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Income taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income taxes | Income taxes The components of income before income taxes and the corresponding provision for income taxes are as follows (in thousands):
| Year ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Income before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 238,871 |  |  | $ | 232,359 |  |  | $ | 180,820 |
Foreign | 47,097 |  |  | 27,460 |  |  | 46,549 |
Income before income taxes | $ | 285,968 |  |  | $ | 259,819 |  |  | $ | 227,369 |
| Year ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Current provision: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 69,025 |  |  | $ | 74,050 |  |  | $ | 55,656 |
State and local | 15,595 |  |  | 15,332 |  |  | 12,003 |
Foreign | 15,536 |  |  | 9,581 |  |  | 11,416 |
Total current provision | 100,156 |  |  | 98,963 |  |  | 79,075 |
Deferred tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 7,778 |  |  | 2,233 |  |  | 1,750 |
State and local | 902 |  |  | 403 |  |  | 181 |
Foreign | (3,028 | ) |  | (1,829 | ) |  | 967 |
Total deferred tax expense (benefit) | 5,652 |  |  | 807 |  |  | 2,898 |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 105,808 |  |  | $ | 99,770 |  |  | $ | 81,973 |
The provision for income taxes differs from that which would have resulted from the use of the federal statutory income tax rate as follows (in thousands):
| Year ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Federal income tax provision at statutory rate of 35% | $ | 100,089 |  |  | $ | 90,937 |  |  | $ | 79,579 |
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 10,723 |  |  | 9,847 |  |  | 7,920 |
Foreign taxation | (3,976 | ) |  | (2,208 | ) |  | (3,909 | )
Permanent items | 1,284 |  |  | 1,602 |  |  | 1,286 |
Tax credits | (1,592 | ) |  | (961 | ) |  | (1,623 | )
Valuation allowances on net operating loss carryforwards | — |  |  | — |  |  | (962 | )
Other | (720 | ) |  | 553 |  |  | (318 | )
Provision for income taxes | $ | 105,808 |  |  | $ | 99,770 |  |  | $ | 81,973 |
The significant items comprising our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2016 and 2015 are as follows (in thousands):
| As of September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015
Net deferred tax assets/(liabilities) |  |  |  |  |
Costs deductible in future periods | $ | 27,738 |  |  | $ | 25,896 |
Deferred revenue | 23,469 |  |  | 21,446 |
Stock compensation | 5,085 |  |  | 4,600 |
Net operating loss carryforwards | 1,291 |  |  | 1,356 |
Amortization of goodwill and intangible assets | (34,484 | ) |  | (22,061 | )
Capitalized software | (10,126 | ) |  | (9,781 | )
Accounts receivable - unbilled | (13,810 | ) |  | (9,598 | )
Property and equipment | (5,517 | ) |  | (6,650 | )
Other | (1,815 | ) |  | (696 | )
| $ | (8,169 | ) |  | $ | 4,512 |
Our deferred tax assets and liabilities are held in various national and international jurisdictions which do not allow right of offset. Accordingly, our presentation of deferred taxes on our consolidated balance sheet is split between jurisdictions which show a net deferred tax asset and a net deferred tax liability. Our net deferred tax position is summarized below (in thousands):
| As of September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015
Balance of tax jurisdictions with net deferred tax assets | $ | 8,644 |  |  | $ | 11,058 |
Balance of tax jurisdictions with net deferred tax liabilities | (16,813 | ) |  | (6,546 | )
Net deferred tax assets/(liabilities) | $ | (8,169 | ) |  | $ | 4,512 |
At September 30, 2016, our foreign subsidiaries held approximately $218 million of cumulative earnings. We consider undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries to be indefinitely reinvested outside of the U.S. and, accordingly, no U.S. deferred taxes have been recorded with respect to such earnings in accordance with the relevant accounting guidance for income taxes. Should the earnings be remitted as dividends, we may be subject to additional U.S. taxes, net of allowable foreign tax credits. It is not practicable to estimate the amount of any additional taxes which may be payable on the undistributed earnings given the various tax planning alternatives we could employ should we decide to repatriate these earnings in a tax-efficient manner. Cash paid for income taxes during the years ended September 30, 2016, 2015, and 2014 was $108.3 million, $81.3 million and $79.4 million, respectively. The provision for income taxes includes all provision to return adjustments included in the year recognized in the financial statements. We account for uncertain tax positions by recognizing the financial statement effects of a tax position only when, based upon the technical merits, it is "more-likely-than-not" that the position will be sustained upon examination. Our net unrecognized tax benefits totaled $1.1 million and $1.0 million at September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect our annual effective income tax rate was $1.1 million and $1.0 million at September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We report interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense. In the fiscal years ending September 30, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we recognized interest expense relating to unrecognized tax benefits of less than $0.1 million in each year. The net liability balance at September 30, 2016 and 2015 includes approximately $0.6 million of interest and penalties. We recognize and present uncertain tax positions on a gross basis (i.e., without regard to likely offsets for deferred tax assets, deductions and/or credits that would result from payment of uncertain tax amounts). The reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits was as follows (in thousands):
| Year ended September 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 529 |  |  | $ | 812 |  |  | $ | 812 |
Lapse of statute of limitation | — |  |  | (200 | ) |  | — |
Reductions for tax positions of prior years | (81 | ) |  | (83 | ) |  | — |
Balance at end of year | $ | 448 |  |  | $ | 529 |  |  | $ | 812 |
We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in various state and foreign jurisdictions. We are no longer subject to federal income tax examinations for years before 2013 and to state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2011. In international jurisdictions, similar rules apply to filed income tax returns, although the tax examination limitations and requirements may vary. We are no longer subject to audit by tax authorities for foreign jurisdictions for years prior to 2011.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08.(h)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=26873400&loc=d3e23780-122690 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32559-109319 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32718-109319 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32639-109319 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65882285&loc=d3e32537-109319 + Details
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