Other Commercial | 241,917 |  |  | 48,965 |  |  | 84,322 |  |  | 7,701 |  |  | 76,621 |  |  | 108,630 |  |  | 46,440 |  |  | 62,190 |
Total loans held for investment | $ | 9,716,207 |  |  | $ | 1,669,176 |  |  | $ | 3,341,232 |  |  | $ | 1,424,569 |  |  | $ | 1,916,663 |  |  | $ | 4,705,799 |  |  | $ | 3,208,498 |  |  | $ | 1,497,301 |

48

The Company remains committed to originating soundly underwritten loans to qualifying borrowers within its markets. The Company is focused on providing community-based financial services and discourages the origination of portfolio loans outside of its principal trade areas. As reflected in the loan table, at December 31, 2018, the largest components of the Company’s loan portfolio consisted of commercial real estate, commercial & industrial, and construction and land development loans. The risks attributable to these concentrations are mitigated by the Company’s credit underwriting and monitoring processes, including oversight by a centralized credit administration function and credit policy and risk management committee, as well as seasoned bankers focusing their lending to borrowers with proven track records in markets with which the Company is familiar.
49

Asset Quality
Overview
At December 31, 2018, the Company had higher levels of NPAs compared to December 31, 2017, due to the increase in nonaccrual loan levels, nearly half of which related to four unrelated credit relationships that were classified as nonaccrual during the second and third quarters of 2018. Foreclosed properties increased compared to 2017 due to acquired foreclosed properties, which was partially offset by higher proceeds from sales of foreclosed property. Past due loan levels increased from 2017 primarily due to a seasonal increase related to residential 1-4 family loans that were 30 days past due as of year-end of which the majority subsequently became current.
Net charge-offs increased for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017 due to higher consumer loan net charge-offs. The provision for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2018 increased from 2017 primarily due to loan growth.
The Company believes that its continued proactive efforts to effectively manage its loan portfolio have contributed to the sustained historically low levels of NPAs. Efforts include identifying existing problem credits as well as generating new business relationships. Through early identification and diligent monitoring of specific problem credits where the uncertainty has been realized, or conversely, has been reduced or eliminated, the Company’s management has been able to quantify the credit risk in its loan portfolio, adjust collateral dependent credits to appropriate reserve levels, and further identify those credits that are not recoverable. The Company continues to refrain from originating or purchasing loans from foreign entities. The Company selectively originates loans to higher risk borrowers. The Company’s loan portfolio generally does not include exposure to option adjustable rate mortgage products, high loan-to-value ratio mortgages, interest only mortgage loans, subprime mortgage loans or mortgage loans with initial teaser rates, which are all considered higher risk instruments.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements, notes, and Management's Discussion and Analysis reflect reclassification of certain prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation. The Company historically presented former bank premises and foreclosed properties as OREO; however, during the current year the Company segregated former bank premises and foreclosed properties due to the distinct differences underlying these assets. Foreclosed properties and former bank premises have been reclassified to "Other Assets" within the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet for all periods presented. In addition, the Company no longer includes former bank premises when discussing non-performing assets when discussing asset quality. This reclassification was not material to the audited consolidated financial statements or the Management's Discussion and Analysis.
Nonperforming Assets
At December 31, 2018, NPAs totaled $33.7 million, an increase of $6.7 million, or 24.7%, from December 31, 2017. NPAs as a percentage of total outstanding loans decreased 3 bps to 0.35% from 0.38% at the end of the prior year. The decrease is due to the growth in the loan portfolio out pacing the growth of NPAs. All nonaccrual and past due metrics discussed below exclude PCI loans, which aggregated $90.2 million (net of fair value mark of $23.3 million) at December 31, 2018.
50

The following table shows a summary of asset quality balances and related ratios as of and for the years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Nonaccrual loans, excluding PCI loans | $ | 26,953 |  |  | $ | 21,743 |  |  | $ | 9,973 |  |  | $ | 11,936 |  |  | $ | 19,255 |
Foreclosed properties | 6,722 |  |  | 5,253 |  |  | 7,430 |  |  | 11,994 |  |  | 23,058 |
Total NPAs | 33,675 |  |  | 26,996 |  |  | 17,403 |  |  | 23,930 |  |  | 42,313 |
Loans past due 90 days and accruing interest | 8,856 |  |  | 3,532 |  |  | 3,005 |  |  | 5,829 |  |  | 10,047 |
Total NPAs and loans past due 90 days and accruing interest | $ | 42,531 |  |  | $ | 30,528 |  |  | $ | 20,408 |  |  | $ | 29,759 |  |  | $ | 52,360 |
Performing TDRs | $ | 19,201 |  |  | $ | 14,553 |  |  | $ | 13,967 |  |  | $ | 10,780 |  |  | $ | 22,829 |
PCI loans | 90,221 |  |  | 39,021 |  |  | 59,292 |  |  | 73,737 |  |  | 105,788 |
Balances |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses | $ | 41,045 |  |  | $ | 38,208 |  |  | $ | 37,192 |  |  | $ | 34,047 |  |  | $ | 32,384 |
Average loans, net of deferred fees and costs | 9,584,785 |  |  | 6,701,101 |  |  | 5,956,125 |  |  | 5,487,367 |  |  | 5,235,471 |
Loans, net of deferred fees and costs | 9,716,207 |  |  | 7,141,552 |  |  | 6,307,060 |  |  | 5,671,462 |  |  | 5,345,996 |
Ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NPAs to total loans | 0.35 | % |  | 0.38 | % |  | 0.28 | % |  | 0.42 | % |  | 0.79 | %
NPAs & loans 90 days past due to total loans | 0.44 | % |  | 0.43 | % |  | 0.32 | % |  | 0.52 | % |  | 0.98 | %
NPAs to total loans & foreclosed property | 0.35 | % |  | 0.38 | % |  | 0.28 | % |  | 0.42 | % |  | 0.79 | %
NPAs & loans 90 days past due to total loans & foreclosed property | 0.44 | % |  | 0.43 | % |  | 0.32 | % |  | 0.52 | % |  | 0.98 | %
ALL to nonaccrual loans | 152.28 | % |  | 175.73 | % |  | 372.93 | % |  | 285.25 | % |  | 168.18 | %
ALL to nonaccrual loans & loans 90 days past due | 114.62 | % |  | 151.17 | % |  | 286.58 | % |  | 191.65 | % |  | 110.52 | %

Nonperforming assets at December 31, 2018 included $27.0 million in nonaccrual loans, a net increase of $5.2 million from the prior year. The following table shows the activity in nonaccrual loans for the years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Beginning Balance | $ | 21,743 |  |  | $ | 9,973 |  |  | $ | 11,936 |  |  | $ | 19,255 |  |  | $ | 15,035 |
Net customer payments | (9,642 | ) |  | (7,976 | ) |  | (7,159 | ) |  | (10,240 | ) |  | (8,053 | )
Additions | 21,441 |  |  | 27,985 |  |  | 13,171 |  |  | 12,517 |  |  | 20,961 |
Charge-offs | (4,148 | ) |  | (6,782 | ) |  | (4,418 | ) |  | (7,064 | ) |  | (2,732 | )
Loans returning to accruing status | (2,021 | ) |  | (609 | ) |  | (2,390 | ) |  | (1,497 | ) |  | (3,492 | )
Transfers to foreclosed property | (420 | ) |  | (848 | ) |  | (1,167 | ) |  | (1,035 | ) |  | (2,464 | )
Ending Balance | $ | 26,953 |  |  | $ | 21,743 |  |  | $ | 9,973 |  |  | $ | 11,936 |  |  | $ | 19,255 |
Nonaccrual loans to total loans | 0.28 | % |  | 0.30 | % |  | 0.16 | % |  | 0.21 | % |  | 0.36 | %

The majority of the nonaccrual additions related to construction loans, commercial real estate loans, and mortgages.
51

The following table presents the composition of nonaccrual loans and the coverage ratio, which is the ALL expressed as a percentage of nonaccrual loans, at the years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Construction and Land Development | $ | 8,018 |  |  | $ | 5,610 |  |  | $ | 2,037 |  |  | $ | 2,113 |  |  | $ | 3,419 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 3,636 |  |  | 2,708 |  |  | 794 |  |  | 3,904 |  |  | 1,060 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-owner Occupied | 1,789 |  |  | 2,992 |  |  | — |  |  | 100 |  |  | 5,903 |
Commercial & Industrial | 1,524 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 429 |  |  | 2,754 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 2,481 |  |  | 1,085 |  |  | 1,071 |  |  | 1,566 |  |  | 2,660 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 7,276 |  |  | 6,269 |  |  | 4,208 |  |  | 1,997 |  |  | 2,484 |
Auto | 576 |  |  | 413 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 192 |  |  | — |
HELOC | 1,518 |  |  | 2,075 |  |  | 1,279 |  |  | 1,348 |  |  | 604 |
Consumer and all other | 135 |  |  | 275 |  |  | 291 |  |  | 287 |  |  | 371 |
Total | $ | 26,953 |  |  | $ | 21,743 |  |  | $ | 9,973 |  |  | $ | 11,936 |  |  | $ | 19,255 |
Coverage Ratio | 152.28 | % |  | 175.73 | % |  | 372.93 | % |  | 285.25 | % |  | 168.18 | %

Nonperforming assets at December 31, 2018 also included $6.7 million in foreclosed property, an increase of $1.5 million, or 28.0%, from the prior year. The following table shows the activity in foreclosed property for the years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Beginning Balance | $ | 5,253 |  |  | $ | 7,430 |  |  | $ | 11,994 |  |  | $ | 23,058 |  |  | $ | 34,116 |
Additions of foreclosed property | 924 |  |  | 1,078 |  |  | 2,062 |  |  | 2,378 |  |  | 5,991 |
Acquisitions of foreclosed property(1) | 4,042 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,319 |
Capitalized Improvements | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 308 |  |  | 686 |
Valuation Adjustments | (1,324 | ) |  | (1,552 | ) |  | (1,017 | ) |  | (6,002 | ) |  | (7,646 | )
Proceeds from sales | (2,439 | ) |  | (1,676 | ) |  | (5,707 | ) |  | (7,929 | ) |  | (13,639 | )
Gains (losses) from sales | 266 |  |  | (27 | ) |  | 98 |  |  | 181 |  |  | (769 | )
Ending Balance | $ | 6,722 |  |  | $ | 5,253 |  |  | $ | 7,430 |  |  | $ | 11,994 |  |  | $ | 23,058 |

(1)Includes subsequent measurement period adjustments.
During 2018, the majority of sales of foreclosed property were primarily related to land, residential real estate, and developed lots.
The following table presents the composition of the foreclosed property portfolio at the years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Land | $ | 2,306 |  |  | $ | 2,755 |  |  | $ | 3,328 |  |  | $ | 5,731 |  |  | $ | 8,726 |
Land Development | 2,809 |  |  | 1,045 |  |  | 2,379 |  |  | 2,918 |  |  | 7,162 |
Residential Real Estate | 1,204 |  |  | 1,314 |  |  | 1,549 |  |  | 2,601 |  |  | 5,736 |
Commercial Real Estate | 403 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 744 |  |  | 1,434 |
Total | $ | 6,722 |  |  | $ | 5,253 |  |  | $ | 7,430 |  |  | $ | 11,994 |  |  | $ | 23,058 |

Past Due Loans
At December 31, 2018, past due loans still accruing interest totaled $61.9 million, or 0.64% of total loans, an increase from $27.8 million, or 0.39% of total loans as of December 31, 2017. Of the total past due loans still accruing interest, $8.9 million, or 0.09% of total loans, were loans past due 90 days or more at December 31, 2018, compared to $3.5 million, or 0.05% of total loans, at December 31, 2017. The increase from 2017 was primarily due to a seasonal increase related to residential 1-4 family loans that were 30 days past due as of year-end of which the majority subsequently became current.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
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A modification of a loan’s terms constitutes a TDR if the creditor grants a concession that it would not otherwise consider to the borrower for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties. Management strives to identify borrowers in financial difficulty early and work with them to modify their loan to more affordable terms before their loan reaches nonaccrual status. These modified terms may include rate reductions, principal forgiveness, extension of terms that are considered to be below market, conversion to interest only, and other actions intended to minimize the economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of the collateral. In cases where borrowers are granted new terms that provide for a reduction of either interest or principal, management measures any impairment on the restructuring accordingly and in accordance with the impaired loan policy.
The total recorded investment in TDRs as of December 31, 2018 was $26.6 million, an increase of $9.2 million, or 52.8%, from $17.4 million at December 31, 2017. Of the $26.6 million of TDRs at December 31, 2018, $19.2 million, or 72.2%, were considered performing while the remaining $7.4 million were considered nonperforming. Of the $17.4 million of TDRs at December 31, 2017, $14.6 million, or 83.6%, were considered performing while the remaining $2.8 million were considered nonperforming. Loans are removed from TDR status in accordance with the established policy described in Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
Net Charge-offs
For the year ended December 31, 2018, net charge-offs of loans were $11.1 million, or 0.12% of total average loans, compared to $10.1 million, or 0.15%, for the year ended December 31, 2017. The majority of net charge-offs in 2018 were related to consumer and construction loans.
Provision for Loan Losses
The provision for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $14.1 million, an increase of $3.0 million, or 26.7%, from the prior year. The increase in provision for loan losses in the current year compared to the prior year was primarily driven by higher loan balances.
Allowance for Loan Losses
The ALL increased $2.8 million from December 31, 2017 to $41.0 million at December 31, 2018 primarily due to loan growth during the year. The ALL as a percentage of the total loan portfolio was 0.42% at December 31, 2018, compared to 0.54% at December 31, 2017. The decline in the allowance ratio was primarily attributable to the acquisition of Xenith on January 1, 2018. In acquisition accounting, there is no carryover of previously established allowance for loan losses.
The current level of the ALL reflects specific reserves related to nonperforming loans, current risk ratings on loans, net charge-off activity, loan growth, delinquency trends, and other credit risk factors that the Company considers important in assessing the adequacy of the ALL.
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The following table summarizes activity in the ALL during the years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 38,208 |  |  | $ | 37,192 |  |  | $ | 34,047 |  |  | $ | 32,384 |  |  | $ | 30,135 |
Loans charged-off: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | 833 |  |  | 2,277 |  |  | 1,920 |  |  | 2,361 |  |  | 1,557 |
Real estate | 5,042 |  |  | 5,486 |  |  | 4,125 |  |  | 7,158 |  |  | 5,855 |
Consumer | 10,355 |  |  | 5,547 |  |  | 2,510 |  |  | 2,016 |  |  | 1,608 |
Total loans charged-off | 16,230 |  |  | 13,310 |  |  | 8,555 |  |  | 11,535 |  |  | 9,020 |
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | 534 |  |  | 483 |  |  | 483 |  |  | 958 |  |  | 316 |
Real estate | 2,461 |  |  | 1,130 |  |  | 1,781 |  |  | 2,154 |  |  | 2,314 |
Consumer | 2,173 |  |  | 1,642 |  |  | 761 |  |  | 815 |  |  | 839 |
Total recoveries | 5,168 |  |  | 3,255 |  |  | 3,025 |  |  | 3,927 |  |  | 3,469 |
Net charge-offs | 11,062 |  |  | 10,055 |  |  | 5,530 |  |  | 7,608 |  |  | 5,551 |
Provision for loan losses - continuing operations | 14,084 |  |  | 11,117 |  |  | 8,458 |  |  | 9,150 |  |  | 7,800 |
Provision for loan losses - discontinued operations | (185 | ) |  | (46 | ) |  | 217 |  |  | 121 |  |  | — |
Balance, end of year | $ | 41,045 |  |  | $ | 38,208 |  |  | $ | 37,192 |  |  | $ | 34,047 |  |  | $ | 32,384 |
ALL to loans | 0.42 | % |  | 0.54 | % |  | 0.59 | % |  | 0.60 | % |  | 0.61 | %
Net charge-offs to average loans | 0.12 | % |  | 0.15 | % |  | 0.09 | % |  | 0.14 | % |  | 0.11 | %
Provision to average loans | 0.15 | % |  | 0.17 | % |  | 0.15 | % |  | 0.17 | % |  | 0.15 | %

The following table shows the ALL by loan segment and the percentage of the loan portfolio that the related ALL covers as of December 31, (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| $ |  | %(1) |  | $ |  | %(1) |  | $ |  | %(1) |  | $ |  | %(1) |  | $ |  | %(1)
Commercial | $ | 7,636 |  |  | 13.6 | % |  | $ | 4,552 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | $ | 4,627 |  |  | 8.7 | % |  | $ | 3,163 |  |  | 7.7 | % |  | $ | 2,610 |  |  | 7.0 | %
Real estate | 24,821 |  |  | 76.9 | % |  | 28,597 |  |  | 78.4 | % |  | 29,441 |  |  | 80.3 | % |  | 27,537 |  |  | 82.8 | % |  | 26,408 |  |  | 84.4 | %
Consumer | 8,588 |  |  | 9.5 | % |  | 5,059 |  |  | 13.0 | % |  | 3,124 |  |  | 11.0 | % |  | 3,347 |  |  | 9.5 | % |  | 3,366 |  |  | 8.6 | %
Total | $ | 41,045 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 38,208 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 37,192 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 34,047 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 32,384 |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1)The percent represents the loan balance divided by total loans.
Deposits
As of December 31, 2018, total deposits were $10.0 billion, an increase of $3.0 billion, or 42.6%, compared to December 31, 2017. Total interest-bearing deposits consist of NOW, money market, savings, and time deposit account balances. Total time deposit balances of $2.1 billion accounted for 26.5% of total interest-bearing deposits at December 31, 2018.
The following table presents the deposit balances by major category as of December 31 (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017
Deposits: | Amount |  | % of total deposits |  | Amount |  | % of total deposits
Non-interest bearing | $ | 2,094,607 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 1,502,208 |  |  | 21.5 | %
NOW accounts | 2,288,523 |  |  | 23.0 | % |  | 1,929,416 |  |  | 27.6 | %
Money market accounts | 2,875,301 |  |  | 28.8 | % |  | 1,685,174 |  |  | 24.1 | %
Savings accounts | 622,823 |  |  | 6.2 | % |  | 546,274 |  |  | 7.8 | %
Time deposits of $100,000 and over (1) | 1,067,181 |  |  | 10.7 | % |  | 624,112 |  |  | 8.9 | %
Other time deposits | 1,022,525 |  |  | 10.3 | % |  | 704,534 |  |  | 10.1 | %
Total Deposits | $ | 9,970,960 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 6,991,718 |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1) Includes time deposits of $250,000 and over of $292,224 and $226,205 as of December 31,2018 and 2017, respectively.
The Company may also borrow additional funds by purchasing certificates of deposit through a nationally recognized network of financial institutions. The Company utilizes this funding source when rates are more favorable than other funding sources. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were $188.5 million and $11.0 million, respectively, purchased certificates of deposit included in certificates of deposit on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Maturities of time deposits as of December 31, 2018 were as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Amount
Within 3 Months | $ | 433,492 |
3 - 12 Months | 764,474 |
Over 12 Months | 891,740 |
Total | $ | 2,089,706 |

Capital Resources
Capital resources represent funds, earned or obtained, over which financial institutions can exercise greater or longer control in comparison with deposits and borrowed funds. The adequacy of the Company’s capital is reviewed by management on an ongoing basis with reference to size, composition, and quality of the Company’s resources and consistency with regulatory requirements and industry standards. Management seeks to maintain a capital structure that will assure an adequate level of capital to support anticipated asset growth and to absorb potential losses, yet allow management to effectively leverage its capital to maximize return to shareholders.
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In July 2013, the Federal Reserve issued final rules to include technical changes to its market risk capital rules to align them with the Basel III regulatory capital framework and meet certain requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. Effective January 1, 2015, the final rules require the Company and the Bank to comply with the following minimum capital ratios: (i) a new common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5% of risk-weighted assets; (ii) a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0% of risk-weighted assets (increased from the prior requirement of 4.0%); (iii) a total capital ratio of 8.0% of risk-weighted assets (unchanged from the prior requirement); and (iv) a leverage ratio of 4.0% of total assets (unchanged from the prior requirement). These capital requirements were phased in over a four-year period. The rules were fully phased in on January 1, 2019, and now require the Company and the Bank to maintain (i) a minimum ratio of common equity Tier 1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5%, plus a 2.5% “capital conservation buffer” (which is added to the 4.5% common equity Tier 1 ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum ratio of common equity Tier 1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7.0% upon full implementation), (ii) a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 6.0%, plus the 2.5% capital conservation buffer (which is added to the 6.0% Tier 1 capital ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5% upon full implementation), (iii) a minimum ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.0%, plus the 2.5% capital conservation buffer (which is added to the 8.0% total capital ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum total capital ratio of 10.5% upon full implementation), and (iv) a minimum leverage ratio of 4.0%, calculated as the ratio of Tier 1 capital to average assets.
Beginning January 1, 2016, the capital conservation buffer requirement began to be phased in at 0.625% of risk-weighted assets, and have increased by the same amount each year until it was fully implemented at 2.5% on January 1, 2019. As of December 31, 2018, the capital conservation buffer was 1.875% of risk-weighted assets. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of common equity Tier 1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the conservation buffer will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.
The Company's trust preferred capital notes currently qualify for Tier 1 capital of the Company for regulatory purposes. The trust preferred capital notes will phase-out for Tier 1 capital when an acquisition occurs and total assets exceed $15.0 billion.
The table summarizes the Company’s regulatory capital and related ratios for the periods ended December 31, (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Common equity Tier 1 capital | $ | 1,106,871 |  |  | $ | 737,204 |  |  | $ | 699,728 |
Tier 1 capital | 1,236,709 |  |  | 826,979 |  |  | 790,228 |
Tier 2 capital | 199,002 |  |  | 186,809 |  |  | 185,917 |
Total risk-based capital | 1,435,711 |  |  | 1,013,788 |  |  | 976,145 |
Risk-weighted assets | 11,146,898 |  |  | 8,157,174 |  |  | 7,200,778 |
Capital ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratio | 9.93 | % |  | 9.04 | % |  | 9.72 | %
Tier 1 capital ratio | 11.09 | % |  | 10.14 | % |  | 10.97 | %
Total capital ratio | 12.88 | % |  | 12.43 | % |  | 13.56 | %
Leverage ratio (Tier 1 capital to average assets) | 9.71 | % |  | 9.42 | % |  | 9.87 | %
Capital conservation buffer ratio (1) | 4.88 | % |  | 4.14 | % |  | 4.97 | %
Common equity to total assets | 13.98 | % |  | 11.23 | % |  | 11.88 | %
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (2) | 8.84 | % |  | 8.14 | % |  | 8.41 | %

(1) Calculated by subtracting the regulatory minimum capital ratio requirements from the Company's actual ratio results for Common equity, Tier 1, and Total risk-based capital. The lowest of the three measures represents the Company's capital conservation buffer ratio.
(2) Refer to Item 7 section "Non-GAAP Measures" within this Item 7.
During the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company issued $150.0 million of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes with a maturity date of December 15, 2026. The notes were sold at par, resulting in net proceeds, after discounts and offering expenses, of approximately $148.0 million. In connection with the acquisition of Xenith on January 1, 2018, the Company acquired $8.5 million of fixed interest rate subordinated notes with a maturity date of June 30, 2025. At December 31, 2018, the aggregate carrying value of the subordinated notes was $156.9 million. The subordinated notes are classified as Tier 2 capital for the Company.
55

Commitments and Off-Balance Sheet Obligations
In the normal course of business, the Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of its customers and to reduce its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. These instruments involve elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The contractual amounts of these instruments reflect the extent of the Company’s involvement in particular classes of financial instruments. For more information pertaining to these commitments, reference Note 9 “Commitments and Contingencies” in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instruments for commitments to extend credit and letters of credit written is represented by the contractual amount of these instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. Unless noted otherwise, the Company does not require collateral or other security to support off-balance sheet financial instruments with credit risk.
The following table represents the Company’s other commitments with balance sheet or off-balance sheet risk as of December 31, (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017
Commitments with off-balance sheet risk: |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit (1) | $ | 3,167,085 |  |  | $ | 2,192,812 |
Standby letters of credit | 167,597 |  |  | 127,435 |
Total commitments with off-balance sheet risk | $ | 3,334,682 |  |  | $ | 2,320,247 |

(1) Includes unfunded overdraft protection.
The following table presents the Company’s contractual obligations and scheduled payment amounts due at the various intervals over the next five years and beyond as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| Total |  | Less than 1 year |  | 1-3 years |  | 3-5 years |  | More than 5 years
Long-term debt (1) | $ | 543,500 |  |  | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 20,000 |  |  | $ | 140,000 |  |  | $ | 358,500 |
Trust preferred capital notes (1) | 150,004 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150,004 |
Operating leases | 61,770 |  |  | 11,805 |  |  | 18,334 |  |  | 13,302 |  |  | 18,329 |
Other short-term borrowings | 1,048,600 |  |  | 1,048,600 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repurchase agreements | 39,197 |  |  | 39,197 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total contractual obligations | $ | 1,843,071 |  |  | $ | 1,124,602 |  |  | $ | 38,334 |  |  | $ | 153,302 |  |  | $ | 526,833 |

(1) Excludes related premium/discount amortization.
For more information pertaining to the previous table, reference Note 5 “Premises and Equipment” and Note 8 “Borrowings” in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
MARKET RISK
Interest Sensitivity
Market risk is the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments due to changes in interest rates, exchange rates, and equity prices. The Company’s market risk is composed primarily of interest rate risk. The ALCO of the Company is responsible for reviewing the interest rate sensitivity position of the Company and establishing policies to monitor and limit exposure to this risk. The Company’s Board of Directors reviews and approves the guidelines established by the ALCO.
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Interest rate risk is monitored through the use of three complementary modeling tools: static gap analysis, earnings simulation modeling, and economic value simulation (net present value estimation). Each of these models measures changes in a variety of interest rate scenarios. While each of the interest rate risk models has limitations, taken together they represent a reasonably comprehensive view of the magnitude of interest rate risk in the Company, the distribution of risk along the yield curve, the level of risk through time, and the amount of exposure to changes in certain interest rate relationships. Static gap, which measures aggregate re-pricing values, is less utilized because it does not effectively measure the options risk impact on the Company and is not addressed here. Earnings simulation and economic value models, which more effectively measure the cash flow and optionality impacts, are utilized by management on a regular basis and are explained below.
The Company determines the overall magnitude of interest sensitivity risk and then formulates policies and practices governing asset generation and pricing, funding sources and pricing, and off-balance sheet commitments. These decisions are based on management’s expectations regarding future interest rate movements, the states of the national, regional and local economies, and other financial and business risk factors. The Company uses simulation modeling to measure and monitor the effect of various interest rate scenarios and business strategies on net interest income. This modeling reflects interest rate changes and the related impact on net interest income and net income over specified time horizons.
Earnings Simulation Analysis
Management uses simulation analysis to measure the sensitivity of net interest income to changes in interest rates. The model calculates an earnings estimate based on current and projected balances and rates. This method is subject to the accuracy of the assumptions that underlie the process, but it provides a better analysis of the sensitivity of earnings to changes in interest rates than other analyses, such as the static gap analysis discussed above.
Assumptions used in the model are derived from historical trends and management’s outlook and include loan and deposit growth rates and projected yields and rates. These assumptions may not materialize and unanticipated events and circumstances may occur. The model also does not take into account any future actions of management to mitigate the impact of interest rate changes. Such assumptions are monitored by management and periodically adjusted as appropriate. All maturities, calls, and prepayments in the securities portfolio are assumed to be reinvested in like instruments. Mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities prepayment assumptions are based on industry estimates of prepayment speeds for portfolios with similar coupon ranges and seasoning. Different interest rate scenarios and yield curves are used to measure the sensitivity of earnings to changing interest rates. Interest rates on different asset and liability accounts move differently when interest rates change and are reflected in the different rate scenarios.
The Company uses its simulation model to estimate earnings in rate environments where rates are instantaneously shocked up or down around a “most likely” rate scenario, based on implied forward rates and futures curves. The analysis assesses the impact on net interest income over a 12-month time horizon after an immediate increase or “shock” in rates, of 100 basis points up to 300 basis points. The model, under all scenarios, does not drop the index below zero.
The following table represents the interest rate sensitivity on net interest income for the Company across the rate paths modeled for balances at the period ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| Change In Net Interest Income December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
| % |  | $ |  | % |  | $
Change in Yield Curve: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
+300 bps | 8.58 |  |  | 38,997 |  |  | 5.34 |  |  | 16,691 |
+200 bps | 6.26 |  |  | 28,464 |  |  | 3.81 |  |  | 11,905 |
+100 bps | 3.24 |  |  | 14,744 |  |  | 2.11 |  |  | 6,597 |
Most likely rate scenario | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
-100 bps | (4.38 | ) |  | (19,892 | ) |  | (2.70 | ) |  | (8,430 | )
-200 bps | (10.03 | ) |  | (45,583 | ) |  | (6.78 | ) |  | (21,181 | )

Asset sensitivity indicates that in a rising interest rate environment the Company's net interest income would increase and in a decreasing interest rate environment the Company's net interest income would decrease. Liability sensitivity indicates that in a rising interest rate environment the Company's net interest income would decrease and in a decreasing interest rate environment the Company's net interest income would increase.
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From a net interest income perspective, the Company was more asset sensitive as of December 31, 2018 compared to its position as of December 31, 2017. This shift is in part due to the changing market characteristics of certain deposit products and in part due to recent off-balance sheet strategies. The Company would expect net interest income to increase with an immediate increase or shock in market rates. In the decreasing interest rate environments, the Company would expect a decline in net interest income as interest-earning assets re-price at lower rates and interest-bearing deposits remain at or near their floors.
Economic Value Simulation
Economic value simulation is used to calculate the estimated fair value of assets and liabilities over different interest rate environments. Economic values are calculated based on discounted cash flow analysis. The net economic value of equity is the economic value of all assets minus the economic value of all liabilities. The change in net economic value over different rate environments is an indication of the longer-term earnings capability of the balance sheet. The same assumptions are used in the economic value simulation as in the earnings simulation. The economic value simulation uses instantaneous rate shocks to the balance sheet.
The following chart reflects the estimated change in net economic value over different rate environments using economic value simulation for the balances at the period ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| Change In Economic Value of Equity December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
| % |  | $ |  | % |  | $
Change in Yield Curve: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
+300 bps | (5.44 | ) |  | (142,691 | ) |  | (2.69 | ) |  | (40,737 | )
+200 bps | (3.26 | ) |  | (85,657 | ) |  | (1.26 | ) |  | (19,010 | )
+100 bps | (1.35 | ) |  | (35,425 | ) |  | (0.19 | ) |  | (2,889 | )
Most likely rate scenario |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-100 bps | (0.90 | ) |  | (23,496 | ) |  | (2.23 | ) |  | (33,689 | )
-200 bps | (4.80 | ) |  | (125,969 | ) |  | (6.34 | ) |  | (96,010 | )

