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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
☒ Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020
OR
☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 1-12997
Maximus, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Virginia |  | 54-1000588
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1891 Metro Center Drive, Reston, Virginia |  | 20190
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(703) 251-8500
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, no par value |  | MMS |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☒ |  | Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company ☐
|  | Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of August 3, 2020, there were 61,312,619 shares of the registrant’s common stock (no par value) outstanding.

Maximus, Inc.
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
For the Quarter Ended June 30, 2020
INDEX

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |  |
Item 1. | Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 1
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (unaudited) |  | 1
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (unaudited) |  | 2
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2020 (unaudited) and September 30, 2019 |  | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (unaudited) |  | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Three and Nine Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (unaudited) |  | 5
| Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 7
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 19
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk |  | 31
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures |  | 31
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |  |  |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings |  | 32
Item 1A. | Risk Factors |  | 32
Item 6. | Exhibits |  | 33
Signatures |  |  | 34

Throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the terms “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and “Maximus” refer to Maximus, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise.
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as: “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “goal,” “seek,” “opportunity,” “could,” “potential,” “believe,” “project,” “estimate,” “expect,” “strategy,” “future,” “likely,” “may,” “should,” “will” and similar references to future periods.
Forward-looking statements that are not historical facts, including statements about our confidence, strategies and initiatives and our expectations about revenues, results of operations, profitability, liquidity, market demand or the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic are forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. These risks could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, the following:
•the continued spread of the COVID-19 virus, including the speed, depth, geographic reach and duration of the spread, and the actions taken or to be taken by us, our customers and the governments of jurisdictions in which we operate in response to COVID-19;
•the demand for our services and products, including based on any downturns in the economy;
•a failure to meet performance requirements in our contracts, which might lead to contract termination and actual or liquidated damages;
•the effects of future legislative or government budgetary and spending changes;
•our failure to successfully bid for and accurately price contracts to generate our desired profit;
•our ability to maintain technology systems and otherwise protect confidential or protected information;
•our ability to attract and retain executive officers, senior managers and other qualified personnel to execute our business;
•our ability to manage capital investments and startup costs incurred before receiving related contract payments;
•our ability to manage our growth, including acquired businesses;
•the ability of government customers to terminate contracts on short notice, with or without cause;
•our ability to maintain relationships with key government entities from whom a substantial portion of our revenue is derived;
•the outcome of reviews or audits, which might result in financial penalties and impair our ability to respond to invitations for new work;
•a failure to comply with laws governing our business, which might result in the Company being subject to fines, penalties, suspension, debarment and other sanctions;
•the costs and outcome of litigation;
•difficulties in integrating or achieving projected revenues, earnings and other benefits associated with acquired businesses;
•the effects of changes in laws and regulations governing our business, including tax laws, and applicable interpretations and guidance thereunder, or changes in accounting policies, rules, methodologies and practices, and our ability to estimate the impact of such changes;
•matters related to business we have disposed of or divested; and
•other factors set forth in Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in Exhibit 99.1 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2019, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 26, 2019, and as supplemented in our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, should be considered.
Any forward-looking statement made by us in this report is based only on information currently available to us and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements.
Maximus, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenue | $ | 901,337 |  |  | $ | 730,710 |  |  | $ | 2,537,701 |  |  | $ | 2,131,849 |
Cost of revenue | 715,734 |  |  | 556,463 |  |  | 2,023,550 |  |  | 1,628,915 |
Gross profit | 185,603 |  |  | 174,247 |  |  | 514,151 |  |  | 502,934 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 89,582 |  |  | 81,604 |  |  | 283,662 |  |  | 239,377 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 8,712 |  |  | 9,049 |  |  | 26,734 |  |  | 24,026 |
Operating income | 87,309 |  |  | 83,594 |  |  | 203,755 |  |  | 239,531 |
Interest expense | 616 |  |  | 420 |  |  | 1,565 |  |  | 2,614 |
Other (expense)/income, net | (671) |  |  | 556 |  |  | 621 |  |  | 3,048 |
Income before income taxes | 86,022 |  |  | 83,730 |  |  | 202,811 |  |  | 239,965 |
Provision for income taxes | 21,558 |  |  | 20,765 |  |  | 51,963 |  |  | 59,511 |
Net income | 64,464 |  |  | 62,965 |  |  | 150,848 |  |  | 180,454 |
Income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | (281) |
Net income attributable to Maximus | $ | 64,464 |  |  | $ | 62,898 |  |  | $ | 150,848 |  |  | $ | 180,735 |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 0.98 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  | $ | 2.80 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |  |  | $ | 2.37 |  |  | $ | 2.79 |
Dividends paid per share | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.84 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 61,882 |  |  | 64,405 |  |  | 63,463 |  |  | 64,534 |
Diluted | 62,102 |  |  | 64,759 |  |  | 63,666 |  |  | 64,800 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
1

