10-Q 1 mms-2018x12x31x10q.htm 10-Q

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended December 31, 2018
Commission File Number: 1-12997
MAXIMUS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Virginia |  | 54-1000588
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1891 Metro Center Drive Reston, Virginia |  | 20190
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(703) 251-8500
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ý |  | Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o |  | Smaller reporting company o
|  | Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No ý
As of February 4, 2019, there were 63,797,978 shares of the registrant’s common stock (no par value) outstanding.

MAXIMUS, Inc.
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
For the Quarter Ended December 31, 2018
INDEX

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |
Item 1. | Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 1
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited) |  | 1
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited) |  | 2
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 (unaudited) and September 30, 2018 |  | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited) |  | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited) |  | 5
| Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 6
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 18
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk |  | 28
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures |  | 28
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |  |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings |  | 29
Item 1A. | Risk Factors |  | 29
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 30
Item 6. | Exhibits |  | 31
Signatures |  |  | 32

Throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the terms “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and “MAXIMUS” refer to MAXIMUS, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise.
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about us, the industry in which we operate and other matters, as well as management’s beliefs and assumptions and other statements that are not historical facts. Words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “expect,” “estimate,” “intend,” “may,” “opportunity,” “plan,” “potential,” “project,” “should,” “will” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements and convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes. These statements are not guarantees and involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from such forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including without limitation:

• | a failure to meet performance requirements in our contracts, which might lead to contract termination and actual or liquidated damages;

• | the effects of future legislative or government budgetary and spending changes;

• | our failure to successfully bid for and accurately price contracts to generate our desired profit;

• | our ability to maintain technology systems and otherwise protect confidential or protected information;

• | our ability to attract and retain executive officers, senior managers and other qualified personnel to execute our business;

• | our ability to manage capital investments and startup costs incurred before receiving related contract payments;

• | our ability to manage our growth, including acquired businesses;

• | the ability of government customers to terminate contracts on short notice, with or without cause;

• | our ability to maintain relationships with key government entities from whom a substantial portion of our revenue is derived;

• | the outcome of reviews or audits, which might result in financial penalties and impair our ability to respond to invitations for new work;

• | a failure to comply with laws governing our business, which might result in the Company being subject to fines, penalties, suspension, debarment and other sanctions;

• | the costs and outcome of litigation;

• | difficulties in integrating or achieving projected revenues, earnings and other benefits associated with acquired businesses;

• | the effects of changes in laws and regulations governing our business, including tax laws, and applicable interpretations and guidance thereunder, or changes in accounting policies, rules, methodologies and practices, and our ability to estimate the impact of such changes;

• | matters related to business we have disposed of or divested; and

• | other factors set forth in Exhibit 99.1, under the caption "Special Considerations and Risk Factors," in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2018, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2018.

As a result of these and other factors, our past financial performance should not be relied on as an indication of future performance. Additionally, we caution investors not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements as these statements speak only as of the date when made. Except as otherwise required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether resulting from new information, future events or otherwise.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements.
MAXIMUS, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenue |  | $ | 664,619 |  |  | $ | 623,148 |
Cost of revenue |  | 505,354 |  |  | 471,188 |
Gross profit |  | 159,265 |  |  | 151,960 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 79,671 |  |  | 69,559 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 5,458 |  |  | 2,718 |
Operating income |  | 74,136 |  |  | 79,683 |
Interest expense |  | 625 |  |  | 168 |
Other income, net |  | 2,045 |  |  | 287 |
Income before income taxes |  | 75,556 |  |  | 79,802 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 19,833 |  |  | 19,850 |
Net income |  | 55,723 |  |  | 59,952 |
(Loss)/income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (190 | ) |  | 861 |
Net income attributable to MAXIMUS |  | $ | 55,913 |  |  | $ | 59,091 |
Basic earnings per share attributable to MAXIMUS |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.90 |
Diluted earnings per share attributable to MAXIMUS |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.89 |
Dividends paid per share |  | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.045 |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 64,827 |  |  | 65,866 |
Diluted |  | 64,977 |  |  | 66,177 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
1

MAXIMUS, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income |  | $ | 55,723 |  |  | $ | 59,952 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | (5,720 | ) |  | 315 |
Comprehensive income |  | 50,003 |  |  | 60,267 |
Comprehensive (loss)/income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (190 | ) |  | 861 |
Comprehensive income attributable to MAXIMUS |  | $ | 50,193 |  |  | $ | 59,406 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
2

MAXIMUS, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Amounts in thousands)

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2018
| (unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 54,736 |  |  | $ | 349,245 |
Short-term investments | — |  |  | 20,264 |
Accounts receivable — billed and billable, net of reserves of $6,430 and $4,285 | 486,922 |  |  | 357,613 |
Accounts receivable — unbilled | 124,385 |  |  | 31,536 |
Income taxes receivable | 7,066 |  |  | 5,979 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 49,915 |  |  | 43,995 |
Total current assets | 723,024 |  |  | 808,632 |
Property and equipment, net | 81,352 |  |  | 77,544 |
Capitalized software, net | 22,773 |  |  | 22,429 |
Goodwill | 585,735 |  |  | 399,882 |
Intangible assets, net | 204,553 |  |  | 88,035 |
Deferred contract costs, net | 16,049 |  |  | 14,380 |
Deferred compensation plan assets | 28,970 |  |  | 34,305 |
Deferred income taxes | 209 |  |  | 6,834 |
Other assets | 6,637 |  |  | 9,959 |
Total assets | $ | 1,669,302 |  |  | $ | 1,462,000 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | 152,532 |  |  | $ | 114,378 |
Accrued compensation and benefits | 97,563 |  |  | 95,555 |
Deferred revenue | 37,231 |  |  | 51,182 |
Income taxes payable | 2,302 |  |  | 4,438 |
Current portion of long-term debt and other borrowings | 5,124 |  |  | 136 |
Other liabilities | 17,474 |  |  | 11,760 |
Total current liabilities | 312,226 |  |  | 277,449 |
Deferred revenue, less current portion | 22,275 |  |  | 20,394 |
Deferred income taxes | 49,617 |  |  | 26,377 |
Long-term debt | 120,321 |  |  | 374 |
Deferred compensation plan liabilities, less current portion | 31,769 |  |  | 33,497 |
Other liabilities | 15,715 |  |  | 17,490 |
Total liabilities | 551,923 |  |  | 375,581 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, no par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 63,717 and 64,371 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018, and September 30, 2018, at stated amount, respectively | 492,938 |  |  | 487,539 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (42,673 | ) |  | (36,953 | )
Retained earnings | 664,332 |  |  | 633,281 |
Total MAXIMUS shareholders’ equity | 1,114,597 |  |  | 1,083,867 |
Noncontrolling interests | 2,782 |  |  | 2,552 |
Total equity | 1,117,379 |  |  | 1,086,419 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 1,669,302 |  |  | $ | 1,462,000 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
3

MAXIMUS, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Cash flows from operations: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 55,723 |  |  | $ | 59,952 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash flows from operations: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and capitalized software | 11,231 |  |  | 13,719 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 5,458 |  |  | 2,718 |
Deferred income taxes | 16,511 |  |  | 5,707 |
Stock compensation expense | 4,971 |  |  | 5,402 |
Change in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable — billed and billable | (69,890 | ) |  | (44,381 | )
Accounts receivable — unbilled | 20,198 |  |  | 5,535 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (5,691 | ) |  | 6,019 |
Deferred contract costs | (1,757 | ) |  | 1,413 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 26,564 |  |  | 11,387 |
Accrued compensation and benefits | 377 |  |  | (29,588 | )
Deferred revenue | (372 | ) |  | (12,405 | )
Income taxes | (3,848 | ) |  | 9,642 |
Other assets and liabilities | (135 | ) |  | 2,877 |
Cash flows from operations | 59,340 |  |  | 37,997 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software costs | (9,973 | ) |  | (6,514 | )
Acquisition of the citizen engagement centers business | (421,809 | ) |  | — |
Redemption of short-term investments | 19,996 |  |  | — |
Other | 47 |  |  | 59 |
Cash used in investing activities | (411,739 | ) |  | (6,455 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Cash dividends paid to MAXIMUS shareholders | (16,033 | ) |  | (2,930 | )
Purchases of MAXIMUS common stock | (40,984 | ) |  | (1,038 | )
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting | (8,915 | ) |  | (8,529 | )
Borrowings | 195,100 |  |  | 59,683 |
Repayment of credit facility and other long-term debt | (70,033 | ) |  | (48,156 | )
Other | (133 | ) |  | — |
Cash provided by/(used in) financing activities | 59,002 |  |  | (970 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (1,068 | ) |  | 203 |
Net (decrease)/increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (294,465 | ) |  | 30,775 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 356,559 |  |  | 179,727 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 62,094 |  |  | $ | 210,502 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
4