As of December 31, 2018, the Company's economic value of equity is more sensitive in a rising interest rate environment compared to its position as of December 31, 2017 due to higher concentrations of longer duration assets and shorter duration liabilities.
Liquidity
Liquidity represents an institution’s ability to meet present and future financial obligations through either the sale or maturity of existing assets or the acquisition of additional funds through liability management. Liquid assets include cash, interest-bearing deposits with banks, money market investments, federal funds sold, loans held for sale, and securities and loans maturing or re-pricing within one year. Additional sources of liquidity available to the Company include its capacity to borrow additional funds when necessary through federal funds lines with several correspondent banks, a line of credit with the FHLB, the purchase of brokered certificates of deposit, and a corporate line of credit with a large correspondent bank. Management considers the Company’s overall liquidity to be sufficient to satisfy its depositors’ requirements and to meet its customers’ credit needs.
As of December 31, 2018, liquid assets totaled $4.1 billion, or 29.7%, of total assets, and liquid earning assets totaled $3.9 billion, or 32.1% of total earning assets. Asset liquidity is also provided by managing loan and securities maturities and cash flows. As of December 31, 2018, approximately $3.6 billion, or 36.8% of total loans, are scheduled to mature within one year based on contractual maturity, adjusted for expected prepayments, and approximately $253.2 million, or 10.6% of total securities, are scheduled to mature within one year.
Additional sources of liquidity available to the Company include its capacity to borrow additional funds when necessary. For additional information and the available balances on various lines of credit, please refer to Note 8 “Borrowings” in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Items 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. In addition to lines of credit, the Bank may also borrow additional funds by purchasing certificate of deposits through a
58

nationally recognized network of financial institutions. For additional information and outstanding balances on purchased certificates of deposits, please refer to “Deposits” within this Item 7.
Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices
The Company’s financial statements included in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K below have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires the financial position and operating results to be measured principally in terms of historic dollars without considering the change in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. Inflation affects the Company’s results of operations mainly through increased operating costs, but since nearly all of the Company’s assets and liabilities are monetary in nature, changes in interest rates affect the financial condition of the Company to a greater degree than changes in the rate of inflation. Although interest rates are greatly influenced by changes in the inflation rate, they do not necessarily change at the same rate or in the same magnitude as the inflation rate. The Company’s management reviews pricing of its products and services, in light of current and expected costs due to inflation, to mitigate the inflationary impact on financial performance.
59

NON-GAAP MEASURES
In reporting the results of December 31, 2018, the Company has provided supplemental performance measures on a tax-equivalent, tangible, and/or operating basis. These measures are a supplement to GAAP used to prepare the Company's financial statements and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for comparable measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. In addition, the Company's non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to non-GAAP measures of other companies.
Net interest income (FTE), which is used in computing net interest margin (FTE) and efficiency ratio (FTE), provides valuable additional insight into the net interest margin and the efficiency ratio by adjusting for differences in tax treatment of interest income sources. The entire FTE adjustment is attributable to interest income on earning assets, which is used in computing the yield on earning assets. Interest expense and the related cost of interest-bearing liabilities and cost of funds ratios are not affected by the FTE components.
The Company believes tangible common equity is an important indication of its ability to grow organically and through business combinations as well as its ability to pay dividends and to engage in various capital management strategies. Tangible common equity is used in the calculation of certain profitability, capital, and per share ratios. The Company believes tangible common equity and related ratios are meaningful measures of capital adequacy because they provide a meaningful base for period-to-period and company-to-company comparisons, which the Company believes will assist investors in assessing the capital of the Company and its ability to absorb potential losses.
The Company believes that ROTCE is a meaningful supplement to GAAP financial measures and useful to investors because it measures the performance of a business consistently across time without regard to whether components of the business were acquired or developed internally. In prior periods, the Company has not added amortization of intangibles, tax effected to net income (GAAP) and operating net income (non-GAAP) when calculating ROTCE and operating ROTCE, respectively. The Company has adjusted its presentation for all periods in this Form 10-K.
Operating measures exclude merger-related costs and nonrecurring tax expenses, which tax expenses are unrelated to the Company’s normal operations. The Company believes these measures are useful to investors as they exclude certain costs resulting from acquisition activity as well as the impact of the Tax Act and allow investors to more clearly see the combined economic results of the organization's operations.
The information presented excludes discontinued operations. Refer to Note 18 "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations" in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data", of this Form 10-K for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.
60

The following table reconciles these non-GAAP measures from their respective GAAP basis measures for the years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Interest Income (FTE) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and Dividend Income (GAAP) | $ | 528,788 |  |  | $ | 329,044 |  |  | $ | 293,736 |  |  | $ | 275,387 |  |  | $ | 273,140 |
FTE adjustment | 8,195 |  |  | 11,767 |  |  | 11,428 |  |  | 10,463 |  |  | 9,932 |
Interest and Dividend Income FTE (non-GAAP) | $ | 536,983 |  |  | $ | 340,811 |  |  | $ | 305,164 |  |  | $ | 285,850 |  |  | $ | 283,072 |
Average earning assets | $ | 11,620,893 |  |  | $ | 8,016,311 |  |  | $ | 7,249,090 |  |  | $ | 6,713,239 |  |  | $ | 6,437,681 |
Yield on interest-earning assets (GAAP) | 4.55 | % |  | 4.10 | % |  | 4.05 | % |  | 4.10 | % |  | 4.24 | %
Yield on interest-earning assets (FTE) (non-GAAP) | 4.62 | % |  | 4.25 | % |  | 4.21 | % |  | 4.26 | % |  | 4.40 | %
Net Interest Income (FTE) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Interest Income (GAAP) | $ | 426,691 |  |  | $ | 279,007 |  |  | $ | 263,966 |  |  | $ | 250,450 |  |  | $ | 253,213 |
FTE adjustment | 8,195 |  |  | 11,767 |  |  | 11,428 |  |  | 10,463 |  |  | 9,932 |
Net Interest Income FTE (non-GAAP) | $ | 434,886 |  |  | $ | 290,774 |  |  | $ | 275,394 |  |  | $ | 260,913 |  |  | $ | 263,145 |
Average earning assets | $ | 11,620,893 |  |  | $ | 8,016,311 |  |  | $ | 7,249,090 |  |  | $ | 6,713,239 |  |  | $ | 6,437,681 |
Net interest margin (GAAP) | 3.67 | % |  | 3.48 | % |  | 3.64 | % |  | 3.73 | % |  | 3.93 | %
Net interest margin (FTE) (non-GAAP) | 3.74 | % |  | 3.63 | % |  | 3.80 | % |  | 3.89 | % |  | 4.09 | %
Tangible Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Assets (GAAP) | $ | 13,765,599 |  |  | $ | 9,315,179 |  |  | $ | 8,426,793 |  |  | $ | 7,693,291 |  |  | $ | 7,358,643 |
Less: Ending goodwill | 727,168 |  |  | 298,528 |  |  | 298,191 |  |  | 293,522 |  |  | 293,522 |
Less: Ending amortizable intangibles | 48,685 |  |  | 14,803 |  |  | 20,602 |  |  | 23,310 |  |  | 31,755 |
Ending tangible assets (non-GAAP) | $ | 12,989,746 |  |  | $ | 9,001,848 |  |  | $ | 8,108,000 |  |  | $ | 7,376,459 |  |  | $ | 7,033,366 |
Tangible Common Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending equity (GAAP) | $ | 1,924,581 |  |  | $ | 1,046,329 |  |  | $ | 1,001,032 |  |  | $ | 995,367 |  |  | $ | 977,169 |
Less: Ending goodwill | 727,168 |  |  | 298,528 |  |  | 298,191 |  |  | 293,522 |  |  | 293,522 |
Less: Ending amortizable intangibles | 48,685 |  |  | 14,803 |  |  | 20,602 |  |  | 23,310 |  |  | 31,755 |
Ending tangible common equity (non-GAAP) | $ | 1,148,728 |  |  | $ | 732,998 |  |  | $ | 682,239 |  |  | $ | 678,535 |  |  | $ | 651,892 |
Average equity (GAAP) | $ | 1,863,216 |  |  | $ | 1,030,847 |  |  | $ | 994,785 |  |  | $ | 991,977 |  |  | $ | 983,727 |
Less: Average goodwill | 725,597 |  |  | 298,240 |  |  | 296,087 |  |  | 293,522 |  |  | 296,870 |
Less: Average amortizable intangibles | 51,347 |  |  | 17,482 |  |  | 22,044 |  |  | 27,384 |  |  | 36,625 |
Average tangible common equity (non-GAAP) | $ | 1,086,272 |  |  | $ | 715,125 |  |  | $ | 676,654 |  |  | $ | 671,071 |  |  | $ | 650,232 |
ROE (GAAP) | 7.85 | % |  | 7.07 | % |  | 7.79 | % |  | 6.76 | % |  | 5.30 | %
ROTCE (non-GAAP) | 14.40 | % |  | 10.75 | % |  | 12.14 | % |  | 10.81 | % |  | 9.00 | %
Common equity to assets (GAAP) | 13.98 | % |  | 11.23 | % |  | 11.88 | % |  | 12.94 | % |  | 13.28 | %
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP) | 8.84 | % |  | 8.14 | % |  | 8.41 | % |  | 9.20 | % |  | 9.27 | %
Book value per share (GAAP) | $ | 29.34 |  |  | $ | 24.10 |  |  | $ | 23.15 |  |  | $ | 22.38 |  |  | $ | 21.73 |
Tangible book value per share (non-GAAP) | $ | 17.51 |  |  | $ | 16.88 |  |  | $ | 15.78 |  |  | $ | 15.25 |  |  | $ | 14.50 |
Operating Earnings & EPS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income (GAAP) | $ | 146,248 |  |  | $ | 72,923 |  |  | $ | 77,476 |  |  | $ | 67,079 |  |  | $ | 52,164 |
Plus: Merger-related costs, net of tax | 32,065 |  |  | 4,405 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,724 |
Plus: Nonrecurring tax expenses | — |  |  | 6,250 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net operating earnings (non-GAAP) | $ | 178,313 |  |  | $ | 83,578 |  |  | $ | 77,476 |  |  | $ | 67,079 |  |  | $ | 65,888 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted | 65,908,573 |  |  | 43,779,744 |  |  | 43,890,271 |  |  | 45,138,891 |  |  | 46,130,895 |
Earnings per common share, diluted (GAAP) | $ | 2.22 |  |  | $ | 1.67 |  |  | $ | 1.77 |  |  | $ | 1.49 |  |  | $ | 1.13 |
Operating earnings per common share, diluted (non-GAAP) | $ | 2.71 |  |  | $ | 1.91 |  |  | $ | 1.77 |  |  | $ | 1.49 |  |  | $ | 1.43 |

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| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Operating Performance Metrics |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average assets (GAAP) | $ | 13,181,609 |  |  | $ | 8,820,142 |  |  | $ | 8,046,305 |  |  | $ | 7,492,895 |  |  | $ | 7,250,494 |
ROA (GAAP) | 1.11 | % |  | 0.83 | % |  | 0.96 | % |  | 0.90 | % |  | 0.72 | %
Operating ROA (non-GAAP) | 1.35 | % |  | 0.95 | % |  | 0.96 | % |  | 0.90 | % |  | 0.91 | %
Average common equity (GAAP) | $ | 1,863,216 |  |  | $ | 1,030,847 |  |  | $ | 994,785 |  |  | $ | 991,977 |  |  | $ | 983,727 |
ROE (GAAP) | 7.85 | % |  | 7.07 | % |  | 7.79 | % |  | 6.76 | % |  | 5.30 | %
Operating ROE (non-GAAP) | 9.57 | % |  | 8.11 | % |  | 7.79 | % |  | 6.76 | % |  | 6.70 | %
Average tangible common equity (non-GAAP) | $ | 1,086,272 |  |  | $ | 715,125 |  |  | $ | 676,654 |  |  | $ | 671,071 |  |  | $ | 650,232 |
ROTCE (non-GAAP) | 14.40 | % |  | 10.75 | % |  | 12.14 | % |  | 10.81 | % |  | 9.00 | %
Operating ROTCE (non-GAAP) | 17.35 | % |  | 12.24 | % |  | 12.14 | % |  | 10.81 | % |  | 11.11 | %
Operating Noninterest Expense & Efficiency Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest expense (GAAP) | $ | 337,767 |  |  | $ | 225,668 |  |  | $ | 213,090 |  |  | $ | 206,310 |  |  | $ | 222,419 |
Less: Merger-related costs | 39,728 |  |  | 5,393 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,345 |
Operating noninterest expense (non-GAAP) | $ | 298,039 |  |  | $ | 220,275 |  |  | $ | 213,090 |  |  | $ | 206,310 |  |  | $ | 202,074 |
Net interest income (GAAP) | $ | 426,691 |  |  | $ | 279,007 |  |  | $ | 263,966 |  |  | $ | 250,450 |  |  | $ | 253,213 |
Net interest income (FTE) (non-GAAP) | 434,886 |  |  | 290,774 |  |  | 275,394 |  |  | 260,913 |  |  | 263,145 |
Noninterest income (GAAP) | 104,241 |  |  | 62,429 |  |  | 59,849 |  |  | 54,993 |  |  | 51,220 |
Efficiency Ratio (GAAP) | 63.62 | % |  | 66.09 | % |  | 65.81 | % |  | 67.54 | % |  | 73.06 | %
Operating efficiency ratio (FTE) (non-GAAP) | 55.28 | % |  | 62.36 | % |  | 63.56 | % |  | 65.31 | % |  | 64.28 | %
ROTCE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income (GAAP) | $ | 146,248 |  |  | $ | 72,923 |  |  | $ | 77,476 |  |  | $ | 67,079 |  |  | $ | 52,164 |
Plus: Amortization of intangibles, tax effected | 10,143 |  |  | 3,957 |  |  | 4,687 |  |  | 5,489 |  |  | 6,367 |
Net Income before amortization of intangibles (non-GAAP) | $ | 156,391 |  |  | $ | 76,880 |  |  | $ | 82,163 |  |  | $ | 72,568 |  |  | $ | 58,531 |
Average tangible common equity (non-GAAP) | $ | 1,086,272 |  |  | $ | 715,125 |  |  | $ | 676,654 |  |  | $ | 671,071 |  |  | $ | 650,232 |
ROTCE (non-GAAP) | 14.40 | % |  | 10.75 | % |  | 12.14 | % |  | 10.81 | % |  | 9.00 | %
Operating ROTCE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Net Income (GAAP) | $ | 178,313 |  |  | $ | 83,578 |  |  | $ | 77,476 |  |  | $ | 67,079 |  |  | $ | 65,888 |
Plus: Amortization of intangibles, tax effected | 10,143 |  |  | 3,957 |  |  | 4,687 |  |  | 5,489 |  |  | 6,367 |
Net Income before amortization of intangibles (non-GAAP) | $ | 188,456 |  |  | $ | 87,535 |  |  | $ | 82,163 |  |  | $ | 72,568 |  |  | $ | 72,255 |
Average tangible common equity (non-GAAP) | $ | 1,086,272 |  |  | $ | 715,125 |  |  | $ | 676,654 |  |  | $ | 671,071 |  |  | $ | 650,232 |
Operating ROTCE (non-GAAP) | 17.35 | % |  | 12.24 | % |  | 12.14 | % |  | 10.81 | % |  | 11.11 | %

62

QUARTERLY RESULTS
The information presented excludes discontinued operations. Refer to Note 18 "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations" in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data", of this Form 10-K for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.
The following table presents the Company’s quarterly performance for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):

| Quarter
| First |  | Second |  | Third |  | Fourth
For the Year 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income | $ | 124,379 |  |  | $ | 132,409 |  |  | $ | 131,363 |  |  | $ | 140,636 |
Interest expense | 20,907 |  |  | 24,241 |  |  | 25,400 |  |  | 31,547 |
Net interest income | 103,472 |  |  | 108,168 |  |  | 105,963 |  |  | 109,089 |
Provision for credit losses | 3,524 |  |  | 2,147 |  |  | 3,340 |  |  | 4,725 |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses | 99,948 |  |  | 106,021 |  |  | 102,623 |  |  | 104,364 |
Noninterest income | 20,267 |  |  | 40,597 |  |  | 19,887 |  |  | 23,487 |
Noninterest expenses | 101,743 |  |  | 85,140 |  |  | 76,349 |  |  | 74,533 |
Income before income taxes | 18,472 |  |  | 61,478 |  |  | 46,161 |  |  | 53,318 |
Income tax expense | 1,897 |  |  | 11,678 |  |  | 7,399 |  |  | 9,041 |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 16,575 |  |  | $ | 49,800 |  |  | $ | 38,762 |  |  | 44,277 |
Discontinued operations, net of tax | 64 |  |  | (2,473 | ) |  | (565 | ) |  | (192 | )
Net income | $ | 16,639 |  |  | $ | 47,327 |  |  | $ | 38,197 |  |  | $ | 44,085 |
Earnings per share, basic | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.72 |  |  | $ | 0.58 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |
Earnings per share, diluted | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.72 |  |  | $ | 0.58 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |
Basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 65,554,630 |  |  | 65,919,055 |  |  | 65,974,702 |  |  | 65,982,304 |
Diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 65,636,262 |  |  | 65,965,577 |  |  | 66,013,152 |  |  | 66,013,326 |
For the Year 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income | $ | 76,438 |  |  | $ | 80,926 |  |  | $ | 84,499 |  |  | $ | 87,179 |
Interest expense | 10,073 |  |  | 12,222 |  |  | 13,652 |  |  | 14,089 |
Net interest income | 66,365 |  |  | 68,704 |  |  | 70,847 |  |  | 73,090 |
Provision for credit losses | 2,104 |  |  | 2,184 |  |  | 3,056 |  |  | 3,458 |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses | 64,261 |  |  | 66,520 |  |  | 67,791 |  |  | 69,632 |
Noninterest income | 16,813 |  |  | 15,262 |  |  | 15,230 |  |  | 15,124 |
Noninterest expenses | 55,092 |  |  | 57,575 |  |  | 55,204 |  |  | 57,796 |
Income before income taxes | 25,982 |  |  | 24,207 |  |  | 27,817 |  |  | 26,960 |
Income tax expense | 6,791 |  |  | 6,725 |  |  | 7,397 |  |  | 11,867 |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 19,191 |  |  | $ | 17,482 |  |  | $ | 20,420 |  |  | 15,093 |
Discontinued operations, net of tax | $ | (67 | ) |  | 474 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 92 |
Net income | $ | 19,124 |  |  | $ | 17,956 |  |  | $ | 20,658 |  |  | $ | 15,185 |
Earnings per share, basic | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |  |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |
Earnings per share, diluted | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 0.41 |  |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |
Basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 43,654,498 |  |  | 43,693,427 |  |  | 43,706,635 |  |  | 43,740,001 |
Diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 43,725,923 |  |  | 43,783,952 |  |  | 43,792,058 |  |  | 43,816,018 |

ITEM 7A. - QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
This information is incorporated herein by reference to the information in section "Market Risk" within Item 7. - “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Form 10-K.
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ITEM 8. - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Union Bankshares Corporation
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Union Bankshares Corporation (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 27, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015.
Richmond, Virginia
February 27, 2019
64

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Union Bankshares Corporation
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Union Bankshares Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Union Bankshares Corporation (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of Union Bankshares Corporation as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes, of the Company and our report dated February 27, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Richmond, Virginia
February 27, 2019
65

UNION BANKSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017
(Dollars in thousands, except share data)
| 2018 |  | 2017
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 166,927 |  |  | $ | 117,586 |
Interest-bearing deposits in other banks | 94,056 |  |  | 81,291 |
Federal funds sold | 216 |  |  | 496 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | 261,199 |  |  | 199,373 |
Securities available for sale, at fair value | 1,774,821 |  |  | 974,222 |
Securities held to maturity, at carrying value | 492,272 |  |  | 199,639 |
Restricted stock, at cost | 124,602 |  |  | 75,283 |
Loans held for investment, net of deferred fees | 9,716,207 |  |  | 7,141,552 |
Less allowance for loan losses | 41,045 |  |  | 38,208 |
Total loans held for investment, net | 9,675,162 |  |  | 7,103,344 |
Premises and equipment, net | 146,967 |  |  | 119,604 |
Goodwill | 727,168 |  |  | 298,528 |
Amortizable intangibles, net | 48,685 |  |  | 14,803 |
Bank owned life insurance | 263,034 |  |  | 182,854 |
Other assets | 250,210 |  |  | 102,871 |
Assets of discontinued operations | 1,479 |  |  | 44,658 |
Total assets | $ | 13,765,599 |  |  | $ | 9,315,179 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits | $ | 2,094,607 |  |  | $ | 1,502,208 |
Interest-bearing deposits | 7,876,353 |  |  | 5,489,510 |
Total deposits | 9,970,960 |  |  | 6,991,718 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 39,197 |  |  | 49,152 |
Other short-term borrowings | 1,048,600 |  |  | 745,000 |
Long-term borrowings | 668,481 |  |  | 425,262 |
Other liabilities | 112,093 |  |  | 54,008 |
Liabilities of discontinued operations | 1,687 |  |  | 3,710 |
Total liabilities | 11,841,018 |  |  | 8,268,850 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) |  |  |  |  |
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, $1.33 par value, shares authorized 100,000,000; issued and outstanding, 65,977,149 shares and 43,743,318 shares, respectively. | 87,250 |  |  | 57,744 |
Additional paid-in capital | 1,380,259 |  |  | 610,001 |
Retained earnings | 467,345 |  |  | 379,468 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (10,273 | ) |  | (884 | )
Total stockholders' equity | 1,924,581 |  |  | 1,046,329 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 13,765,599 |  |  | $ | 9,315,179 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
66

UNION BANKSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017, AND 2016
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Interest and dividend income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans | $ | 469,856 |  |  | $ | 293,996 |  |  | $ | 261,383 |
Interest on deposits in other banks | 2,125 |  |  | 539 |  |  | 244 |
Interest and dividends on securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 36,851 |  |  | 20,305 |  |  | 18,319 |
Nontaxable | 19,956 |  |  | 14,204 |  |  | 13,790 |
Total interest and dividend income | 528,788 |  |  | 329,044 |  |  | 293,736 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits | 59,336 |  |  | 26,106 |  |  | 17,731 |
Interest on short-term borrowings | 18,458 |  |  | 6,035 |  |  | 2,894 |
Interest on long-term borrowings | 24,303 |  |  | 17,896 |  |  | 9,145 |
Total interest expense | 102,097 |  |  | 50,037 |  |  | 29,770 |
Net interest income | 426,691 |  |  | 279,007 |  |  | 263,966 |
Provision for credit losses | 13,736 |  |  | 10,802 |  |  | 8,883 |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses | 412,955 |  |  | 268,205 |  |  | 255,083 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 25,439 |  |  | 18,850 |  |  | 18,168 |
Other service charges, commissions and fees | 5,603 |  |  | 4,593 |  |  | 4,445 |
Interchange fees, net | 18,803 |  |  | 14,974 |  |  | 14,058 |
Fiduciary and asset management fees | 16,150 |  |  | 11,245 |  |  | 10,199 |
Gains (losses) on securities transactions, net | 383 |  |  | 800 |  |  | 205 |
Bank owned life insurance income | 7,198 |  |  | 6,144 |  |  | 5,513 |
Loan-related interest rate swap fees | 3,554 |  |  | 3,051 |  |  | 4,254 |
Gain on Shore Premier sale | 19,966 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other operating income | 7,145 |  |  | 2,772 |  |  | 3,007 |
Total noninterest income | 104,241 |  |  | 62,429 |  |  | 59,849 |
Noninterest expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and benefits | 159,378 |  |  | 115,968 |  |  | 110,521 |
Occupancy expenses | 25,368 |  |  | 18,558 |  |  | 18,502 |
Furniture and equipment expenses | 11,991 |  |  | 10,047 |  |  | 9,814 |
Printing, postage, and supplies | 4,650 |  |  | 4,901 |  |  | 4,610 |
Communications expense | 3,898 |  |  | 3,304 |  |  | 3,744 |
Technology and data processing | 18,397 |  |  | 16,132 |  |  | 15,032 |
Professional services | 10,283 |  |  | 7,767 |  |  | 8,051 |
Marketing and advertising expense | 10,043 |  |  | 7,795 |  |  | 7,756 |
FDIC assessment premiums and other insurance | 6,644 |  |  | 4,048 |  |  | 5,406 |
Other taxes | 11,542 |  |  | 8,087 |  |  | 5,448 |
Loan-related expenses | 7,206 |  |  | 4,733 |  |  | 4,168 |
OREO and credit-related expenses | 4,131 |  |  | 3,764 |  |  | 2,600 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 12,839 |  |  | 6,088 |  |  | 7,210 |
Training and other personnel costs | 4,259 |  |  | 3,843 |  |  | 3,359 |
Merger-related costs | 39,728 |  |  | 5,393 |  |  | — |
Other expenses | 7,410 |  |  | 5,240 |  |  | 6,869 |
Total noninterest expenses | 337,767 |  |  | 225,668 |  |  | 213,090 |
Income from continuing operations before income taxes | 179,429 |  |  | 104,966 |  |  | 101,842 |
Income tax expense | 30,016 |  |  | 32,790 |  |  | 25,944 |
Income from continuing operations | 149,413 |  |  | 72,176 |  |  | 75,898 |
Discontinued operations: |  |  |  |  |
Income (loss) from operations of discontinued mortgage segment | (4,280 | ) |  | 1,344 |  |  | 2,412 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | (1,115 | ) |  | 597 |  |  | 834 |
Income (loss) on discontinued operations | (3,165 | ) |  | 747 |  |  | 1,578 |
Net income | $ | 146,248 |  |  | $ | 72,923 |  |  | $ | 77,476 |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 2.22 |  |  | $ | 1.67 |  |  | $ | 1.77 |

67

Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 2.22 |  |  | $ | 1.67 |  |  | $ | 1.77 |
Dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.88 |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 0.77 |
Basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 65,859,165 |  |  | 43,698,897 |  |  | 43,784,193 |
Diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 65,908,573 |  |  | 43,779,744 |  |  | 43,890,271 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
68

UNION BANKSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017, AND 2016
(Dollars in thousands)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net income | $ | 146,248 |  |  | $ | 72,923 |  |  | $ | 77,476 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of cash flow hedges | 1,087 |  |  | (44 | ) |  | 270 |
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (net of tax, $259, $464, and $274 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively) (1) | 975 |  |  | 862 |  |  | 508 |
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during period (net of tax, $2,847, $1,580, and $4,408 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively) | (10,711 | ) |  | 2,936 |  |  | (8,186 | )
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (net of tax, $95, $280, and $72 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively) (2) | (362 | ) |  | (520 | ) |  | (133 | )
HTM securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification adjustment for accretion of unrealized gain on AFS securities transferred to HTM (net of tax, $109, $362, and $568 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively) (3) | (408 | ) |  | (672 | ) |  | (1,055 | )
Bank owned life insurance: |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during period | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,728 | )
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (4) | 76 |  |  | 363 |  |  | 263 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (9,343 | ) |  | 2,925 |  |  | (10,061 | )
Comprehensive income | $ | 136,905 |  |  | $ | 75,848 |  |  | $ | 67,415 |

(1) The gross amounts reclassified into earnings are reported in the interest income and interest expense sections of the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income with the corresponding income tax effect being reflected as a component of income tax expense.
(2) The gross amounts reclassified into earnings are reported as "Gains (losses) on securities transactions, net" on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income with the corresponding income tax effect being reflected as a component of income tax expense.
(3) The gross amounts reclassified into earnings are reported within interest income on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income with the corresponding income tax effect being reflected as a component of income tax expense.
(4) Reclassifications in earnings are reported in "Salaries and benefits" expense on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
69