Maximus, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net income | $ | 64,464 |  |  | $ | 62,965 |  |  | $ | 150,848 |  |  | $ | 180,454 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | 3,432 |  |  | (1,974) |  |  | (1,304) |  |  | (4,157) |
Comprehensive income | 67,896 |  |  | 60,991 |  |  | 149,544 |  |  | 176,297 |
Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | (281) |
Comprehensive income attributable to Maximus | $ | 67,896 |  |  | $ | 60,924 |  |  | $ | 149,544 |  |  | $ | 176,578 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
2

Maximus, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Amounts in thousands)

| June 30, 2020 |  | September 30, 2019
| (unaudited) |  |
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 81,548 |  |  | $ | 105,565 |
Accounts receivable — billed and billable, net of reserves of $13,031 and $5,382 | 626,471 |  |  | 476,690 |
Accounts receivable — unbilled | 203,267 |  |  | 123,884 |
Income taxes receivable | 8,284 |  |  | 20,805 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 59,942 |  |  | 62,481 |
Total current assets | 979,512 |  |  | 789,425 |
Property and equipment, net | 73,319 |  |  | 99,589 |
Capitalized software, net | 35,447 |  |  | 32,369 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 171,041 |  |  | — |
Goodwill | 586,757 |  |  | 584,469 |
Intangible assets, net | 151,115 |  |  | 179,250 |
Deferred contract costs, net | 20,267 |  |  | 18,921 |
Deferred compensation plan assets | 33,834 |  |  | 32,908 |
Deferred income taxes | 3,450 |  |  | 186 |
Other assets | 8,244 |  |  | 8,615 |
Total assets | $ | 2,062,986 |  |  | $ | 1,745,732 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | 217,831 |  |  | $ | 177,786 |
Accrued compensation and benefits | 130,396 |  |  | 106,789 |
Deferred revenue | 48,743 |  |  | 43,344 |
Income taxes payable | 4,725 |  |  | 13,952 |
Current portion of long-term debt and other borrowings | 7,000 |  |  | 9,658 |
Operating lease liabilities | 74,878 |  |  | — |
Other liabilities | 18,971 |  |  | 12,709 |
Total current liabilities | 502,544 |  |  | 364,238 |
Deferred revenue, less current portion | 30,090 |  |  | 32,341 |
Deferred income taxes | 44,532 |  |  | 46,560 |
Long-term debt, less current portion | 145,161 |  |  | 231 |
Deferred compensation plan liabilities, less current portion | 34,302 |  |  | 34,079 |
Operating lease liabilities, less current portion | 103,236 |  |  | — |
Other liabilities | 8,174 |  |  | 20,082 |
Total liabilities | 868,039 |  |  | 497,531 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock, no par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 61,313 and 63,979 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020, and September 30, 2019, at stated amount, respectively | 517,200 |  |  | 498,433 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (46,684) |  |  | (45,380) |
Retained earnings | 724,431 |  |  | 794,739 |
Total Maximus shareholders' equity | 1,194,947 |  |  | 1,247,792 |
Noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | 409 |
Total equity | 1,194,947 |  |  | 1,248,201 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 2,062,986 |  |  | $ | 1,745,732 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
3