MAXIMUS, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Common Shares Outstanding |  | Common Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) |  | Retained Earnings |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total
Balance at September 30, 2018 | 64,371 |  |  | $ | 487,539 |  |  | $ | (36,953 | ) |  | $ | 633,281 |  |  | $ | 2,552 |  |  | $ | 1,086,419 |
Cumulative impact from adopting ASC Topic 606 on October 1, 2018 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,929 |  |  | 553 |  |  | 33,482 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55,913 |  |  | (190 | ) |  | 55,723 |
Foreign currency translation | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,720 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,720 | )
Cash dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,033 | ) |  | (133 | ) |  | (16,166 | )
Dividends on RSUs | — |  |  | 428 |  |  | — |  |  | (428 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases of MAXIMUS common stock | (654 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (41,330 | ) |  | — |  |  | (41,330 | )
Stock compensation expense | — |  |  | 4,971 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,971 |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | 63,717 |  |  | $ | 492,938 |  |  | $ | (42,673 | ) |  | $ | 664,332 |  |  | $ | 2,782 |  |  | $ | 1,117,379 |

| Common Shares Outstanding |  | Common Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income / (Loss) |  | Retained Earnings |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total
Balance at September 30, 2017 | 65,137 |  |  | $ | 475,592 |  |  | $ | (27,619 | ) |  | $ | 492,112 |  |  | $ | 5,683 |  |  | $ | 945,768 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59,091 |  |  | 861 |  |  | 59,952 |
Foreign currency translation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 315 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 315 |
Cash dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,930 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,930 | )
Dividends on RSUs | — |  |  | 84 |  |  | — |  |  | (84 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases of common stock | (17 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,038 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,038 | )
Stock compensation expense | — |  |  | 5,402 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,402 |
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting | — |  |  | 183 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 183 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | 65,120 |  |  | $ | 481,261 |  |  | $ | (27,304 | ) |  | $ | 547,151 |  |  | $ | 6,544 |  |  | $ | 1,007,652 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
5

MAXIMUS, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
1. Organization and Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. As permitted by these instructions, they do not include all of the information and notes required by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The results of operations for the three months ended December 31, 2018, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full fiscal year. The balance sheet at September 30, 2018, has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements.
Certain financial results have been reclassified to conform with our current period presentation.

• | Our consolidated statement of cash flows for the three months ended December 31, 2017, includes a reclassification to reflect the effect of new accounting guidance.

• | Our consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2018, includes a reclassification to show a comparative balance for current and long-term debt, which were previously reported within Other liabilities.

The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of goodwill and amounts related to income taxes, certain accrued liabilities and contingencies and litigation. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated audited financial statements and the notes thereto at September 30, 2018 and 2017, and for each of the three years ended September 30, 2018, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2018.
Changes in financial reporting
Segments
As previously reported, effective October 1, 2018, our Chief Executive Officer reorganized our reporting segments based on the way that management intends to allocate resources, manage performance and evaluate results. This reorganization of segments responds to recent changes in the markets in which we operate, the increasing integration of health and human services programs worldwide and the evolving needs of our government clients as they aim to deliver services in a more holistic manner to their citizens. We have recast our results for the three months ended December 31, 2017, to conform with these new segments. See "Note 2. Segment information" for more details of this change.
Revenue recognition
We adopted Accounting Standard Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) on October 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method and, accordingly, we recognized the cumulative effect of adoption as an adjustment of $32.9 million to our opening retained earnings balance on October 1, 2018. We applied this standard only to contracts that had not been completed as of the date of adoption. For contracts that had been modified prior to October 1, 2018, we calculated the cumulative effect of Topic 606 on each contract based upon the aggregate effect of all of the modifications at that date.
6

Topic 606 applies to all of our contracts with customers and supersedes all previous standards on revenue recognition. In adopting Topic 606, we are required to follow a five-step process in order to identify and recognize revenue based upon a principle that revenue should be recognized as goods and services are transferred to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which we expect to be entitled for those goods and services. It did not change the actual amount of revenue being recognized for the majority of our contracts but did change the methodology by which we identified that revenue.
In the most significant change under Topic 606, we are required to estimate and recognize revenue on contracts over the period where we provide a service. This affects contracts where performance outcomes are achieved over time, most notably for welfare-to-work contracts where we are compensated for placing individuals in sustained employment. Under our former methodology of recognizing revenue, we deferred recognizing this outcome-based revenue until the outcome was achieved. Under Topic 606, we estimate our anticipated future fees and recognize them over the expected period of performance. As a result, more judgments and estimates will be required within the process of recognizing revenue than were required under the former methodology.
The adoption of Topic 606 resulted in the following changes to our opening balance sheet:

(dollars in thousands) | Balance at September 30, 2018 |  | Adjustments due to adoption of new standard |  | Opening balance at October 1, 2018
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable - unbilled | $ | 31,536 |  |  | $ | 35,414 |  |  | $ | 66,950 |
Deferred income taxes | 6,834 |  |  | (6,625 | ) |  | 209 |
Liabilities and shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |
Deferred revenue - current | 51,182 |  |  | (11,767 | ) |  | 39,415 |
Deferred income taxes - long-term | 26,377 |  |  | 7,074 |  |  | 33,451 |
Retained earnings | 633,281 |  |  | 32,929 |  |  | 666,210 |
Noncontrolling interests | 2,552 |  |  | 553 |  |  | 3,105 |

The adoption of Topic 606 affected our results in the three months ended December 31, 2018. If we had applied our previous accounting policies in the current period, our revenue and net income attributable to our shareholders would have been lower by approximately $0.7 million and $0.4 million, respectively. The effect on our balance sheet would have been as follows:

(dollars in thousands) | Balance at December 31, 2018 as reported |  | Adjustments due to adoption of new standard |  | Balance at December 31, 2018 under previous accounting guidance
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable - unbilled | $ | 124,385 |  |  | $ | (34,233 | ) |  | $ | 90,152 |
Deferred income taxes | 209 |  |  | 6,743 |  |  | 6,952 |
Liabilities and shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |
Deferred revenue - current | 37,231 |  |  | 12,521 |  |  | 49,752 |
Deferred income taxes - long-term | 49,617 |  |  | (6,764 | ) |  | 42,853 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (42,673 | ) |  | 825 |  |  | (41,848 | )
Retained earnings | 664,332 |  |  | (33,349 | ) |  | 630,983 |
Noncontrolling interests | 2,782 |  |  | (723 | ) |  | 2,059 |

Additional information and disclosures relating to this change are included within "Note 3. Revenue recognition."
7

Statement of cash flows
As previously reported, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has issued two ASUs pertaining to the statement of cash flows; ASU No. 2016-15 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments and ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. These updates require us to make certain changes to the presentation of our cash flows. The most notable change that we anticipate relates to the treatment of balances we consider to be "restricted cash." Restricted cash represents funds which are held in our bank accounts but which we are precluded from using for general business needs through contractual requirements; these requirements include serving as collateral for lease, credit card or letter of credit arrangements or where we hold funds on behalf of clients. As we did not consider these restricted cash balances to be cash or cash equivalents, we did not previously include them within our cash flow statement except where restrictions over cash were imposed or lapsed. Beginning with this quarterly report, we are required to include movements in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash within our consolidated statements of cash flows.
We adopted this standard using the retrospective method. Accordingly, we have presented our consolidated statement of cash flows using the new rules for all periods shown. Our balances for cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are as follows:

|  | Balance as of
(dollars in thousands) |  | December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |  | September 30, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 54,736 |  |  | $ | 349,245 |  |  | $ | 196,905 |  |  | $ | 166,252 |
Restricted cash (recorded within "other current assets") |  | 7,358 |  |  | 7,314 |  |  | 13,597 |  |  | 13,475 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 62,094 |  |  | $ | 356,559 |  |  | $ | 210,502 |  |  | $ | 179,727 |

2. Segment Information
The table below provides certain financial information for each of our business segments.
As noted in "Note 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation," we have made changes to our business segments in fiscal year 2019. Accordingly, the comparative results shown for the three months ended December 31, 2017, are presented differently from those shown in previous filings.
From October 1, 2018, we operated our business through three segments.

• | Our U.S. Health and Human Services Segment provides a variety of business process services such as program administration, appeals and assessments work and related consulting work for U.S. state and local government programs. These services support a variety of programs including Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program, the Affordable Care Act and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.

• | Our U.S. Federal Services Segment provides business process solutions, including program administration, as well as system and software development and maintenance services for various U.S. federal civilian programs. This segment also contains certain state-based assessments and appeals work that is part of the segment's heritage within the Medicare Appeals portfolio and continues to be managed within this segment.

• | Our Outside the U.S. Segment provides business process solutions for governments and commercial clients outside the United States, including health assessments, program administration for welfare-to-work services and other related services. We support programs and deliver services in the United Kingdom, including the Health Assessment Advisory Service, the Work & Health Programme and Fair Start; Australia, including jobactive and the Disability Employment Service; Canada, including Health Insurance British Columbia and the Employment Program of British Columbia; Saudi Arabia and Singapore.