UNION BANKSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017, AND 2016
(Dollars in thousands, except share amounts)
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total
Balance - December 31, 2015 | $ | 59,159 |  |  | 631,822 |  |  | 298,134 |  |  | 6,252 |  |  | $ | 995,367 |
Net income - 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 77,476 |  |  |  |  |  | 77,476 |
Other comprehensive income (net of taxes of $4,774) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10,061 | ) |  | (10,061 | )
Issuance of common stock in regard to acquisition (17,232 shares) | 23 |  |  | 430 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 453 |
Dividends on common stock ($0.77 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (33,672 | ) |  |  |  |  | (33,672 | )
Stock purchased under stock repurchase plan (1,411,131 shares) | (1,877 | ) |  | (31,300 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (33,177 | )
Issuance of common stock under Equity Compensation Plans (88,409 shares) | 118 |  |  | 1,311 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,429 |
Issuance of common stock for services rendered (19,132 shares) | 25 |  |  | 508 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 533 |
Vesting of restricted stock, including tax effects, under Equity Compensation Plans (43,620 shares) | 58 |  |  | (644 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (586 | )
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  |  | 3,270 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,270 |
Balance - December 31, 2016 | 57,506 |  |  | 605,397 |  |  | 341,938 |  |  | (3,809 | ) |  | 1,001,032 |
Net income - 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 72,923 |  |  |  |  |  | 72,923 |
Other comprehensive income (net of taxes of $1,402) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,925 |  |  | 2,925 |
Dividends on common stock ($0.81 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (35,393 | ) |  |  |  |  | (35,393 | )
Issuance of common stock under Equity Compensation Plans (63,476 shares) | 84 |  |  | 953 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,037 |
Issuance of common stock for services rendered (20,857 shares) | 28 |  |  | 696 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 724 |
Vesting of restricted stock, including tax effects, under Equity Compensation Plans (94,370 shares) | 126 |  |  | (1,693 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,567 | )
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  |  | 4,648 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,648 |
Balance - December 31, 2017 | 57,744 |  |  | 610,001 |  |  | 379,468 |  |  | (884 | ) |  | 1,046,329 |
Net income - 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 146,248 |  |  |  |  |  | 146,248 |
Other comprehensive income (net of taxes of $2,792) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9,343 | ) |  | (9,343 | )
Issuance of common stock in regard to acquisitions (21,922,077 shares)(1) | 29,156 |  |  | 765,653 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 794,809 |
Dividends on common stock ($0.88 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (58,001 | ) |  |  |  |  | (58,001 | )
Issuance of common stock under Equity Compensation Plans (121,438 shares) | 162 |  |  | 2,185 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,347 |
Issuance of common stock for services rendered (23,581 shares) | 31 |  |  | 883 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 914 |
Vesting of restricted stock, including tax effects, under Equity Compensation Plans (118,058 shares) | 157 |  |  | (3,065 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,908 | )
Cancellation of Warrants |  |  |  | (1,530 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,530 | )
Impact of adoption of new guidance |  |  |  |  |  |  | (370 | ) |  | (46 | ) |  | (416 | )
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  |  | 6,132 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,132 |
Balance - December 31, 2018 | $ | 87,250 |  |  | $ | 1,380,259 |  |  | $ | 467,345 |  |  | $ | (10,273 | ) |  | $ | 1,924,581 |

(1) Includes conversion of Xenith warrants to the Company's warrants.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
70

UNION BANKSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017, AND 2016
(Dollars in thousands)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Operating activities (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 146,248 |  |  | $ | 72,923 |  |  | $ | 77,476 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation of premises and equipment | 13,725 |  |  | 11,183 |  |  | 10,215 |
Writedown of foreclosed properties and former bank premises | 1,324 |  |  | 1,891 |  |  | 1,017 |
Amortization, net | 12,603 |  |  | 14,021 |  |  | 13,555 |
Amortization (accretion) related to acquisition, net | (6,711 | ) |  | (866 | ) |  | 1,534 |
Provision for credit losses | 13,551 |  |  | 10,756 |  |  | 9,100 |
Gains on securities transactions, net | (383 | ) |  | (800 | ) |  | (205 | )
BOLI income | (7,198 | ) |  | (5,306 | ) |  | (5,513 | )
Deferred tax expense (benefit) | 17,821 |  |  | 5,624 |  |  | 243 |
Decrease (increase) in loans held for sale, net | 40,662 |  |  | (4,175 | ) |  | (457 | )
Losses (gains) on sales of foreclosed properties and former bank premises, net | (220 | ) |  | 143 |  |  | (217 | )
Gain on Shore Premier sale | (19,966 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Goodwill impairment losses | 864 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expenses | 6,132 |  |  | 4,648 |  |  | 3,270 |
Issuance of common stock for services | 914 |  |  | 724 |  |  | 533 |
Net decrease (increase) in other assets | (26,606 | ) |  | (5,785 | ) |  | (14,810 | )
Net increase (decrease) in other liabilities | 24,005 |  |  | 5,352 |  |  | (1,898 | )
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in) operating activities | 216,765 |  |  | 110,333 |  |  | 93,843 |
Investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of AFS securities and restricted stock | (1,047,611 | ) |  | (298,958 | ) |  | (259,020 | )
Purchases of HTM securities | (485,629 | ) |  | (7,836 | ) |  | (2,390 | )
Proceeds from sales of AFS securities and restricted stock | 515,764 |  |  | 139,046 |  |  | 69,516 |
Proceeds from maturities, calls and paydowns of AFS securities | 173,597 |  |  | 115,124 |  |  | 115,670 |
Proceeds from maturities, calls and paydowns of HTM securities | — |  |  | 5,048 |  |  | 2,686 |
Proceeds from sale of marketable equity securities | 28,913 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of loans held for investment | 581,324 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net increase in loans held for investment | (704,582 | ) |  | (838,668 | ) |  | (637,207 | )
Net increase in premises and equipment | 1,698 |  |  | (9,261 | ) |  | (6,339 | )
Proceeds from BOLI settlements | — |  |  | 2,497 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sales of foreclosed properties and former bank premises | 6,295 |  |  | 2,448 |  |  | 5,837 |
Cash paid in acquisitions | (14,304 | ) |  | (231 | ) |  | (4,077 | )
Cash acquired in acquisitions | 174,496 |  |  | 5,038 |  |  | 207 |
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in) investing activities | (770,039 | ) |  | (885,753 | ) |  | (715,117 | )
Financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in noninterest-bearing deposits | 81,028 |  |  | 105,093 |  |  | 20,688 |
Net increase in interest-bearing deposits | 351,084 |  |  | 502,018 |  |  | 394,865 |
Net increase in short-term borrowings | 58,645 |  |  | 217,371 |  |  | 187,804 |
Cash paid for contingent consideration | (565 | ) |  | (3,003 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | 225,000 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | 178,000 |
Repayments of long-term debt | (40,000 | ) |  | (10,000 | ) |  | (57,500 | )
Cash dividends paid - common stock | (58,001 | ) |  | (35,393 | ) |  | (33,672 | )
Cancellation of warrants | (1,530 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Repurchase of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33,177 | )
Issuance of common stock | 2,347 |  |  | 1,037 |  |  | 1,429 |
Vesting of restricted stock, net of shares held for taxes | (2,908 | ) |  | (1,567 | ) |  | (586 | )
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by financing activities | 615,100 |  |  | 795,556 |  |  | 657,851 |
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 61,826 |  |  | 20,136 |  |  | 36,577 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the period | 199,373 |  |  | 179,237 |  |  | 142,660 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period | $ | 261,199 |  |  | $ | 199,373 |  |  | $ | 179,237 |

71

UNION BANKSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017, AND 2016
(Dollars in thousands)
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash payments for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest | $ | 99,227 |  |  | $ | 47,775 |  |  | $ | 29,576 |
Income taxes | 10,830 |  |  | 24,000 |  |  | 27,900 |
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfers from loans (foreclosed properties) to foreclosed properties (loans) | 493 |  |  | 910 |  |  | 1,297 |
Stock received as consideration for sale of loans held for investment | 28,913 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Securities transferred from HTM to AFS | 187,425 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock in exchange for net assets in acquisition | 794,809 |  |  | — |  |  | 453 |
Transactions related to acquisitions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets acquired | 3,253,328 |  |  | 293 |  |  | 4,668 |
Liabilities assumed (2) | 2,873,718 |  |  | 5,437 |  |  | 4,807 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
(1) Discontinued operations have an immaterial impact to the Company's Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The change in loans held for sale and goodwill impairment losses included in the Operating Activities section above are fully attributable to discontinued operations.
(2) 2018 includes contingent consideration related to DHFB and OAL acquisitions.
72

UNION BANKSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017, AND 2016
1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The Company - Headquartered in Richmond, Virginia, the Company is the largest community banking organization headquartered in Virginia and, as of December 31, 2018, operated in all major banking markets throughout the Commonwealth. The Company is the holding company for Union Bank & Trust, which provides banking, trust, and wealth management services and, as of December 31, 2018, had a statewide presence of 140 bank branches, seven of which were operated as Xenith Bank, a division of Union Bank & Trust of Richmond, Virginia, and approximately 188 ATMs. As of December 31, 2018, non-bank affiliates of the Company included: Union Insurance Group, LLC, which provides various lines of insurance products; Old Dominion Capital Management, Inc., Outfitter Advisors, Ltd., and Dixon, Hubard, Feinour & Brown, Inc., which provide investment advisory services.
Principles of Consolidation - The accounting policies and practices of Union Bankshares Corporation and subsidiaries conform to GAAP and follow general practices within the banking industry. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, which is a financial holding company and a bank holding company that owns all of the outstanding common stock of its banking subsidiary, Union Bank & Trust, which owns Union Insurance Group, LLC, Old Dominion Capital Management, Inc., and Dixon, Hubard, Feinour & Brown, Inc. The Company’s Statutory Trusts, wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company, were formed for the purpose of issuing redeemable trust preferred capital notes in connection with two of the Company’s acquisitions prior to 2006. ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing, precludes the Company from consolidating Statutory Trusts I and II. The subordinated debts payable to the trusts are reported as liabilities of the Company. All significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Use of Estimates - The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the ALL, the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, OREO, deferred tax assets and liabilities, other-than-temporary impairment of securities, and the fair value of financial instruments.
Variable Interest Entities - Current accounting guidance states that if a business enterprise is the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity, the assets, liabilities, and results of the activities of the variable interest entity should be included in the consolidated financial statements of the business enterprise. An entity is deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity if that entity has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact its economic performance; and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the variable interest entity. Management has evaluated the Company’s investment in variable interest entities. The Company’s primary exposure to variable interest entities are the trust preferred securities structures. This accounting guidance has not had a material impact on the financial condition or operating results of the Company.
Business Combinations and Divestitures - Business combinations are accounted for under ASC 805, Business Combinations, using the acquisition method of accounting. The acquisition method of accounting requires an acquirer to recognize the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the acquisition date measured at their fair values as of that date. To determine the fair values, the Company utilizes third party valuations, appraisals, and internal valuations based on discounted cash flow analysis or other valuation techniques. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the Company will identify the acquiree and the closing date and apply applicable recognition principles and conditions. If they are necessary to implement its plan to exit an activity of an acquiree, costs that the Company expects, but is not obligated, to incur in the future are not liabilities at the acquisition date, nor are costs to terminate the employment or relocate an acquiree’s employees. The Company does not recognize these costs as part of applying the acquisition method. Instead, the Company recognizes these costs as expenses in its post-combination financial statements in accordance with other applicable GAAP.
Merger-related costs are costs the Company incurs to effect a business combination. Those costs include advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees. Some other examples of costs to the Company include systems conversions, integration planning consultants, contract terminations, and advertising costs. The Company will account for merger-related costs as expenses in the periods in which the costs are incurred and the services are received, with one exception. The costs to issue debt or equity securities will be recognized in accordance with other applicable accounting guidance. These merger-related costs are included on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income classified within the noninterest expense caption.
73

Cash and Cash Equivalents - For purposes of reporting cash flows, the Company defines cash and cash equivalents as cash, cash due from banks, interest-bearing deposits in other banks, money market investments, other interest-bearing deposits, and federal funds sold.
Investment Securities - Investment securities held by the Company are classified as either available for sale or held to maturity at the time of purchase and reassessed periodically, based on management’s intent. Additionally, the Company also holds equity securities and restricted stock with the Federal Reserve Bank and FHLB, which are not subject to the investment security classifications.
Available for Sale - securities classified as available for sale are those debt securities that management intends to hold for an indefinite period of time, including securities used as part of the Company’s asset/liability strategy, and that may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, liquidity needs, or other factors. Securities available for sale are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses, net of deferred taxes, included in accumulated other comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity.
Held to Maturity - debt securities that the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and reported at amortized cost. Transfers of debt securities into the held to maturity category from the available for sale category are made at fair value at the date of transfer. The unrealized holding gain or loss at the date of transfer is retained in other comprehensive income and in the carrying value of the held to maturity securities. Such amounts are amortized over the remaining life of the security.
Equity Investments - Equity investments are accounted for using the equity method of accounting if the investment gives the Company the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over an investee. The Company’s share of the earnings or losses is reported by equity method investees and is classified as income from equity investees on our consolidated statements of earnings. Equity investments for which the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence are accounted for using the cost method of accounting. Under the cost method, investments are carried at cost and are adjusted only for other-than-temporary declines in fair value, certain distributions, and additional investments. Equity investments in unconsolidated entities with a readily determinable fair value that are not accounted for under the equity method will be measured at fair value through net income.
Restricted Stock, at cost - due to restrictions placed upon the Company’s common stock investments in the Federal Reserve Bank and FHLB, these securities have been classified as restricted equity securities and carried at cost. The FHLB required the Bank to maintain stock in an amount equal to 4.25% of outstanding borrowings and a specific percentage of the member’s total assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Federal Reserve Bank requires the Company to maintain stock with a par value equal to 6% of its outstanding capital.
The Company regularly evaluates all securities whose values have declined below amortized cost to assess whether the decline in fair value represents an OTTI. Declines in the fair value of held to maturity and available for sale securities below their cost that are deemed to be other than temporary are reflected in earnings as realized losses. In estimating OTTI losses, an impairment is other-than-temporary if any of the following conditions exist: the entity intends to sell the security; it is more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis; or, the entity does not expect to recover the security’s entire amortized cost basis (even if the entity does not intend to sell). If a credit loss exists, but an entity does not intend to sell the impaired debt security and is not more likely than not to be required to sell before recovery, the impairment is other-than-temporary and should be separated into a credit portion to be recognized in earnings and the remaining amount relating to all other factors recognized as other comprehensive loss. Gains and losses on the sale of securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the specific identification method. Purchased premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities.
Loans Held for Sale - The Company records loans held for sale via the fair value option. For further information regarding the fair value method and assumptions, refer to Note 13 “Fair Value Measurements.” In addition, the Company requires a firm purchase commitment from a permanent investor before a loan can be closed, thus limiting interest rate risk. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized through a valuation allowance by charges to income. The change in fair value of loans held for sale is recorded as a component of Discontinued Operations within the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. At December 31, 2018, the Company did not have loans held for sale, due to the wind down of UMG; refer to Note 18 "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations."
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Loans - The Company originates commercial and consumer loans to customers. A substantial portion of the loan portfolio is represented by commercial and residential real estate loans (including acquisition and development loans and residential construction loans) throughout its market area. The ability of the Company’s debtors to honor their contracts on such loans is dependent upon the real estate and general economic conditions in those markets, as well as other factors.
Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off generally are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balances adjusted for any charge-offs, the ALL, and any deferred fees and costs on originated loans. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method.
Below is a summary of the current loan segments:
Construction and Land Development - construction loans generally made to commercial and residential builders for specific construction projects. The successful repayment of these types of loans is generally dependent upon (a) a commitment for permanent financing from the Company or other lender, or (b) from the sale of the constructed property. These loans carry more risk than both types of commercial real estate term loans due to the dynamics of construction projects, changes in interest rates, the long-term financing market, and state and local government regulations. As in commercial real estate term lending, the Company manages risk by using specific underwriting policies and procedures for these types of loans and by avoiding excessive concentrations to any one business or industry.
Also, included in this category are loans generally made to residential home builders to support their lot and home construction inventory needs. Repayment relies upon the sale of the underlying residential real estate project. This type of lending carries a higher level of risk as compared to other commercial lending. This class of lending manages risks related to residential real estate market conditions, a functioning primary and secondary market in which to finance the sale of residential properties, and the borrower’s ability to manage inventory and run projects. The Company manages this risk by lending to experienced builders and developers by using specific underwriting policies and procedures for these types of loans and by avoiding excessive concentrations with any particular customer or geographic region.
Commercial Real Estate – Owner Occupied - term loans made to support owner occupied real estate properties that rely upon the successful operation of the business occupying the property for repayment. General market conditions and economic activity may affect these types of loans. In addition to using specific underwriting policies and procedures for these types of loans, the Company manages risk by avoiding concentrations to any one business or industry.
Commercial Real Estate – Non-Owner Occupied - term loans typically made to borrowers to support income producing properties that rely upon the successful operation of the property for repayment. General market conditions and economic activity may impact the performance of these types of loans. In addition to using specific underwriting policies and procedures for these types of loans, the Company manages risk by diversifying the lending to various property types, such as retail, office, office warehouse, and hotel as well as avoiding concentrations to any one business or industry.
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage - loans generally made to residential borrowers. The Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage loan portfolio carries risks associated with the creditworthiness of the borrower and changes in loan-to-value ratios. The Company manages these risks through policies and procedures such as limiting loan-to-value ratios at origination, experienced underwriting, requiring standards for appraisers, and not making subprime loans.
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial - loans made to commercial borrowers where the loan is secured by residential property. The Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial loan portfolio carries risks associated with the creditworthiness of the tenant, the ability to re-lease the property when vacancies occur, and changes in loan-to-value ratios. The Company manages these risks through policies and procedures, such as limiting loan-to-value ratios at origination, requiring guarantees, experienced underwriting, and requiring standards for appraisers.
Multifamily Real Estate - loans made to real estate investors to support permanent financing for multifamily residential income producing properties that rely on the successful operation of the property for repayment. This management mainly involves property maintenance, re-leasing upon tenant turnover and collection of rents due from tenants. This type of lending carries a lower level of risk, as compared to other commercial lending. In addition, underwriting requirements for multifamily properties are stricter than for other non-owner-occupied property types. The Company manages this risk by avoiding concentrations with any particular customer.
Commercial & Industrial - loans generally made to support the Company’s borrowers’ need for short-term or seasonal cash flow and equipment/vehicle purchases. Repayment relies upon the successful operation of the business. This type of lending
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typically carries a lower level of commercial credit risk, as compared to other commercial lending. The Company manages this risk by using general underwriting policies and procedures for these types of loans and by avoiding concentrations to any one business or industry.
HELOC - the consumer HELOC portfolio carries risks associated with the creditworthiness of the borrower and changes in loan-to-value ratios. The Company manages these risks through policies and procedures, such as limiting loan-to-value ratios at origination, using experienced underwriting, requiring standards for appraisers, and not making subprime loans.
Auto - the consumer indirect auto lending portfolio generally carries certain risks associated with the values of the collateral that management must mitigate. The Company focuses its indirect auto lending on one to two-year-old used vehicles where substantial depreciation has already occurred thereby minimizing the risk of significant loss of collateral values in the future. This type of lending places reliance on computer-based loan approval systems to supplement other underwriting standards.
Consumer and all other - portfolios carry risks associated with the creditworthiness of the borrower and changes in the economic environment. The Company manages these risks through policies and procedures such as experienced underwriting, maximum debt to income ratios, and minimum borrower credit scores. Loans that support small business lines of credit and agricultural lending are included in this category; however, neither are a material source of business for the Company.
Also included in this category are loans purchased through various third-party lending programs. These portfolios include consumer loans and carry risks associated with the borrower, changes in the economic environment, and the vendors themselves. The Company manages these risks through policies that require minimum credit scores and other underwriting requirements, robust analysis of actual performance versus expected performance, as well as ensuring compliance with the Company's vendor management program.
Nonaccruals, Past Dues, and Charge-offs
The policy for placing commercial loans on nonaccrual status is generally when the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the credit is well secured and in process of collection. Consumer loans are typically charged-off when management judges the loan to be uncollectible but generally no later than 120 days past due for non-real estate secured loans and 180 days for real estate secured loans. Consumer loans are generally not placed on nonaccrual status prior to charge off. Commercial loans are typically written down to net realizable value when it is determined that the Company will be unable to collect the principal amount in full and the amount is a confirmed loss. Loans in all classes of portfolios are considered past due or delinquent when a contractual payment has not been satisfied. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status or charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal and interest is considered doubtful and in accordance with regulatory requirements. The process for charge-offs of impaired collateral dependent loans is discussed in detail within the “Allowance for Loan Losses” section of this Note.
For both the commercial and consumer loan segments, all interest accrued but not collected for loans placed on nonaccrual status or charged-off is reversed against interest income and accrual of interest income is terminated. Payments and interest on these loans are accounted for using the cost-recovery method by applying all payments received as a reduction to the outstanding principal balance until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. The determination of future payments being reasonably assured varies depending on the circumstances present with the loan; however, the timely payment of contractual amounts owed for six consecutive months is a primary indicator. The authority to move loans into or out of accrual status is limited to senior Special Assets Officers. Reclassification of certain loans may require approval of the Special Assets Loan Committee.
Impaired Loans
A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan-by-loan basis by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s obtainable market price, or the fair value of the collateral. The impairment loan policy is the same for all segments within the commercial loan segment.
For the consumer loan segment, large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. This evaluation subjects each of the Company’s homogenous pools to a historical loss factor derived from net charge-offs experienced over the preceding 24 quarters. The Company applies payments received on impaired loans to principal and
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interest based on the contractual terms until they are placed on nonaccrual status. All payments received are then applied to reduce the principal balance and recognition of interest income is terminated as previously discussed.
Allowance for Loan Losses
The provision for loan losses charged to operations is an amount sufficient to bring the ALL to an estimated balance that management considers adequate to absorb probable losses inherent in the portfolio. Loans are charged against the allowance when management believes the collectability of the principal is unlikely, while recoveries of amounts previously charged-off are credited to the ALL. Management’s determination of the adequacy of the ALL is based on an evaluation of the composition of the loan portfolio, the value and adequacy of collateral, current economic conditions, historical loan loss experience, and other risk factors. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions, particularly those affecting real estate values. Management believes that the ALL is adequate.
The Company performs regular credit reviews of the loan portfolio to review the credit quality and adherence to its underwriting standards. The credit reviews include Annual Loan Servicing performed by Commercial Bankers in accordance with Commercial Loan Policy (CLP), relationship reviews that accompany annual loan renewals, and reviews by its Loan Review Group. Upon origination, each commercial loan is assigned a risk rating ranging from one to nine, with loans closer to one having less risk. This risk rating scale is the Company’s primary credit quality indicator. Consumer loans are not risk rated unless past due status, bankruptcy, or other event results in the assignment of a Substandard or worse risk rating in accordance with CLP. The Company has various committees that review and ensure that the ALL methodology is in accordance with GAAP and loss factors used appropriately reflect the risk characteristics of the loan portfolio.
The Company’s ALL consists of specific, general, and qualitative components.
Specific Reserve Component
The specific reserve component relates to impaired loans. Upon being identified as impaired, for loans not considered to be collateral-dependent, an ALL is established when the discounted cash flows of the impaired loan are lower than the carrying value of that loan. The impairment of collateral-dependent loans is measured based on the fair value of the underlying collateral, less selling costs, compared to the carrying value of the loan. If the Company determines that the value of an impaired collateral dependent loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan, the Company charges off the deficiency if it is determined that such amount represents a confirmed loss. Typically, a loss is confirmed when the Company is moving towards foreclosure (or final disposition).
The Company obtains independent appraisals from a pre-approved list of independent, third party appraisers located in the market in which the collateral is located. The Company’s approved appraiser list is continuously maintained to ensure the list only includes such appraisers that have the experience, reputation, character, and knowledge of the respective real estate market. At a minimum, it is ascertained that the appraiser is currently licensed in the state in which the property is located, experienced in the appraisal of properties similar to the property being appraised, has knowledge of current real estate market conditions and financing trends, and is reputable. The Company’s internal REVG, which reports to the Enterprise Risk Management group, performs either a technical or administrative review of all appraisals obtained. A technical review will ensure the overall quality of the appraisal, while an administrative review ensures that all of the required components of an appraisal are present. Independent appraisals or valuations are updated every 12 months for all impaired loans. The Company’s impairment analysis documents the date of the appraisal used in the analysis. Adjustments to appraised values are only permitted to be made by the REVG. The impairment analysis is reviewed and approved by senior Credit Administration officers and the Special Assets Loan Committee. External appraisals are the primary source to value collateral dependent loans; however, the Company may also utilize values obtained through other valuation sources. These alternative sources of value are used only if deemed to be more representative of value based on updated information regarding collateral resolution. Impairment analyses are updated, reviewed, and approved on a quarterly basis at or near the end of each reporting period.
General Reserve Component
The general reserve component covers non-impaired loans and is quantitatively derived from an estimate of credit losses adjusted for various qualitative factors applicable to both commercial and consumer loan segments. The estimate of credit losses is a function of the net charge-off historical loss experience to the average loan balance of the portfolio averaged during a period that management has determined to be adequately reflective of the losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The Company has implemented a rolling 24-quarter look back period, which is re-evaluated on a periodic basis to ensure the reasonableness of the period being used.
The following table shows the types of qualitative factors management considers:
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QUALITATIVE FACTORS
Portfolio |  | National / International |  | Local
Experience and ability of lending team |  | Interest rates |  | Gross state product
Pace of loan growth |  | Inflation |  | Unemployment rate
Footprint and expansion |  | Unemployment |  | Home prices
Execution of loan risk rating process |  | Level of economic activity |  | CRE prices
Degree of credit oversight |  | Political and trade uncertainty |  |
Underwriting standards |  | Asset prices |  |
Delinquency levels in portfolio |  |  |  |
Charge-off trends in portfolio |  |  |  |
Credit concentrations / nature and volume of the portfolio |  |  |  |

