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Hedges and Derivative Financial Instruments
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2013
General Discussion of Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities [Abstract]  
Hedges and Derivative Financial Instruments
HEDGES AND DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Derivative instruments are accounted for at fair value based on market rates. Derivatives where we elect hedge accounting are designated as either cash flow or fair value hedges. Derivatives that are not accounted for based on hedge accounting are marked to market through earnings. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative depends on the intended use and designation of the derivative instrument. For a derivative instrument designated as a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is recognized in earnings in the period of change in fair value together with the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged item. For a derivative instrument designated as a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the derivative’s gain or loss is initially reported as a component of Other Comprehensive Income (“OCI”) and is subsequently recognized in earnings when the hedged exposure affects earnings. Hedging ineffectiveness and a net earnings impact occur when the change in the fair value of the cash flow hedge does not offset the change in the fair value of the hedged item. The ineffective portion of the gain or loss is recognized in earnings.
Using derivative instruments means assuming counterparty credit risk. Counterparty credit risk relates to the loss we could incur if a counterparty were to default on a derivative contract. We generally deal with investment grade counterparties and monitor the overall credit risk and exposure to individual counterparties. We do not anticipate nonperformance by any counterparties. The amount of counterparty credit exposure is limited to the unrealized gains, if any, on such derivative contracts. We do not require, nor do we post, collateral or other security on such contracts.
Hedging strategy
In the normal course of business, we manage risks relating to our ongoing business operations including those arising from changes in foreign exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices. Fluctuations in these rates and prices can affect our operating results and financial condition. We use a variety of strategies to manage these risks, including the use of derivative instruments. We do not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Foreign currency exchange rate risk
We incur expenses associated with the procurement and production of products in a limited number of countries, while we sell in the local currencies of a large number of countries. Our primary foreign currency exchange exposures result from cross-currency sales of products. As a result, we enter into foreign exchange contracts to hedge certain firm commitments and forecasted transactions to acquire products and services that are denominated in foreign currencies.
We enter into certain undesignated non-functional currency asset and liability hedges that relate primarily to short-term payables, receivables, inventory and intercompany loans. These forecasted cross-currency cash flows relate primarily to foreign currency denominated expenditures and intercompany financing agreements, royalty agreements and dividends. When we hedge a foreign currency denominated payable or receivable with a derivative, the effect of changes in the foreign exchange rates are reflected currently in interest and sundry income (expense) for both the payable/receivable and the derivative. Therefore, as a result of the economic hedge, we do not elect hedge accounting.
Commodity price risk
We enter into swap and option contracts on various commodities to manage the price risk associated with forecasted purchases of materials used in our manufacturing process. The objective of these hedges is to reduce the variability of cash flows associated with the forecasted purchase of commodities.
Interest rate risk
We may enter into interest rate derivatives, including rate swaps and rate locks, to manage interest rate risk exposure. Our interest rate swap agreements, if any, effectively modify our exposure to interest rate risk, primarily through converting certain of our floating rate debt to a fixed rate basis, and certain fixed rate debt to a floating rate basis. These agreements involve either the receipt or payment of floating rate amounts in exchange for fixed rate interest payments or receipts, respectively, over the life of the agreements without an exchange of the underlying principal amounts. We also may utilize a cross-currency interest rate swap agreement to manage our exposure relating to certain intercompany debt denominated in one foreign currency that will be repaid in another foreign currency. We may enter into treasury rate lock agreements to effectively modify our exposure to interest rate risk by locking-in interest rates on probable long-term debt issuances. At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 there were no outstanding interest rate derivatives.
The following table summarizes our outstanding derivative contracts and their effects on our Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012:
 
 
 
 
Fair Value of
 
Type 
of
Hedge (1)
 
 
Millions of dollars
 
Notional Amount
 
Hedge Assets
 
Hedge Liabilities
 
Maximum Term (Months)
 
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
 
 
2013
 
2012
Derivatives accounted for as hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange
 
$
861

 
$
1,101

 
$
16

 
$
8

 
$
5

 
$
12

 
(CF/FV)
 
15
 
18
Commodity
 
343

 
354

 
3

 
11

 
16

 
9

 
(CF)
 
33
 
24
Total derivatives accounted for as hedges
 
 
 
 
 
$
19

 
$
19

 
$
21

 
$
21

 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives not accounted for as hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange
 
$
1,671

 
$
1,522

 
$
23

 
$
11

 
$
19

 
$
23

 
 
 
17
 
13
Commodity
 
9

 
6

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
9
 
12
Total derivatives not accounted for as hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
23

 
11

 
19

 
23

 
 
 
 
 
 
Total derivatives
 
 
 
 
 
$
42

 
$
30

 
$
40

 
$
44

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Current
 
 
 
 
 
$
40

 
$
26

 
$
37

 
$
43

 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncurrent
 
 
 
 
 
2

 
4

 
3

 
1

 
 
 
 
 
 
Total derivatives
 
 
 
 
 
$
42

 
$
30

 
$
40

 
$
44

 
 
 
 
 
 

(1) 
Foreign exchange derivatives accounted for as hedges are classified as cash flow (CF) hedges in 2013. During 2012, foreign exchanges derivatives accounted for as hedges were classified as either cash flow (CF) or fair value (FV) hedges.
The following tables summarize the effects of derivative instruments on our Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31 as follows:
Cash Flow Hedges - Millions of dollars
 
Gain (Loss)
Recognized in OCI
(Effective Portion)
 
Gain (Loss)
Reclassified from
OCI into Earnings
(Effective Portion) (1)
 
 
 
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
 
Foreign exchange
 
$
15

 
$
(7
)
 
$
—

 
$
(1
)
 
(a)
Commodity
 
(18
)
 
20

 
(2
)
 
(2
)
 
(a)
Interest rate derivatives
 
—

 
6

 
—

 
—

 
(b)
 
 
$
(3
)
 
$
19

 
$
(2
)
 
$
(3
)
 
 
Fair Value Hedges - Millions of dollars
 
Hedged Item
 
Gain (Loss)
Recognized
on Derivatives (2)
 
Gain (Loss) Recognized
on Related
Hedged Items (2)
 
 
 
 
 
2013
 
2012
 
2013
 
2012
 
Foreign exchange
 
Non-functional
currency assets and liabilities
 
$
—

 
$
(1
)
 
$
—

 
$
1

 
Derivatives not Accounted for as Hedges - Millions of dollars
 
Gain (Loss) Recognized on Derivatives not
Accounted for as Hedges (3)
 
 
 
2013
 
2012
 
Foreign exchange
 
$
3

 
$
12

 

(1)    Gains and losses reclassified from accumulated OCI and recognized in income are recorded in (a) cost of products sold; or (b) interest expense.
(2)    Gains and losses recognized in income are recorded in interest and sundry income (expense).
(3)    Mark to market gains and losses recognized in income are recorded in interest and sundry income (expense).
For cash flow hedges, the amount of ineffectiveness recognized in interest and sundry income (expense) was nominal for the periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012. The net amount of unrealized gain or loss on derivative instruments included in accumulated OCI related to contracts maturing and expected to be realized during the next twelve months was nominal at March 31, 2013.