8

|  | Three Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | % (1) |  | 2017 |  | % (1)
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Health & Human Services |  | $ | 294,213 |  |  |  |  | $ | 304,241 |  |  |
U.S. Federal Services |  | 216,987 |  |  |  |  | 132,983 |  |  |
Outside the U.S. |  | 153,419 |  |  |  |  | 185,924 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 664,619 |  |  |  |  | $ | 623,148 |  |  |
Gross profit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Health & Human Services |  | $ | 88,031 |  |  | 29.9 | % |  | $ | 84,231 |  |  | 27.7 | %
U.S. Federal Services |  | 47,985 |  |  | 22.1 | % |  | 33,358 |  |  | 25.1 | %
Outside the U.S. |  | 23,249 |  |  | 15.2 | % |  | 34,371 |  |  | 18.5 | %
Total |  | $ | 159,265 |  |  | 24.0 | % |  | $ | 151,960 |  |  | 24.4 | %
Selling, general and administrative expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Health & Human Services |  | $ | 32,139 |  |  | 10.9 | % |  | $ | 34,805 |  |  | 11.4 | %
U.S. Federal Services |  | 26,632 |  |  | 12.3 | % |  | 16,648 |  |  | 12.5 | %
Outside the U.S. |  | 18,808 |  |  | 12.3 | % |  | 18,106 |  |  | 9.7 | %
Other |  | 2,092 |  |  | NM |  |  | — |  |  | NM |
Total |  | $ | 79,671 |  |  | 12.0 | % |  | $ | 69,559 |  |  | 11.2 | %
Operating income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Health & Human Services |  | $ | 55,892 |  |  | 19.0 | % |  | $ | 49,426 |  |  | 16.2 | %
U.S. Federal Services |  | 21,353 |  |  | 9.8 | % |  | 16,710 |  |  | 12.6 | %
Outside the U.S. |  | 4,441 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 16,265 |  |  | 8.7 | %
Amortization of intangible assets |  | (5,458 | ) |  | NM |  |  | (2,718 | ) |  | NM |
Other (2) |  | (2,092 | ) |  | NM |  |  | — |  |  | NM |
Total |  | $ | 74,136 |  |  | 11.2 | % |  | $ | 79,683 |  |  | 12.8 | %

(1) | Percentage of respective segment revenue. Percentages not considered meaningful are marked “NM.”

(2) | Other selling, general & administrative expenses includes credits and costs not directly allocated to a particular segment. In the three month period ended December 31, 2018, these include $2.7 million of costs directly related to the acquisition of the citizen engagement centers business.

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3. Revenue Recognition
Beginning October 1, 2018, we recognize revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. We adopted this standard on October 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method; accordingly, only periods after October 1, 2018, utilize ASC Topic 606.
Under ASC Topic 606, we recognize revenue as, or when, we satisfy performance obligations under a contract. We account for a contract when the parties have approved the contract and are committed to perform on it, the rights of each party and the payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and it is probable that we will collect substantially all of the consideration. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service, or a series of distinct goods or services, to a customer. The transaction price of a contract must be allocated to each performance obligation and recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied.
Although our services may have many components, these components are not distinct performance obligations as they are interdependent on or interrelated to each other. Where our contracts contain more than one performance obligation, we allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each component. This method will vary from contract to contract. Where available, we utilize standalone selling prices of similar components. If this information is unavailable, we utilize a suitable metric to allocate selling price, such as costs incurred.
The majority of our contracts have performance obligations which are satisfied over time. In most cases, we view our performance obligations as promises to transfer a series of distinct services to our customer that are substantially the same and which have the same pattern of service. We recognize revenue over the performance period as a customer receives the benefits of our services. This continuous transfer of control is supported by the unilateral right of many of our customers to terminate contracts for convenience, without having to provide justification for this decision. Where we are reimbursed on a cost-plus basis, we recognize revenue based upon our costs incurred to date; where we are reimbursed on a fixed price basis, we recognize revenue based upon an appropriate output measure which may be time elapsed or another measure within the contract. When we have variable fees, such as revenue related to the volume of work or award fees, we allocate that revenue to the distinct periods of service to which they relate. In estimating our variable fees, we are required to constrain our estimates to the extent that it is probable that there will not be a significant reversal of cumulative revenue when the uncertainty is resolved.
Other performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time, rather than over time. We recognize revenue only when the customer has received control over the goods provided. Revenue recognition on these performance obligations does not require a significant level of judgment or estimation.
Where we have contract modifications, these are reviewed to determine whether they should be accounted for as part of the original performance obligation or as a separate contract. Where the modification changes the scope or price and the additional performance obligations are at their standalone selling price, these services are considered as a separate contract. Where there is a modification and the additional performance obligations are not at their standalone selling price, we consider whether those performance obligations are distinct from those already delivered. If services are distinct from those already provided, the contract is accounted for prospectively, as though the original contract had been terminated and a new arrangement entered into. Where the modification includes goods or services which are not distinct from those already provided, we record a cumulative adjustment to revenue based upon a remeasurement of progress towards the complete satisfaction of performance obligations not yet fully delivered.
Disaggregation of revenue
In addition to our segment reporting, we disaggregate our revenues by product, contract type, customer type and geography. Our operating segments represent the manner in which our Chief Executive Officer reviews our financial results and is further discussed in "Note 2. Segment information."
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By operating segment and service

(dollars in thousands) |  | Revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2018
Program administration |  | $ | 218,973 |
Assessments and appeals |  | 37,221 |
Workforce and children services |  | 23,903 |
Other |  | 14,116 |
Total U.S. Health and Human Services |  | $ | 294,213 |
Program administration |  | $ | 140,121 |
Technology solutions |  | 38,883 |
Assessments and appeals |  | 37,983 |
Total U.S. Federal Services |  | $ | 216,987 |
Workforce and children services |  | $ | 73,278 |
Assessments and appeals |  | 62,310 |
Program administration |  | 15,320 |
Other |  | 2,511 |
Total Outside the U.S. |  | $ | 153,419 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 664,619 |

By contract type

(dollars in thousands) |  | Revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2018
Performance-based |  | $ | 312,887 |
Cost-plus |  | 175,298 |
Fixed price |  | 147,151 |
Time and materials |  | 29,283 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 664,619 |

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By customer type

(dollars in thousands) |  | Revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2018
New York State government agencies |  | $ | 91,712 |
Other U.S. state government agencies |  | 198,902 |
Total U.S. state government agencies |  | 290,614 |
United States Federal Government agencies |  | 198,278 |
International government agencies |  | 142,781 |
Other, including local municipalities and commercial customers |  | 32,946 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 664,619 |

By geography

(dollars in thousands) |  | Revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2018
United States of America |  | $ | 511,200 |
United Kingdom |  | 73,418 |
Australia |  | 53,373 |
Rest of world |  | 26,628 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 664,619 |

Contract balances
Differences in timing between revenue recognition and cash collection result in contract assets and contract liabilities. We classify these assets as accounts receivable — billed and billable and unbilled receivables and the liabilities as deferred revenue.
In a standard contract, we bill our customers on a monthly basis shortly after the month end for work performed in that month. Funds are considered collectible under standard contract terms and is included within accounts receivable — billed and billable.
Exceptions to this pattern will arise for various reasons, including those listed below.

• | Under cost-plus contracts, we are typically required to estimate a contract’s share of our general and administrative expenses. This share is based upon estimates of total costs which may vary over time. We typically invoice our customers at an agreed provisional billing rate which will differ from actual rates incurred. If our actual rates are higher than the provisional billing rates, an asset is recorded for this variance; if the provisional billing rate is lower than our actual rate, we record a liability.

• | Certain contracts include retainage balances, whereby revenue is earned but cash payments are held back by the customer for a period of time, typically to allow the customer to evaluate the quality of our performance.

• | In certain contracts, notably our welfare-to-work contracts, we earn revenue from program participants achieving sustained employment for periods up to 24 months. This revenue may only be invoiced at the conclusion of this period of performance. Since we are required to recognize revenue over the period where the customer receives the benefit, we record an unbilled receivable.

• | In certain contracts, we may receive funds from our customers prior to performing operations. These funds are typically referred to as “set-up costs” and reflect the need for us to make investments in infrastructure prior to providing a service. This investment in infrastructure is not a performance obligation which is distinct from the service that is subsequently provided and, as a result, revenue is not recognized based upon the establishment of this infrastructure, but rather over the course of the contractual relationship. The

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funds are initially recorded as deferred revenue and recognized over the term of the contract. Other contracts may not include set-up fees but will provide higher fees in earlier periods of the contract. The premium on these fees is deferred.
During the three months ended December 31, 2018, we recognized revenue of $21.8 million included in our deferred revenue balances at September 30, 2018.
Contract estimates
We are required to use estimates in recognizing certain revenue. Our most significant estimates relate to:

• | Our welfare-to work contracts, where we estimate our future variable consideration by estimating the volume and timing of our caseload reaching employment milestones

• | Our transaction-based contracts where we provide a significant discount to our customer in future periods, where we must calculate an average rate of revenue per transaction based upon our estimates of the total revenue and anticipated volume of work from the contract

• | Our cost-plus contracts, which require us to prepare an estimate of our indirect costs which are allocated to our contracts

Where we have changes to our estimates, these are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis. In fiscal year 2019, our revenue included a reduction of $1.5 million from changes in estimates.
Deferred contract costs
For many contracts, we incur significant incremental costs at the beginning of an arrangement. Typically, these costs relate to the establishment of infrastructure which we utilize to satisfy our performance obligations with the contract. We report these costs as deferred contract costs and amortize them on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful economic life of the asset or the anticipated term of the contract.
During the three months ended December 31, 2018, we deferred $3.1 million and amortized $1.3 million of deferred contract costs. This amortization was recorded within our "cost of revenue" on our consolidated statement of operations.
Remaining performance obligations
At December 31, 2018, we had approximately $320 million of remaining performance obligations. We anticipate that we will recognize revenue on approximately 65% of this balance within the next twelve months. This balance excludes contracts with an original duration of twelve months or less, including contracts with a penalty-free termination for convenience clause, and any variable consideration which is allocated entirely to future performance obligations including variable transaction fees or fees tied directly to costs incurred.
4. Earnings Per Share
The weighted average number of shares outstanding used to compute earnings per share was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended December 31,
(shares in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Basic weighted average shares outstanding |  | 64,827 |  |  | 65,866 |
Dilutive effect of employee stock options and unvested RSUs |  | 150 |  |  | 311 |
Denominator for diluted earnings per share |  | 64,977 |  |  | 66,177 |

