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Organization and Basis of Presentation (Tables)
6 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]  
Schedule of New Accounting Pronouncements and Changes in Accounting Principles
The adoption of Topic 606 resulted in the following changes to our opening balance sheet:
(dollars in thousands)Balance at September 30, 2018Adjustments due to adoption of new standardOpening balance at October 1, 2018
Assets
Accounts receivable - unbilled$31,536 $35,414 $66,950 
Deferred income taxes6,834 (6,625)209 
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
Deferred revenue - current51,182 (11,767)39,415 
Deferred income taxes - long-term26,377 7,074 33,451 
Retained earnings633,281 32,929 666,210 
Noncontrolling interests2,552 553 3,105 
  
The table below shows the effects of the adoption of Topic 606 on our consolidated statement of operations for the three and six months ended March 31, 2019.
 Three months ended March 31, 2019Six months ended March 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)Balance under previous accounting guidanceAdjustments due to adoption of new standardBalance as reportedBalance under previous accounting guidanceAdjustments due to adoption of new standardBalance as reported
Revenue$735,487 $1,033 $736,520 $1,399,372 $1,767 $1,401,139 
Income before income taxes79,646 1,033 80,679 154,468 1,767 156,235 
Provision for income taxes18,628 285 18,913 38,467 279 38,746 
Net income61,018 748 61,766 116,001 1,488 117,489 
(Loss)/income attributable to noncontrolling interests(328)170 (158)(838)490 (348)
Net income attributable to MAXIMUS$61,346 $578 $61,924 $116,839 $998 $117,837 
The effect on our balance sheet would have been as follows:
(dollars in thousands)Balance at March 31, 2019, under previous accounting guidanceAdjustments due to adoption of new standardBalance at March 31, 2019, as reported
Assets
Accounts receivable - unbilled$95,796 $35,454 $131,250 
Deferred income taxes6,858 (6,649)209 
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
Deferred revenue - current51,963 (12,748)39,215 
Deferred income taxes - long-term43,957 7,103 51,060 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(38,617)(519)(39,136)
Retained earnings671,897 33,927 705,824 
Noncontrolling interests1,581 1,043 2,624 

Additional information and disclosures relating to this change are included within "Note 3. Revenue recognition."
Statement of cash flows
We adopted ASU No. 2016-15 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments and ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash on October 1, 2018, using the retrospective method. The most notable change relates to the treatment of balances we consider to be "restricted cash." Restricted cash represents funds which are held in our bank accounts but which we are precluded from using for general business needs through contractual requirements; these requirements include serving as collateral for lease, credit card or letter of credit arrangements or where we hold funds on behalf of clients. As we did not consider these restricted cash balances to be cash or cash equivalents, we did not previously include them within our cash flow statement except where restrictions over cash were imposed or lapsed. Beginning  on October 1, 2018, we are required to include movements in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash within our consolidated statements of cash flows.
Accordingly, we have presented our consolidated statement of cash flows using the new rules for all periods shown. Our balances for cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are as follows:
Balance as of
(dollars in thousands)March 31, 2019September 30, 2018March 31, 2018September 30, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents$46,799 $349,245 $253,227 $166,252 
Restricted cash (recorded within "other current assets")7,679 7,314 13,908 13,475 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash$54,478 $356,559 $267,135 $179,727 

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
In August 2018, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, amending certain disclosure requirements that were redundant, duplicative, overlapping, outdated or superseded. In addition, the amendments expanded the disclosure requirements on the analysis of stockholders' equity for interim financial statements. Under the amendments, an analysis of changes in each caption of shareholders' equity presented in the balance sheet must be provided in a note or separate statement. The amendments became effective on November 5, 2018, and did not have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements for fiscal year 2019. We have adopted these changes to the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity in this filing.