Acquired Loans – Acquired loans are recorded at their fair value at acquisition date without carryover of the acquiree’s previously established ALL, as credit discounts are included in the determination of fair value. The fair value of the loans is determined using market participant assumptions in estimating the amount and timing of both principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and then applying a market-based discount rate to those cash flows. During evaluation upon acquisition, acquired loans are also classified as either acquired impaired (or PCI) or acquired performing.
Acquired performing loans are accounted for under ASC 310-20, Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs. The difference between the fair value and unpaid principal balance of the loan at acquisition date (premium or discount) is amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of the loans. If the acquired performing loan has revolving privileges, it is accounted for using the straight-line method; otherwise, the effective interest method is used.
Acquired impaired loans reflect credit quality deterioration since origination, as it is probable at acquisition that the Company will not be able to collect all contractually required payments. These PCI loans are accounted for under ASC 310-30, Receivables – Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. The PCI loans are segregated into pools based on loan type and credit risk. Loan type is determined based on collateral type, purpose, and lien position. Credit risk characteristics include risk rating groups, nonaccrual status, and past due status. For valuation purposes, these pools are further disaggregated by maturity, pricing characteristics, and re-payment structure. PCI loans are written down at acquisition to fair value using an estimate of cash flows deemed to be collectible. Accordingly, such loans are no longer classified as nonaccrual even though they may be contractually past due because the Company expects to fully collect the new carrying values of such loans, which is the new cost basis arising from purchase accounting.
Quarterly, management performs a recast of PCI loans based on updated future expected cash flows, which are updated through reassessment of default rates, loss severity, and prepayment speed assumptions. The excess of the cash flows expected to be collected over a pool’s carrying value is considered to be the accretable yield and is recognized as interest income over the estimated life of the loan or pool using the effective yield method. The accretable yield may change due to changes in the timing and amounts of expected cash flows; these changes are disclosed in Note 4 “Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses.”
The excess of the undiscounted contractual balances due over the cash flows expected to be collected is considered to be the nonaccretable difference, which represents the estimate of credit losses expected to occur and was considered in determining the fair value of loan at the acquisition date. Any subsequent increases in expected cash flows over those expected at the acquisition date in excess of fair value are adjusted through an increase in the accretable yield on a prospective basis; any decreases in expected cash flows attributable to credit deterioration are recognized by recording a provision for loan losses.
The PCI loans are and will continue to be subject to the Company’s internal and external credit review and monitoring. If further credit deterioration is experienced, such deterioration will be measured and the provision for loan losses will be increased. A loan will be removed from a pool (at its carrying value) only if the loan is sold, foreclosed, or assets are received in full satisfaction of the loan.
Troubled Debt Restructurings - In situations where, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial condition, the Company grants a concession in the loan structure to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a TDR. The Company strives to identify borrowers in financial difficulty early and work with them to modify their loan to more affordable terms as early as possible. These modified terms may include rate reductions, principal or interest forgiveness, extension of terms that are considered to be below market, conversion to interest only, and other actions intended to minimize the economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of the collateral. In cases where borrowers are granted
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new terms that provide for a reduction of either interest or principal, management measures any impairment on the restructuring as noted above for impaired loans. Restructured loans for which there was no rate concession, and therefore made at a market rate of interest, may subsequently be eligible to be removed from reportable TDR status in periods subsequent to the restructuring depending on the performance of the loan. The Company reviews previously restructured loans quarterly in order to determine whether any have performed, subsequent to the restructure, at a level that would allow for them to be removed from reportable TDR status. The Company generally would consider a change in this classification if the borrower is no longer experiencing financial difficulty, the loan is current or less than 30 days past due at the time the status change is being considered, the loan has performed under the restructured terms for a consecutive twelve-month period, and is no longer considered to be impaired. A loan may also be considered for removal from TDR status as a result of a subsequent restructure under certain restrictive circumstances. The removal of TDR designations must be approved by the Company's Special Asset Loan Committee.
Loans removed from reportable TDR status continue to be evaluated for impairment. The significant majority of these loans have been subject to new credit decisions due to the improvement in the expected future cash flows, the financial condition of the borrower, and other factors considered during the re-underwriting.
Premises and Equipment - Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method based on the type of asset involved. The Company’s policy is to capitalize additions and improvements and to depreciate the cost thereof over their estimated useful lives ranging from 3 to 50 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the life of the related lease or the estimated life of the related asset. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as they are incurred.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets - The Company has an aggregate goodwill balance of $727.2 million associated with previous merger transactions, which is associated with the commercial banking segment.
Goodwill resulting from business combinations prior to January 1, 2009 represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill resulting from business combinations after January 1, 2009 is generally determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exists that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. The Company has selected April 30th as the date to perform the annual impairment test.
Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives, which range from 4 to 14 years, to their estimated residual values. Goodwill is the only intangible asset with an indefinite life included on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Long-lived assets, including purchased intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Assets to be disposed of would be separately presented on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets and reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, would no longer depreciated. Management concluded that no circumstances indicating an impairment of these assets existed as of the balance sheet date.
The Company performed its annual impairment testing on April 30, 2018 and determined that there was no impairment to its goodwill. Management performed a review through December 31, 2018 and concluded that no impairment existed as of the balance sheet date. The Company wrote off the portion of goodwill related to the mortgage company during 2018 because of the wind down of its operations throughout the year.
Foreclosed Properties - Assets acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure are held for sale and are initially recorded at fair value less selling costs at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. When the carrying amount exceeds the acquisition date fair value less selling costs, the excess is charged off against the ALL. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and the assets are carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell, any valuation adjustments occurring from post-acquisition reviews are charged to expense as incurred. Revenue and
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expenses from operations and changes in the valuation allowance are included in OREO and credit-related expenses, disclosed in a separate line item on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income.
Transfers of Financial Assets - Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company – put presumptively beyond reach of the transferor and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity or the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return specific assets.
Bank Owned Life Insurance - The Company has purchased life insurance on certain key employees and directors. These policies are recorded at their cash surrender value and are included in a separate line item on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Income generated from policies is recorded as noninterest income. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company also had liabilities for post-retirement benefits payable to other partial beneficiaries under some of these life insurance policies of $10.5 million and $6.3 million, respectively. The Company is exposed to credit risk to the extent an insurance company is unable to fulfill its financial obligations under a policy.
Derivatives - Derivatives are recognized as assets and liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and measured at fair value. The Company’s derivatives are interest rate swap agreements and interest rate lock commitments. The Company’s hedging policies permit the use of various derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk or to hedge specified assets and liabilities. All derivatives are recorded at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company may be required to recognize certain contracts and commitments as derivatives when the characteristics of those contracts and commitments meet the definition of a derivative. To qualify for hedge accounting, derivatives must be highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged and must be designated as a hedge at the inception of the derivative contract. The Company considers a hedge to be highly effective if the change in fair value of the derivative hedging instrument is within 80% to 125% of the opposite change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk. If derivative instruments are designated as hedges of fair values, and such hedges are highly effective, both the change in the fair value of the hedge and the hedged item are included in current earnings. Fair value adjustments related to cash flow hedges are recorded in other comprehensive income and are reclassified to earnings when the hedged transaction is reflected in earnings. Ineffective portions of hedges are reflected in earnings as they occur. Actual cash receipts and/or payments and related accruals on derivatives related to hedges are recorded as adjustments to the interest income or interest expense associated with the hedged item. During the life of the hedge, the Company formally assesses whether derivatives designated as hedging instruments continue to be highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of hedged items. If it is determined that a hedge has ceased to be highly effective, the Company will discontinue hedge accounting prospectively. At such time, previous adjustments to the carrying value of the hedged item are reversed into current earnings and the derivative instrument is reclassified to a trading position recorded at fair value.
The Company enters into commitments to originate mortgage loans whereby the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding (rate lock commitments). Rate lock commitments on mortgage loans that are intended to be sold are considered to be derivatives. The period of time between issuance of a loan commitment, closing, and sale of the loan generally ranges from 30 to 120 days. The Company protects itself from changes in interest rates through the use of best efforts forward delivery commitments, whereby the Company commits to sell a loan at the time the borrower commits to an interest rate with the intent that the buyer has assumed interest rate risk on the loan. As a result, the Company is not exposed to material losses and will not realize significant gains related to its rate lock commitments due to changes in interest rates. The correlation between the rate lock commitments and the best efforts contracts is high due to their similarity.
The market value of rate lock commitments and best efforts contracts is not readily ascertainable with precision because rate lock commitments and best efforts contracts are not actively traded in stand-alone markets. The Company determines the fair value of rate lock commitments and best efforts contracts by measuring the change in the value of the underlying asset while taking into consideration the probability that the rate lock commitments will close. The fair value of the rate lock commitments is reported as a component of "Assets of discontinued operations" in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets; the fair value of the Company’s best efforts forward delivery commitments is recorded as a component of "Liabilities of discontinued operations" of the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Any impact to income is recorded in current period earnings as a component of "Income (loss) on discontinued operations" on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. At December 31, 2018, there were no outstanding rate lock commitments due to the wind down of UMG throughout 2018.
Affordable Housing Entities - The Company invests in private investment funds that make equity investments in multifamily affordable housing properties that provide affordable housing tax credits for these investments. The activities of these entities are financed with a combination of invested equity capital and debt. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31,
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2017, the Company recognized amortization of $922,000 and $1.3 million, respectively, and tax credits of $1.1 million and $858,000, respectively, associated with these investments within “Income tax expense” on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. The carrying value of the Company’s investments in these qualified affordable housing projects for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were $10.8 million and $11.0 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company's recorded liability totaled $9.9 million and $7.3 million, respectively, for the related unfunded commitments, which are expected to be paid from 2018 to 2033.
Loan Fees - Fees collected and certain costs incurred related to loan originations are deferred and amortized as an adjustment to interest income over the life of the related loans. Deferred fees and costs are recorded as an adjustment to loans outstanding using a method that approximates a constant yield.
Stock Compensation Plan - The Company issues equity awards to employees and directors through either stock options, RSUs or PSUs. The Company complies with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, which requires the costs resulting from all stock-based payments to employees be recognized in the financial statements.
The fair value of stock options’ compensation cost is estimated at the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes option valuation model for determining fair value of stock options. No options were granted in 2018 or 2017. The market price of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant is used for nonvested stock awards.
The fair value of PSUs granted in 2018 and 2017 is determined and fixed on the grant date based on the Company’s stock price, adjusted for the exclusion of dividend equivalents. The Monte Carlo simulation valuation model was used to determine the grant date fair value of PSUs granted in 2018 and 2017.
The fair value of restricted stock is based on the trading price of the Company's stock on the date of the grant.
ASC 718 requires the Company to estimate forfeitures when recognizing compensation expense and that this estimate of forfeitures be adjusted over the requisite service period or vesting schedule based on the extent to which actual forfeitures differ from such estimates. Changes in estimated forfeitures are recognized through a cumulative catch-up adjustment, which is recognized in the period of change, and also will affect the amount of estimated unamortized compensation expense to be recognized in future periods.
For more information and tables refer to Note 15 “Employee Benefits and Stock Based Compensation.”
Income Taxes - Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined using the asset and liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is determined based on the tax effects of the temporary differences between the book and tax bases of the various balance sheet assets and liabilities and gives current recognition to changes in tax rates and laws. Deferred taxes are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
When tax returns are filed, it is highly certain that some positions taken would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while others are subject to uncertainty about the merits of the position taken or the amount of the position that would be ultimately sustained. The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions taken are not offset or aggregated with other positions. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority. The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above is reflected as a liability for unrecognized tax benefits on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination.
Interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits are classified as additional income taxes on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company did not record any material interest or penalties for the periods ending December 31, 2018, 2017, or 2016 related to tax positions taken. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no accruals for uncertain tax positions. The Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries file a consolidated income tax return. Each entity provides for income taxes based on its contribution to income or loss of the consolidated group.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into law. Refer to Note 16 “Income Taxes” for additional information on the impact of the Tax Act.
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Advertising Costs - The Company follows a policy of charging the cost of advertising to expense as incurred. Advertising costs are disclosed in a separate line item on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income.
Earnings Per Common Share – Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per common share reflect additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued, as well as any adjustment to income that would result from the assumed issuance. Potential common shares that may be issued by the Company relate solely to outstanding stock options and restricted stock and are determined using the treasury stock method.
Comprehensive Income - Comprehensive income represents all changes in equity that result from recognized transactions and other economic events of the period. Other comprehensive income (loss) refers to revenues, expenses, gains, and losses under GAAP that are included in comprehensive income but excluded from net income, such as unrealized gains and losses on certain investments in debt and equity securities and interest rate swaps.
Off Balance Sheet Credit Related Financial Instruments - In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. For more information and tables refer Note 9 “Commitments and Contingencies.”
Fair Value - The Company follows ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. This codification clarifies that fair value of certain assets and liabilities is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between willing market participants.
ASC 820 specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under ASC 820 based on these two types of inputs are as follows: Level 1 valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities; Level 2 valuation is based on observable inputs including quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in less active markets, and model-based valuation techniques for which significant assumptions can be derived primarily from or corroborated by observable data in the markets; and Level 3 valuation is based on model-based techniques that use one or more significant inputs or assumptions that are unobservable in the market. These unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about what market participants would use and information that is reasonably available under the circumstances without undue cost and effort.
For more specific information on the valuation techniques used by the Company to measure certain financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the financial statements refer to Note 13 “Fair Value Measurements.”
Concentrations of Credit Risk - Most of the Company’s activities are with customers located in portions of Central, Southwest, and Tidewater Virginia. Securities available for sale, loans, and financial instruments with off balance sheet risk also represent concentrations of credit risk and are discussed in Note 3 “Securities,” Note 4 “Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses,” and Note 11 “Stockholders' Equity,” respectively.
Reclassifications – The accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes reflect certain reclassifications in prior periods to conform to the current presentation. Specifically, the Company historically classified former bank premises as OREO; however, the Company concluded former bank premises do not meet the definition of a non-performing asset and should not be included within the Company's non-performing asset disclosures. In addition, OREO has been reclassified to Other Assets within the Consolidated Balance Sheets for all periods presented.
Adoption of New Accounting Standards - On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Topic 606” and all subsequent amendments to the ASU (“Topic 606”). This ASU revised guidance for the recognition, measurement, and disclosure of revenue from contracts with customers. The guidance, as amended, is applicable to all entities and replaces a significant portion of existing industry and transaction-specific revenue recognition rules with a more principles-based recognition model. Most revenue associated with financial instruments, including interest income, loan origination fees, and credit card fees, is outside the scope of the guidance. Gains and losses on investment securities, derivatives, and sales of financial instruments are similarly excluded from the scope. The Company adopted this ASU using the modified retrospective approach, which requires a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the reporting period in which the entity first applies the new guidance. The adoption of Topic 606 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial results but did result in expanded disclosures related to noninterest
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income and enhanced qualitative disclosures on the revenues within the scope of the new guidance. Refer to Note 14 “Revenue" for further discussion on the Company's accounting policies for revenue sources within the scope of Topic 606.
On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-01, “Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” This ASU requires an entity to, among other things: (i) measure equity investments at fair value through net income, with certain exceptions; (ii) present in OCI the changes in instrument-specific credit risk for financial liabilities measured using the fair value option; (iii) present financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset; (iv) calculate the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes based on an exit price and; (v) assess a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets related to unrealized losses of AFS debt securities in combination with other deferred tax assets. The ASU provides an election to subsequently measure certain nonmarketable equity investments at cost less any impairment and adjusted for certain observable price changes. The ASU also requires a qualitative impairment assessment of such equity investments and amends certain fair value disclosure requirements. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and resulted in enhancements to the financial instrument disclosures.
On May 1, 2018, the Company early adopted ASU No. 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities.” This ASU simplifies the application of the hedge accounting guidance and improves the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity’s risk management activities in its financial statements. The targeted improvements in ASU No. 2017-12 allowed the Company a one-time transfer of certain debt securities from HTM to AFS. The Company adopted this ASU using the modified retrospective approach. As part of this adoption, the Company made a one-time election to transfer eligible HTM securities to the AFS category in order to optimize the investment portfolio management for capital and risk management considerations. The Company transferred HTM securities with a carrying amount of $187.4 million, which resulted in a $400,000 increase to AOCI. Refer to Note 3 "Securities" and Note 11 "Stockholders' Equity" for further discussion regarding the adoption.
On May 1, 2018, the Company early adopted ASU No. 2018-02, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.” This ASU allows for a reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act and requires certain disclosures about the stranded tax effects. The Company reclassified approximately $107,000 from AOCI to retained earnings during the second quarter 2018. Refer to Note 11 "Stockholders' Equity" for further discussion regarding the adoption.
The net impact to retained earnings of the adoption of ASU No. 2017-12 and ASU No. 2018-02 was $293,000.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements - In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” This ASU requires lessees to put most leases on their balance sheets, but recognize expenses in the income statement in a manner similar to today’s accounting. This ASU also eliminates the real estate-specific provisions and changes the guidance on sale-leaseback transactions, initial direct costs, and lease executory costs for all entities. For lessors, this ASU modifies the classification criteria and the accounting for sales-type and direct financing leases. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Company plans to adopt Topic 842 in the first quarter of 2019 via the modified retrospective transition approach; which is required for leases existing at, or entered into after the date of adoption, to be presented in accordance with the new standard requirements.
The Company plans to elect the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, which allows the Company to carry forward historical lease classifications. In addition, the Company will elect the short-term lease exemption practical expedient in which leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not capitalized and are not recorded on the balance sheet. Lastly, the Company plans to elect the practical expedient related to accounting for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.
While the Company has evaluated this ASU and the effect of related disclosures, the Company expects that the primary effect of adoption will be to require recording right-of-use assets and corresponding lease obligations for current operating leases, which is estimated at approximately $51.5 million, as of the adoption of this standard, which is based on the Company’s current outstanding lease population. Upon adoption, the Company will have a new system of record; implement new accounting policies and internal controls related to the implementation of the standard. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to materially impact the consolidated net earnings and capital ratios; additionally there will be no impact on cash flows.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This ASU updates the existing guidance to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit
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held by a reporting entity at each reporting date. This ASU replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The CECL model will replace the Company's current accounting for PCI and impaired loans. This ASU also amends the AFS debt securities OTTI model. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company has established a cross-functional governance structure for the implementation of CECL. The Company is continuing to evaluate the impact ASU No. 2016-13 will have on its consolidated financial statements. This ASU contains significant differences from existing GAAP, and the implementation of this ASU may result in increases to the Company's reserves for credit losses of financial instruments; however, the Company is still finalizing its estimate of the quantitative impact of this standard.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, "Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract." This ASU amends the Intangibles—Goodwill and Other Topic of the Accounting Standards Codification to align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. This ASU is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect this ASU to have a material effect on its financial statements.
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2. ACQUISITIONS & DISPOSITIONS
See Note 21 “Subsequent Events” for additional information on the Merger with Access that was completed on February 1, 2019.
Xenith Acquisition
On January 1, 2018, the Company completed its acquisition of Xenith, a bank holding company based in Richmond, Virginia. Holders of shares of Xenith's common stock received 0.9354 shares of the Company's common stock in exchange for each share of Xenith's common stock, resulting in the Company issuing 21,922,077 shares of the Company's common stock at a fair value of $794.8 million. In addition, the Company paid $6.2 million in exchange for Xenith's outstanding stock options.
The transaction was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting and, accordingly, assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and consideration exchanged were recorded at estimated fair values on the acquisition date. Fair values are preliminary and subject to refinement for up to one year after the closing date of the acquisition, in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other. Measurement period adjustments that were made in the fourth quarter of 2018 include immaterial changes due to finalizing estimates of fair value for loans, fixed assets, leases, and deferred taxes. Purchase accounting has been finalized for this acquisition; the measurement period is closed. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The Company currently estimates that the amortizable intangibles assets will be amortized over 10 years using sum-of-years digits. The following table provides an assessment of the consideration transferred, assets acquired, and liabilities assumed as of the date of the acquisition (dollars in thousands):

Purchase Price: |  |
Fair value of shares of the Company's common stock issued & warrants converted |  | $ | 794,809 |
Cash paid for Xenith stock options |  | 6,170 |
Total purchase price |  | $ | 800,979 |
Fair value of assets acquired: |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 174,218 |  |
AFS securities | 295,782 |  |
Restricted stock, at cost | 27,569 |  |
Net loans | 2,453,856 |  |
Premises and equipment | 46,077 |  |
OREO | 5,250 |  |
Core deposit intangibles | 38,470 |  |
Other assets | 202,984 |  |
Total assets | $ | 3,244,206 |  |
Fair value of liabilities assumed: |  |
Deposits | $ | 2,549,683 |  |
Short-term borrowings | 235,000 |  |
Long-term borrowings | 55,542 |  |
Other liabilities | 26,842 |  |
Total liabilities | $ | 2,867,067 |  |
Net assets acquired |  | $ | 377,139 |
Preliminary goodwill |  | $ | 423,840 |

The acquired loans were recorded at fair value at the acquisition date without carryover of Xenith’s previously established ALL. The fair value of the loans was determined using market participant assumptions in estimating the amount and timing of both principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and leases and then applying a market-based
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discount rate to those cash flows. In this regard, the acquired loans were segregated into pools based on loan type and credit risk. Loan type was determined based on collateral type, purpose, and lien position. Credit risk characteristics included risk rating groups (pass rated loans and adversely classified loans) and past due status. For valuation purposes, these pools were further disaggregated by maturity, pricing characteristics (e.g., fixed-rate, adjustable-rate) and re-payment structure (e.g., interest only, fully amortizing, balloon).
The acquired loans were divided into loans with evidence of credit quality deterioration which are accounted for under ASC 310-30, Receivables - Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality, (acquired impaired) and loans that do not meet these criteria, which are accounted for under ASC 310-20, Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs, (acquired performing). The fair values of the acquired performing loans were $2.4 billion and the fair values of the acquired impaired loans were $79.3 million. The gross contractually required principal and interest payments receivable for acquired performing loans was $2.7 billion. The best estimate of contractual cash flows not expected to be collected related to the acquired performing loans is $20.6 million.
The following table presents the acquired impaired loans receivable at the acquisition date (dollars in thousands):

Contractually required principal and interest payments | $ | 114,270 |
Nonaccretable difference | (19,800 | )
Cash flows expected to be collected | 94,470 |
Accretable difference | (15,206 | )
Fair value of loans acquired with a deterioration of credit quality | $ | 79,264 |

The following table presents certain pro forma information as if Xenith had been acquired on January 1, 2016. These results combine the historical results of Xenith in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income and, while certain adjustments were made for the estimated impact of certain fair value adjustments and other acquisition-related activity, they are not indicative of what would have occurred had the acquisition taken place on January 1, 2016. In particular, no adjustments have been made to eliminate the amount of Xenith’s provision for credit losses that would not have been necessary had the acquired loans been recorded at fair value as of January 1, 2016. Pro forma adjustments below include the net impact of accretion as well as the elimination of merger-related costs. The Company expects to achieve further operating cost savings and other business synergies, including branch closures, as a result of the acquisition which are not reflected in the pro forma amounts below (dollars in thousands):

| For the years ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Total revenues | $ | 530,932 |  |  | $ | 470,484 |  |  | $ | 425,794 |
Net income | $ | 176,473 |  |  | $ | 45,036 |  |  | $ | 138,960 |
Earnings per share | $ | 2.68 |  |  | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 2.23 |

Merger-related costs associated with the acquisition of Xenith were $37.8 million and $5.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Such costs include legal and accounting fees, lease and contract termination expenses, system conversion, and employee severances, which have been expensed as incurred.
DHFB Acquisition
On April 1, 2018, the Bank completed its acquisition of DHFB, a Roanoke, Virginia-based investment advisory firm with approximately $600.0 million in assets under management and advisement at the time of the acquisition. DHFB operates as a subsidiary of the Bank. The acquisition date fair value of consideration transferred totaled $7.6 million, which consisted of $4.8 million in cash and the remainder being contingent on achieving certain performance metrics. The contingent consideration is carried at fair value and is reported as a component of "Other Liabilities" in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of this liability will be assessed at each reporting period.
In connection with this transaction, the Company recorded $3.7 million in goodwill and $4.1 million of amortizable intangible assets, which primarily relate to the value of customer relationships. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. The Company is amortizing these intangible assets over the period of expected benefit, which ranges from 5 to 10 years using various methods. The transaction was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, and accordingly, assets
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acquired, liabilities assumed, and consideration exchanged were recorded at estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The fair values are subject to refinement for up to one year after the closing date of the acquisition, in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other. Measurement period adjustments that were made in the fourth quarter of 2018 include updates to the consideration paid as well as immaterial changes to the fair value of fixed assets and other liabilities. The Company did not incur any material expenses related to the acquisition of DHFB.
OAL Acquisition
On July 1, 2018, ODCM, a subsidiary of the Bank, completed its acquisition of OAL, a McLean, Virginia-based investment advisory firm with approximately $400.0 million in assets under management and advisement at the time of the acquisition. OAL operates as a subsidiary of ODCM. The acquisition date fair value of consideration transferred totaled $6.0 million, which consisted of $3.4 million in cash and the remainder being contingent on achieving certain performance metrics. The contingent consideration is carried at fair value and is reported as a component of "Other Liabilities" in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of this liability will be assessed at each reporting period.
In connection with this transaction, the Company recorded $2.0 million in goodwill and $3.8 million of amortizable intangible assets, which primarily relate to the value of customer relationships. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. The Company is amortizing these intangible assets over the period of expected benefit, which ranges from 1 to 14 years using various methods. The transaction was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, and accordingly, assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and consideration exchanged were recorded at estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The fair values are subject to refinement for up to one year after the closing date of the acquisition, in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other. Measurement period adjustments that were made in the fourth quarter of 2018 include updates to the consideration paid as well as immaterial changes to the fair value of fixed assets. The Company did not incur any material expenses related to the acquisition of OAL.
ODCM
On May 31, 2016, the Bank completed its acquisition of ODCM, a Charlottesville, Virginia based registered investment advisor with nearly $300.0 million in assets under management at the time of the acquisition. The acquisition date fair value of consideration transferred totaled $9.1 million, which consisted of $4.1 million in cash, $453,000 in stock, and the remainder being subject to a three-year earn out provision and contingent on achieving certain performance metrics. The contingent consideration, which was $816,000 at December 31, 2018, is carried at fair value and is reported as a component of “Other Liabilities” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of this liability will be assessed at each reporting period. In connection with the transaction, the Company recorded $4.7 million in goodwill and $4.5 million of amortizable assets, which primarily relate to the value of customer relationships. The Company is amortizing these intangibles assets over the period of expected benefit, which ranges from 5 to 10 years using a straight-line method. The transaction was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting and, accordingly, assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and consideration exchanged were recorded at estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The fair values were subject to refinement for up to one year after the closing date of the acquisition. The Company did not incur any material expenses related to the acquisition of ODCM.
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Fair Value Premiums and Discounts
The net effect of the amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts associated with the Company’s acquisition accounting adjustments had the following impact on the Consolidated Statements of Income during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 (dollars in thousands):

| For the years ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Loans (1) | $ | 17,145 |  |  | $ | 6,784 |  |  | $ | 5,218 |
Buildings (2) | 228 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Core deposit intangible (3) | (11,464 | ) |  | (5,603 | ) |  | (6,930 | )
Other amortizable intangibles (3) | (1,375 | ) |  | (485 | ) |  | (280 | )
Borrowings (4) | (506 | ) |  | 170 |  |  | 458 |
Time deposits (5) | 2,553 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Leases (2) | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net impact to income before taxes | $ | 6,711 |  |  | $ | 866 |  |  | $ | (1,534 | )

(1) Loan acquisition-related fair value adjustments accretion is included in "Interest and fees on loans" in the "Interest and dividend income" section of the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.
(2) Building and lease acquisition-related fair value adjustments amortization is included in "Occupancy expenses" in the "Noninterest expense" section of the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.
(3) Core deposit and other intangible premium amortization is included in "Amortization of intangible assets" in the "Noninterest expense" section of the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.
(4) Borrowings acquisition-related fair value adjustments (amortization) accretion is included in "Interest on long-term borrowings" in the "Interest Expense" section of the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.
(5) Certificate of deposit acquisition-related fair value adjustments accretion is included in "Interest on deposits" in the "Interest expense" section of the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.
UMG Disposition
On May 23, 2018, the Bank announced that it had entered into an agreement with a third-party mortgage company, TFSB, to allow TFSB to offer residential mortgages from certain Bank locations on the terms and conditions set forth in the agreement. Concurrently with this arrangement, the Bank began the process of winding down the operations of UMG, the Company's reportable mortgage segment. Refer to Note 18 "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations" for further discussion of this agreement.
Sale of Loans
On June 29, 2018, the Bank entered into an agreement to sell substantially all of the assets and certain specific liabilities of Shore Premier, consisting primarily of marine loans totaling approximately $383.9 million, for a purchase price consisting of approximately $375.0 million in cash and 1,250,000 shares of the purchasing company's common stock.. The purchase of the loans was completed on June 29, 2018 and became effective at the end of the day on June 30, 2018. The sale generated an after-tax gain of approximately $15.8 million, net of transaction and other related costs. Refer to Note 3 "Securities" and Note 10 "Derivatives" for further discussion on the Shore Premier sale. During 2018 the Company sold the common stock received as consideration.
On June 29, 2018, the Bank sold approximately $206.3 million in consumer home improvement loans that had been originated through a third-party lending program. These loans were sold at par.
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3. SECURITIES
Available for Sale
The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair values of securities available for sale as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Amortized |  | Gross Unrealized |  | Estimated
| Cost |  | Gains |  | (Losses) |  | Fair Value
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 466,588 |  |  | $ | 3,844 |  |  | $ | (1,941 | ) |  | $ | 468,491 |
Corporate bonds | 167,561 |  |  | 1,118 |  |  | (983 | ) |  | 167,696 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 1,138,034 |  |  | 4,452 |  |  | (12,621 | ) |  | 1,129,865 |
Other securities | 8,769 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,769 |
Total available for sale securities | $ | 1,780,952 |  |  | $ | 9,414 |  |  | $ | (15,545 | ) |  | $ | 1,774,821 |
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 295,546 |  |  | $ | 6,842 |  |  | $ | (564 | ) |  | $ | 301,824 |
Corporate bonds | 113,625 |  |  | 1,131 |  |  | (876 | ) |  | 113,880 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 552,431 |  |  | 2,596 |  |  | (6,169 | ) |  | 548,858 |
Other securities | 9,737 |  |  | — |  |  | (77 | ) |  | 9,660 |
Total available for sale securities | $ | 971,339 |  |  | $ | 10,569 |  |  | $ | (7,686 | ) |  | $ | 974,222 |

The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value (dollars in thousands) of the Company’s available for sale securities with unrealized losses that are not deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. These are aggregated by investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

| Less than 12 months |  | More than 12 months |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 133,513 |  |  | $ | (1,566 | ) |  | $ | 10,145 |  |  | $ | (375 | ) |  | $ | 143,658 |  |  | $ | (1,941 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 306,038 |  |  | (3,480 | ) |  | 341,400 |  |  | (9,141 | ) |  | 647,438 |  |  | (12,621 | )
Corporate bonds and other securities | 35,478 |  |  | (315 | ) |  | 33,888 |  |  | (668 | ) |  | 69,366 |  |  | (983 | )
Total available for sale | $ | 475,029 |  |  | $ | (5,361 | ) |  | $ | 385,433 |  |  | $ | (10,184 | ) |  | $ | 860,462 |  |  | $ | (15,545 | )
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 25,790 |  |  | $ | (132 | ) |  | $ | 16,934 |  |  | $ | (432 | ) |  | $ | 42,724 |  |  | $ | (564 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 298,439 |  |  | (3,267 | ) |  | 136,298 |  |  | (2,902 | ) |  | 434,737 |  |  | (6,169 | )
Corporate bonds and other securities | 10,976 |  |  | (99 | ) |  | 44,408 |  |  | (854 | ) |  | 55,384 |  |  | (953 | )
Total available for sale | $ | 335,205 |  |  | $ | (3,498 | ) |  | $ | 197,640 |  |  | $ | (4,188 | ) |  | $ | 532,845 |  |  | $ | (7,686 | )

As of December 31, 2018, there were $385.4 million, or 138 issues, of individual available for sale securities that had been in a continuous loss position for more than 12 months. These securities had an unrealized loss of $10.2 million and consisted of municipal obligations, mortgage-backed securities, and other securities. As of December 31, 2017, there were $197.6 million, or 71 issues, of individual securities that had been in a continuous loss position for more than 12 months. These securities had an unrealized loss of $4.2 million and consisted of municipal obligations, mortgage-backed securities, corporate bonds, and other securities. The Company has determined that these securities are temporarily impaired at December 31, 2018 and 2017 for the reasons set out below:
Mortgage-backed securities. This category’s unrealized losses are primarily the result of interest rate fluctuations. Because the
decline in market value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, the Company does not intend to sell the
investments, and it is not likely that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized
cost basis, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired.
Also, the majority of the Company’s mortgage-backed securities are agency-backed securities, which have a government
guarantee.
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Obligations of state and political subdivisions. This category’s unrealized losses are primarily the result of interest rate
fluctuations and also a certain few ratings downgrades brought about by the impact of the credit crisis on states and political subdivisions. The contractual terms of the investments do not permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less
than the cost basis of each investment. Because the Company does not intend to sell any of the investments and the accounting
standard of “more likely than not” has not been met for the Company to be required to sell any of the investments before
recovery of its amortized cost basis, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired.
Corporate bonds. The Company’s unrealized losses in corporate debt securities are related to both interest rate fluctuations and ratings downgrades for a limited number of securities. The majority of the securities remain investment grade and the
Company’s analysis did not indicate the existence of a credit loss. The contractual terms of the investments do not permit the
issuer to settle the securities at a price less than the cost basis of each investment. Because the Company does not intend to sell
any of the investments and the accounting standard of "more likely than not" has not been met for the Company to be required to sell any of the investments before recovery of its amortized cost basis, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired.
The following table presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value of AFS securities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, by contractual maturity (dollars in thousands). Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

| December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | 22,653 |  |  | $ | 22,789 |  |  | $ | 25,179 |  |  | $ | 25,326 |
Due after one year through five years | 191,003 |  |  | 188,999 |  |  | 145,276 |  |  | 145,980 |
Due after five years through ten years | 218,211 |  |  | 217,304 |  |  | 223,210 |  |  | 226,251 |
Due after ten years | 1,349,085 |  |  | 1,345,729 |  |  | 577,674 |  |  | 576,665 |
Total securities available for sale | $ | 1,780,952 |  |  | $ | 1,774,821 |  |  | $ | 971,339 |  |  | $ | 974,222 |

For information regarding the estimated fair value of available for sale securities which were pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements, and for other purposes as permitted or required by law as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, see Note 9 "Commitments and Contingencies."
Held to Maturity
During the second quarter of 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2017-12, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities." As part of this adoption, the Company made a one-time election to
transfer eligible HTM securities to the AFS category in order to optimize the investment portfolio management for capital and
risk management considerations. These securities had a carrying value of $187.4 million on the date of the transfer.
The Company reports HTM securities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at carrying value. Carrying value is amortized cost which includes any unamortized unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income prior to reclassifying the securities from securities available for sale to securities held to maturity. Investment securities transferred into the HTM category from the AFS category are recorded at fair value at the date of transfer. The unrealized holding gain or loss at the date of transfer is retained in accumulated other comprehensive income and in the carrying value of the HTM securities. Such unrealized gains or losses are accreted over the remaining life of the security with no impact on future net income.
The carrying value, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair values of securities held to maturity as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Carrying |  | Gross Unrealized |  | Estimated
| Value (1) |  | Gains |  | (Losses) |  | Fair Value
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 492,272 |  |  | $ | 7,375 |  |  | $ | (146 | ) |  | $ | 499,501 |
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 199,639 |  |  | $ | 4,014 |  |  | $ | (170 | ) |  | $ | 203,483 |

(1) The carrying value includes $119,000 and $3.6 million of net unrealized gains present at the time of transfer from available for sale securities, net of any accretion, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
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The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value (dollars in thousands) of the Company’s held to maturity securities with unrealized losses that are not deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. These are aggregated by investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

| Less than 12 months |  | More than 12 months |  | Total
| Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 43,206 |  |  | $ | (146 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 43,206 |  |  | $ | (146 | )
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 18,896 |  |  | $ | (139 | ) |  | $ | 1,084 |  |  | $ | (31 | ) |  | $ | 19,980 |  |  | $ | (170 | )

As of December 31, 2018, there were no issues of individual HTM securities that had been in a continuous loss position for more than 12 months. As of December 31, 2017, there was $1.1 million, or two issues, of individual HTM securities that had been in a continuous loss position for more than 12 months and had an aggregate unrealized loss of $31,000. These securities are municipal bonds with minimal credit exposure. For this reason, the Company has determined that these securities in a loss position were temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2017. Because the Company did not intend to sell these investments and the accounting standard of "more likely than not" has not been met for the Company to be required to sell any of the investments before recovery of its amortized cost basis, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired.
The following table presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value of HTM securities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, by contractual maturity (dollars in thousands). Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

| December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| Carrying Value (1) |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Carrying Value (1) |  | Estimated Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,221 |  |  | $ | 3,230 |
Due after one year through five years | 3,893 |  |  | 3,900 |  |  | 44,289 |  |  | 44,601 |
Due after five years through ten years | 3,480 |  |  | 3,507 |  |  | 79,114 |  |  | 80,532 |
Due after ten years | 484,899 |  |  | 492,094 |  |  | 73,015 |  |  | 75,120 |
Total securities held to maturity | $ | 492,272 |  |  | $ | 499,501 |  |  | $ | 199,639 |  |  | $ | 203,483 |

(1) The carrying value includes $119,000 and $3.6 million of net unrealized gains present at the time of transfer from available for sale securities, net of any accretion, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
For information regarding the estimated fair value of HTM securities which were pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements, and for other purposes as permitted or required by law as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, see Note 9 "Commitments and Contingencies."
Restricted Stock, at cost
Due to restrictions placed upon the Bank’s common stock investment in the Federal Reserve Bank and the FHLB, these securities have been classified as restricted equity securities and carried at cost. These restricted securities are not subject to the investment security classifications and are included as a separate line item on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. At both December 31, 2018 and 2017, the FHLB required the Bank to maintain stock in an amount equal to 4.25% of outstanding borrowings and a specific percentage of the Bank’s total assets. The Federal Reserve Bank required the Bank to maintain stock with a par value equal to 6% of its outstanding capital at both December 31, 2018 and 2017. Restricted equity securities consist of Federal Reserve Bank stock in the amount of $52.6 million and $27.6 million for December 31, 2018 and 2017 and FHLB stock in the amount of $72.0 million and $47.7 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Other-Than-Temporary Impairment
During each quarter and at year end the Company conducts an assessment of the securities portfolio for OTTI consideration. The assessment considers factors such as external credit ratings, delinquency coverage ratios, market price, management’s judgment, expectations of future performance, and relevant industry research and analysis. An impairment is other-than-temporary if any of the following conditions exist: the entity intends to sell the security; it is more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis; or the entity does not expect to recover the
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security’s entire amortized cost basis (even if the entity does not intend to sell). If a credit loss exists, but an entity does not intend to sell the impaired debt security and is not more likely than not to be required to sell before recovery, the impairment is other-than-temporary and should be separated into a credit portion to be recognized in earnings and the remaining amount relating to all other factors recognized as other comprehensive loss. Based on the assessments during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, and in accordance with the guidance, no OTTI was recognized.
Realized Gains and Losses
The following table presents the gross realized gains and losses on and the proceeds from the sale of securities during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 (dollars in thousands).