Our dilutive earnings per share for the three months ended December 31, 2018, excludes any effect from approximately 282,000 unvested restricted stock units (RSUs) as adding them to our calculation would be antidilutive. No RSUs have been excluded from the calculation for the three months ended December 31, 2017.
5. Acquisition of Citizen Engagement Centers Business
On November 16, 2018, we acquired General Dynamics Information Technology's citizen engagement centers business, pursuant to an asset purchase agreement dated October 5, 2018. The assets acquired included existing
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contracts, contractual relationships and bids for contracts submitted prior to the acquisition date, as well as interests in leased properties, fixed assets, working capital and intangible assets. This acquisition strengthens our position in the administration of federal government programs. This business has been integrated into our U.S. Federal Services Segment. The contract provides for a purchase price of $400 million adjusted for the net working capital in excess of or less than an agreed upon target representing an estimate of normalized net working capital. The estimated working capital balance at November 16, 2018, was higher than this estimate and, accordingly, we made a cash payment of $421.8 million at that date. This amount is subject to adjustment before the end of the second quarter of fiscal year 2019. We currently estimate that our total consideration will be $429.3 million. To fund the acquisition, we utilized $150 million of borrowings from our credit facility with the balance from our cash on our balance sheet.
As part of the acquisition, we incurred acquisition-related expenses, including legal, accounting and other consultant services. During the year ended September 30, 2018, we incurred $0.5 million of such costs; during the three months ended December 31, 2018, we incurred an additional $2.7 million. We also incurred additional investing cash outflows of $4.5 million from the acquisition of software licenses needed for newly-acquired employees.
At this time, we are in the process of finalizing our valuation of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities and, accordingly, the balances below represent our best estimate and are subject to change:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Estimated purchase price allocation
Estimated cash consideration |  | $ | 429,335 |
Billed and unbilled receivables |  | $ | 145,319 |
Property and equipment |  | 6,454 |
Other assets |  | 681 |
Intangible assets |  | 122,300 |
Total identifiable assets acquired |  | 274,754 |
Accounts payable and other liabilities |  | 33,296 |
Net identifiable assets acquired |  | 241,458 |
Goodwill |  | 187,877 |
Net assets acquired |  | $ | 429,335 |

The fair value of the goodwill is estimated to be $187.9 million. This goodwill represents the value of the assembled workforce and the enhanced knowledge, capabilities and qualifications held by the business. This goodwill balance is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
The fair value of the intangible assets acquired is estimated to be $122.3 million, representing customer relationships. We have assumed a useful economic life of ten years for most contracts, representing our expectation of the period over which we will receive the benefit. Typically, our customer relationships are based upon the provision of services to our customers on a daily or monthly basis and, although contracts are frequently rebid, we believe that an incumbent provider typically enjoys significant competitive advantages. In reviewing the contract portfolio, we allocated a shorter life to a contract which pertains to the United States decennial census. This contract requires managing a significant ramp-up and ramp-down of work over the census cycle. As much of the benefit from this contract is anticipated to occur within the next two years, we have utilized a shorter asset life for this customer relationship. The average weighted intangible asset life is 7.6 years and amortization will be recorded on a straight-line basis.

(dollars in thousands) |  | Useful life |  | Fair value
Customer relationships - all contracts except U.S. Census |  | 10 years |  | $ | 85,300 |
Customer relationships - U.S. Census |  | 2 years |  | 37,000 |
Total intangible assets |  |  |  | $ | 122,300 |

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During the three months ended December 31, 2018, the acquired business contributed $101.3 million of revenue and $18.9 million of gross profit to our results. The following table presents certain results for the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, as though the acquisition had occurred on October 1, 2017. This pro forma information is presented for information only and is not necessarily indicative of the results if the acquisition had taken place on that date. The pro forma results below eliminate intercompany transactions, include amortization charges for acquired intangible assets, eliminate pre-acquisition transaction costs and include estimates of interest expense, as well as corresponding changes in our tax charge.

|  | Pro forma results for the three months ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenue |  | $ | 763,048 |  |  | $ | 822,132 |
Net income |  | $ | 59,196 |  |  | $ | 63,293 |
Basic earnings per share attributable to MAXIMUS |  | $0.92 |  | $0.95
Diluted earnings per share attributed to MAXIMUS |  | $0.91 |  | $0.94

Changes in goodwill for the three months ended December 31, 2018, were as follows:

(dollars in thousands) |  | U.S. Health & Human Services |  | U.S. Federal Services |  | Outside the United States |  | Total
Balance as of September 30, 2018 |  | $ | 139,588 |  |  | $ | 228,148 |  |  | $ | 32,146 |  |  | $ | 399,882 |
Estimated effect of the acquisition of citizen engagement centers business |  | — |  |  | 187,877 |  |  | — |  |  | 187,877 |
Foreign currency translation |  | (1,195 | ) |  | — |  |  | (829 | ) |  | (2,024 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 138,393 |  |  | $ | 416,025 |  |  | $ | 31,317 |  |  | $ | 585,735 |

With the reorganization of the business on October 1, 2018, we reallocated our goodwill to our new reporting segments. This reallocation was based upon the relative fair values of the operating segments on the date of the reorganization. Some of our goodwill is subject to foreign exchange fluctuations and, accordingly, we will record foreign exchange fluctuations in the U.S. Health and Human Services Segment.
There have been no impairment charges to our goodwill.
The following table sets forth the components of intangible assets (in thousands):

|  | As of December 31, 2018 |  | As of September 30, 2018
(dollars in thousands) |  | Cost |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Intangible Assets, net |  | Cost |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Intangible Assets, net
Customer contracts and relationships |  | $ | 248,323 |  |  | $ | 45,273 |  |  | $ | 203,050 |  |  | $ | 129,113 |  |  | $ | 42,683 |  |  | $ | 86,430 |
Technology based intangible assets |  | 5,564 |  |  | 4,113 |  |  | 1,451 |  |  | 5,750 |  |  | 4,212 |  |  | 1,538 |
Trademarks and trade names |  | 4,469 |  |  | 4,417 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 4,496 |  |  | 4,429 |  |  | 67 |
Total |  | $ | 258,356 |  |  | $ | 53,803 |  |  | $ | 204,553 |  |  | $ | 139,359 |  |  | $ | 51,324 |  |  | $ | 88,035 |

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As of December 31, 2018, our intangible assets have a weighted average remaining life of 9.3 years, comprising 9.3 years for customer contracts and relationships, 4.8 years for technology-based intangible assets, and 1.1 years for trademarks and trade names. The estimated future amortization expense for the next five years for the intangible assets held by the Company as of December 31, 2018, is as follows (in thousands):

Nine months ended September 30, 2019 | $ | 27,541 |
2020 | 35,281 |
2021 | 18,233 |
2022 | 15,859 |
2023 | 15,762 |
2024 | 15,639 |