Maximus, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
| 2020 |  | 2019
Cash flows from operations: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 150,848 |  |  | $ | 180,454 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash flows from operations: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and capitalized software | 47,496 |  |  | 34,588 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 26,734 |  |  | 24,026 |
Deferred income taxes | (5,210) |  |  | 11,196 |
Stock compensation expense | 17,558 |  |  | 15,323 |
Gain on sale of a business | (1,706) |  |  | — |
Change in assets and liabilities net of effects of business combinations |  |  |
Accounts receivable — billed and billable | (147,626) |  |  | (108,131) |
Accounts receivable — unbilled | (80,267) |  |  | 46,172 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 529 |  |  | (2,933) |
Deferred contract costs | (1,396) |  |  | (8,142) |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 48,622 |  |  | 53,462 |
Accrued compensation and benefits | 33,647 |  |  | 9,282 |
Deferred revenue | 2,806 |  |  | 7,857 |
Income taxes | 563 |  |  | 3,139 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities | (1,071) |  |  | — |
Other assets and liabilities | 4,556 |  |  | (2,582) |
Cash flows from operations | 96,083 |  |  | 263,711 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software costs | (28,436) |  |  | (39,033) |
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired | (2,611) |  |  | (422,049) |
Proceeds from the sale of a business | 3,250 |  |  | — |
Maturities of short-term investments | — |  |  | 19,996 |
Other | 385 |  |  | 380 |
Cash used in investing activities | (27,412) |  |  | (440,706) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Cash dividends paid to Maximus shareholders | (52,988) |  |  | (47,936) |
Purchases of Maximus common stock | (166,959) |  |  | (46,068) |
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting | (10,614) |  |  | (8,915) |
Borrowings under credit facility and other loan agreements | 421,488 |  |  | 320,048 |
Repayment of credit facility and other long-term debt | (278,971) |  |  | (316,597) |
Other | (957) |  |  | (133) |
Cash used in financing activities | (89,001) |  |  | (99,601) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (174) |  |  | (994) |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (20,504) |  |  | (277,590) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 116,492 |  |  | 356,559 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 95,988 |  |  | $ | 78,969 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
4

Maximus, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Common Shares Outstanding |  | Common Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total
Balance at March 31, 2020 | 61,313 |  |  | $ | 511,023 |  |  | $ | (50,116) |  |  | $ | 677,561 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,138,468 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 64,464 |  |  | — |  |  | 64,464 |
Foreign currency translation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,432 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,432 |
Cash dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,175) |  |  | — |  |  | (17,175) |
Dividends on RSUs | — |  |  | 419 |  |  | — |  |  | (419) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock compensation expense | — |  |  | 5,758 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,758 |
Balance at June 30, 2020 | 61,313 |  |  | $ | 517,200 |  |  | $ | (46,684) |  |  | $ | 724,431 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,194,947 |

| Common Shares Outstanding |  | Common Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings |  | Noncontrolling interest |  | Total
Balance at September 30, 2019 | 63,979 |  |  | $ | 498,433 |  |  | $ | (45,380) |  |  | $ | 794,739 |  |  | $ | 409 |  |  | $ | 1,248,201 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150,848 |  |  | — |  |  | 150,848 |
Foreign currency translation | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,304) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,304) |
Cash dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (52,988) |  |  | (409) |  |  | (53,397) |
Dividends on RSUs | — |  |  | 1,209 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,209) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases of Maximus common stock | (2,767) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (166,959) |  |  | — |  |  | (166,959) |
Stock compensation expense | — |  |  | 17,558 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,558 |
RSUs vested | 101 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Balance at June 30, 2020 | 61,313 |  |  | $ | 517,200 |  |  | $ | (46,684) |  |  | $ | 724,431 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,194,947 |

5

Maximus, Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Common Shares Outstanding |  | Common Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total
Balance at March 31, 2019 | 63,811 |  |  | $ | 498,269 |  |  | $ | (39,136) |  |  | $ | 705,824 |  |  | $ | 2,624 |  |  | $ | 1,167,581 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62,898 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 62,965 |
Foreign currency translation | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,974) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,974) |
Cash dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,953) |  |  | (2,452) |  |  | (18,405) |
Dividends on RSUs | — |  |  | 399 |  |  | — |  |  | (399) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock compensation expense | — |  |  | 5,419 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,419 |
Acquisition of part of noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | (903) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 216 |  |  | (687) |
Balance at June 30, 2019 | 63,811 |  | $ | 503,184 |  |  | $ | (41,110) |  |  | $ | 752,370 |  |  | $ | 455 |  |  | $ | 1,214,899 |

| Common Shares Outstanding |  | Common Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total
Balance at September 30, 2018 | 64,371 |  |  | $ | 487,539 |  |  | $ | (36,953) |  |  | $ | 633,281 |  |  | $ | 2,552 |  |  | $ | 1,086,419 |
Cumulative impact from adopting ASC Topic 606 on October 1, 2018 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,929 |  |  | 553 |  |  | 33,482 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 180,735 |  |  | (281) |  |  | 180,454 |
Foreign currency translation | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,157) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,157) |
Cash dividends | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (47,936) |  |  | (2,585) |  |  | (50,521) |
Dividends on RSUs | — |  |  | 1,225 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,225) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases of Maximus common stock | (716) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (45,414) |  |  | — |  |  | (45,414) |
Stock compensation expense | — |  |  | 15,323 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,323 |
RSUs vested | 156 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Acquisition of part of noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | (903) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 216 |  |  | (687) |
Balance at June 30, 2019 | 63,811 |  | $ | 503,184 |  |  | $ | (41,110) |  |  | $ | 752,370 |  |  | $ | 455 |  |  | $ | 1,214,899 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
6

