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INCOME TAXES
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES INCOME TAXES
Income tax expense was $86 million and $268 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to income tax expense of $53 million and $196 million for the same periods of 2022. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the increase is primarily due to audits and settlements. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the increase is primarily due to audits and settlements partially offset by the impact of non-deductible impairments, including loss on sale and disposal and non-deductible fines and penalties
The following table summarizes the difference between income tax expense (benefit) at the U.S. statutory rate of 21% and the income tax expense (benefit) at effective worldwide tax rates for the respective periods:
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
Millions of dollars2023202220232022
Earnings (Loss) before income taxes$172 $200 $267 $295 
Income tax expense (benefit) computed at United States statutory tax rate36 42 56 62 
State and local taxes, net of federal tax benefit(6)(2)(1)14 
Valuation allowances8 12 29 19 
Audit and Settlements29 6 83 (13)
U.S. foreign income items, net of credits(9)2 (6)(8)
Non deductible impairments6 — 57 150 
Non deductible fines and penalties— — 20 — 
Other22 (7)30 (28)
Income tax expense (benefit) computed at effective worldwide tax rates$86 $53 $268 $196 

At the end of each interim period, we estimate the effective tax rate expected to be applicable for the full fiscal year and the impact of discrete items, if any, and adjust the quarterly rate as necessary.
Other Income Tax Matters
During its examination of Whirlpool’s 2009 U.S. federal income tax return, the IRS asserted that income earned by a Luxembourg subsidiary via its Mexican branch should be recognized as income on its 2009 U.S. federal income tax return. The Company contested the matter in United States Tax Court (US Tax Court). Both Whirlpool and the IRS moved for partial summary judgment on this issue. On May 5, 2020, the US Tax Court granted the IRS’s motion for partial summary judgment and denied Whirlpool’s.
The Company appealed the US Tax Court decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, and, on December 6, 2021, the three-judge panel, in a divided decision, affirmed the U.S. Tax Court decision (the "Ruling"). The Company recorded a reserve of $98 million in the fourth quarter of 2021, which represents the expected increase in the Company’s net income tax expense, plus interest, for 2009 through 2019, which represents all of the Company’s tax years that were affected by the Ruling. On January 20, 2022, the Company filed a petition for rehearing with the Sixth Circuit, which was denied on March 2, 2022. On June 30, 2022, the
Company filed a petition for certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court, which was denied on November 21, 2022. The Company considers this tax dispute settled and no adjustments to the reserve have been recognized.