6. Income Tax
Our effective income tax rate for the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, was 26.2% and 24.9%, respectively.
Our results for the three months ended December 31, 2017, included the estimated effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act), which was signed on December 22, 2017, and was effective from January 1, 2018. We recorded a one-time "toll tax" on our undistributed and previously untaxed earnings in foreign locations of approximately $9.5 million and a one-time benefit from the reduction of our deferred tax liabilities of $10.6 million during fiscal year 2018. We have completed our analysis of these items and have not recorded any adjustments in this period.
During the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we made income tax payments of $7.1 million and $4.0 million, respectively.
7. Supplemental Disclosures
Under a resolution adopted in June 2018, the Board of Directors authorized the purchase, at management's discretion, of up to an aggregate of $200 million of our common stock. During the three months ended December 31, 2018, we purchased approximately 650,000 of our common shares at a cost of $41.3 million. During the three months ended December 31, 2017, we acquired approximately 17,000 common shares at a cost of $1.0 million. At December 31, 2018, $151.5 million remained available for future stock purchases. Since December 31, 2018, we have acquired an additional 61,900 common shares at a cost of $4.1 million, leaving $147.4 million available for future purchases.
During the three months ended December 31, 2018, we granted 330,000 RSUs to our employees. These awards will vest ratably over five years.
Our deferred compensation plan uses both mutual fund and life insurance investments to fund its obligations. The mutual funds are recorded at fair value, based upon quoted prices in active markets, and the life insurance investments at cash surrender value; changes in value are reported in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. At December 31, 2018, the deferred compensation plan held $18.0 million of the mutual fund investments.
The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other amounts included within current assets and liabilities that meet the definition of a financial instrument are shown at values equivalent to fair value due to the short-term nature of these items. Our accounts receivable billed and billable balance includes both amounts invoiced and amounts that are ready to be invoiced where the funds are collectible within standard invoice terms. Our accounts receivable unbilled balance includes balances where revenue has been earned but no invoice was issued on or before December 31, 2018.
As noted above, we utilized our credit facility in November 2018 to fund part of the citizen engagement centers acquisition. During the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we made interest payments of $0.2 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018, we had borrowings of $120.0 million outstanding on the facility.
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Litigation
In August 2017, the Company and certain officers were named as defendants in a putative class action lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. The plaintiff alleged the defendants made a variety of materially false and misleading statements, or failed to disclose material information, concerning the status of the Company’s Health Assessment Advisory Service project for the U.K. Department for Work and Pensions from the period of October 20, 2014, through February 3, 2016. In August 2018, the defendants’ motion to dismiss the case was granted, and the case was dismissed. In October 2018, the plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal to the U.S. Circuit Court for the Fourth Circuit. That appeal is pending. At this time, it is not possible to reasonably predict whether this matter will be permitted to proceed as a class or to reasonably estimate the value of the claims asserted, and we are unable to estimate the potential loss or range of loss.
A state Medicaid agency has been notified of two proposed disallowances by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) totaling approximately $31 million. From 2004 through 2009, we had a contract with the state agency in support of its school-based Medicaid claims. We entered into separate agreements with the school districts under which we assisted the districts with preparing and submitting claims to the state Medicaid agency which, in turn, submitted claims for reimbursement to CMS. The state has asserted that its agreement with us requires us to reimburse the state for the amounts owed to CMS. However, our agreements with the school districts require them to reimburse us for such amounts, and therefore we believe the school districts are responsible for any amounts that ultimately must be refunded to CMS. Although it is reasonably possible that a court could conclude we are responsible for the full balance of the disallowances, we believe our exposure in this matter is limited to our fees associated with this work and that the school districts will be responsible for the remainder. We have established a reserve to cover our estimated fees earned from this engagement relating to the disallowances. We exited the federal healthcare-claiming business in 2009 and no longer provide the services at issue in this matter. No legal action has been initiated against us.
8. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. The new standard requires that assets and liabilities arising under leases be recognized on the balance sheet. The standard also requires additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures that provide the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows relating to lease arrangements. This standard is effective for us on October 1, 2019. We will adopt this standard using a modified retrospective approach which requires retrospective application to the earliest period presented in the respective financial statements. This approach also provides practical expedients related to leases that commenced prior to the effective date and allows the use of hindsight when evaluating lease options. We are currently evaluating the likely effects on our business.
9. Subsequent Events
On January 4, 2019, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.25 for each share of our common stock outstanding. The dividend is payable on February 28, 2019, to shareholders of record on February 15, 2019.
On January 10, 2018, we announced the retirement of a member of our Board of Directors, John Haley. Mr. Haley had previously deferred his RSU awards and, as a result, we will record a tax benefit of approximately $1.7 million during the three month period ending March 31, 2019.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is provided to enhance the understanding of, and should be read in conjunction with, our Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included both herein and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2018, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2018.
Business Overview
We are a leading operator of government health and human services programs worldwide. We act as a partner to governments under our mission of Helping Government Serve the People®. We use our experience, business process management expertise, innovation and technology solutions to help government agencies run effective, efficient and accountable programs.
Our company was founded in 1975 and grew both organically and through acquisitions during the early 2000s. Beginning in 2006, we narrowed our service offerings to focus in the area of business process services (BPS) primarily in the health services and human services markets. In parallel, we divested or exited a number of non-core businesses that fell outside these two areas. Our subsequent growth was driven by the expansion of our health services business around the globe, new welfare-to-work contracts outside the United States and the growth of our business with the United States Federal Government. This growth has been both organic and through acquisitions.
Most of our business depends upon government demand for our support services, their propensity to outsource and their procurement processes. These may be affected, both positively and detrimentally, by changes in administration, the balance of power within a coalition government or legislative body, by the relative priorities of a government and the processes followed by a government in tendering, procuring and awarding contracts. Beginning in fiscal year 2017, we experienced what we believed was a slowdown due to an industry pause tied to the transition of a new presidential administration in the United States. Although the transition occurred at the federal level, we experienced the effects on some of our U.S.-based business as many states depend upon federal funds to finance the services they provide. As a result, our short-term growth expectations were impacted by longer procurement cycles, increased delays and contract award protests. Some of this was due to policy and budget uncertainty. Further, agency staffing shortfalls tied to the slow presidential nomination process hindered the decision-making process at both the federal and the state level.
Longer-term, we believe the ongoing demand for our services driven by demographic, economic and legislative trends, coupled with our strong position within our industry, will continue to foster future growth. Our long-term growth thesis is based on the following factors:

• | Demographic trends, including increased longevity and more complex health needs, place an increased burden on government social benefit and safety-net programs. At the same time, programs that address societal needs must be a good use of taxpayer dollars and achieve their intended outcomes. We believe the macro-economic trends of demographics and government needs, coupled with the need to achieve value for money, will continue to drive demand for our services.

• | Our contract portfolio offers us good revenue visibility. Our contracts are typically multi-year arrangements and we have customer relationships which have lasted decades. Because of this longevity, our contract portfolio at any point in time can typically be used to identify approximately 90% of our anticipated revenue for the next twelve months.

• | We maintain a strong reputation within the government health and human services industry. Our deep client relationships and reputation for delivering outcomes and efficiencies creates a strong barrier to entry in a risk-averse environment. Entering our markets typically requires expertise in complex procurement processes, operation of multi-faceted government programs and an ability to serve and engage with diverse populations.

• | We have a portfolio target operating profit margin that ranges between 10% and 15% with high cash conversion, a healthy balance sheet and access to a $400 million credit facility. Our financial flexibility allows us to fund investments in the business, complete strategic acquisitions to further supplement our core capabilities and seek new adjacent platforms.

• | We have an active program to identify potential strategic acquisitions. Our acquisitions have successfully enabled us to expand our business processes, knowledge and client relationships into adjacent markets and new geographies. During fiscal year 2019, we acquired a citizen engagement center business which

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had previously been owned by General Dynamics Information Technology. This acquisition strengthens our position in the administration of government programs.
Financial Overview
Since October 1, 2018, we operated our business through three segments, U.S. Health and Human Services, U.S. Federal Services and Outside the U.S. The results for each of these segments for the three months ended December 31, 2018, were affected by different factors.

• | Our U.S. Health & Human Services Segment reported steady revenue and a slight improvement in profitability. This included solid operational performance across a number of health services contracts and a seasonally strong quarter in our domestic consulting business.

• | Our U.S. Federal Services Segment reported revenue growth driven by the acquisition of the citizen engagement centers business which contributed $101.3 million in the quarter. This offset organic declines in revenue and costs due to the completion of temporary work supporting disaster reliefs efforts, which had supplemented prior year results, as well as the anticipated ending of other contracts.

• | Our Outside the U.S. Segment reported declines in revenue and profit due primarily to declines in our welfare-to-work business including the Work Programme and Work Choice contracts that are ending. This segment also includes a significant amount of discretionary spending which is passed across to the customer with no added margin, resulting in increased revenue but diluted margins.

• | Our effective tax rate was 26.2%.

Other effects of the citizen engagement centers acquisition on our U.S. Federal Services Segment are listed below.

• | In addition to a payment of $421.8 million to acquire the business, the increase in our workforce required significant additional investment in software licenses resulting in an increase of $4.5 million in property and equipment and a corresponding investing cash outflow.

• | We completed the transaction using existing cash balances and borrowed funds of $150 million. This resulted in an increase in interest expense.

• | Our cash flows from operations received the benefits of the increased business. At the acquisition date, the business had higher than usual receivables from customers. In addition, the payroll obligation was lower than that at quarter end.

• | Although our administrative cost base will grow to cover the needs of supporting a larger organization, our existing cost base will be spread across a larger revenue base. As our general and administrative costs are allocated to our operating segments, we anticipate that the acquisition will provide a benefit to our profit margins in the other segments. We estimate that the benefit to operating margin will be 1.25% in our U.S. Health and Human Services Segment and 0.5% in our Outside the U.S. Segment.

• | We incurred acquisition-related expenses of $2.7 million. These costs represent the incremental costs incurred in completing the transaction, including legal and advisory costs, integration expenses, valuation services and other consultancy costs.

• | We recorded amortization for intangible assets acquired of $3.0 million. We anticipate a full year expense of $23.6 million for fiscal year 2019.