Maximus, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
For the Three and Nine Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019
1. Organization and Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. As permitted by these instructions, they do not include all of the information and notes required by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2020, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full fiscal year. The balance sheet at September 30, 2019, has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements.
These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated audited financial statements and the notes thereto at September 30, 2019 and 2018, and for each of the three years ended September 30, 2019, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 26, 2019.
Estimates
The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. At each reporting period end, we make estimates including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of goodwill and amounts related to income taxes, certain accrued liabilities and contingencies and litigation.
We base our estimates on historical experience and expectations of the future that we believe to be reasonable. The economic and political impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic increases uncertainty, which has reduced our ability to use past results to estimate future performance. Accordingly, our estimates may be subject to greater volatility than has been the case in the past.
•Our balance sheet includes goodwill valued at $586.8 million. This balance is allocated between reporting units, which are consistent with our three operating segments. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment when necessary and no less than once per year. We performed our last annual goodwill impairment test as of July 1, 2019. As of July 1, 2019, none of our reporting units showed any signs of impairment and all held a fair value estimated to be at least twice as high as their carrying value. We are in the process of performing our 2020 goodwill impairment test; at this time, we do not believe any goodwill impairment has occurred. This is based upon a number of factors, including the long-term viability of our business and the creditworthiness of our customer base.
•Our balance sheet includes a number of long-lived assets, including property and equipment, capitalized software, operating lease right-of-use assets, deferred contract costs and intangible assets. These assets are depreciated or amortized over their estimated useful economic lives but are subject to impairment if events indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. At this time, there are no significant balances which we believe are not recoverable.
•Our balance sheet includes $829.7 million of billed, billable and unbilled accounts receivable, net of reserves. We regularly evaluate this balance for recoverability and reserve those balances where we no longer believe that collection is probable. Bad debt expense has not historically been significant to our business due to the nature of our customers. During the nine months ended June 30, 2020, we recorded bad debt expense of $8.8 million. We have reserved balances against customers who we believe are experiencing difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic and may not be able to reimburse us for work performed.
•As disclosed in "Note 4. Revenue Recognition," revenue for some of our welfare-to-work contracts in the Outside the U.S. Segment is based upon achievement of future outcomes as defined in each contract. Specifically, we are paid as individuals attain employment goals, which may take many months to achieve.
7

Revenue is recognized on these contracts over the period of performance. Employment markets worldwide suffered a significant shock during the second quarter of the current fiscal year and many employment opportunities have been terminated or are no longer available. While we expect the volume of new program participants to increase as a result of disruption to employment markets, participants in programs prior to March 2020 have experienced reduced opportunities to reach sustained employment. This has resulted in revised estimates to our outcome fees and a reduction in our unbilled revenue balance.
•Many of our contracts in the United States are cost-plus contracts, where we are reimbursed for costs that are allowable, allocable and reasonable. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we are incurring incremental and unusual costs, including additional sick pay and idle labor for employees who are unable to perform services due to their health issues, child care issues or physical restrictions imposed on their workplace. Although the U.S. Federal Government, which provides the majority of our cost-plus contracts, has provided regular guidance, there is some uncertainty within other contracts as to recoverable costs.
Changes in financial reporting
Leases
Effective October 1, 2019, we adopted ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The new standard requires that assets and liabilities arising under leases be recognized on the balance sheet, except for those with an initial term of less than twelve months. We adopted this standard using a modified retrospective approach. Accordingly, we did not recast prior period financial information. Certain elections were made in adopting the standard.
•We elected to use the package of practical expedients which, among other things, allows us to not reassess historical lease classification.
•We do not separate lease and non-lease components for all classes of leases, which allows us to account for a lease as a single component.
•We used the optional transition method, which did not require us to recast our comparative periods.
•We did not use the hindsight practical expedients, which would have allowed us to use hindsight in determining the reasonably certain lease term.
•We did not adjust our accounting for leases with an initial term of twelve months or less.
Upon adopting Topic 842, we recognized a lease liability of $214.5 million, reflecting the present value of the future remaining minimum lease payments. Changes to our opening balance sheet are summarized below. There was no cumulative impact to our retained earnings and the changes did not cause any material changes in our statements of operations or our statements of cash flows. The adoption of Topic 842 does not affect our compliance with our existing contracts, including our credit facility.