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Realized gains (losses): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains | $ | 4,221 |  |  | $ | 1,170 |  |  | $ | 302 |
Gross realized losses | (3,838 | ) |  | (370 | ) |  | (97 | )
Net realized gains | $ | 383 |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | 205 |
Proceeds from sales of securities | $ | 515,764 |  |  | $ | 139,046 |  |  | $ | 69,516 |

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4. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES
Loans are stated at their face amount, net of deferred fees and costs, and consist of the following at December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017
Construction and Land Development | $ | 1,194,821 |  |  | $ | 948,791 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 1,337,345 |  |  | 943,933 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 2,467,410 |  |  | 1,713,659 |
Multifamily Real Estate | 548,231 |  |  | 357,079 |
Commercial & Industrial | 1,317,135 |  |  | 612,023 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 713,750 |  |  | 612,395 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 600,578 |  |  | 485,690 |
Auto | 301,943 |  |  | 282,474 |
HELOC | 613,383 |  |  | 537,521 |
Consumer | 379,694 |  |  | 408,667 |
Other Commercial | 241,917 |  |  | 239,320 |
Total loans held for investment, net (1) | $ | 9,716,207 |  |  | $ | 7,141,552 |

(1) Loans, as presented, are net of deferred fees and costs totaling $5.1 million and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
The following table shows the aging of the Company’s loan portfolio, by segment, at December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days and still Accruing |  | PCI |  | Nonaccrual |  | Current |  | Total Loans
Construction and Land Development | $ | 759 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 180 |  |  | $ | 8,654 |  |  | $ | 8,018 |  |  | $ | 1,177,204 |  |  | $ | 1,194,821 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 8,755 |  |  | 1,142 |  |  | 3,193 |  |  | 25,644 |  |  | 3,636 |  |  | 1,294,975 |  |  | 1,337,345 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 338 |  |  | 41 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,335 |  |  | 1,789 |  |  | 2,447,907 |  |  | 2,467,410 |
Multifamily Real Estate | — |  |  | 146 |  |  | — |  |  | 88 |  |  | — |  |  | 547,997 |  |  | 548,231 |
Commercial & Industrial | 3,353 |  |  | 389 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 2,156 |  |  | 1,524 |  |  | 1,309,581 |  |  | 1,317,135 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 6,619 |  |  | 1,577 |  |  | 1,409 |  |  | 13,707 |  |  | 2,481 |  |  | 687,957 |  |  | 713,750 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 12,049 |  |  | 5,143 |  |  | 2,437 |  |  | 16,766 |  |  | 7,276 |  |  | 556,907 |  |  | 600,578 |
Auto | 3,320 |  |  | 403 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 576 |  |  | 297,442 |  |  | 301,943 |
HELOC | 4,611 |  |  | 1,644 |  |  | 440 |  |  | 5,115 |  |  | 1,518 |  |  | 600,055 |  |  | 613,383 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 1,630 |  |  | 1,096 |  |  | 870 |  |  | 749 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 617,131 |  |  | 621,611 |
Total loans held for investment | $ | 41,434 |  |  | $ | 11,587 |  |  | $ | 8,856 |  |  | $ | 90,221 |  |  | $ | 26,953 |  |  | $ | 9,537,156 |  |  | $ | 9,716,207 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
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The following table shows the aging of the Company’s loan portfolio, by segment, at December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days and still Accruing |  | PCI |  | Nonaccrual |  | Current |  | Total Loans
Construction and Land Development | $ | 1,248 |  |  | $ | 898 |  |  | $ | 1,340 |  |  | $ | 2,838 |  |  | $ | 5,610 |  |  | $ | 936,857 |  |  | $ | 948,791 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 444 |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,790 |  |  | 2,708 |  |  | 925,910 |  |  | 943,933 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 187 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 6,610 |  |  | 2,992 |  |  | 1,703,592 |  |  | 1,713,659 |
Multifamily Real Estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | 356,999 |  |  | 357,079 |
Commercial & Industrial | 1,147 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 408 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 609,829 |  |  | 612,023 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 1,682 |  |  | 700 |  |  | 579 |  |  | 9,414 |  |  | 1,085 |  |  | 598,935 |  |  | 612,395 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 3,838 |  |  | 2,541 |  |  | 546 |  |  | 3,733 |  |  | 6,269 |  |  | 468,763 |  |  | 485,690 |
Auto | 3,541 |  |  | 185 |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | 413 |  |  | 278,295 |  |  | 282,474 |
HELOC | 2,382 |  |  | 717 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 950 |  |  | 2,075 |  |  | 531,180 |  |  | 537,521 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 2,404 |  |  | 2,052 |  |  | 402 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 275 |  |  | 642,656 |  |  | 647,987 |
Total loans held for investment | $ | 16,873 |  |  | $ | 7,367 |  |  | $ | 3,532 |  |  | $ | 39,021 |  |  | $ | 21,743 |  |  | $ | 7,053,016 |  |  | $ | 7,141,552 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
Nonaccrual loans totaled $27.0 million, $21.7 million, and $10.0 million at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Had these loans performed in accordance with their original terms, interest income of approximately $2.3 million, $698,000, and $452,000 would have been recorded in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. All nonaccrual loans were included in the impaired loan disclosure in 2018 and 2017.
The following table shows the PCI loan portfolios, by segment and their delinquency status, at December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| 30-89 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days |  | Current |  | Total
Construction and Land Development | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 1,424 |  |  | $ | 7,122 |  |  | $ | 8,654 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 658 |  |  | 4,281 |  |  | 20,705 |  |  | 25,644 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 61 |  |  | 1,810 |  |  | 15,464 |  |  | 17,335 |
Multifamily Real Estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | 88 |  |  | 88 |
Commercial & Industrial | 47 |  |  | 1,092 |  |  | 1,017 |  |  | 2,156 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 931 |  |  | 3,464 |  |  | 9,312 |  |  | 13,707 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 1,899 |  |  | 2,412 |  |  | 12,455 |  |  | 16,766 |
Auto | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |
HELOC | 498 |  |  | 252 |  |  | 4,365 |  |  | 5,115 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 62 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 678 |  |  | 749 |
Total | $ | 4,264 |  |  | $ | 14,744 |  |  | $ | 71,213 |  |  | $ | 90,221 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
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The following table shows the PCI loan portfolios, by segment and their delinquency status, at December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| 30-89 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days |  | Current |  | Total
Construction and Land Development | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 2,773 |  |  | $ | 2,838 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 381 |  |  | 478 |  |  | 13,931 |  |  | 14,790 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 188 |  |  | 233 |  |  | 6,189 |  |  | 6,610 |
Multifamily Real Estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | 80 |
Commercial & Industrial | — |  |  | — |  |  | 408 |  |  | 408 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 433 |  |  | 351 |  |  | 8,630 |  |  | 9,414 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 343 |  |  | 626 |  |  | 2,764 |  |  | 3,733 |
HELOC | 291 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 445 |  |  | 950 |
Consumer and all other(1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 198 |  |  | 198 |
Total | $ | 1,644 |  |  | $ | 1,959 |  |  | $ | 35,418 |  |  | $ | 39,021 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
The Company measures the amount of impairment by evaluating loans either in their collective homogeneous pools or individually. The following table shows the Company’s impaired loans, excluding PCI loans, by segment at December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Related Allowance |  | Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Related Allowance
Loans without a specific allowance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and Land Development | $ | 10,290 |  |  | $ | 12,038 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,035 |  |  | $ | 16,214 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 8,386 |  |  | 9,067 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,427 |  |  | 5,527 |  |  | — |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 6,578 |  |  | 6,929 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,017 |  |  | 6,103 |  |  | — |
Commercial & Industrial | 3,059 |  |  | 3,251 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,681 |  |  | 1,933 |  |  | — |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 4,516 |  |  | 4,576 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,098 |  |  | 4,879 |  |  | — |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 8,504 |  |  | 9,180 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,512 |  |  | 9,786 |  |  | — |
HELOC | 1,150 |  |  | 1,269 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,056 |  |  | 2,144 |  |  | — |
Consumer and all other(1) | 508 |  |  | 580 |  |  | — |  |  | 567 |  |  | 734 |  |  | — |
Total impaired loans without a specific allowance | $ | 42,991 |  |  | $ | 46,890 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45,393 |  |  | $ | 47,320 |  |  | $ | — |
Loans with a specific allowance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and Land Development | $ | 372 |  |  | $ | 491 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 1,536 |  |  | $ | 1,573 |  |  | $ | 122 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 4,304 |  |  | 4,437 |  |  | 359 |  |  | 1,161 |  |  | 1,161 |  |  | 94 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 391 |  |  | 391 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial & Industrial | 1,183 |  |  | 1,442 |  |  | 752 |  |  | 1,295 |  |  | 1,319 |  |  | 128 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 3,180 |  |  | 3,249 |  |  | 185 |  |  | 1,062 |  |  | 1,068 |  |  | 35 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 5,329 |  |  | 5,548 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 1,953 |  |  | 2,070 |  |  | 36 |
Auto | 576 |  |  | 830 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 413 |  |  | 577 |  |  | 2 |
HELOC | 724 |  |  | 807 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 464 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 51 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 178 |  |  | 467 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 204 |  |  | 309 |  |  | 35 |
Total impaired loans with a specific allowance | $ | 16,237 |  |  | $ | 17,662 |  |  | $ | 2,217 |  |  | $ | 8,088 |  |  | $ | 8,612 |  |  | $ | 503 |
Total impaired loans | $ | 59,228 |  |  | $ | 64,552 |  |  | $ | 2,217 |  |  | $ | 53,481 |  |  | $ | 55,932 |  |  | $ | 503 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
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The following table shows the average recorded investment and interest income recognized for the Company’s impaired loans,
excluding PCI loans, by segment for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Average Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Average Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Average Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized
Construction and Land Development | $ | 11,648 |  |  | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | 17,080 |  |  | $ | 590 |  |  | $ | 15,346 |  |  | $ | 681 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 13,383 |  |  | 499 |  |  | 6,580 |  |  | 306 |  |  | 6,290 |  |  | 242 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 7,157 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 6,083 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 4,188 |  |  | 134 |
Commercial & Industrial | 4,672 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 3,208 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 2,800 |  |  | 95 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 7,904 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 5,428 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 6,225 |  |  | 205 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 14,740 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 11,806 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 6,491 |  |  | 86 |
Auto | 824 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 579 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 5 |
HELOC | 2,000 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 2,659 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 1,513 |  |  | 19 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 749 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 810 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 567 |  |  | 8 |
Total impaired loans | $ | 63,077 |  |  | $ | 1,702 |  |  | $ | 54,233 |  |  | $ | 1,693 |  |  | $ | 43,664 |  |  | $ | 1,475 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
The Company considers TDRs to be impaired loans. A modification of a loan’s terms constitutes a TDR if the creditor grants a concession that it would not otherwise consider to the borrower for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties. All loans that are considered to be TDRs are evaluated for impairment in accordance with the Company’s allowance for loan loss methodology and are included in the preceding impaired loan tables. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the recorded investment in TDRs prior to modifications was not materially impacted by the modification.
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The following table provides a summary, by segment, of TDRs that continue to accrue interest under the terms of the restructuring agreement, which are considered to be performing, and TDRs that have been placed in nonaccrual status, which are considered to be nonperforming, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| No. of Loans |  | Recorded Investment |  | Outstanding Commitment |  | No. of Loans |  | Recorded Investment |  | Outstanding Commitment
Performing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and Land Development | 5 |  |  | $ | 2,496 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | $ | 2,803 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 8 |  |  | 2,783 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2,221 |  |  | — |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 4 |  |  | 4,438 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 715 |  |  | — |
Commercial & Industrial | 4 |  |  | 978 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | 2,057 |  |  | — |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 30 |  |  | 2,887 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | 1,048 |  |  | — |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 30 |  |  | 5,070 |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | 5,194 |  |  | — |
HELOC | 2 |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |
Consumer and all other (1) | 2 |  |  | 491 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 495 |  |  | — |
Total performing | 85 |  |  | $ | 19,201 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 68 |  |  | $ | 14,553 |  |  | $ | — |
Nonperforming |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and Land Development | 2 |  |  | $ | 3,474 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 702 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 2 |  |  | 198 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 134 |  |  | — |
Commercial & Industrial | 6 |  |  | 461 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 108 |  |  | — |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 1 |  |  | 60 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 558 |  |  | — |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 15 |  |  | 3,135 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 1,264 |  |  | — |
HELOC | 2 |  |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |
Consumer and all other (1) | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |
Total nonperforming | 29 |  |  | $ | 7,397 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | $ | 2,849 |  |  | $ | — |
Total performing and nonperforming | 114 |  |  | $ | 26,598 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 88 |  |  | $ | 17,402 |  |  | $ | — |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
97

The Company considers a default of a TDR to occur when the borrower is 90 days past due following the restructure or a foreclosure and repossession of the applicable collateral occurs. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not have any material loans that went into default that had been restructured in the twelve-month period prior to the time of default.
The following table shows, by segment and modification type, TDRs that occurred during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| All Restructurings
| 2018 |  | 2017
| No. of Loans |  | Recorded Investment at Period End |  | No. of Loans |  | Recorded Investment at Period End
Modified to interest only, at a market rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial & Industrial | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | $ | 631 |
Total interest only at market rate of interest | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | $ | 631 |
Term modification, at a market rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and Land Development | 4 |  |  | $ | 4,675 |  |  | 4 |  |  | $ | 1,564 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 5 |  |  | 1,365 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 378 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 1 |  |  | 1,089 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 715 |
Commercial & Industrial | 3 |  |  | 334 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,040 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 2 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 764 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 8 |  |  | 931 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 2,461 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 1 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 519 |
Total loan term extended at a market rate | 24 |  |  | $ | 8,626 |  |  | 28 |  |  | $ | 7,441 |
Term modification, below market rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 837 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 1 |  |  | 2,782 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial & Industrial | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 78 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 10 |  |  | 1,064 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 183 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 9 |  |  | 1,719 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 1,803 |
HELOC | 2 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 79 |
Total loan term extended at a below market rate | 22 |  |  | $ | 5,611 |  |  | 21 |  |  | $ | 2,980 |
Interest rate modification, below market rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 1 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total interest only at below market rate of interest | 1 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total | 47 |  |  | $ | 14,502 |  |  | 54 |  |  | $ | 11,052 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
98

The following tables show the allowance for loan loss activity by segment for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016. The tables below include the provision for loan losses. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories (dollars in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31, 2018
| Allowance for loan losses
| Balance, beginning of the year |  | Recoveries credited to allowance |  | Loans charged off |  | Provision charged to operations |  | Balance, end of period
Construction and Land Development | $ | 9,709 |  |  | $ | 447 |  |  | $ | (2,005 | ) |  | $ | (1,348 | ) |  | $ | 6,803 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 2,931 |  |  | 610 |  |  | (709 | ) |  | 1,191 |  |  | 4,023 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 7,544 |  |  | 100 |  |  | (94 | ) |  | 1,315 |  |  | 8,865 |
Multifamily Real Estate | 1,092 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | (448 | ) |  | 649 |
Commercial & Industrial | 4,552 |  |  | 534 |  |  | (833 | ) |  | 3,383 |  |  | 7,636 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 4,437 |  |  | 353 |  |  | (176 | ) |  | (2,630 | ) |  | 1,984 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 1,524 |  |  | 310 |  |  | (852 | ) |  | 218 |  |  | 1,200 |
Auto | 975 |  |  | 436 |  |  | (1,074 | ) |  | 1,106 |  |  | 1,443 |
HELOC | 1,360 |  |  | 636 |  |  | (1,206 | ) |  | 507 |  |  | 1,297 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 4,084 |  |  | 1,737 |  |  | (9,281 | ) |  | 10,605 |  |  | 7,145 |
Total | $ | 38,208 |  |  | $ | 5,168 |  |  | $ | (16,230 | ) |  | $ | 13,899 |  |  | $ | 41,045 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.

| Year Ended December 31, 2017
| Allowance for loan losses
| Balance, beginning of the year |  | Recoveries credited to allowance |  | Loans charged off |  | Provision charged to operations |  | Balance, end of period
Construction and Land Development | $ | 10,055 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | (2,190 | ) |  | $ | 1,638 |  |  | $ | 9,709 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 3,801 |  |  | 171 |  |  | (46 | ) |  | (995 | ) |  | 2,931 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 6,622 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1,180 | ) |  | 2,100 |  |  | 7,544 |
Multifamily Real Estate | 1,236 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (144 | ) |  | 1,092 |
Commercial & Industrial | 4,627 |  |  | 483 |  |  | (2,277 | ) |  | 1,719 |  |  | 4,552 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 3,698 |  |  | 329 |  |  | (463 | ) |  | 873 |  |  | 4,437 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 2,701 |  |  | 102 |  |  | (588 | ) |  | (691 | ) |  | 1,524 |
Auto | 946 |  |  | 459 |  |  | (1,038 | ) |  | 608 |  |  | 975 |
HELOC | 1,328 |  |  | 314 |  |  | (1,019 | ) |  | 737 |  |  | 1,360 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 2,178 |  |  | 1,189 |  |  | (4,509 | ) |  | 5,226 |  |  | 4,084 |
Total | $ | 37,192 |  |  | $ | 3,255 |  |  | $ | (13,310 | ) |  | $ | 11,071 |  |  | $ | 38,208 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
99

| Year Ended December 31, 2016
| Allowance for loan losses
| Balance, beginning of the year |  | Recoveries credited to allowance |  | Loans charged off |  | Provision charged to operations |  | Balance, end of period
Construction and Land Development | $ | 6,040 |  |  | $ | 505 |  |  | $ | (958 | ) |  | $ | 4,468 |  |  | $ | 10,055 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 4,614 |  |  | 152 |  |  | (809 | ) |  | (156 | ) |  | 3,801 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 6,929 |  |  | 80 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (386 | ) |  | 6,622 |
Multifamily Real Estate | 1,606 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (370 | ) |  | 1,236 |
Commercial & Industrial | 3,163 |  |  | 483 |  |  | (1,920 | ) |  | 2,901 |  |  | 4,627 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 3,025 |  |  | 318 |  |  | (716 | ) |  | 1,071 |  |  | 3,698 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 2,389 |  |  | 267 |  |  | (184 | ) |  | 229 |  |  | 2,701 |
Auto | 1,703 |  |  | 327 |  |  | (1,052 | ) |  | (32 | ) |  | 946 |
HELOC | 2,934 |  |  | 459 |  |  | (1,457 | ) |  | (608 | ) |  | 1,328 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 1,644 |  |  | 434 |  |  | (1,458 | ) |  | 1,558 |  |  | 2,178 |
Total | $ | 34,047 |  |  | $ | 3,025 |  |  | $ | (8,555 | ) |  | $ | 8,675 |  |  | $ | 37,192 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
The following tables show the loan and allowance for loan loss balances based on impairment methodology by segment as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| December 31, 2018
| Loans individually evaluated for impairment |  | Loans collectively evaluated for impairment |  | Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality |  | Total
| Loans |  | ALL |  | Loans |  | ALL |  | Loans |  | ALL |  | Loans |  | ALL
Construction and Land Development | $ | 10,662 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 1,175,505 |  |  | $ | 6,740 |  |  | $ | 8,654 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,194,821 |  |  | $ | 6,803 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 12,690 |  |  | 359 |  |  | 1,299,011 |  |  | 3,664 |  |  | 25,644 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,337,345 |  |  | 4,023 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 6,969 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2,443,106 |  |  | 8,864 |  |  | 17,335 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,467,410 |  |  | 8,865 |
Multifamily Real Estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | 548,143 |  |  | 649 |  |  | 88 |  |  | — |  |  | 548,231 |  |  | 649 |
Commercial & Industrial | 4,242 |  |  | 752 |  |  | 1,310,737 |  |  | 6,884 |  |  | 2,156 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,317,135 |  |  | 7,636 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 7,696 |  |  | 185 |  |  | 692,347 |  |  | 1,799 |  |  | 13,707 |  |  | — |  |  | 713,750 |  |  | 1,984 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 13,833 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 569,979 |  |  | 826 |  |  | 16,766 |  |  | — |  |  | 600,578 |  |  | 1,200 |
Auto | 576 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 301,360 |  |  | 1,212 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 301,943 |  |  | 1,443 |
HELOC | 1,874 |  |  | 188 |  |  | 606,394 |  |  | 1,109 |  |  | 5,115 |  |  | — |  |  | 613,383 |  |  | 1,297 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 686 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 620,176 |  |  | 7,081 |  |  | 749 |  |  | — |  |  | 621,611 |  |  | 7,145 |
Total loans held for investment, net | $ | 59,228 |  |  | $ | 2,217 |  |  | $ | 9,566,758 |  |  | $ | 38,828 |  |  | $ | 90,221 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,716,207 |  |  | $ | 41,045 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
100

| December 31, 2017
| Loans individually evaluated for impairment |  | Loans collectively evaluated for impairment |  | Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality |  | Total
| Loans |  | ALL |  | Loans |  | ALL |  | Loans |  | ALL |  | Loans |  | ALL
Construction and Land Development | $ | 17,571 |  |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 928,382 |  |  | $ | 9,587 |  |  | $ | 2,838 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 948,791 |  |  | $ | 9,709 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 6,588 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 922,555 |  |  | 2,837 |  |  | 14,790 |  |  | — |  |  | 943,933 |  |  | 2,931 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 6,017 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,701,032 |  |  | 7,544 |  |  | 6,610 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,713,659 |  |  | 7,544 |
Multifamily Real Estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | 356,999 |  |  | 1,092 |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | 357,079 |  |  | 1,092 |
Commercial & Industrial | 2,976 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 608,639 |  |  | 4,424 |  |  | 408 |  |  | — |  |  | 612,023 |  |  | 4,552 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 5,160 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 597,821 |  |  | 4,402 |  |  | 9,414 |  |  | — |  |  | 612,395 |  |  | 4,437 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 11,465 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 470,492 |  |  | 1,488 |  |  | 3,733 |  |  | — |  |  | 485,690 |  |  | 1,524 |
Auto | 413 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 282,061 |  |  | 973 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 282,474 |  |  | 975 |
HELOC | 2,520 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 534,051 |  |  | 1,309 |  |  | 950 |  |  | — |  |  | 537,521 |  |  | 1,360 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 771 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 647,018 |  |  | 4,049 |  |  | 198 |  |  | — |  |  | 647,987 |  |  | 4,084 |
Total loans held for investment, net | $ | 53,481 |  |  | $ | 503 |  |  | $ | 7,049,050 |  |  | $ | 37,705 |  |  | $ | 39,021 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,141,552 |  |  | $ | 38,208 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
The Company uses a risk rating system and past due status as the primary credit quality indicators for the loan categories. The risk rating system on a scale of 0 through 9 is used to determine risk level as used in the calculation of the allowance for loan losses; on those loans without a risk rating, the Company uses past due status to determine risk level. The risk levels, as described below, do not necessarily follow the regulatory definitions of risk levels with the same name. A general description of the characteristics of the risk levels follows:
Pass is determined by the following criteria:
•Risk rated 0 loans have little or no risk and are with General Obligation Municipal Borrowers;
•Risk rated 1 loans have little or no risk and are generally secured by cash or cash equivalents;
•Risk rated 2 loans have minimal risk to well qualified borrowers and no significant questions as to safety;
•Risk rated 3 loans are satisfactory loans with strong borrowers and secondary sources of repayment;
•Risk rated 4 loans are satisfactory loans with borrowers not as strong as risk rated 3 loans and may exhibit a greater
degree of financial risk based on the type of business supporting the loan; or
•Loans that are not risk rated but that are 0 to 29 days past due.
Special Mention is determined by the following criteria:
•Risk rated 5 loans are watch loans that warrant more than the normal level of supervision and have the possibility of an event occurring that may weaken the borrower’s ability to repay;
•Risk rated 6 loans have increasing potential weaknesses beyond those at which the loan originally was granted and if
not addressed could lead to inadequately protecting the Company’s credit position; or
•Loans that are not risk rated but that are 30 to 89 days past due.
Substandard is determined by the following criteria:
•Risk rated 7 loans are substandard loans and are inadequately protected by the current sound worth or paying capacity
of the obligor or the collateral pledged; these have well defined weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt
with the distinct possibility the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected; or
•Loans that are not risk rated but that are 90 to 149 days past due.
Doubtful is determined by the following criteria:
•Risk rated 8 loans are doubtful of collection and the possibility of loss is high but pending specific borrower plans for
recovery, its classification as a loss is deferred until its more exact status is determined;
•Risk rated 9 loans are loss loans which are considered uncollectable and of such little value that their continuance as
bankable assets is not warranted; or
•Loans that are not risk rated but that are over 149 days past due.
101

The following table shows the recorded investment in all loans, excluding PCI loans, by segment with their related risk level as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Total
Construction and Land Development | $ | 1,130,577 |  |  | $ | 43,894 |  |  | $ | 11,696 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,186,167 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 1,231,422 |  |  | 50,939 |  |  | 29,340 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,311,701 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 2,425,500 |  |  | 17,648 |  |  | 6,927 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,450,075 |
Multifamily Real Estate | 537,572 |  |  | 10,571 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 548,143 |
Commercial & Industrial | 1,273,549 |  |  | 34,864 |  |  | 6,566 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,314,979 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 677,109 |  |  | 17,086 |  |  | 5,848 |  |  | — |  |  | 700,043 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 554,192 |  |  | 14,855 |  |  | 14,765 |  |  | — |  |  | 583,812 |
Auto | 296,907 |  |  | 3,590 |  |  | 1,439 |  |  | — |  |  | 301,936 |
HELOC | 598,444 |  |  | 6,316 |  |  | 3,508 |  |  | — |  |  | 608,268 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 618,730 |  |  | 1,411 |  |  | 721 |  |  | — |  |  | 620,862 |
Total | $ | 9,344,002 |  |  | $ | 201,174 |  |  | $ | 80,810 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,625,986 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
102