At this time, we are still in the process of identifying and valuing the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the purchase. This evaluation includes test work over the opening balance sheet and reviewing an appraisal of the value of the intangible assets acquired with the business. To the extent that the value of the assets and liabilities vary from our current estimates, we may incur a different annual amortization charge and a different purchase price.
Our Outside the U.S. Segment was affected by declines in the value of local currencies against the United States Dollar, resulting in reduced revenues and profits.
In this quarter, we adopted the requirements of the Financial Accounting Standards Board's Accounting Standard Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which changed the manner in which we recognize revenue on contracts with our customers. The adoption of this new standard resulted in a catch-up of
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revenue and net income attributable to our shareholders of $47.2 million and $32.9 million, respectively, which was recorded in retained earnings. If we had applied our previous accounting policies in the current period, our revenue and net income attributable to our shareholders would have been lower by approximately $0.7 million and $0.4 million, respectively.
Results of Operations
Consolidated
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, selected statements of operations data:

|  | Three Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenue |  | $ | 664,619 |  |  | $ | 623,148 |
Cost of revenue |  | 505,354 |  |  | 471,188 |
Gross profit |  | 159,265 |  |  | 151,960 |
Gross profit percentage |  | 24.0 | % |  | 24.4 | %
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 79,671 |  |  | 69,559 |
Selling, general and administrative expense as a percentage of revenue |  | 12.0 | % |  | 11.2 | %
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 5,458 |  |  | 2,718 |
Operating income |  | 74,136 |  |  | 79,683 |
Operating margin |  | 11.2 | % |  | 12.8 | %
Interest expense |  | 625 |  |  | 168 |
Other income, net |  | 2,045 |  |  | 287 |
Income before income taxes |  | 75,556 |  |  | 79,802 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 19,833 |  |  | 19,850 |
Effective tax rate |  | 26.2 | % |  | 24.9 | %
Net income |  | 55,723 |  |  | 59,952 |
(Loss)/income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (190 | ) |  | 861 |
Net income attributable to MAXIMUS |  | $ | 55,913 |  |  | $ | 59,091 |
Basic earnings per share attributable to MAXIMUS |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.90 |
Diluted earnings per share attributable to MAXIMUS |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.89 |

As our business segments have different factors driving revenue fluctuations and profitability, the sections that follow cover these segments in greater detail.
Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the three months ended December 31, 2018, are summarized below.

|  | Revenue |  | Cost of Revenue |  | Gross Profit
(dollars in thousands) |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change
Balance for three months ended December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 623,148 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 471,188 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 151,960 |  |  |  |
Organic effect |  | (52,642 | ) |  | (8.4 | )% |  | (41,975 | ) |  | (8.9 | )% |  | (10,667 | ) |  | (7.0 | )%
Acquired growth |  | 101,263 |  |  | 16.3 | % |  | 82,315 |  |  | 17.5 | % |  | 18,948 |  |  | 12.5 | %
Currency effect compared to the prior period |  | (7,150 | ) |  | (1.1 | )% |  | (6,174 | ) |  | (1.3 | )% |  | (976 | ) |  | (0.6 | )%
Balance for three months ended December 2018 |  | $ | 664,619 |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | $ | 505,354 |  |  | 7.3 | % |  | $ | 159,265 |  |  | 4.8 | %

Revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2018, increased 6.7% compared to the same period in fiscal year 2018, while our cost of revenue increased by 7.3% for the same period. These increases were driven by
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the citizen engagement centers business acquisition, offset by organic revenue declines in all three segments and the detrimental effects of currency in our Outside the U.S. Segment. These declines were caused by rebid and extension activity within our U.S. Health and Human Services Segment and the anticipated completion of a number of contracts within our U.S. Federal Services and Outside the U.S. Segments.
Our cost of revenue includes direct costs related to labor, subcontractor labor, outside vendors, rent and other direct costs. Although movements in cost typically correlate with revenue growth, our profit margins included the benefit of revenue from contracts signed in the current year for work performed in prior years.
Our acquired growth represents the citizen engagement centers business, which was acquired on November 16, 2018. The two largest contracts included in the transaction are both cost-plus type contracts. Cost-plus contracts typically have lower financial risk but earn margins in the mid-single digits.
We operate in a number of locations where the functional currency is not the U.S. Dollar. During the three months ended December 31, 2018, the value of all of these currencies was lower than they were in the comparative period in fiscal year 2018. This had a negative impact on revenue and costs.
Selling, general and administrative expense (SG&A) consists of indirect costs related to general management, marketing and administration. It is primarily composed of labor costs. These costs may be incurred at a segment level, for dedicated resources that are not client-facing, or at a corporate level. Corporate costs are allocated to segments on a consistent, rational basis. Fluctuations in our SG&A are driven by changes in our administrative cost base, which is not directly driven by changes in our revenue. As part of our work for the United States Federal Government and many states, we allocate these costs using a methodology driven by the Federal Cost Accounting Standards. Our SG&A expense has increased year-over-year due to the acquisition of the citizen engagement centers business, which has added an additional level of infrastructure as well as approximately $2.7 million of one-time expenses directly related to the transaction. In the first quarter of the current fiscal year, we introduced an early retirement program for employees that met certain criteria. As a result, severance payments in the three months ended December 31, 2018 were unusually high and raised SG&A by approximately $4 million. This program should deliver increased efficiency in future periods.
Our results in fiscal year 2019 include $3.0 million of amortization from assets acquired with the citizen engagement centers business.
Our interest expense is driven by borrowings from our credit facility. During the three months ended December 31, 2017, we incurred expenses from some short-term borrowings to cover working capital obligations, as well as the costs of maintaining the facility. No borrowings were incurred during fiscal year 2019 until November 16, 2018, when $150 million was drawn for the acquisition of the citizen engagement centers business.
Our effective tax rate for the three months ended December 31, 2018, was 26.2%, compared to 24.9% in the same period in fiscal year 2018. Our results in fiscal year 2019 benefited from the effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act), which reduced the U.S. federal income tax rate to 21%. We recognized the effects of the Act during fiscal year 2018, specifically the re-measurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as well as impact of the one-time "toll tax" on the undistributed, non-previously taxed foreign earnings of our subsidiaries, resulting in a net benefit of approximately $1.1 million. We have completed our analysis of these items and have not recorded any adjustments in this period.
Our effective income tax rate for fiscal year 2019 is projected to be in the range of 25% to 26%.
During our second and fourth fiscal quarters, we will receive the tax benefit from the vesting of restricted stock units (RSUs). The benefit is dependent upon the number of RSUs which vest as well as our share price on the vesting date.
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U.S. Health & Human Services Segment
Our U.S. Health and Human Services Segment provides a variety of business process services such as program administration, appeals and assessments work and related consulting work for U.S. state and local government programs. These services support a variety of programs including Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program, the Affordable Care Act and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.

|  | Three Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenue |  | $ | 294,213 |  |  | $ | 304,241 |
Cost of revenue |  | 206,182 |  |  | 220,010 |
Gross profit |  | 88,031 |  |  | 84,231 |
Operating income |  | 55,892 |  |  | 49,426 |
Gross profit percentage |  | 29.9 | % |  | 27.7 | %
Operating margin percentage |  | 19.0 | % |  | 16.2 | %

Our revenue for the three month period ended December 31, 2018, decreased by 3.3% compared to the same period in fiscal year 2018. Cost of revenue decreased by 6.3%. All movements were organic.
Our results for the three months ended December 31, 2018, benefited from strong operational performance across a number of health services contracts as well as a seasonally strong quarter from our consulting business. While a strong quarter on the bottom line, revenue was tempered principally due to the reset of certain larger contracts that were rebid or extended.
The U.S. segment is a strong portfolio of contracts and when the circumstances are favorable, we can see margins in the high teens. We anticipate that the segment will range between operating margins of 16% to 19% over the course of the fiscal year.
U.S. Federal Services Segment
Our U.S. Federal Services Segment provides business process solutions, including program administration, as well as system and software development and maintenance services for various U.S. federal civilian programs. This segment also contains certain state-based assessments and appeals work that is part of the segment's heritage within the Medicare Appeals portfolio and continues to be managed within this segment.

|  | Three Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenue |  | $ | 216,987 |  |  | $ | 132,983 |
Cost of revenue |  | 169,002 |  |  | 99,625 |
Gross profit |  | 47,985 |  |  | 33,358 |
Operating income |  | 21,353 |  |  | 16,710 |
Gross profit percentage |  | 22.1 | % |  | 25.1 | %
Operating margin percentage |  | 9.8 | % |  | 12.6 | %

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Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the three months ended December 31, 2018, are summarized below.

|  | Revenue |  | Cost of Revenue |  | Gross Profit
(dollars in thousands) |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change
Balance for three months ended December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 132,983 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 99,625 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 33,358 |  |  |  |
Organic effect |  | (17,259 | ) |  | (13.0 | )% |  | (12,938 | ) |  | (13.0 | )% |  | (4,321 | ) |  | (13.0 | )%
Acquired growth |  | 101,263 |  |  | 76.1 | % |  | 82,315 |  |  | 82.6 | % |  | 18,948 |  |  | 56.8 | %
Balance for three months ended December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 216,987 |  |  | 63.2 | % |  | $ | 169,002 |  |  | 69.6 | % |  | $ | 47,985 |  |  | 43.8 | %

Growth was driven by the acquisition of the citizen engagement centers business, which was acquired on November 16, 2018. The two largest contracts which are cost-plus arrangements; accordingly, the profit margin is lower than the existing business which includes fixed fee and transaction-based work. We anticipate that operating margins will be approximately 10% for the full fiscal year.
Our organic business has declined since last year. This has been caused by the anticipated completion of contracts, including work acquired in 2015 with Acentia, LLC, which was reserved for small businesses which precluded us from bidding for the successor contract. Fiscal year 2018 also included short-term, accretive work related to disaster relief efforts.
The financial impact of the U.S. Federal government shutdown to MAXIMUS was approximately $0.5 million in revenue in the first quarter and is expected to be approximately $0.5 million in revenue in the second quarter. We have been managing our cost of revenue during the shutdown to mitigate the effect on our profit.
Outside the United States Segment
Our Outside the U.S. Segment provides business process solutions for governments and commercial clients outside the United States, including health assessments, program administration for welfare-to-work services and other related services. We support programs and deliver services in the United Kingdom, including the Health Assessment Advisory Service, the Work & Health Programme and Fair Start; Australia, including jobactive and the Disability Employment Service; Canada, including Health Insurance British Columbia and the Employment Program of British Columbia; Saudi Arabia and Singapore.