(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance at September 30, 2019 |  | Adjustments due to adoption of new standard |  | Opening balance at October 1, 2019
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 62,481 |  |  | $ | (6,131) |  |  | $ | 56,350 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | — |  |  | 206,314 |  |  | 206,314 |
Liabilities and shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | 177,786 |  |  | (5,250) |  |  | 172,536 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | — |  |  | 88,276 |  |  | 88,276 |
Other current liabilities |  | 12,709 |  |  | (648) |  |  | 12,061 |
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion |  | — |  |  | 126,197 |  |  | 126,197 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 20,082 |  |  | (8,392) |  |  | 11,690 |

At the adoption of Topic 842, the Company recognized deferred tax assets and liabilities corresponding to the operating lease liabilities and operating right-of-use assets, respectively. These balances offset each other and no net effect resulted from this change.
Additional information and disclosures relating to this change are included within "Note 3. Leases."
8

Forthcoming changes
In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) - Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. This accounting guidance requires customers in cloud-computing arrangements to identify and defer certain implementation costs in a manner broadly consistent with that of existing guidance on the costs to develop or obtain internal-use software. Costs capitalized under this guidance will be expensed over the term of the cloud computing arrangement. We will adopt this guidance on October 1, 2020 using a prospective approach. The effect on our financial statements will be dependent upon our adoption of future cloud-based computing initiatives.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This update introduces a new model for recognizing credit losses on financial instruments, including losses on accounts receivable. This update replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss model. We will adopt this guidance on October 1, 2020 and any changes will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings. We are currently assessing the future impact of this update on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This standard will not change the manner in which we would identify a goodwill impairment but would change any subsequent calculation of an impairment charge. We will adopt this guidance on October 1, 2020. The effect of this new standard will depend upon the outcome of future goodwill impairment tests.
Other recent accounting pronouncements are not expected to have a material effect on our financial statements.
2. Segment Information
The table below provides certain financial information for each of our business segments. We operate our business through three segments.
•Our U.S. Health and Human Services Segment provides a variety of business process services such as program administration, appeals and assessments services, and related consulting work for U.S. state and local government programs. These services support a variety of programs including the Affordable Care Act (ACA), Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). We also serve as administrators in state-based welfare-to-work and child support programs.
•Our U.S. Federal Services Segment provides business process solutions, including program administration, appeals and assessment services, as well as system and software development and maintenance services for various U.S. federal civilian programs. This segment also contains certain state-based assessments, independent medical reviews, and appeals work that is part of the segment's heritage within the Medicare Appeals portfolio and continues to be managed within this segment.
•Our Outside the U.S. Segment provides business process solutions for governments and commercial clients outside the U.S., including health and disability assessments, program administration and case management for employment services and other work-support programs. We deliver services in the United Kingdom, including the Health Assessment Advisory Service (HAAS), the Work & Health Programme and Fair Start; Australia, including jobactive and the Disability Employment Service; Canada, including Health Insurance British Columbia and the Employment Program of British Columbia; Italy, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and Sweden.
9