The following table shows the recorded investment in all loans, excluding PCI loans, by segment with their related risk level as of December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Total
Construction and Land Development | $ | 869,111 |  |  | $ | 62,517 |  |  | $ | 14,325 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 945,953 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 872,130 |  |  | 52,268 |  |  | 4,745 |  |  | — |  |  | 929,143 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 1,681,314 |  |  | 19,899 |  |  | 5,836 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,707,049 |
Multifamily Real Estate | 349,625 |  |  | 7,374 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 356,999 |
Commercial & Industrial | 595,923 |  |  | 13,533 |  |  | 2,159 |  |  | — |  |  | 611,615 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 587,169 |  |  | 12,117 |  |  | 3,650 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 602,981 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 470,646 |  |  | 7,190 |  |  | 1,642 |  |  | 2,479 |  |  | 481,957 |
Auto | 278,063 |  |  | 4,131 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 282,474 |
HELOC | 531,358 |  |  | 3,867 |  |  | 857 |  |  | 489 |  |  | 536,571 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 645,187 |  |  | 1,758 |  |  | 781 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 647,789 |
Total | $ | 6,880,526 |  |  | $ | 184,654 |  |  | $ | 34,114 |  |  | $ | 3,237 |  |  | $ | 7,102,531 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
The following table shows the recorded investment in only PCI loans by segment with their related risk level as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Total
Construction and Land Development | $ | 1,835 |  |  | $ | 1,308 |  |  | $ | 5,511 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,654 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 8,347 |  |  | 6,685 |  |  | 10,612 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,644 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 4,789 |  |  | 7,992 |  |  | 4,554 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,335 |
Multifamily Real Estate | — |  |  | 88 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 88 |
Commercial & Industrial | 762 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 1,260 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,156 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 6,512 |  |  | 2,771 |  |  | 4,424 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,707 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 9,894 |  |  | 1,030 |  |  | 5,842 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,766 |
Auto | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
HELOC | 3,438 |  |  | 1,031 |  |  | 646 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,115 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 74 |  |  | 660 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 749 |
Total | $ | 35,658 |  |  | $ | 21,699 |  |  | $ | 32,864 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 90,221 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
The following table shows the recorded investment in only PCI loans by segment with their related risk level as of December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):
103

| Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Total
Construction and Land Development | $ | 1,462 |  |  | $ | 1,260 |  |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,838 |
Commercial Real Estate - Owner Occupied | 4,958 |  |  | 7,486 |  |  | 2,346 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,790 |
Commercial Real Estate - Non-Owner Occupied | 3,920 |  |  | 1,394 |  |  | 1,296 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,610 |
Multifamily Real Estate | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |
Commercial & Industrial | 85 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 200 |  |  | — |  |  | 408 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Commercial | 5,234 |  |  | 2,877 |  |  | 1,303 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,414 |
Residential 1-4 Family - Mortgage | 2,764 |  |  | 329 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 569 |  |  | 3,733 |
HELOC | 446 |  |  | 291 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 950 |
Consumer and all other(1) | 148 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 198 |
Total | $ | 19,017 |  |  | $ | 13,881 |  |  | $ | 5,435 |  |  | $ | 688 |  |  | $ | 39,021 |

(1)Consumer and Other Commercial are grouped together as Consumer and all other for reporting purposes.
Loans acquired are originally recorded at fair value, with certain loans being identified as impaired at the date of purchase. The fair values were determined based on the credit quality of the portfolio, expected future cash flows, and timing of those expected future cash flows.
The following shows changes in the accretable yield for loans accounted for under ASC 310-30, Receivables – Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality, for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

| For the year ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 14,563 |  |  | $ | 19,739 |
Additions | 12,225 |  |  | — |
Accretion | (8,654 | ) |  | (6,426 | )
Reclass of nonaccretable difference due to improvement in expected cash flows | 1,876 |  |  | 2,237 |
Measurement period adjustment | 3,974 |  |  | — |
Other, net (1) | 7,217 |  |  | (987 | )
Balance at end of period | $ | 31,201 |  |  | $ | 14,563 |

(1) This line item represents changes in the cash flows expected to be collected due to the impact of non-credit changes such as prepayment assumptions, changes in interest rates on variable rate PCI loans, and discounted payoffs that occurred in the year.
The carrying value of the Company’s PCI loan portfolio, accounted for under ASC 310-30, totaled $90.2 million at December 31, 2018 and $39.0 million at December 31, 2017. The outstanding balance of the Company’s PCI loan portfolio totaled $113.5 million at December 31, 2018 and $47.9 million at December 31, 2017. The carrying value of the Company’s acquired performing loan portfolio, accounted for under ASC 310-20, Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs, totaled $2.0 billion and $892.4 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively; the remaining discount on these loans totaled $30.3 million and $13.7 million, respectively.
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5. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT
Amounts presented exclude discontinued operations. Refer to Note 18 "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations" in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data", of this Form 10-K for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.
The Company’s premises and equipment as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017
Land | $ | 41,494 |  |  | $ | 29,706 |
Land improvements and buildings | 119,649 |  |  | 99,199 |
Leasehold improvements | 10,266 |  |  | 9,712 |
Furniture and equipment | 62,154 |  |  | 56,000 |
Construction in progress | 6,956 |  |  | 8,509 |
Total | 240,519 |  |  | 203,126 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | 93,552 |  |  | 83,522 |
Bank premises and equipment, net | $ | 146,967 |  |  | $ | 119,604 |

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $13.6 million, $10.9 million, and $9.8 million, respectively. Amortization of the fair value mark related to acquired buildings for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $228,000; there was no amortization in prior years. Future minimum rental payments required under non-cancelable operating leases for premises that have initial or remaining terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2018 are as follows for the years ending (dollars in thousands):

2019 | $ | 11,805 |
2020 | 10,061 |
2021 | 8,273 |
2022 | 7,032 |
2023 | 6,270 |
Thereafter | 18,329 |
Total of future payments | $ | 61,770 |

The leases contain options to extend for periods up to 20 years. Rental expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 totaled $9.2 million, $5.9 million, and $6.1 million, respectively. Amortization of the fair value mark related to leases for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $130,000; there was no amortization in prior years.
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6. INTANGIBLE ASSETS
During 2018, the Company acquired Xenith, DHFB, and OAL as part of the Company's strategic growth plan. The Company’s intangible assets consist of core deposits, goodwill, and other intangibles arising from acquisitions. The Company has determined that core deposit intangibles have finite lives and amortizes them over their estimated useful lives. Core deposit intangible assets are being amortized over the period of expected benefit, which ranges from 4 to 14 years, using an accelerated method. Other intangible assets are being amortized over the period of expected benefit, which ranges from 5 to 10 years, using a straight-line method. Refer to Note 2 "Acquisitions & Dispositions" for further information regarding intangible assets.
In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other, the Company reviews the carrying value of indefinite lived intangible assets at least annually or more frequently if certain impairment indicators exist. The Company performed its annual impairment testing in the second quarter of 2018 and wrote off goodwill in the amount of $864,000 related to the wind down of UMG which is now included in discontinued operations.
Information concerning intangible assets with a finite life is presented in the following table (dollars in thousands):

| Gross Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortizable core deposit intangibles | $ | 95,152 |  |  | $ | 57,293 |  |  | $ | 37,859 |
Other amortizable intangibles | 12,695 |  |  | 1,870 |  |  | 10,825 |
December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortizable core deposit intangibles | $ | 56,046 |  |  | $ | 45,193 |  |  | $ | 10,853 |
Other amortizable intangibles | 4,715 |  |  | 765 |  |  | 3,950 |

Amortization expense of intangibles for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 totaled $12.8 million, $6.1 million, and $7.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the estimated remaining amortization expense of intangibles for the years ended is as follows (dollars in thousands):

2019 | $ | 11,092 |
2020 | 9,228 |
2021 | 7,438 |
2022 | 5,864 |
2023 | 4,871 |
Thereafter | 10,192 |
Total estimated amortization expense | $ | 48,685 |

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7. DEPOSITS
The major types of interest-bearing deposits are as follows for the years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017
Interest-bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |
NOW accounts | $ | 2,288,523 |  |  | $ | 1,929,416 |
Money market accounts | 2,875,301 |  |  | 1,685,174 |
Savings accounts | 622,823 |  |  | 546,274 |
Time deposits of $250,000 and over | 292,224 |  |  | 226,205 |
Other time deposits | 1,797,482 |  |  | 1,102,441 |
Total interest-bearing deposits | $ | 7,876,353 |  |  | $ | 5,489,510 |

As of December 31, 2018, the scheduled maturities of time deposits are as follows for the years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands):

2019 | $ | 1,197,966 |
2020 | 558,280 |
2021 | 140,717 |
2022 | 107,898 |
2023 | 84,837 |
Thereafter | 8 |
Total scheduled maturities of time deposits | $ | 2,089,706 |

The amount of time deposits held in CDARS accounts was $118.3 million and $13.9 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These deposits had a maturity of less than one year.
The Company classifies deposit overdrafts as loans held for investment within the "Consumer and all other" category. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, these deposits totaled $2.0 million and $1.3 million, respectively.
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8. BORROWINGS
Short-term Borrowings
The Company classifies all borrowings that will mature within a year from the date on which the Company enters into them as short-term borrowings. Total short-term borrowings consist primarily of advances from the FHLB and other lines of credit. Also included in total short-term borrowings are securities sold under agreements to repurchase, which are secured transactions with customers and generally mature the day following the date sold. Total short-term borrowings consist of the following as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | $ | 39,197 |  |  | $ | 49,152 |
FHLB advances | 1,043,600 |  |  | 745,000 |
Other short-term borrowings | 5,000 |  |  | — |
Total short-term borrowings | $ | 1,087,797 |  |  | $ | 794,152 |
Maximum month-end outstanding balance | $ | 1,087,797 |  |  | $ | 794,152 |
Average outstanding balance during the period | 968,014 |  |  | 602,553 |
Average interest rate | 1.91 | % |  | 1.00 | %
Average interest rate at end of period | 2.43 | % |  | 1.32 | %

The Bank maintains federal funds lines with several correspondent banks; the remaining available balance was $382.0 million and $227.0 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017 respectively. The Company maintains an alternate line of credit at a correspondent bank; the available balance was $25.0 million at both December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Company has certain restrictive covenants related to certain asset quality, capital, and profitability metrics associated with these lines and is considered to be in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2018. Additionally, the Company had a collateral dependent line of credit with the FHLB of up to $4.0 billion and $2.7 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Long-term Borrowings
In connection with several previous bank acquisitions, the Company issued and acquired trust preferred capital notes of $58.5 million and $32.0 million, respectively. In connection with the acquisition of Xenith on January 1, 2018, the Company acquired trust preferred capital notes totaling $55.0 million with a fair value discount of $9.9 million. The remaining fair value discount on all acquired trust preferred capital notes was $15.7 million at December 31, 2018. The trust preferred capital notes currently qualify for Tier 1 capital of the Company for regulatory purposes. The Company's trust preferred capital notes consist of the following as of December 31, 2018:

| Trust Preferred Capital Securities(1) |  | Investment(1) |  | Spread to 3-Month LIBOR |  | Rate(2) |  | Maturity
Trust Preferred Capital Note - Statutory Trust I | $ | 22,500,000 |  |  | $ | 696,000 |  |  | 2.75 | % |  | 5.56 | % |  | 6/17/2034
Trust Preferred Capital Note - Statutory Trust II | 36,000,000 |  |  | 1,114,000 |  |  | 1.40 | % |  | 4.21 | % |  | 6/15/2036
VFG Limited Liability Trust I Indenture | 20,000,000 |  |  | 619,000 |  |  | 2.73 | % |  | 5.54 | % |  | 3/18/2034
FNB Statutory Trust II Indenture | 12,000,000 |  |  | 372,000 |  |  | 3.10 | % |  | 5.91 | % |  | 6/26/2033
Gateway Capital Statutory Trust I | 8,000,000 |  |  | 248,000 |  |  | 3.10 | % |  | 5.91 | % |  | 9/17/2033
Gateway Capital Statutory Trust II | 7,000,000 |  |  | 217,000 |  |  | 2.65 | % |  | 5.46 | % |  | 6/17/2034
Gateway Capital Statutory Trust III | 15,000,000 |  |  | 464,000 |  |  | 1.50 | % |  | 4.31 | % |  | 5/30/2036
Gateway Capital Statutory Trust IV | 25,000,000 |  |  | 774,000 |  |  | 1.55 | % |  | 4.36 | % |  | 7/30/2037
Total | $ | 145,500,000 |  |  | $ | 4,504,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) The total of the trust preferred capital securities and investments in the respective trusts represents the principal asset of the Company's junior subordinated debt securities with like maturities and like interest rates to the capital securities. The Company's investment in the trusts is reported in "Other Assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(2) Rate as of December 31, 2018.
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During the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company issued $150.0 million of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes with an initial fixed interest rate of 5.00% through December 15, 2021. The interest rate then changes to a floating rate of LIBOR plus 3.175% through its maturity date in December 15, 2026. In connection with the acquisition of Xenith on January 1, 2018, the Company acquired $8.5 million of subordinated notes with a fair value premium of $259,000, which was $154,000 at December 31, 2018. The acquired subordinated notes have a fixed interest rate of 6.75% and a maturity date of June 30, 2025. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the contractual principal reported for all subordinated notes was $158.5 million and $150.0 million respectively, with a remaining issuance discount of $1.6 million and $1.8 million, respectively. The subordinated notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for the Company for regulatory purposes. The Company has certain restrictive covenants related to certain asset quality, capital, and profitability metrics associated with the acquired subordinated notes and was considered to be in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2018.
On August 23, 2012, the Company modified its fixed rate FHLB advances to floating rate advances, which resulted in reducing the Company’s FHLB borrowing costs. In connection with this modification, the Company incurred a prepayment penalty of $19.6 million on the original advances, which is included as a component of long-term borrowings on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. In accordance with ASC 470-50, Modifications and Extinguishments, the Company is amortizing this prepayment penalty over the term of the modified advances using the effective rate method. The amortization expense is included as a component of interest expense on long-term borrowings on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $2.0 million, $1.9 million, and $1.9 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company had long-term advances from the FHLB consisting of the following (dollars in thousands):

Long-term Type | Spread to 3-Month LIBOR |  | Interest Rate (1) |  | Maturity Date |  | Advance Amount
Adjustable Rate Credit | 0.44 | % |  | 3.25 | % |  | 8/23/2022 |  | $ | 55,000 |
Adjustable Rate Credit | 0.45 | % |  | 3.26 | % |  | 11/23/2022 |  | 65,000 |
Adjustable Rate Credit | 0.45 | % |  | 3.26 | % |  | 11/23/2022 |  | 10,000 |
Adjustable Rate Credit | 0.45 | % |  | 3.26 | % |  | 11/23/2022 |  | 10,000 |
Fixed Rate Convertible | — |  |  | 1.78 | % |  | 10/26/2028 |  | 200,000 |
Fixed Rate Hybrid | — |  |  | 2.37 | % |  | 10/10/2019 |  | 25,000 |
Fixed Rate Hybrid | — |  |  | 1.58 | % |  | 5/18/2020 |  | 20,000 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 385,000 |

(1) Interest rates calculated using non-rounded numbers.
As of December 31, 2017, the Company had long-term advances from the FHLB consisting of the following (dollars in thousands):

Long-term Type | Spread to 3-Month LIBOR |  | Interest Rate (1) |  | Maturity Date |  | Advance Amount
Adjustable Rate Credit | 0.44 | % |  | 2.13 | % |  | 8/23/2022 |  | $ | 55,000 |
Adjustable Rate Credit | 0.45 | % |  | 2.15 | % |  | 11/23/2022 |  | 65,000 |
Adjustable Rate Credit | 0.45 | % |  | 2.15 | % |  | 11/23/2022 |  | 10,000 |
Adjustable Rate Credit | 0.45 | % |  | 2.15 | % |  | 11/23/2022 |  | 10,000 |
Fixed Rate | — |  |  | 3.75 | % |  | 7/30/2018 |  | 5,000 |
Fixed Rate | — |  |  | 3.97 | % |  | 7/30/2018 |  | 5,000 |
Fixed Rate Hybrid | — |  |  | 0.99 | % |  | 10/19/2018 |  | 30,000 |
Fixed Rate Hybrid | — |  |  | 1.58 | % |  | 5/18/2020 |  | 20,000 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 200,000 |

(1) Interest rates calculated using non-rounded numbers.
For information on the carrying value of loans and securities pledged as collateral on FHLB advances as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, refer to Note 9 "Commitments and Contingencies".
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As of December 31, 2018, the contractual maturities of long-term debt are as follows for the years ending (dollars in thousands):

| Trust Preferred Capital Notes |  | Subordinated Notes |  | FHLB Advances |  | Premium (Discount) |  | Prepayment Penalty |  | Total Long-term Borrowings
2019 | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | (862 | ) |  | $ | (2,018 | ) |  | $ | 22,120 |
2020 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | (936 | ) |  | (2,074 | ) |  | 16,990 |
2021 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,006 | ) |  | (2,119 | ) |  | (3,125 | )
2022 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 140,000 |  |  | (1,029 | ) |  | (1,707 | ) |  | 137,264 |
2023 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,051 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,051 | )
Thereafter | 150,004 |  |  | 158,500 |  |  | 200,000 |  |  | (12,221 | ) |  | — |  |  | 496,283 |
Total Long-term borrowings | $ | 150,004 |  |  | $ | 158,500 |  |  | $ | 385,000 |  |  | $ | (17,105 | ) |  | $ | (7,918 | ) |  | $ | 668,481 |

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9. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Litigation Matters
In the ordinary course of its operations, the Company and its subsidiaries are parties to various legal proceedings. Based on the information presently available, and after consultation with legal counsel, management believes that the ultimate outcome in such proceedings, in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, or results of operations of the Company.
Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk
The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers and to reduce its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. These instruments involve elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The contractual amounts of these instruments reflect the extent of the Company’s involvement in particular classes of financial instruments.
The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instruments for commitments to extend credit and letters of credit written is represented by the contractual amount of these instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. Unless noted otherwise, the Company does not require collateral or other security to support off-balance sheet financial instruments with credit risk. The Company considers credit losses related to off-balance sheet commitments by undergoing a similar process in evaluating losses for loans that are carried on the balance sheet. The Company considers historical loss rates, current economic conditions, risk ratings, and past due status among other factors in the consideration of whether credit losses are inherent in the Company’s off-balance sheet commitments to extend credit. The Company also records an indemnification reserve that includes balances relating to mortgage loans previously sold based on historical statistics and loss rates. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company's reserves for off-balance sheet credit risk and indemnification were $1.4 million and $795,000, respectively, and includes discontinued operations. Refer to Note 18 "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations" in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data", of this Form 10-K for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.
Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to customers as long as there are no violations of any conditions established in the contracts. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Because many of the commitments may expire without being completely drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
Letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of customers to third parties. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers.
The following table presents the balances of commitments and contingencies as of December 31, (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017
Commitments with off-balance sheet risk: |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit (1) | $ | 3,167,085 |  |  | $ | 2,192,812 |
Standby letters of credit | 167,597 |  |  | 127,435 |
Total commitments with off-balance sheet risk | $ | 3,334,682 |  |  | $ | 2,320,247 |

(1) Includes unfunded overdraft protection.
The Company must maintain a reserve against its deposits in accordance with Regulation D of the Federal Reserve Act. For the final weekly reporting period in the periods ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the aggregate amount of daily average required reserves were approximately $58.0 million and $77.9 million, respectively, and was satisfied by deposits maintained with the Federal Reserve Bank.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company had approximately $18.9 million in deposits in other financial institutions, of which $13.5 million served as collateral for cash flow and loan swap derivatives. The Company had approximately $3.7 million and $12.3 million in deposits in other financial institutions that were uninsured at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. At least annually, the Company’s management evaluates the loss risk of its uninsured deposits in financial counterparties.
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For asset/liability management purposes, the Company uses interest rate swap agreements to hedge various exposures or to modify the interest rate characteristics of various balance sheet accounts. See Note 10 “Derivatives” for additional information.
As part of the Company's liquidity management strategy, it pledges collateral to secure various financing and other activities that occur during the normal course of business. The following tables present the types of collateral pledged, at December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| Pledged Assets as of December 31, 2018 |
| Cash |  | AFS Securities(1) |  | HTM Securities(1) |  | Loans(2) |  | Total
Public deposits | $ | — |  |  | $ | 293,169 |  |  | $ | 7,407 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 300,576 |
Repurchase agreements | — |  |  | 55,269 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55,269 |
FHLB advances | — |  |  | 488 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,337,289 |  |  | 3,337,777 |
Derivatives | 13,509 |  |  | 1,938 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,447 |
Other purposes | — |  |  | 23,217 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,217 |
Total pledged assets | $ | 13,509 |  |  | $ | 374,081 |  |  | $ | 7,407 |  |  | $ | 3,337,289 |  |  | $ | 3,732,286 |

(1) Balance represents market value.
(2) Balance represents book value.

| Pledged Assets as of December 31, 2017 |
| Cash |  | AFS Securities(1) |  | HTM Securities(1) |  | Loans(2) |  | Total
Public deposits | $ | — |  |  | $ | 242,472 |  |  | $ | 197,482 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 439,954 |
Repurchase agreements | — |  |  | 77,942 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 77,942 |
FHLB advances | — |  |  | 878 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,390,509 |  |  | 2,391,387 |
Derivatives | 23,870 |  |  | 3,656 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,526 |
Other purposes | — |  |  | 15,043 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,043 |
Total pledged assets | $ | 23,870 |  |  | $ | 339,991 |  |  | $ | 197,482 |  |  | $ | 2,390,509 |  |  | $ | 2,951,852 |

(1) Balance represents market value.
(2) Balance represents book value.
10. DERIVATIVES
The Company is exposed to economic risks arising from its business operations and uses derivatives primarily to manage risk associated with changing interest rates, and to assist customers with their risk management objectives. The Company designates certain derivatives as hedging instruments in a qualifying hedge accounting relationship (cash flow or fair value hedge). The remaining are classified as free-standing derivatives consisting of customer accommodation loan swaps and interest rate lock commitments that do not qualify for hedge accounting.
Cash Flow Hedges
The Company designates derivatives as cash flow hedges when they are used to manage exposure to variability in cash flows related to forecasted transactions on variable rate borrowings such as trust preferred capital notes, FHLB borrowings and certain prime based and commercial loans. The Company uses interest rate swap agreements as part of its hedging strategy by exchanging a notional amount, equal to the principal amount of the borrowings or commercial loans, for fixed-rate interest based on benchmarked interest rates. The original terms and conditions of the interest rate swaps vary and range in length with a maximum hedging time through November 2022. Amounts receivable or payable are recognized as accrued under the terms of the agreements.
All swaps were entered into with counterparties that met the Company’s credit standards, and the agreements contain collateral provisions protecting the at-risk party. The Company believes that the credit risk inherent in the contract is not significant.
The Company assesses the effectiveness of each hedging relationship on a periodic basis using statistical regression analysis. The Company also measures the ineffectiveness of each hedging relationship using the change in variable cash flows method which compares the cumulative changes in cash flows of the hedging instrument relative to cumulative changes in the hedged item’s cash flows. In accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, the effective portions of the derivatives’ unrealized gains or losses are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income. Based on the Company’s assessment, its cash flow hedges are highly effective, but to the extent that any ineffectiveness exists in the hedge relationships, the amounts would be recorded in interest income or interest expense on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income.
On June 13, 2016, the Company terminated three interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges prior to their respective maturity dates. The unrealized gain of $1.3 million within accumulated other comprehensive income will be reclassified into earnings over a three-year period, the term of the hedged item, using the effective interest method. The estimated net amount of gains expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next twelve months is $297,000.
Fair Value Hedge
Derivatives are designated as fair value hedges when they are used to manage exposure to changes in the fair value of certain financial assets and liabilities, referred to as the hedged items, which fluctuate in value as a result of movements in interest rates.
Loans: During the normal course of business, the Company enters into swap agreements to convert certain long-term fixed-rate loans to floating rates to hedge the Company’s exposure to interest rate risk. The Company pays a fixed interest rate to the counterparty and receives a floating rate from the same counterparty calculated on the aggregate notional amount. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the aggregate notional amount of the related hedged items for certain long-term fixed rate loans totaled $87.6 million and $81.0 million, respectively, and the fair value of the related hedged items was an unrealized loss of $1.6 million and $1.2 million, respectively.
AFS Securities: During the fourth quarter 2018, the Company entered into a swap agreement to hedge the interest rate risk on a portion of its fixed rate available for sale securities. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the aggregate notional amount of the related hedged items of the available for sale securities totaled $50.0 million and the fair value of the related hedged items was an unrealized loss of $1.4 million.
The Company applies hedge accounting in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and the fair value hedge and the underlying hedged item, attributable to the risk being hedged, are recorded at fair value with unrealized gains and losses being recorded on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. Statistical regression analysis is used to assess hedge effectiveness, both at inception of the hedging relationship and on an ongoing basis. The regression analysis involves regressing the periodic change in fair value of the hedging instrument against the periodic changes in fair value of the asset being hedged due to changes in the hedged risk. The Company’s fair value hedges continue to be highly effective and had no
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material impact on the Consolidated Statements of Income, but if any ineffectiveness exists, portions of the unrealized gains or losses would be recorded in interest income or interest expense on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income.
Loan Swaps
During the normal course of business, the Company enters into interest rate swap loan relationships (“loan swaps”) with borrowers to meet their financing needs. Upon entering into the loan swaps, the Company enters into offsetting positions with a third party in order to minimize interest rate risk. These back-to-back loan swaps qualify as financial derivatives with fair values as reported in “Other Assets” and “Other Liabilities” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Interest Rate Lock Commitments
During the normal course of business, the Company enters into commitments to originate mortgage loans whereby the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding (“rate lock commitments”). Rate lock commitments on mortgage loans that are intended to be sold in the secondary market are considered to be derivatives. The period of time between issuance of a loan commitment, closing, and sale of the loan generally ranges from 30 to 120 days. The Company protects itself from changes in interest rates through the use of best efforts forward delivery commitments, whereby the Company commits to sell a loan at the time the borrower commits to an interest rate with the intent that the buyer has assumed interest rate risk on the loan. The correlation between the rate lock commitments and the best efforts contracts is high due to their similarity.
The market values of rate lock commitments and best efforts forward delivery commitments is not readily ascertainable with precision because rate lock commitments and best efforts contracts are not actively traded in stand-alone markets. The Company determines the fair value of rate lock commitments and best efforts contracts by measuring the change in the value of the underlying asset, while taking into consideration the probability that the rate lock commitments will close. The fair value of the rate lock commitments is reported as a component of “Assets of discontinued operations" on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets; the fair value of the Company’s best efforts forward delivery commitments is recorded as a component of “Liabilities of discontinued operations” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Any impact to income is recorded in current period earnings as a component of “Income (loss) on discontinued operations” on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. At December 31, 2018, there were no outstanding rate lock commitments due to the wind down of UMG throughout 2018.
The following table summarizes key elements of the Company’s derivative instruments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, segregated by derivatives that are considered accounting hedges and those that are not (dollars in thousands):

| December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
|  |  | Derivative (2) |  |  |  | Derivative (2)
| Notional or Contractual Amount (1) |  | Assets |  | Liabilities |  | Notional or Contractual Amount (1) |  | Assets |  | Liabilities
Derivatives designated as accounting hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges | $ | 152,500 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,786 |  |  | $ | 152,500 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 8,005 |
Fair value hedges | 137,596 |  |  | 1,872 |  |  | 1,684 |  |  | 80,973 |  |  | 1,598 |  |  | 76 |
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan Swaps |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pay fixed-receive floating interest rate swaps | 878,446 |  |  | 10,120 |  |  | 9,306 |  |  | 529,736 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,350 |
Pay floating-receive fixed interest rate swaps | 878,446 |  |  | 9,306 |  |  | 10,120 |  |  | 529,736 |  |  | 1,350 |  |  | — |
Other contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,314 |  |  | 559 |  |  | — |
Best efforts forward delivery commitments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 73,777 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |

(1) Notional amounts are not recorded on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet and are generally used only as a basis on which interest and other payments are determined.
(2) Balances represent fair value of derivative financial instruments.
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The following table summarizes the carrying value of the Company’s hedged assets in fair value hedges and the associated cumulative basis adjustments included in those carrying values as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| December 31, 2018
| Carrying Amount of Hedged Assets/(Liabilities) |  | Cumulative Amount of Basis Adjustments Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
Line items on the Consolidated Balance Sheets in which the hedged item is included: |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale (1) (2) | $ | 224,241 |  |  | $ | 1,399 |
Loans | 87,596 |  |  | (1,572 | )

(1) These amounts include the amortized cost basis of the investment securities designated in hedging relationships for which the hedged item is the last layer expected to be remaining at the end of the hedging relationship. At December 31, 2018, the amortized cost basis of this portfolio was $224 million, the amount of the designated hedged item was $50 million, and the cumulative basis adjustment associated with this hedge was $1.4 million.
(2) Carrying value represents amortized cost.
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11. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Serial Preferred Stock
The Company has the authority to issue up to 500,000 shares of serial preferred stock with a par value of $10.00 per share. As
of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had no shares issued or outstanding.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2018 is summarized as follows, net of tax (dollars in thousands):

| Unrealized Gains (Losses) on AFS Securities |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses) for AFS Securities Transferred to HTM |  | Change in Fair Value of Cash Flow Hedges |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses) on BOLI |  | Total
Balance - December 31, 2017 | $ | 1,874 |  |  | $ | 2,705 |  |  | $ | (4,361 | ) |  | $ | (1,102 | ) |  | $ | (884 | )
Transfer of HTM securities to AFS securities(1) | 2,785 |  |  | (2,785 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Cumulative effects from adoption of new accounting standards (2) (3) | 465 |  |  | 583 |  |  | (1,094 | ) |  | — |  |  | (46 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification | (10,711 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,087 |  |  | — |  |  | (9,624 | )
Amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings | (362 | ) |  | (408 | ) |  | 975 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 281 |
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) | (11,073 | ) |  | (408 | ) |  | 2,062 |  |  | 76 |  |  | (9,343 | )
Balance - December 31, 2018 | $ | (5,949 | ) |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | (3,393 | ) |  | $ | (1,026 | ) |  | $ | (10,273 | )