|  | Three Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenue |  | $ | 153,419 |  |  | $ | 185,924 |
Cost of revenue |  | 130,170 |  |  | 151,553 |
Gross profit |  | 23,249 |  |  | 34,371 |
Operating income |  | 4,441 |  |  | 16,265 |
Gross profit percentage |  | 15.2 | % |  | 18.5 | %
Operating margin percentage |  | 2.9 | % |  | 8.7 | %

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Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the three months ended December 31, 2018, are summarized below.

|  | Revenue |  | Cost of Revenue |  | Gross Profit
(dollars in thousands) |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change
Balance for three months ended December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 185,924 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 151,553 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 34,371 |  |  |  |
Organic effect |  | (25,355 | ) |  | (13.6 | )% |  | (15,209 | ) |  | (10.0 | )% |  | (10,146 | ) |  | (29.5 | )%
Currency effect compared to the prior period |  | (7,150 | ) |  | (3.8 | )% |  | (6,174 | ) |  | (4.1 | )% |  | (976 | ) |  | (2.8 | )%
Balance for the three months ended December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 153,419 |  |  | (17.5 | )% |  | $ | 130,170 |  |  | (14.1 | )% |  | $ | 23,249 |  |  | (32.4 | )%

Our revenue for the three month period ended December 31, 2018, decreased by 17% compared to the same period in fiscal year 2018. On a constant currency basis revenue decreased by 14%.The decrease is due to the expected reduction in welfare-to-work contracts including the Work Programme and the Work Choice contracts in the U.K that are set to end in 2019. Cost of revenue decreased by 14% compared to the same period in fiscal year 2018.
We continue to see the effects of low unemployment in our geographies, which has resulted in lower volumes on our employment services contracts. Employment services represents approximately half of the work in the segment, which has created challenges in maintaining revenue and profit levels. To the extent we continue to see a robust global economy with a low level of unemployment, we expect to continue to see depressed profit margins. We have taken measures to reduce our costs and we have been managing our cost of revenue to the extent our contracts allow. We anticipate operating margins for the remainder of the year to be in the 3% to 5% range.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our principal source of liquidity remains our cash flows from operations. These cash flows are used to fund our ongoing operations and working capital needs as well as investments in capital infrastructure and purchases of our own common stock. These operating cash flows are driven by our contracts and their payment terms. For many contracts, we are reimbursed for the costs of startup operations, although there may be a gap between incurring and receiving these funds. Other factors which may cause shortfalls in cash flows include contract terms where payments are tied to outcome deliveries, which may not correspond with the costs incurred to achieve these outcomes and short-term delays where government budgets are constrained.
To supplement our operating cash flows, we maintain and utilize our credit facility which allows us to borrow up to $400 million, subject to standard covenants. In November 2018, we utilized $150 million of borrowing to acquire the citizen engagement centers business, with the balance from existing cash balances. We continue to use our facility to manage our working capital requirements but believe that our cash flows from operations are typically sufficient to fund our operations. At December 31, 2018, our borrowings under the facility were $120 million.
Our priorities for cash utilization are to actively pursue new growth opportunities, to maintain our quarterly dividend program and, where opportunities arise, to make purchases of our own shares.
We have no requirement to remit funds from our foreign locations back to the United States. However, where remitting these funds is possible and can be performed in a tax-free manner, we will do so. With the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in the United States, we are able to transfer a significant amount of funds from our foreign locations on a tax-free basis. We will continue to explore opportunities to bring back additional funds, taking into consideration the working capital requirements and relevant tax rules in each jurisdiction. Where we are unable to remit funds back without incurring a penalty, we will consider these funds indefinitely reinvested until such time as these restrictions are changed. As a result, we do not record U.S. deferred income taxes on any funds held in foreign jurisdictions. We have not attempted to calculate our potential liability from any transfer of these funds as any such transaction might include tax planning strategies which we have not fully explored. Accordingly, it is not possible to estimate the potential tax obligations if we were to remit all of our funds from foreign locations to the United States. At December 31, 2018, we held $28.9 million in funds held in foreign locations in local currencies.
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Cash Flows
The following table provides a summary of our cash flow information for the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

|  | Three Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net cash provided by/(used in): |  |  |  |  |  |
Operations |  | $ | 59,340 |  |  | $ | 37,997 |
Investing activities |  | (411,739 | ) |  | (6,455 | )
Financing activities |  | 59,002 |  |  | (970 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | (1,068 | ) |  | 203 |
Net (decrease)/increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | (294,465 | ) |  | $ | 30,775 |

The factors influencing cash flows from operations are the effect of the acquired business, our cash collections and our annual management bonus payments.

• | The citizen engagement centers business has increased both our revenues and costs, resulting in additional net cash inflows. The acquisition occurred at a point when receivables were seasonally high.

• | Our cash collections in the three months ended December 31, 2018, were adversely impacted by delays in payment on a single, significant customer.

• | We pay our annual management bonus during the first fiscal quarter of each year. The amount paid in fiscal year 2019 was lower than that paid in fiscal year 2018.

Our Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) at December 31, 2018, were 73 days; the balance at September 30, 2018, was 63 days. Our DSO calculation now includes unbilled balances from the adoption of ASC 606, which had previously not been recorded; absent this effect, our DSO would have been 69 days. Going forward, we believe this increase to DSO from the adoption of ASC 606 will be offset by more timely collections on the newly acquired U.S. Federal contracts. We use DSO to evaluate our performance in collecting our receivable balances, both billed and unbilled. We have a target range for DSO of 65 to 80 days and we have typically maintained the lower end of this range in recent years.
Cash used in investing activities for the three months ended December 31, 2018, was $411.7 million compared to $6.5 million in the same period last year. This includes our initial payment of $421.8 million for the acquisition of the citizen engagement centers business; the purchase agreement is subject to a working capital true up. We anticipate an additional payment of approximately $7.5 million in our second fiscal quarter. Our capital expenditures also included $4.5 million in one-time payments to cover software licenses required for employees joining us from the citizen engagement centers acquisition.
Cash provided by financing activities in the three months ended December 31, 2018, was $59.0 million, compared to cash used of $1.0 million in the comparative period. In addition to the borrowing of $150 million for the citizen engagement centers business, we used $41.0 million to purchase our common stock, compared with $1.0 million in fiscal year 2018, and a further $16.0 million to pay our quarterly dividend. Our dividend payment represents a payment of $0.25 per share, compared with $0.045 per share in prior quarters.
To supplement our statements of cash flows presented on a GAAP basis, we use the measure of free cash flow to analyze the funds generated from operations.

|  | Three Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash flows from operations |  | $ | 59,340 |  |  | $ | 37,997 |
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software costs |  | (9,973 | ) |  | (6,514 | )
Capital expenditure as a result of acquisition (1) |  | 4,542 |  |  | — |
Free cash flow |  | $ | 53,909 |  |  | $ | 31,483 |