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | % (1) |  | 2019 |  | % (1) |  | 2020 |  | % (1) |  | 2019 |  | % (1)
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Health & Human Services |  | $ | 336,950 |  |  |  |  | $ | 291,132 |  |  |  |  | $ | 957,929 |  |  |  |  | $ | 876,082 |  |  |
U.S. Federal Services |  | 450,143 |  |  |  |  | 292,295 |  |  |  |  | 1,210,105 |  |  |  |  | 799,018 |  |  |
Outside the U.S. |  | 114,244 |  |  |  |  | 147,283 |  |  |  |  | 369,667 |  |  |  |  | 456,749 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 901,337 |  |  |  |  | $ | 730,710 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,537,701 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,131,849 |  |  |
Gross profit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Health & Human Services |  | $ | 93,029 |  |  | 27.6% |  | $ | 86,664 |  |  | 29.8% |  | $ | 268,073 |  |  | 28.0% |  | $ | 260,955 |  |  | 29.8%
U.S. Federal Services |  | 84,723 |  |  | 18.8% |  | 66,803 |  |  | 22.9% |  | 232,502 |  |  | 19.2% |  | 175,484 |  |  | 22.0%
Outside the U.S. |  | 7,851 |  |  | 6.9% |  | 20,780 |  |  | 14.1% |  | 13,576 |  |  | 3.7% |  | 66,495 |  |  | 14.6%
Total |  | $ | 185,603 |  |  | 20.6% |  | $ | 174,247 |  |  | 23.8% |  | $ | 514,151 |  |  | 20.3% |  | $ | 502,934 |  |  | 23.6%
Selling, general & administrative expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Health & Human Services |  | $ | 31,996 |  |  | 9.5% |  | $ | 32,414 |  |  | 11.1% |  | $ | 102,633 |  |  | 10.7% |  | $ | 93,953 |  |  | 10.7%
U.S. Federal Services |  | 45,490 |  |  | 10.1% |  | 32,896 |  |  | 11.3% |  | 131,455 |  |  | 10.9% |  | 90,632 |  |  | 11.3%
Outside the U.S. |  | 13,668 |  |  | 12.0% |  | 15,791 |  |  | 10.7% |  | 47,125 |  |  | 12.7% |  | 52,591 |  |  | 11.5%
Gain on sale of a business (3) |  | (1,706) |  |  | NM |  | — |  |  | NM |  | (1,706) |  |  | NM |  | — |  |  | NM
Other (2) |  | 134 |  |  | NM |  | 503 |  |  | NM |  | 4,155 |  |  | NM |  | 2,201 |  |  | NM
Total |  | $ | 89,582 |  |  | 9.9% |  | $ | 81,604 |  |  | 11.2% |  | $ | 283,662 |  |  | 11.2% |  | $ | 239,377 |  |  | 11.2%
Operating income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Health & Human Services |  | $ | 61,033 |  |  | 18.1% |  | $ | 54,250 |  |  | 18.6% |  | $ | 165,440 |  |  | 17.3% |  | $ | 167,002 |  |  | 19.1%
U.S. Federal Services |  | 39,233 |  |  | 8.7% |  | 33,907 |  |  | 11.6% |  | 101,047 |  |  | 8.4% |  | 84,852 |  |  | 10.6%
Outside the U.S. |  | (5,817) |  |  | (5.1)% |  | 4,989 |  |  | 3.4% |  | (33,549) |  |  | (9.1)% |  | 13,904 |  |  | 3.0%
Amortization of intangible assets |  | (8,712) |  |  | NM |  | (9,049) |  |  | NM |  | (26,734) |  |  | NM |  | (24,026) |  |  | NM
Gain on sale of a business (3) |  | 1,706 |  |  | NM |  | — |  |  | NM |  | 1,706 |  |  | NM |  | — |  |  | NM
Other |  | (134) |  |  | NM |  | (503) |  |  | NM |  | (4,155) |  |  | NM |  | (2,201) |  |  | NM
Total |  | $ | 87,309 |  |  | 9.7% |  | $ | 83,594 |  |  | 11.4% |  | $ | 203,755 |  |  | 8.0% |  | $ | 239,531 |  |  | 11.2%

(1) Percentage of respective segment revenue. Percentages not considered meaningful are marked “NM.”
(2) Other selling, general and administrative expenses includes credits and costs that are not allocated to a particular segment, including the costs for actual and potential acquisitions of other businesses.
(3) During fiscal year 2020, we sold Q2 Administrators LLC, a subsidiary within our U.S. Federal Services Segment, resulting in a gain. Refer to "Note 6. Acquisitions and Divestiture" for more details.
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Identifiable assets for the segments are shown below (in thousands):

|  | June 30, 2020 |  | September 30, 2019
U.S. Health & Human Services |  | $ | 701,864 |  |  | $ | 500,641 |
U.S. Federal Services |  | 992,207 |  |  | 795,553 |
Outside the U.S. |  | 200,752 |  |  | 234,769 |
Corporate |  | 168,163 |  |  | 214,769 |
Total |  | $ | 2,062,986 |  |  | $ | 1,745,732 |