(1) During the second quarter of 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2017-12, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities". As part of this adoption, the Company made a one-time election to transfer eligible HTM securities to the AFS category. The transfer of these securities resulted in an increase of approximately $400,000 to AOCI and is included as unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities above.
(2) During the second quarter of 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2018-02 "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income." As part of this adoption, the Company reclassified approximately $107,000 of these amounts from AOCI to retained earnings.
(3) During the first quarter of 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-01 "Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10) Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities." As part of this adoption, the Company reclassified approximately $61,000 of these amounts from AOCI to retained earnings.
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The change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2017 is summarized as follows, net of tax (dollars in thousands):

| Unrealized Gains (Losses) on AFS Securities |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses) for AFS Securities Transferred to HTM |  | Change in Fair Value of Cash Flow Hedges |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses) on BOLI |  | Total
Balance - December 31, 2016 | $ | (542 | ) |  | $ | 3,377 |  |  | $ | (5,179 | ) |  | $ | (1,465 | ) |  | $ | (3,809 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 2,936 |  |  | — |  |  | (44 | ) |  | — |  |  | 2,892 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | (520 | ) |  | (672 | ) |  | 862 |  |  | 363 |  |  | 33 |
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) | 2,416 |  |  | (672 | ) |  | 818 |  |  | 363 |  |  | 2,925 |
Balance - December 31, 2017 | $ | 1,874 |  |  | $ | 2,705 |  |  | $ | (4,361 | ) |  | $ | (1,102 | ) |  | $ | (884 | )

The change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2016 is summarized as follows, net of tax (dollars in thousands):

| Unrealized Gains (Losses) on AFS Securities |  | Unrealized Gain for AFS Securities Transferred to HTM |  | Change in Fair Value of Cash Flow Hedges |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses) on BOLI |  | Total
Balance - December 31, 2015 | $ | 7,777 |  |  | $ | 4,432 |  |  | $ | (5,957 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,252 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (8,186 | ) |  | — |  |  | 270 |  |  | (1,728 | ) |  | (9,644 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | (133 | ) |  | (1,055 | ) |  | 508 |  |  | 263 |  |  | (417 | )
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (8,319 | ) |  | $ | (1,055 | ) |  | $ | 778 |  |  | $ | (1,465 | ) |  | $ | (10,061 | )
Balance - December 31, 2016 | $ | (542 | ) |  | $ | 3,377 |  |  | $ | (5,179 | ) |  | $ | (1,465 | ) |  | $ | (3,809 | )

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12. REGULATORY MATTERS AND CAPITAL
Capital resources represent funds, earned or obtained, over which financial institutions can exercise greater or longer control in comparison with deposits and borrowed funds. Management seeks to maintain a capital structure that will assure an adequate level of capital to support anticipated asset growth and to absorb potential losses, yet allow management to effectively leverage its capital to maximize return to shareholders. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on financial statements of the Company and the Bank. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for PCA, the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors. PCA provisions are not applicable to financial holding companies and bank holding companies, but only to their bank subsidiaries.
As of December 31, 2018, the most recent notification from the Federal Reserve Bank categorized the Bank as “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework for PCA. To be categorized as “well-capitalized,” an institution must maintain minimum total risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, Tier 1 leverage, and common equity Tier 1 ratios as set forth in the following tables. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s category.
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The Company and the Bank’s capital amounts and ratios are also presented in the following table at December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| Actual |  | Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | Required in Order to Be Well Capitalized Under PCA
| Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common equity Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 1,106,871 |  |  | 9.93 | % |  | $ | 501,608 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | NA |  |  | NA |
Union Bank & Trust | 1,378,039 |  |  | 12.40 | % |  | 500,224 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 722,546 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 1,236,709 |  |  | 11.09 | % |  | 668,817 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | NA |  |  | NA |
Union Bank & Trust | 1,378,039 |  |  | 12.40 | % |  | 666,965 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 889,287 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Total capital to risk weighted assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 1,435,711 |  |  | 12.88 | % |  | 891,753 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | NA |  |  | NA |
Union Bank & Trust | 1,419,984 |  |  | 12.77 | % |  | 889,289 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | 1,111,612 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 capital to average adjusted assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 1,236,709 |  |  | 9.71 | % |  | 509,678 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | NA |  |  | NA |
Union Bank & Trust | 1,378,039 |  |  | 10.84 | % |  | 508,412 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 635,515 |  |  | 5.00 | %
As of December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common equity Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | $ | 737,204 |  |  | 9.04 | % |  | $ | 367,073 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | NA |  |  | NA |
Union Bank & Trust | 947,432 |  |  | 11.66 | % |  | 365,616 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 528,111 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 826,979 |  |  | 10.14 | % |  | 489,428 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | NA |  |  | NA |
Union Bank & Trust | 947,432 |  |  | 11.66 | % |  | 487,488 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 649,983 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Total capital to risk weighted assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 1,013,788 |  |  | 12.43 | % |  | 652,573 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | NA |  |  | NA |
Union Bank & Trust | 986,040 |  |  | 12.14 | % |  | 649,983 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | 812,478 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 capital to average adjusted assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated | 826,979 |  |  | 9.42 | % |  | 351,230 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | NA |  |  | NA |
Union Bank & Trust | 947,432 |  |  | 10.82 | % |  | 350,126 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | 437,657 |  |  | 5.00 | %

In July 2013, the FRB issued a final rule that makes technical changes to its market risk capital rules to align them with the Basel III regulatory capital framework and meet certain requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. The phase-in period for the final rules began on January 1, 2015, with full compliance with the final rules to be phased in by January 1, 2019. Refer to Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” section “Capital Resources” in this Form 10-K for additional information.
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13. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The Company follows ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. This codification clarifies that fair value of certain assets and liabilities is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between willing market participants.
ASC 820 specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under ASC 820 based on these two types of inputs are as follows:

Level 1 |  | Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.
Level 2 |  | Valuation is based on observable inputs including quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in less active markets, and model-based valuation techniques for which significant assumptions can be derived primarily from or corroborated by observable data in the markets.
Level 3 |  | Valuation is based on model-based techniques that use one or more significant inputs or assumptions that are unobservable in the market. These unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about what market participants would use and information that is reasonably available under the circumstances without undue cost and effort.

The following describes the valuation techniques used by the Company to measure certain financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the financial statements.
Derivative instruments
As discussed in Note 10 “Derivatives,” the Company records derivative instruments at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company utilizes derivative instruments as part of the management of interest rate risk to modify the re-pricing characteristics of certain portions of the Company’s interest-bearing assets and liabilities. The Company has contracted with a third-party vendor to provide valuations for derivatives using standard valuation techniques and therefore classifies such valuations as Level 2. Third party valuations are validated by the Company using Bloomberg Valuation Service’s derivative pricing functions. No material differences were identified during the validation as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Company has considered counterparty credit risk in the valuation of its derivative assets and has considered its own credit risk in the valuation of its derivative liabilities.
In the second quarter of 2018, the Bank announced that it had entered into an agreement with a third-party mortgage company to allow TFSB to offer residential mortgages from certain Bank locations on the terms and conditions set forth in the agreement. Concurrently with this arrangement, the Bank began the process of winding down the operations of UMG, the Company's reportable mortgage segment. Prior to this announcement, during the normal course of business, the Company entered into interest rate lock commitments related to the origination of mortgage loans held for sale, as well as best effort forward delivery commitments to mitigate interest rate risk; these instruments were recorded at estimated fair value based on the value of the underlying loan, which in turn was based on quoted prices for similar loans in the secondary market. This value, however, was adjusted by a pull-through rate, which considered the likelihood that the loan in a lock position would ultimately close. The pull-through rate was derived from the Company’s internal data and was adjusted using significant management judgment. The pull-through rate was largely dependent on the loan processing stage that a loan was currently in and the change in prevailing interest rates from the time of the rate lock. As such, interest rate lock commitments are classified as Level 3. An increase in the pull-through rate utilized in the fair value measurement of the interest rate lock commitment derivative resulted in positive fair value adjustments, while a decrease in the pull-through rate resulted in a negative fair value adjustment. As a result of the UMG wind down, at December 31, 2018, the Company had no interest rate locks. Interest rate locks had a weighted average pull-through rate of approximately 80% as of December 31, 2017. Interest rate lock commitments as of December 31, 2017 were reported as a component of "Assets of discontinued operations" in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
AFS Securities
AFS securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted market prices, when available (Level 1). If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured utilizing independent valuation techniques of identical or similar securities for which significant assumptions are derived primarily from or corroborated by
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observable market data (Level 2). If the inputs used to provide the evaluation for certain securities are unobservable and/or there is little, if any, market activity, then the security would fall to the lowest level of the hierarchy (Level 3).
The Company’s investment portfolio is primarily valued using fair value measurements that are considered to be Level 2. The Company has contracted with a third-party portfolio accounting service vendor for valuation of its securities portfolio. The vendor’s primary source for security valuation is IDC, which evaluates securities based on market data. IDC utilizes evaluated pricing models that vary by asset class and include available trade, bid, and other market information. Generally, the methodology includes broker quotes, proprietary models, vast descriptive terms and conditions databases, as well as extensive quality control programs.
The vendor utilizes proprietary valuation matrices for valuing all municipals securities. The initial curves for determining the price, movement, and yield relationships within the municipal matrices are derived from industry benchmark curves or sourced from a municipal trading desk. The securities are further broken down according to issuer, credit support, state of issuance, and rating to incorporate additional spreads to the industry benchmark curves.
The Company primarily uses Bloomberg Valuation Service, an independent information source that draws on quantitative models and market data contributed from over 4,000 market participants, to validate third party valuations. Any material differences between valuation sources are researched by further analyzing the various inputs that are utilized by each pricing source. No material differences were identified during the validation as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
The carrying value of restricted Federal Reserve Bank and FHLB stock approximates fair value based on the redemption provisions of each entity and is therefore excluded from the following table.
Loans held for sale
Loans held for sale are carried at fair value. These loans consist of residential loans originated for sale in the secondary market. Fair value is based on the price secondary markets are currently offering for similar loans using observable market data which is not materially different than cost due to the short duration between origination and sale (Level 2). As a result of the UMG wind down, at December 31, 2018, the Company had no loans held for sale. Loans held for sale at December 31, 2017 are included in "Assets of discontinued operations" on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to Note 18 "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations" for further discussion.
The following tables present the balances of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018 using
| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  |
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Balance
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | — |  |  | $ | 468,491 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 468,491 |
Corporate bonds | — |  |  | 167,696 |  |  | — |  |  | 167,696 |
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 1,129,865 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,129,865 |
Other securities | — |  |  | 8,769 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,769 |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap | — |  |  | 19,426 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,426 |
Fair value hedges | — |  |  | 1,872 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,872 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,426 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,426 |
Cash flow hedges | — |  |  | 4,786 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,786 |
Fair value hedges | — |  |  | 1,684 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,684 |

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| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017 using
| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  |
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Balance
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | — |  |  | $ | 301,824 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 301,824 |
Corporate bonds | — |  |  | 113,880 |  |  | — |  |  | 113,880 |
Mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 548,858 |  |  | — |  |  | 548,858 |
Other securities | — |  |  | 9,660 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,660 |
Loans held for sale | — |  |  | 40,662 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,662 |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap | — |  |  | 1,350 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,350 |
Cash flow hedges | — |  |  | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | 49 |
Fair value hedges | — |  |  | 1,598 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,598 |
Interest rate lock commitments | — |  |  | — |  |  | 559 |  |  | 559 |
Best efforts forward delivery commitments | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | 12 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,350 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,350 |
Cash flow hedges | — |  |  | 8,005 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,005 |
Fair value hedges | — |  |  | 76 |  |  | — |  |  | 76 |

Certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. Adjustments to the fair value of these assets usually result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.
The following describes the valuation techniques used by the Company to measure certain assets recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in the financial statements.
Impaired loans
Loans are designated as impaired when, in the judgment of management based on current information and events, it is probable that all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreements will not be collected. The measurement of loss associated with impaired loans can be based on either the observable market price of the loan or the fair value of the collateral. Collateral dependent loans are reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral if repayment is solely from the underlying value of the collateral. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable. The vast majority of the Company’s collateral is real estate. The value of real estate collateral is determined utilizing an income or market valuation approach based on an appraisal conducted by an independent, licensed appraiser using observable market data. When evaluating the fair value, management may discount the appraisal further if, based on their understanding of the market conditions, it is determined the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value (Level 3). For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Level 3 weighted average adjustments related to impaired loans were 5.3% and 3.0%, respectively. The value of business equipment is based upon an outside appraisal, of one year or less, if deemed significant, or the net book value on the applicable business’s financial statements if not considered significant using observable market data. Likewise, values for inventory and accounts receivables collateral are based on financial statement balances or aging reports (Level 3). Collateral dependent impaired loans allocated to the ALL are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Any fair value adjustments are recorded in the period incurred as provision for loan losses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income.
Foreclosed Properties & Former Bank Premises
Foreclosed properties and former bank premises are evaluated for impairment at least quarterly by the Bank’s Special Asset Loan Committee and any necessary write downs to fair values are recorded as impairment and included as a component of noninterest expense. Fair values of foreclosed properties and former bank premises are carried at fair value less selling costs. Fair value is based upon independent market prices, appraised values of the collateral, or management’s estimation of the value of the collateral. When an appraised value is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further
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impaired below the appraised value and there is no observable market price, the Company records the foreclosed asset as Level 3 valuation. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Level 3 weighted average adjustments related to foreclosed property were approximately 3.7% and 22.5%, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no Level 3 weighted average adjustments related to bank premises.
Total valuation expenses related to foreclosed properties for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016 were $1.3 million, $1.6 million, and $1.0 million, respectively. Total valuation expenses related to former bank premises for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $0, $339,000 and $0, respectively.
The following tables summarize the Company’s financial assets that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018 using
| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  |
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Balance
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,734 |  |  | $ | 3,734 |
Foreclosed properties | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,722 |  |  | 6,722 |
Former bank premises | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,090 |  |  | 2,090 |

| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017 using
| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  |
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Balance
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,229 |  |  | $ | 3,229 |
Foreclosed properties | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,253 |  |  | 5,253 |
Former bank premises | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,383 |  |  | 1,383 |

ASC 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosure about fair value of financial instruments for interim periods and excludes certain financial instruments and all non-financial instruments from its disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented may not necessarily represent the underlying fair value of the Company.
Cash and cash equivalents
For those short-term instruments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.
HTM Securities
The Company’s investment portfolio is primarily valued using fair value measurements that are considered to be Level 2. The Company has contracted with a third-party portfolio accounting service vendor for valuation of its securities portfolio. The vendor’s primary source for security valuation is IDC, which evaluates securities based on market data. IDC utilizes evaluated pricing models that vary by asset class and include available trade, bid, and other market information. Generally, the methodology includes broker quotes, proprietary models, vast descriptive terms and conditions databases, as well as extensive quality control programs.
The vendor utilizes proprietary valuation matrices for valuing all municipals securities. The initial curves for determining the price, movement, and yield relationships within the municipal matrices are derived from industry benchmark curves or sourced from a municipal trading desk. The securities are further broken down according to issuer, credit support, state of issuance, and rating to incorporate additional spreads to the industry benchmark curves.
The Company primarily uses Bloomberg Valuation Service, an independent information source that draws on quantitative models and market data contributed from over 4,000 market participants, to validate third party valuations. Any material differences between valuation sources are researched by further analyzing the various inputs that are utilized by each pricing source. No material differences were identified during the validation as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
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Loans
With the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 during the first quarter of 2018, the fair value of loans at December 31, 2018 were estimated using an exit price, representing the amount that would be expected to be received if the Company sold the loans. At December 31, 2017, the fair value of performing loans were estimated by discounting expected future cash flows using a yield curve that is constructed by adding a loan spread to a market yield curve. Loan spreads are based on spreads currently observed in the market for loans of similar type and structure. Fair value for impaired loans and their respective level within the fair value hierarchy are described in the previous disclosure related to fair value measurements of assets that are measured on a nonrecurring basis.
Bank owned life insurance
The carrying value of BOLI approximates fair value. The Company records these policies at their cash surrender value, which is estimated using information provided by insurance carriers.
Deposits
The fair value of demand deposits, savings accounts, and certain money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. With the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 during the first quarter of 2018, the fair value of certificates of deposits at December 31, 2018 were valued using a discounted cash flow calculation that includes a market rate analysis of the current rates offered by market participants for certificates of deposits that mature in the same period. At December 31, 2017, the fair value of certificates of deposit was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.
Borrowings
The carrying value of the Company’s repurchase agreements is a reasonable estimate of fair value. With the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 during the first quarter of 2018, subordinated debt and trust preferred cash flows at December 31, 2018 are forecasted at the stated coupon rate and discounted back to the measurement date using the prevailing market rate. The prevailing market rate is based on implied market yields for recently issued debt with similar durations by institutions of similar size. Other borrowings, including subordinated debt and trust preferred at December 31, 2017 are discounted using the current yield curve for the same type of borrowing. For borrowings with embedded optionality, a third-party source is used to value the instrument.
Accrued interest
The carrying amounts of accrued interest approximate fair value.
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The carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018 using
|  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | Total Fair Value
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Balance
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 261,199 |  |  | $ | 261,199 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 261,199 |
AFS securities | 1,774,821 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,774,821 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,774,821 |
HTM securities | 492,272 |  |  | — |  |  | 499,501 |  |  | — |  |  | 499,501 |
Restricted stock | 124,602 |  |  | — |  |  | 124,602 |  |  | — |  |  | 124,602 |
Net loans | 9,675,162 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,534,717 |  |  | 9,534,717 |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap | 19,426 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,426 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,426 |
Fair value hedges | 1,872 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,872 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,872 |
Accrued interest receivable | 46,062 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,062 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,062 |
BOLI | 263,034 |  |  | — |  |  | 263,034 |  |  | — |  |  | 263,034 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | 9,970,960 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,989,788 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,989,788 |
Borrowings | 1,756,278 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,742,038 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,742,038 |
Accrued interest payable | 5,284 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,284 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,284 |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap | 19,426 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,426 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,426 |
Cash flow hedges | 4,786 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,786 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,786 |
Fair value hedges | 1,684 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,684 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,684 |

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|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017 using
|  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | Total Fair Value
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Balance
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 199,373 |  |  | $ | 199,373 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 199,373 |
AFS securities | 974,222 |  |  | — |  |  | 974,222 |  |  | — |  |  | 974,222 |
HTM securities | 199,639 |  |  | — |  |  | 203,483 |  |  | — |  |  | 203,483 |
Restricted stock | 75,283 |  |  | — |  |  | 75,283 |  |  | — |  |  | 75,283 |
Loans held for sale | 40,662 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,662 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,662 |
Net loans | 7,103,344 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,117,593 |  |  | 7,117,593 |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap | 1,350 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,350 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,350 |
Cash flow hedges | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | 49 |
Fair value hedges | 1,598 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,598 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,598 |
Interest rate lock commitments | 559 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 559 |  |  | 559 |
Best efforts forward delivery commitments | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | 12 |
Accrued interest receivable | 26,427 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,427 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,427 |
BOLI | 182,854 |  |  | — |  |  | 182,854 |  |  | — |  |  | 182,854 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | 6,991,718 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,977,845 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,977,845 |
Borrowings | 1,219,414 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,198,645 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,198,645 |
Accrued interest payable | 2,538 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,538 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,538 |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap | 1,350 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,350 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,350 |
Cash flow hedges | 8,005 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,005 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,005 |
Fair value hedges | 76 |  |  | — |  |  | 76 |  |  | — |  |  | 76 |

The Company assumes interest rate risk (the risk that general interest rate levels will change) as a result of its normal operations. As a result, the fair values of the Company’s financial instruments will change when interest rate levels change and that change may be either favorable or unfavorable to the Company. Management attempts to match maturities of assets and liabilities to the extent believed necessary to minimize interest rate risk. Borrowers with fixed rate obligations, however, are less likely to prepay in a rising rate environment and more likely to prepay in a falling rate environment. Conversely, depositors who are receiving fixed rates are more likely to withdraw funds before maturity in a rising rate environment and less likely to do so in a falling rate environment. Management monitors rates and maturities of assets and liabilities and attempts to minimize interest rate risk by adjusting terms of new loans and deposits and by investing in securities with terms that mitigate the Company’s overall interest rate risk.
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14. REVENUE
On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Topic 606” ("Topic 606"), and all subsequent amendments to the ASU No. 2014-09. Using Topic 606 guidelines and other authoritative guidance, the Company concluded that Topic 606 applies to noninterest income excluding out of scope revenue such as mortgage banking income, gains on securities transactions, and trading revenue (i.e., derivatives).
Public entities are required to disclose (1) revenue disaggregated into categories that show how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors; (2) contract balances; (3) a description of when performance obligations are satisfied; and (4) significant judgments made in evaluating when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services for performance obligations satisfied at a point in time.
The majority of the Company’s noninterest income comes from short term contracts associated with fees for services provided on deposit accounts, credit cards, and wealth management accounts and is being accounted for in accordance with Topic 606. Typically, the duration of a contract does not extend beyond the services performed; therefore, the Company concluded that discussion regarding contract balances is immaterial. Additionally, due to the short duration of most customer contracts the revenue from which constitutes noninterest income, the Company will not need to make many judgments that would affect the amount and timing of revenue.
The Company’s performance obligations on revenue from interchange fees and deposit accounts are generally satisfied immediately, when the transaction occurs or by month-end. Performance obligations on revenue from fiduciary and asset management fees are generally satisfied monthly or quarterly. For a majority of fee income on deposit accounts the Company is a principal controlling the promised good or service before transferring it to the customer. However, for income related to most wealth management income, the Company is an agent responsible for arranging for the provision of goods and services by another party.
Noninterest income disaggregated by major source, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |
Deposit Service Charges (1): |  |  |  |  |
Overdraft fees, net | $ | 21,052 |  |  | $ | 15,788 |  |  | $ | 15,082 |
Maintenance fees & other | 4,387 |  |  | 3,062 |  |  | 3,086 |
Other service charges and fees (1) | 5,603 |  |  | 4,593 |  |  | 4,445 |
Interchange fees, net (1) | 18,803 |  |  | 14,974 |  |  | 14,058 |
Fiduciary and asset management fees (1): |  |  |  |  |
Trust asset management fees | 5,536 |  |  | 5,128 |  |  | 4,812 |
Registered advisor management fees, net | 6,589 |  |  | 2,692 |  |  | 1,554 |
Brokerage management fees, net | 4,025 |  |  | 3,425 |  |  | 3,833 |
Gains (losses) on securities transactions, net | 383 |  |  | 800 |  |  | 205 |
Bank owned life insurance income | 7,198 |  |  | 6,144 |  |  | 5,513 |
Loan-related interest rate swap fees | 3,554 |  |  | 3,051 |  |  | 4,254 |
Gain on Shore Premier sale | 19,966 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other operating income (2) | 7,145 |  |  | 2,772 |  |  | 3,007 |
Total noninterest income (3) | $ | 104,241 |  |  | $ | 62,429 |  |  | $ | 59,849 |

(1) Income within scope of Topic 606.
(2) Includes income within the scope of Topic 606 of $4.4 million, $2.3 million, and $2.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The remaining balance is outside the scope of Topic 606.
(3) Noninterest income for the discontinued mortgage segment is reported in Note 18, "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations."
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15. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS AND STOCK BASED COMPENSATION
The Company has a 401(k) Plan designed to qualify under Section 401 of the Code that allows employees to defer a portion of their salary compensation as savings for retirement. The 401(k) Plan provides for the Company to match employee contributions based on each employee’s elected contribution percentage. For each employee’s 1% through 3% dollar contributions, the Company will match 100% of such dollar contributions, and for each employee’s 4% through 5% dollar contributions, the Company will match 50% of such dollar contributions. All employees are eligible to participate in the 401(k) Plan after meeting minimum age and period of service requirements. The Company also has an ESOP. All full and part-time employees of the Company with 1,000 hours of service are eligible to participate in the ESOP plan. The Company makes discretionary profit-sharing contributions into the 401(k) Plan, ESOP, and in cash bonus payments. Company discretionary contributions to both the 401(k) Plan and the ESOP are allocated to participant accounts in proportion to each participant’s compensation and vest according to the respective plan's vesting schedule. Employee contributions to the ESOP are not allowed.
Amounts presented include discontinued operations. Refer to Note 18 "Segment Reporting & Discontinued Operations" in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data", of this Form 10-K for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.
The following 401(k) Plan match and other discretionary contributions were made to the Company’s employees, in accordance with the plans described above, in 2018, 2017, and 2016 (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
401(k) Plan | $ | 4,592 |  |  | $ | 3,505 |  |  | $ | 3,263 |
ESOP | 1,005 |  |  | 1,255 |  |  | 1,425 |
Cash | 1,509 |  |  | 1,461 |  |  | 1,496 |
Total | $ | 7,106 |  |  | $ | 6,221 |  |  | $ | 6,184 |

The Company maintains certain deferred compensation arrangements with employees and certain current and former members of the Bank’s Boards of Directors. Under these deferred compensation plans, the Company had an obligation of $11.8 million at December 31, 2018 and $11.1 million at December 31, 2017, The Company owns life insurance policies on plan beneficiaries as an informal funding vehicle to meet future benefit obligations.
On January 29, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the Union Bankshares Corporation Stock and Incentive Plan (the “Amended and Restated SIP”), which amended and restated the former equity compensation plan (the “2011 Plan”). The Amended and Restated SIP became effective on April 21, 2015 upon shareholder approval. The Company may grant awards under the amended plan until April 20, 2025. The Amended and Restated SIP amended the 2011 Plan to, among other things, increase the maximum number of shares of the Company’s common stock issuable under the plan from 1,000,000 to 2,500,000 and add non-employee directors of the Company and certain subsidiaries, as well as regional advisory boards, as potential participants in the plan. The increase in shares in the Amended and Restated SIP includes shares that had been granted previously under the 2011 Plan. As of December 31, 2018, there were 1,300,663 shares available for future issuance in the Amended and Restated SIP.
The Amended and Restated SIP provides for the granting of stock-based awards to key employees and non-employee directors of the Company and its subsidiaries in the form of: (i) stock options; (ii) restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), (iii) restricted stock units (“RSUs”), (iv) stock awards; (v) performance share units (“PSUs”); and performance cash awards. The Company issues new shares to satisfy stock-based awards. For option awards, the option price cannot be less than the fair market value of the stock on the grant date. Stock option awards have a maximum term of ten years from the date of grant, and generally become exercisable over a 5-year period beginning on the first anniversary of the date of grant. No stock options have been granted since February 2012. RSAs and PSUs typically have vesting schedules over three to four-year periods and the expense is recognized over the vesting period.
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense (included in salaries and benefits expense) (dollars in thousands, except per share data) as follows:
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| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Stock-based compensation expense | $ | 6,132 |  |  | $ | 4,648 |  |  | $ | 3,270 |
Reduction of income tax expense | 1,287 |  |  | 1,467 |  |  | 1,104 |
Per share compensation cost | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |

Stock Options
The following table summarizes the stock option activity during the year ended December 31, 2018:

| Stock Options (shares) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2017 | 121,743 |  |  | $ | 13.93 |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (72,743 | ) |  | 13.51 |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Expired | (1,415 | ) |  | 18.10 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2018 | 47,585 |  |  | 14.44 |  |  | 2.54 |  | $ | 656,238 |
Exercisable as of December 31, 2018 | 47,585 |  |  | 14.44 |  |  | 2.54 |  | 656,238 |

During the year ended December 31, 2018, there were 72,743 stock options exercised with a total intrinsic value (the amount by which the stock price exceeded the exercise price) and fair value of approximately $1.9 million and $2.8 million, respectively. Cash received from the exercise of stock options for the year ended December 31, 2018 was approximately $983,000, and the tax benefit realized from tax deductions associated with options exercised during the year was approximately $390,000.
As of December 31, 2018, all stock options were fully vested. The total intrinsic value of all stock options outstanding was $656,000 as of December 31, 2018.
During the year ended December 31, 2017, there were 63,476 stock options exercised with a total intrinsic value (the amount by which the stock price exceeded the exercise price) and fair value of approximately $1.2 million and $2.2 million, respectively. Cash received from the exercise of stock options for the year ended December 31, 2017 was approximately $1.0 million, and the tax benefit realized from tax deductions associated with options exercised during the year was approximately $370,000.
The fair value of all stock options vested during 2017 was approximately $47,000 and the total intrinsic value of all stock options outstanding was $2.7 million as of December 31, 2017.
During the year ended December 31, 2016, there were 88,409 stock options exercised with a total intrinsic value (the amount by which the stock price exceeded the exercise price) and fair value of approximately $1.2 million and $2.6 million, respectively. Cash received from the exercise of stock options for the year ended December 31, 2016 was approximately $1.4 million, and the tax benefit realized from tax deductions associated with options exercised during the year was approximately $381,000.
The fair value of all stock options vested during 2016 was approximately $159,000 and the total intrinsic value of all stock options outstanding was $3.9 million as of December 31, 2016.
Restricted Stock
The Amended and Restated SIP permits the granting of RSAs. Generally, RSAs vest 50% on each of the third and fourth anniversaries from the date of the grant. The value of the restricted stock awards was calculated by multiplying the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date by the number of shares awarded. Employees have the right to vote the shares and to receive cash or stock dividends for RSAs, if any. Nonvested shares of restricted stock are included in the computation of basic earnings per share.
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The following table summarizes the restricted stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2018:

| Number of Shares of RSAs |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2017 | 326,736 |  |  | $ | 27.68 |
Granted | 212,749 |  |  | 37.36 |
Net settle for taxes | (38,700 | ) |  | 40.23 |
Vested | (113,023 | ) |  | 29.82 |
Forfeited | (12,348 | ) |  | 30.57 |
Unvested as of December 31, 2018 | 375,414 |  |  | 32.41 |