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(1) Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software costs included $4.5 million in one time payments to cover software licenses required for employees joining us through the citizen engagement centers acquisition.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. On an ongoing basis we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of goodwill and other long-lived assets, and amounts related to contingencies and income tax liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
During the three months ended December 31, 2018, we made changes to the manner in which we recognize revenue. This has resulted in a need for additional estimates. For additional information, please see "Note 3. Revenue recognition" in our "Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements" in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
Non-GAAP Measures
We utilize non‑GAAP measures where we believe it will assist the user of our financial statements in understanding our business. The presentation of these measures is meant to complement, but not replace, other financial measures in this document. The presentation of non-GAAP numbers is not meant to be considered in isolation, nor as an alternative to revenue growth, cash flows from operations or net income as measures of performance. These non-GAAP measures, as determined and presented by us, may not be comparable to related or similarly titled measures presented by other companies.
In fiscal year 2018, 29% of our revenue was generated outside the U.S. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to understand the performance of our foreign operations using a methodology which excludes the effect of year-over-year exchange rate fluctuations. To calculate year-over-year currency movement, we determine the current year’s results for all foreign businesses using the exchange rates in the prior year. We refer to this adjusted revenue on a "constant currency basis."
In recent years, we have made a number of acquisitions. We believe users of our financial statements wish to evaluate the performance of our operations, excluding changes that have arisen due to businesses acquired. We provide organic revenue growth as a useful basis for assessing this. To calculate organic revenue growth, we compare current year revenue excluding revenue from these acquisitions to our prior year revenue.
In order to sustain our cash flows from operations, we require regular refreshing of our fixed assets and technology. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to understand the cash flows that directly correspond with our operations and the investments we must make in those operations using a methodology which combines operating cash flows and capital expenditures. We provide free cash flow to complement our statement of cash flows. Free cash flow shows the effects of the Company’s operations and replacement capital expenditures and excludes the cash flow effects of acquisitions, purchases of our own common stock, dividend payments and other financing transactions. We have provided a reconciliation of free cash flow to cash provided by operations.
To sustain our operations, our principal source of financing comes from receiving payments from our customers. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to evaluate our efficiency in converting revenue into cash receipts. Accordingly, we provide DSO, which we calculate by dividing billed and unbilled receivable balances at the end of each quarter by revenue per day for the period. Revenue per day for a quarter is determined by dividing total revenue by 91 days. To reflect the effect of the citizen engagement centers business, we prorated the revenue from this acquisition across the full quarter to calculate our DSO for the three months ended December 31, 2018.
As noted above, we have access to a $400 million credit facility. Our credit agreement includes the defined term Consolidated EBITDA and our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA conforms to the credit agreement definition. We believe our investors appreciate the opportunity to understand the possible restrictions which arise from our credit agreement. Adjusted EBITDA is also a useful measure of performance which focuses on the cash generating
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capacity of the business as it excludes the non-cash expenses of depreciation and amortization, and makes for easier comparisons between the operating performance of companies with different capital structures by excluding interest expense and therefore the impacts of financing costs. The measure of Adjusted EBITA is a step in calculating Adjusted EBITDA and facilitates comparisons to similar businesses as it isolates the amortization effect of business combinations. Our credit facility requires us to calculate Adjusted EBITDA on a pro forma basis as though we had owned any acquired business for a full twelve month period prior to the acquisition. We have provided a reconciliation from net income to Adjusted EBITA, Adjusted EBITDA and Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Trailing Twelve Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income attributable to MAXIMUS |  | $ | 55,913 |  |  | $ | 59,091 |  |  | $ | 217,573 |  |  | $ | 221,853 |
Interest (income)/expense, net |  | (957 | ) |  | (258 | ) |  | (3,290 | ) |  | (625 | )
Provision of income taxes |  | 19,833 |  |  | 19,850 |  |  | 78,376 |  |  | 95,042 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 5,458 |  |  | 2,718 |  |  | 13,048 |  |  | 11,524 |
Stock compensation expense |  | 4,971 |  |  | 5,402 |  |  | 19,807 |  |  | 21,878 |
Acquisition-related expenses |  | 2,690 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,637 |  |  | 83 |
Gain on sale of a business |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (650 | )
Adjusted EBITA |  | $ | 87,908 |  |  | $ | 86,803 |  |  | $ | 329,151 |  |  | $ | 349,105 |
Depreciation and amortization of property, plant, equipment and capitalized software |  | 11,231 |  |  | 13,719 |  |  | 49,396 |  |  | 54,926 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 99,139 |  |  | $ | 100,522 |  |  | $ | 378,547 |  |  | $ | 404,031 |
Additional adjusted EBITDA related to citizen engagement centers acquisition |  | 6,695 |  |  |  |  | 28,330 |  |  |
Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 105,834 |  |  |  |  | $ | 406,877 |  |  |

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
Our exposure to market risks generally relates to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
At December 31, 2018, and September 30, 2018, we held net assets denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar of $111.2 million and $100.3 million, respectively. Of these balances, cash and cash equivalents comprised $28.9 million and $46.4 million, respectively. Accordingly, in the event of a 10% unfavorable exchange rate movement across these currencies, we would have reported the following incremental effects on our comprehensive income and our cash flow statement (in thousands).

| December 31, 2018 |  | September 30, 2018
Comprehensive income attributable to MAXIMUS | $ | (11,122 | ) |  | $ | (10,030 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (2,893 | ) |  | (4,640 | )

Included within our net assets held in international currency are assets which we consider to be monetary assets — those which hold a fair value close to their book value and which represent a recent cash outflow or which will become a cash inflow or outflow within a short period of time. These assets and liabilities are typically cash, billed, billable and unbilled accounts receivable, current prepaid expenses, accounts payable, accrued compensation, deferred revenue and debt. At December 31, 2018, the value of these assets was $85.5 million.
Where possible, we identify surplus funds in foreign locations and place them into entities with the U.S. Dollar as their functional currency. This mitigates our exposure to foreign currencies. We mitigate our foreign currency exchange risks within our operating divisions through incurring costs and cash outflows in the same currency as our revenue.
We are exposed to interest rate risk through our revolving credit facility and other short term borrowings. At December 31, 2018, we had borrowings of $125.4 million. Our interest rate is based upon the one-month London Interbank Offering Rate (LIBOR) or equivalent plus a premium based upon our leverage; this premium is currently 1%. The one-month LIBOR at December 31, 2018, was approximately 2.5%. A hypothetical increase in interest rates to 3.5% would increase our annual interest expense and cash flows by approximately $1.3 million.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective and designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
With the exception of the matters noted below, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with the evaluation of our internal control that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
From October 2018, we have made changes to our accounting for revenue based upon changes in accounting principles. These changes have required updates and additions to our existing controls which have been implemented in the current fiscal year.
In November 2018, we acquired the citizen engagement centers business from General Dynamics Information Technology. We are in the process of integrating this business into our existing control environment.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
We are subject to audits, investigations and reviews relating to compliance with the laws and regulations that govern our role as a contractor to agencies and departments of the United States Federal Government, state, local and foreign governments, and otherwise in connection with performing services in countries outside of the U.S. Adverse findings could lead to criminal, civil or administrative proceedings, and we could be faced with penalties, fines, suspension or disbarment. Adverse findings could also have a material adverse effect on us because of our reliance on government contracts. We are subject to periodic audits by state, local and foreign governments for taxes. We are also involved in various claims, arbitrations and lawsuits arising in the normal conduct of our business. These include but are not limited to bid protests, employment matters, contractual disputes and charges before administrative agencies. Although we can give no assurance, based upon our evaluation and taking into account the advice of legal counsel, we do not believe that the outcome of any existing matter would likely have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Securities class action lawsuit
In August 2017, the Company and certain officers were named as defendants in a putative class action lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. The plaintiff alleged the defendants made a variety of materially false and misleading statements, or failed to disclose material information, concerning the status of the Company’s Health Assessment Advisory Service project for the U.K. Department for Work and Pensions from the period of October 20, 2014, through February 3, 2016. In August 2018, the defendants’ motion to dismiss the case was granted, and the case was dismissed. In October 2018, the plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal to the U.S. Circuit Court for the Fourth Circuit. That appeal is pending. At this time, it is not possible to reasonably predict whether this matter will be permitted to proceed as a class or to reasonably estimate the value of the claims asserted, and we are unable to estimate the potential loss or range of loss.
Medicaid claims
A state Medicaid agency has been notified of two proposed disallowances by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) totaling approximately $31 million. From 2004 through 2009, we had a contract with the state agency in support of its school-based Medicaid claims. We entered into separate agreements with the school districts under which we assisted the districts with preparing and submitting claims to the state Medicaid agency which, in turn, submitted claims for reimbursement to CMS. The state has asserted that its agreement with us requires us to reimburse the state for the amounts owed to CMS. However, our agreements with the school districts require them to reimburse us for such amounts, and therefore we believe the school districts are responsible for any amounts that ultimately must be refunded to CMS. Although it is reasonably possible that a court could conclude we are responsible for the full balance of the disallowances, we believe our exposure in this matter is limited to our fees associated with this work and that the school districts will be responsible for the remainder. We have established a reserve to cover our estimated fees earned from this engagement relating to the disallowances. We exited the federal healthcare-claiming business in 2009 and no longer provide the services at issue in this matter. No legal action has been initiated against us.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
In connection with information set forth in this Form 10-Q, the factors discussed under “Risk Factors” in our Form 10-K for fiscal year ended September 30, 2018, should be considered. The risks included in the Form 10-K could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. There have been no material changes to the factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2018, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2018.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
(c) The following table sets forth the information required regarding purchases of common stock that we made during the three months ended December 31, 2018:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans (1) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that may yet be Purchased Under the Plan (in thousands)
Oct. 1, 2018 - Oct. 31, 2018 |  | 192,300 |  |  | $ | 63.47 |  |  | 192,300 |  |  | $ | 180,612 |
Nov. 1, 2018 - Nov. 30, 2018 |  | 134,581 |  |  | $ | 63.31 |  |  | 134,581 |  |  | $ | 172,092 |
Dec. 1, 2018 - Dec. 31, 2018 |  | 323,420 |  |  | $ | 63.64 |  |  | 323,420 |  |  | $ | 151,509 |
Total |  | 650,301 |  |  | $ | 63.52 |  |  | 650,301 |  |  |

(1) | Under a resolutions adopted in June 2018, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase, at management’s discretion, of up to an aggregate of $200 million of our common stock. This resolution also authorized the use of option exercise proceeds for the purchase of our common stock.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit No. |  | Description |
2.1 |  | Asset Purchase Agreement dated as of October 5, 2018, by and among General Dynamics Information Technology, Inc., MAXIMUS Federal Services, Inc. and MAXIMUS, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 9, 2018). |
31.1 | s | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
31.2 | s | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
32.1 | v | Section 906 Principal Executive Officer Certification. |
32.2 | v | Section 906 Principal Financial Officer Certification. |
101 |  | The following materials from the MAXIMUS, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2018 formatted in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Filed electronically herewith. |

_____________________________________________________

s | Filed herewith.

v | Furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| MAXIMUS, INC.
Date: February 7, 2019 | By: | /s/ Richard J. Nadeau
|  | Richard J. Nadeau
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (On behalf of the registrant and as Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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