3. Leases
Beginning October 1, 2019, we identify contracts which are, or contain, leases where a contract allows us the right to control identified property or equipment for a period of time in return for consideration. Our leases are typically for office space or facilities, as well as some equipment leases. Where contracts include both lease and non-lease components, we do not typically separate the non-lease components in our accounting.
At the inception of a lease, we recognize a liability for future minimum lease payments based upon the present value of those payments.
•In identifying our future minimum lease payments, we do not include variable lease costs, such as those for maintenance or utilities. These are recorded as lease expenses in the period in which they are incurred.
•In identifying future lease payments, we do not include short-term leases, identified as those with an initial term of twelve months or less.
•Lease options are included within our lease liability only where it is reasonably certain that we will utilize those periods of the lease and incur the related costs.
•In calculating the fair value of our lease liability, we utilize an estimate of our collateralized incremental borrowing rate. This estimate is based upon publicly-available information adjusted for company-specific, country-specific and lease-specific factors. The weighted average incremental borrowing rate utilized at June 30, 2020, is 3.8%.
Over the course of a lease, the lease liability is reduced as scheduled lease payments are made and increased as the implied interest charges are added.
Our right-of-use asset is based upon the lease liability at the contract inception but is adjusted over the life of the lease by lease prepayments, additional costs or lease incentives. The right-of-use asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, offset by the interest accretion recorded on the lease liability.
Lease expense is recorded within our consolidated statements of operations based upon the nature of the assets. Where assets are used to directly serve our customers, such as facilities dedicated to customer contracts, lease costs are recorded in "cost of revenue." Facilities and assets which serve management and support functions are expensed through "selling, general and administrative expenses." Costs recorded in the three and nine months ended June 30, 2020, are summarized below.

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, 2020
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 25,905 |  |  | $ | 74,592 |
Short-term lease cost |  | 2,548 |  |  | 6,111 |
Variable lease cost |  | 4,106 |  |  | 9,395 |
Total operating lease costs |  | $ | 32,559 |  |  | $ | 90,098 |

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Future minimum lease payments for noncancelable operating leases as of June 30, 2020 are shown below.

(dollars in thousands) | Office space |  | Equipment |  | Total
For the years ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |
Remainder of 2020 | $ | 19,273 |  |  | $ | 2,065 |  |  | $ | 21,338 |
2021 | 66,814 |  |  | 6,974 |  |  | 73,788 |
2022 | 43,950 |  |  | 2,712 |  |  | 46,662 |
2023 | 27,320 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 27,439 |
2024 | 11,995 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 12,035 |
Thereafter | 7,664 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,664 |
Total minimum lease payments | $ | 177,016 |  |  | $ | 11,910 |  |  | $ | 188,926 |
Less imputed interest | (10,482) |  |  | (330) |  |  | (10,812) |
Total lease liabilities | $ | 166,534 |  |  | $ | 11,580 |  |  | $ | 178,114 |

Our weighted average remaining lease term at June 30, 2020 is 2.9 years.
For the nine months ended June 30, 2020, we made cash payments of $83.7 million for amounts included in our lease liabilities. New or amended leases resulted in additional right-of-use assets of $39.9 million for the same nine month period.
4. Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue as, or when, we satisfy performance obligations under a contract. The majority of our contracts have performance obligations which are satisfied over time. In most cases, we view our performance obligations as promises to transfer a series of distinct services to our customer that are substantially the same and which have the same pattern of service. We recognize revenue over the performance period as a customer receives the benefits of our services.
Disaggregation of revenue
In addition to our segment reporting, we disaggregate our revenues by service, contract type, customer type and geography. Our operating segments represent the manner in which our Chief Executive Officer reviews our financial results which is further discussed in "Note 2. Segment Information."
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By operating segment and service

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Program administration |  | $ | 251,616 |  |  | $ | 212,638 |  |  | $ | 724,960 |  |  | $ | 651,343 |
Assessments and appeals |  | 40,875 |  |  | 35,657 |  |  | 104,621 |  |  | 106,209 |
Workforce and children services |  | 32,531 |  |  | 29,146 |  |  | 90,651 |  |  | 76,947 |
Other |  | 11,928 |  |  | 13,691 |  |  | 37,697 |  |  | 41,583 |
Total U.S. Health and Human Services |  | $ | 336,950 |  |  | $ | 291,132 |  |  | $ | 957,929 |  |  | $ | 876,082 |
Program administration |  | $ | 362,973 |  |  | $ | 204,622 |  |  | $ | 949,071 |  |  | $ | 554,739 |
Technology solutions |  | 42,101 |  |  | 39,994 |  |  | 130,172 |  |  | 116,870 |
Assessments and appeals |  | 45,069 |  |  | 47,679 |  |  | 130,862 |  |  | 127,409 |
Total U.S. Federal Services |  | $ | 450,143 |  |  | $ | 292,295 |  |  | $ | 1,210,105 |  |  | $ | 799,018 |
Workforce and children services |  | $ | 55,046 |  |  | $ | 65,819 |  |  | $ | 146,968 |  |  | $ | 208,856 |
Assessments and appeals |  | 42,468 |  |  | 62,152 |  |  | 167,397 |  |  | 192,233 |
Program administration |  | 15,544 |  |  | 16,767 |  |  | 49,583 |  |  | 48,009 |
Other |  | 1,186 |  |  | 2,545 |  |  | 5,719 |  |  | 7,651 |
Total Outside the U.S. |  | $ | 114,244 |  |  | $ | 147,283 |  |  | $ | 369,667 |  |  | $ | 456,749 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 901,337 |  |  | $ | 730,710 |  |  | $ | 2,537,701 |  |  | $ | 2,131,849 |