Performance Stock
PSUs are granted to certain employees at no cost to the recipient and are subject to vesting based on achieving certain performance metrics; the grant of PSUs is subject to approval by the Company’s Compensation Committee at its sole discretion. PSUs may be paid in cash or shares of common stock or a combination thereof. Holders of PSUs have no right to vote the shares represented by the units. In 2018, the PSUs awarded were market based awards with the number of PSUs ultimately earned based on the Company’s total shareholder return as measured over the performance period.

| Number of Shares of PSUs |  | Weighted Average Grant- Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2017 | 134,350 |  |  | $ | 24.98 |
Granted | 61,310 |  |  | 34.28 |
Net settle for taxes | (16,342 | ) |  | 38.64 |
Vested | (26,977 | ) |  | 14.32 |
Forfeited | (2,294 | ) |  | 37.19 |
Unvested as of December 31, 2018 | 150,047 |  |  | 31.67 |

During years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 PSUs were awarded with a market based component based on total shareholder return. The fair value of each PSU granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Monte Carlo simulation lattice model that uses the assumptions noted in the following table:

| 2018(5) | 2017(5) | 2016(5)
Dividend yield(1) | 2.25 | % | 2.15 | % | 3.36 | %
Expected life in years(2) | 2.86 |  | 2.85 |  | 2.85 |
Expected volatility(3) | 23.47 | % | 23.35 | % | 22.16 | %
Risk-free interest rate(4) | 2.38 | % | 1.40 | % | 0.83 | %

(1) Calculated as the ratio of the current dividend paid per the stock price on the date of grant.
(2) Represents the remaining performance period as of the grant date
(3) Based on the historical volatility for the period commensurate with the expected life of the PSUs.
(4) Based upon the zero-coupon U.S. Treasury rate commensurate with the expected life of the PSUs on the grant date.
(5) Assumptions disclosed represent those used in the primary annual issuance.
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The estimated unamortized compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, related to restricted stock and performance stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 that will be recognized in future periods is as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Restricted Stock |  | Performance Stock |  | Total
2019 | $ | 4,644 |  |  | $ | 1,267 |  |  | $ | 5,911 |
2020 | 3,047 |  |  | 709 |  |  | 3,756 |
2021 | 1,291 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 1,371 |
2022 | 227 |  |  | — |  |  | 227 |
Total | $ | 9,209 |  |  | $ | 2,056 |  |  | $ | 11,265 |

At December 31, 2018, there was $11.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock-based compensation arrangements granted under the Amended and Restated SIP. The cost is expected to be recognized through 2022.
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16. INCOME TAXES
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S., the Commonwealth of Virginia, and other states. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal or state income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2015.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into law. The Company applied the guidance in SAB 118 when accounting for the enactment-date effects of the Tax Act in 2017 and throughout 2018. Among other things, the Tax Act permanently reduced the corporate tax rate to 21% from the prior maximum rate of 35%, effective for tax years including or commencing January 1, 2018. As a result of the reduction of the corporate tax rate to 21%, companies were required to revalue their deferred tax assets and liabilities as of the date of enactment, with resulting tax effects accounted for in the fourth quarter of 2017. During 2017, the Company recorded $6.1 million in additional tax expense based on the Company's analysis of the impact of the Tax Act. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had to complete our accounting for all of the enactment-date income tax effects of the Tax Act. No additional adjustments related the Tax Act were recorded in 2018.
Net deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following components as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses | $ | 19,369 |  |  | $ | 7,963 |
Benefit plans | 3,925 |  |  | 2,511 |
Acquisition accounting | 11,788 |  |  | 4,911 |
Stock grants | 894 |  |  | 328 |
OREO | 2,515 |  |  | 1,673 |
Securities available for sale | 1,577 |  |  | — |
Prime loan swap | 981 |  |  | 1,640 |
Investments in pass through entities | 915 |  |  | 646 |
Net operating losses | 66,037 |  |  | 3,624 |
Nonaccrual loans | 3,990 |  |  | — |
Other | 2,722 |  |  | 1,268 |
Total deferred tax assets | $ | 114,713 |  |  | $ | 24,564 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition accounting | $ | 13,053 |  |  | $ | 5,923 |
Premises and equipment | 3,877 |  |  | 3,600 |
Securities available for sale | 25 |  |  | 1,479 |
Other | 583 |  |  | 529 |
Total deferred tax liabilities | 17,538 |  |  | 11,531 |
Net deferred tax asset | $ | 97,175 |  |  | $ | 13,033 |

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At December 31, 2018, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $272.3 million, of which approximately $252.4 million under pre-2018 law can be carried forward 20 years, and $19.9 million that can be carried forward indefinitely. The Company also had state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $267.3 million which will begin to expire after 2026. In assessing the ability to realize deferred tax assets, management considers the scheduled reversal of temporary differences, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in accordance with ASC 740-10-30. Based on its latest analysis, at December 31, 2018, management concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company would be able to fully realize its deferred tax asset related to net operating losses generated at the federal and state level. A significant portion of the net operating losses were obtained in the acquisition of Xenith at the beginning of 2018.
The Bank is not subject to a state income tax in its primary place of business (Virginia). The Company’s other subsidiaries are subject to state income taxes and have generated losses for state income tax purposes.
The Company has analyzed the tax positions taken or expected to be taken in its tax returns and concluded it has no liability related to uncertain tax positions in accordance with applicable ASC 740, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, regulations.
The provision for income taxes charged to continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 consists of the following (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Current tax expense | $ | 12,114 |  |  | $ | 27,255 |  |  | $ | 25,578 |
Deferred tax expense (benefit) (1) | 17,902 |  |  | 5,535 |  |  | 366 |
Income tax expense | $ | 30,016 |  |  | $ | 32,790 |  |  | $ | 25,944 |

(1) The deferred tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 includes the impact of the Tax Act.
The income tax expense differs from the amount of income tax determined by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate to pre-tax income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, due to the following (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Computed "expected" tax expense | $ | 37,680 |  |  | $ | 36,738 |  |  | $ | 35,645 |
(Decrease) in taxes resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax-exempt interest income, net | (5,188 | ) |  | (6,112 | ) |  | (6,087 | )
Valuation allowance adjustment | — |  |  | (2,982 | ) |  | — |
Impact of the Tax Act | — |  |  | 6,105 |  |  | — |
Other, net | (2,476 | ) |  | (959 | ) |  | (3,614 | )
Income tax expense | $ | 30,016 |  |  | $ | 32,790 |  |  | $ | 25,944 |

The effective tax rates were 16.7%, 31.2%, and 25.5% for years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Tax credits totaled approximately $1.1 million, $858,000, and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The changes in the effective tax rates for 2018 and 2017 were primarily related to the impact of the Tax Act.
132

17. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, including the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding attributable to stock awards.
The following table presents earnings per share from continuing operations, discontinued operations and total net income available to common shareholders for the years ended December 31, (in thousands except per share data):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net Income: |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations | $ | 149,413 |  |  | $ | 72,176 |  |  | $ | 75,898 |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations | (3,165 | ) |  | 747 |  |  | 1,578 |
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 146,248 |  |  | $ | 72,923 |  |  | $ | 77,476 |
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic | 65,859 |  |  | 43,699 |  |  | 43,784 |
Dilutive effect of stock awards and warrants | 50 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 106 |
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted | 65,909 |  |  | 43,780 |  |  | 43,890 |
Basic EPS: |  |  |  |  |
EPS from continuing operations | $ | 2.27 |  |  | $ | 1.65 |  |  | $ | 1.73 |
EPS from discontinued operations | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |
EPS to common shareholders | $ | 2.22 |  |  | $ | 1.67 |  |  | $ | 1.77 |
Diluted EPS: |  |  |  |  |
EPS from continuing operations | $ | 2.27 |  |  | $ | 1.65 |  |  | $ | 1.73 |
EPS from discontinued operations | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |
EPS to common shareholders | $ | 2.22 |  |  | $ | 1.67 |  |  | $ | 1.77 |

133

18. SEGMENT REPORTING & DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
On May 23, 2018, the Bank announced that it had entered into an agreement with a third-party mortgage company TFSB to allow TFSB to offer residential mortgages from certain Bank locations on the terms and conditions set forth in the agreement. Concurrently with this arrangement, the Bank began the process of winding down the operations of UMG, the Company's reportable mortgage segment. Effective at the close of business June 1, 2018, UMG was no longer originating mortgages in its name. The decision to exit the mortgage business was based on a number of strategic priorities and other factors, including the additional investment in the business required to achieve the necessary scale to be competitive. As a result of this decision, the community bank segment is the only remaining reportable segment and does not require separate reporting disclosures.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets included assets from discontinued operations of $1.5 million, which did not include loans held for sale. The Company also reported $1.7 million as liabilities of discontinued operations. As of December 31, 2017, the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets included assets from discontinued operations of $44.7 million which included $40.7 million of loans held for sale. The Company also reported $3.7 million as liabilities of discontinued operations. Management believes there are no material on-going obligations with respect to the mortgage banking business that have not been recorded in the Company's consolidated financial statements.
The following table presents summarized operating results of the discontinued mortgage segment at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively (dollars in thousands):

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Net interest income | $ | 850 |  |  | $ | 1,150 |  |  | $ | 1,184 |
Provision for credit losses | (185 | ) |  | (46 | ) |  | 217 |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses | 1,035 |  |  | 1,196 |  |  | 967 |
Noninterest income | 3,882 |  |  | 9,245 |  |  | 11,058 |
Noninterest expenses | 9,197 |  |  | 9,097 |  |  | 9,613 |
Income before income taxes | (4,280 | ) |  | 1,344 |  |  | 2,412 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | (1,115 | ) |  | 597 |  |  | 834 |
Net income (loss) on discontinued operations | $ | (3,165 | ) |  | $ | 747 |  |  | $ | 1,578 |

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19. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
In the ordinary course of business, the Company may have loans issued to its executive officers, directors, and principal shareholders. Pursuant to its policy, such loans are issued on the same terms as those prevailing at the time for comparable loans to unrelated persons and do not involve more than the normal risk of collectability.
135

20. PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The primary source of funds for the dividends paid by Union Bankshares Corporation (for this note only, the “Parent Company”) is dividends received from its subsidiaries. The payments of dividends by the Bank to the Parent Company are subject to certain statutory limitations which contemplate that the current year earnings and earnings retained for the two preceding years may be paid to the Parent Company without regulatory approval. As of December 31, 2018, the aggregate amount of unrestricted funds that could be transferred from the Bank to the Parent Company without prior regulatory approval totaled approximately $220.5 million, or 11.46%, of the consolidated net assets.
Financial information for the Parent Company is as follows:
PARENT COMPANY
CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018 and 2017
(Dollars in thousands)

| 2018 |  | 2017
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 3,681 |  |  | $ | 2,611 |
Premises and equipment, net | 10,637 |  |  | 11,061 |
Other assets | 13,386 |  |  | 15,036 |
Investment in subsidiaries | 2,202,530 |  |  | 1,263,545 |
Total assets | $ | 2,230,234 |  |  | $ | 1,292,253 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings | 5,000 |  |  | — |
Long-term borrowings | 157,057 |  |  | 148,201 |
Trust preferred capital notes | 134,342 |  |  | 86,819 |
Other liabilities | 9,254 |  |  | 10,904 |
Total liabilities | 305,653 |  |  | 245,924 |
Total stockholders' equity | 1,924,581 |  |  | 1,046,329 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 2,230,234 |  |  | $ | 1,292,253 |

136

PARENT COMPANY
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016
(Dollars in thousands)

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividend income | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 23 |
Dividends received from subsidiaries | 50,750 |  |  | 33,350 |  |  | 51,439 |
Other operating income | 2,719 |  |  | 1,308 |  |  | 1,314 |
Total income | 53,469 |  |  | 34,661 |  |  | 52,776 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | 15,253 |  |  | 11,423 |  |  | 5,656 |
Other operating expenses | 13,782 |  |  | 7,130 |  |  | 5,214 |
Total expenses | 29,035 |  |  | 18,553 |  |  | 10,870 |
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed net income from subsidiaries | 24,434 |  |  | 16,108 |  |  | 41,906 |
Income tax benefit | (6,176 | ) |  | (9,169 | ) |  | (3,586 | )
Equity in undistributed net income from subsidiaries | 115,638 |  |  | 47,646 |  |  | 31,984 |
Net income | $ | 146,248 |  |  | $ | 72,923 |  |  | $ | 77,476 |
Comprehensive income | $ | 136,905 |  |  | $ | 75,848 |  |  | $ | 67,415 |

137

PARENT COMPANY
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016
(Dollars in thousands)

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 146,248 |  |  | $ | 72,923 |  |  | $ | 77,476 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries | (115,638 | ) |  | (47,646 | ) |  | (31,984 | )
Depreciation of premises and equipment | 424 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 438 |
Acquisition accounting amortization, net | 636 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 247 |
Gain on sale of investment | (1,416 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock grants for services | 914 |  |  | 724 |  |  | 533 |
Net (increase) decrease in other assets | (584 | ) |  | (4,167 | ) |  | (2,402 | )
Net increase in other liabilities | (4,159 | ) |  | 5,283 |  |  | 5,533 |
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by operating activities | 26,425 |  |  | 27,816 |  |  | 49,841 |
Investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in premises and equipment | — |  |  | (35 | ) |  | (33 | )
Proceeds from sale of investment | 3,761 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Proceeds from (payments for) equity method investment | — |  |  | 72 |  |  | — |
Payments for investments in and advances to subsidiaries | — |  |  | — |  |  | (125,000 | )
Repayment of investments in and advances to subsidiaries | — |  |  | — |  |  | 540 |
Cash received in acquisitions | 25,976 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in) investing activities | 29,737 |  |  | 37 |  |  | (124,493 | )
Financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repayments of short-term borrowings | 5,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repayments of long-term borrowings | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,500 | )
Proceeds from issuance of long-term borrowings | — |  |  | — |  |  | 148,000 |
Cash dividends paid | (58,001 | ) |  | (35,393 | ) |  | (33,672 | )
Cancellation of warrants | (1,530 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance (repurchase) of common stock | 2,347 |  |  | 1,037 |  |  | (31,295 | )
Vesting of restricted stock, including tax effects | (2,908 | ) |  | (1,567 | ) |  | (586 | )
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in) financing activities | (55,092 | ) |  | (35,923 | ) |  | 74,947 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 1,070 |  |  | (8,070 | ) |  | 295 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the period | 2,611 |  |  | 10,681 |  |  | 10,386 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period | $ | 3,681 |  |  | $ | 2,611 |  |  | $ | 10,681 |
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuance of common stock in exchange for net assets in acquisition | $ | 794,809 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Transactions related to bank acquisition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets acquired | 859,176 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Liabilities assumed | 64,367 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

138

21. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
The Company’s management has evaluated subsequent events through February 27, 2019, the date the financial statements were available to be issued.
Access Acquisition
On February 1, 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of Access, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Reorganization dated as of October 4, 2018, as amended on December 7, 2018, including a related Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Access's common shareholders received 0.75 shares of the Company’s common stock in exchange for each share of Access common stock, with cash paid in lieu of fractional shares, resulting in the Company issuing 15,842,026 shares of common stock.
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ITEM 9. - CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.
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ITEM 9A. - CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company maintains “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating its disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Additionally, in designing disclosure controls and procedures, management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.
Based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 using the criteria set forth in Internal Control–Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) (2013 framework). Based on the assessment using those criteria, management concluded that the internal control over financial reporting was effective on December 31, 2018.
The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm which also audited the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Ernst & Young’s report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is included in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There was no change in the internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting.
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ITEM 9B. - OTHER INFORMATION.
Not applicable.
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PART III
ITEM 10. - DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.
Information regarding directors, the Company’s audit committee and the audit committee financial experts is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the Company’s 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 2, 2019 (“Proxy Statement”), under the captions “Proposal 1 - Election of Seven Class II Directors,” “Proposal 2 - Election of One Class I Director ”, “Information About Directors Whose Terms Do Not Expire This Year” and “Corporate Governance, Board Leadership, and Board Diversity.” The executive officers of the Company, and their respective titles and principal occupations, are listed below:

Name (Age) |  | Title and Principal Occupation During at Least the Past Five Years
John C. Asbury (53) |  | Chief Executive Officer of the Company since January 2017 and President since October 2016; Chief Executive Officer of the Bank since October 2016 and President of the Bank from October 2016 until September 2017 and May to September 2018; President and Chief Executive Officer of First National Bank of Santa Fe from February 2015 until August 2016; Senior Executive Vice President and Head of the Business Services Group at Regions Bank from May 2010 until July 2014, after joining Regions Bank in March 2008 as Business Banking Division Executive; Senior Vice President at Bank of America in a variety of roles; joined the Company's Board of Directors in 2016.
Robert M. Gorman (60) |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company since joining the Company in July 2012; Senior Vice President and Director of Corporate Support Services in 2011, and Senior Vice President and Strategic Financial Officer of SunTrust Banks, Inc., from 2002 to 2011; serves as a member of the Board of Directors of ODCM.
Maria P. Tedesco (58) |  | President of the Bank; most recently Chief Operating Officer for Retail at BMO Harris Bank based in Chicago from 2016 to 2018, where she was responsible for retail products, segments, customer experience, indirect auto, consumer lending, small business lending, business banking strategy, channels and risk; Senior Executive Vice President and Managing Director of the Retail Bank at Santander Bank, N.A., where she was responsible for leading the U.S. retail strategy and business channels, including branch network, online, mobile, investments, mortgage, call centers, ATMs, marketing, product marketing, customer experience and program management office; spent 19 years at Citizens Financial Group, Inc. ultimately becoming Group Executive Vice President and Executive Director of Retail Banking and Business Banking for the company.
David G. Bilko (60) |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer of the Company since joining the Company in January 2014; Chief Risk Officer of StellarOne Corporation from January 2012 to January 2014; Chief Audit Officer of StellarOne Corporation from June 2011 to January 2012; Corporate Operational Risk Officer of SunTrust Banks, Inc. from May 2010 to May 2011; Chief Audit Executive of SunTrust Banks, Inc. from November 2005 to April 2010; various positions with SunTrust Banks, Inc. since 1987; serves as a member of the Board of Directors of ODCM.
M. Dean Brown (54) |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer & Head of Bank Operations since joining the Company in February 2015; Chief Information and Back Office Operations Officer of Intersections Inc. from 2012 to 2014; Chief Information Officer of Advance America from 2009 to 2012; Senior Vice President and General Manager of Revolution Money from 2007 to 2008; Executive Vice President, Chief Information Officer and Chief Operating Officer from 2006 to 2007, and Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer from 2005 to 2007, of Upromise LLC.

143

Name (Age) |  | Title and Principal Occupation During at Least the Past Five Years
Loreen A. Lagatta (50) |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer of the Company since 2015; Senior Vice President and Director of Human Resources of the Bank from 2011 to 2015; Director of Human Resources of Capital One Financial Corporation from June 2008 to October 2011; Vice President, Compensation - Brokerage Division of Wells Fargo Securities (formerly, Wachovia Corporation) from 2006 to June 2008; Vice President, Senior HR Business Partner - Alternative Investments of Citigroup Inc. from 2000 to 2006, and various positions with Citigroup, Inc. since 1991.
Shawn E. O’Brien (46) |  | Executive Vice President and Consumer Banking Group Executive of the Bank since February 2019; Executive Vice President, Consumer Segment Group and Business Planning for BBVA Compass Bank from 2013 to 2018; various positions at BBVA Compass Bank, including Deposit and Payment Products, Strategic Planning and Corporate Planning and Analysis, from 2005 to 2013; retail brand strategy and product management at Huntington National Bank from 1998 to 2005.
David V. Ring (55) |  | Executive Vice President and Commercial Banking Group Executive since joining the Company in September 2017; Executive Vice President and Executive Managing Director at Huntington National Bank from December 2014 to May 2017; Managing Director and Head of Enterprise Banking at First Niagara Financial Group from April 2011 to December 2014; various positions at Wells Fargo and predecessor banks from January 1996 to April 2011, including Wholesale Banking Executive for Virginia to Massachusetts at Wachovia and Greater New York & Connecticut Region Manager.

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Information on Section 16(a) beneficial ownership reporting compliance for the directors and executive officers of the Company is incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement under the caption “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance.”
The Company has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to all employees and directors. The Company has also adopted a Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers and Directors, which is applicable to directors and senior officers who have financial responsibilities. Both of these codes may be found at http://investors.bankatunion.com/govdocs. In addition, a copy of either of the codes may be obtained without charge by written request to the Company’s Corporate Secretary.
ITEM 11. - EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.
This information is incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement under the captions “Corporate Governance, Board Leadership, and Board Diversity,” “Named Executive Officers,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Report of the Compensation Committee,” “Ownership of Company Common Stock,” “Executive Compensation,” and “Director Compensation.”
ITEM 12. - SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
Other than as set forth below, this information is incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement under the caption “Ownership of Company Common Stock” and from Note 15 “Employee Benefits and Stock Based Compensation” contained in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
The following table summarizes information relating to the Company’s equity compensation plans, pursuant to which grants of options to acquire shares of common stock may be awarded from time to time, as of December 31, 2018:

| Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding warrants and rights (A) |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (B) |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (A)) (C)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders | 47,585 |  |  | $ | 14.44 |  |  | 1,300,663 |
Total | 47,585 |  |  | $ | 14.44 |  |  | 1,300,663 |

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ITEM 13. - CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.
This information is incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement under the captions “Corporate Governance, Board Leadership, and Board Diversity” and “Interest of Directors and Officers in Certain Transactions.”
ITEM 14. - PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES.
This information is incorporated by reference from the Proxy Statement under the caption “Principal Accounting Fees.”
PART IV
ITEM 15. - EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
The following documents are filed as part of this report:
(a)(1) Financial Statements
The following consolidated financial statements and reports of independent registered public accountants of the Company are in Part II, Item 8:
▪Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm;
▪Consolidated Balance Sheets - December 31, 2018 and 2017;
▪Consolidated Statements of Income - Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016;
▪Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016;
▪Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholder's Equity - Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016;
▪Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016; and
▪Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules
All schedules are omitted since they are not required, are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
(a)(3) Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed as part of this Form 10-K and this list includes the Exhibit Index.

Exhibit No. |  |  | Description
2.01 |  |  | Agreement and Plan of Reorganization, dated as of May 19, 2017, by and between Union Bankshares Corporation and Xenith Bankshares, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 23, 2017)
2.02 |  |  | Agreement and Plan of Reorganization, dated as of October 4, 2018, as amended on December 7, 2018, by and between Union Bankshares Corporation and Access National Corporation (incorporated by reference to Annex A to Form S-4/A Registration Statement filed on December 10, 2018; SEC file no. 333-228455)
3.01 |  |  | Articles of Incorporation of Union Bankshares Corporation, as amended April 25, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 29, 2014)
3.02 |  |  | Bylaws of Union Bankshares Corporation, as amended January 21, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.02 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 28, 2017)
4.01 |  |  | Subordinated Indenture, dated as of December 5, 2016, between Union Bankshares Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 5, 2016)
4.02 |  |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 5, 2016, between Union Bankshares Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 5, 2016)

146

4.03 |  |  | Form of 5.00% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Note due 2026 (included as Exhibit A in Exhibit 4.2 filed with, and incorporated herein by reference, to Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 5, 2016) Certain instruments relating to long-term debt not being registered have been omitted in accordance with Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K. The registrant will furnish a copy of any such instrument to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon its request.
10.01* |  |  | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and between Union Bankshares Corporation and G. William Beale, dated May 1, 2006 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.02 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2009)
10.02* |  |  | Amended and Restated Management Continuity Agreement between Union First Market Bankshares Corporation and Robert M. Gorman, dated July 17, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 11, 2012)
10.03* |  |  | Employment Agreement by and between Union First Market Bankshares and Robert M. Gorman, dated July 17, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 20, 2012)
10.04* |  |  | Union Bankshares Corporation 2003 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.0 to Form S-8 Registration Statement filed on March 23, 2004; SEC file no. 333-113839)
10.05* |  |  | Union Bankshares Corporation Stock and Incentive Plan (as amended and restated effective April 21, 2015) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to Form S-8 Registration Statement filed on April 23, 2015; SEC file no. 333-203580)
10.06* |  |  | 1995 Supplemental Compensation Agreement between Union Bank and Trust Company and G. William Beale, as amended, dated October 20, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2015)
10.07* |  |  | 1995 Supplemental Compensation Agreement between Union Bank and Trust Company and Daniel I. Hansen, as amended, dated July 18, 1995 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2015)
10.08* |  |  | Restated Virginia Bankers Association Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan for Executives of Union Bankshares Corporation, as restated effective January 1, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2015)
10.08.1* |  |  | Adoption Agreement for the Restated Virginia Bankers Association Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan for Executives of Union Bankshares Corporation, effective January 1, 2019
10.09* |  |  | Restated Virginia Bankers Association Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors of Union Bankshares Corporation, as restated effective January 1, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2015)
10.10* |  |  | Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Agreement under Union Bankshares Corporation Stock and Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 27, 2015)
10.11* |  |  | Form of Performance Share Unit Agreement under Union Bankshares Corporation Stock and Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 27, 2015)
10.12* |  |  | Union Bankshares Corporation Executive Severance Plan (as amended and restated effective January 1, 2018) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 26, 2017)
10.13* |  |  | Employment Agreement by and between Union Bankshares Corporation and John C. Asbury, dated August 23, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 24, 2016)
10.14* |  |  | Management Continuity Agreement by and between Union Bankshares Corporation and John C. Asbury, dated August 23, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K on August 24, 2016)
10.15* |  |  | Transition Agreement by and between Union Bankshares Corporation and G. William Beale, dated August 23, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 24, 2016)
10.16* |  |  | Schedule of Union Bankshares Corporation Non-Employee Directors' Annual Compensation
10.17* |  |  | Management Incentive Plan
10.18* |  |  | Union Bankshares Corporation Stock Ownership Policy, adopted January 1, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 27, 2018)

147

10.19 |  |  | Underwriting Agreement, dated January 24, 2018, by and among Union Bankshares Corporation, ACMO-HR, L.L.C., Carlyle Financial Services Harbor, L.P. and Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2018)
10.20* |  |  | Form of Performance Share Unit Agreement under Union Bankshares Corporation Stock and Incentive Plan (for awards on or after February 15, 2018) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 27, 2018)
10.21* |  |  | Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Agreement under Union Bankshares Corporation Stock and Incentive Plan (for awards on or after February 15, 2018) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 27, 2018)
10.22 |  |  | Form of Affiliate Agreement, dated October 4, 2018, by and between Union Bankshares Corporation, Access National Corporation and certain shareholders of Access National Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 5, 2018)
10.23 |  |  | Form of Affiliate Agreement, dated October 4, 2018, by and between Union Bankshares Corporation, Access National Corporation and certain shareholders of Union Bankshares Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 5, 2018)
10.24* |  |  | Separation Agreement, dated January 31, 2019, among Michael W. Clarke, Access National Corporation and Access National Bank
10.25* |  |  | Consulting Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2019, by and between Union Bankshares Corporation and Michael W. Clarke (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 1, 2019)
10.26* |  |  | Access National Corporation 2017 Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 on Form S-8 to Form S-4 Registration Statement filed on February 1, 2019; SEC file no. 333-228455)
10.27* |  |  | Access National Corporation 2009 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 on Form S-8 to Form S-4 Registration Statement filed on February 1, 2019; SEC file no. 333-228455)
21.01 |  |  | Subsidiaries of Union Bankshares Corporation
23.01 |  |  | Consent of Ernst & Young LLP
31.01 |  |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.02 |  |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.01 |  |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.00 |  |  | Interactive data filed pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 and (vi) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.

* Indicates management contract.
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ITEM 16. - FORM 10-K SUMMARY.
Not applicable.
149

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Union Bankshares Corporation

By: | /s/ John C. Asbury |  | Date: February 27, 2019
| John C. Asbury |  |
| President and Chief Executive Officer |  |

150

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on February 27, 2019.

Signature |  | Title
/s/ L. Bradford Armstrong |  | Director
L. Bradford Armstrong |  |
/s/ John C. Asbury |  | Director, President, and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)
John C. Asbury |
/s/ Michael W. Clarke |  | Director
Michael W. Clarke |  |
/s/ Glen C. Combs |  | Director
Glen C. Combs |  |
/s/ Patrick E. Corbin |  | Director
Patrick E. Corbin |  |
/s/ Beverley E. Dalton |  | Director
Beverley E. Dalton |  |
/s/ Gregory L. Fisher |  | Director
Gregory L. Fisher |  |
/s/ Robert M. Gorman |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer)
Robert M. Gorman |
/s/ Daniel I. Hansen |  | Director
Daniel I. Hansen |  |
/s/ Jan S. Hoover |  | Director
Jan S. Hoover |  |
/s/ Patrick J. McCann |  | Director
Patrick J. McCann |  |
/s/ W. Tayloe Murphy, Jr. |  | Director
W. Tayloe Murphy, Jr. |  |
/s/ Alan W. Myers |  | Director
Alan W. Myers |  |
/s/ Thomas P. Rohman |  | Director
Thomas P. Rohman |  |
/s/ Linda V. Schreiner |  | Director
Linda V. Schreiner |  |
/s/ Raymond D. Smoot, Jr. |  | Chairman of the Board of Directors
Raymond D. Smoot, Jr. |  |
/s/ Thomas G. Snead, Jr. |  | Director
Thomas G. Snead, Jr. |  |
/s/ Ronald L. Tillett |  | Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors
Ronald L. Tillett |  |
/s/ Keith L. Wampler |  | Director
Keith L. Wampler |  |
/s/ F. Blair Wimbush |  | Director
F. Blair Wimbush |  |

151