By contract type

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Performance-based |  | $ | 295,650 |  |  | $ | 260,052 |  |  | $ | 864,077 |  |  | $ | 834,531 |
Cost-plus |  | 422,641 |  |  | 282,795 |  |  | 1,184,425 |  |  | 756,227 |
Fixed price |  | 132,535 |  |  | 142,940 |  |  | 352,255 |  |  | 429,962 |
Time and materials |  | 50,511 |  |  | 44,923 |  |  | 136,944 |  |  | 111,129 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 901,337 |  |  | $ | 730,710 |  |  | $ | 2,537,701 |  |  | $ | 2,131,849 |

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By customer type

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
New York State government agencies |  | $ | 79,140 |  |  | $ | 90,295 |  |  | $ | 276,585 |  |  | $ | 271,865 |
Other U.S. state government agencies |  | 265,608 |  |  | 204,272 |  |  | 692,689 |  |  | 601,044 |
Total U.S. state government agencies |  | 344,748 |  |  | 294,567 |  |  | 969,274 |  |  | 872,909 |
United States Federal Government agencies |  | 429,031 |  |  | 276,294 |  |  | 1,155,773 |  |  | 745,195 |
International government agencies |  | 107,353 |  |  | 136,848 |  |  | 345,629 |  |  | 425,921 |
Other, including local municipalities and commercial customers |  | 20,205 |  |  | 23,001 |  |  | 67,025 |  |  | 87,824 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 901,337 |  |  | $ | 730,710 |  |  | $ | 2,537,701 |  |  | $ | 2,131,849 |

By geography

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
United States of America |  | $ | 787,092 |  |  | $ | 583,428 |  |  | $ | 2,168,033 |  |  | $ | 1,675,101 |
United Kingdom |  | 53,364 |  |  | 72,265 |  |  | 190,088 |  |  | 224,017 |
Australia |  | 38,415 |  |  | 48,744 |  |  | 100,390 |  |  | 153,114 |
Rest of world |  | 22,466 |  |  | 26,273 |  |  | 79,190 |  |  | 79,617 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 901,337 |  |  | $ | 730,710 |  |  | $ | 2,537,701 |  |  | $ | 2,131,849 |

Contract balances
Differences in timing between revenue recognition and cash collection result in contract assets and contract liabilities. We classify these assets as accounts receivable — billed and billable and unbilled receivables; the liabilities are classified as deferred revenue.
In many contracts, we bill our customers on a monthly basis shortly after the month end for work performed in that month. Funds are considered collectible and are included within accounts receivable — billed and billable.
Exceptions to this pattern will arise for various reasons, including those listed below.
•Under cost-plus contracts, we are typically required to estimate a contract’s share of our general and administrative expenses. This share is based upon estimates of total costs which may vary over time. We typically invoice our customers at an agreed provisional billing rate which may differ from actual rates incurred. If our actual rates are higher than the provisional billing rates, an asset is recorded for this variance; if the provisional billing rates are higher than our actual rates, we record a liability.
•Certain contracts include retainage balances, whereby revenue is earned but some portion of cash payments are held back by the customer for a period of time, typically to allow the customer to confirm the objective criteria laid out by the contract have been met. This balance is classified as accounts receivable - unbilled until restrictions on billing have been lifted.
•In certain contracts, we may receive funds from our customers prior to performing operations. These funds are typically referred to as “set-up costs” and reflect the need for us to make investments in infrastructure prior to providing a service. This investment in infrastructure is not a performance obligation which is distinct from the service that is subsequently provided and, as a result, revenue is not recognized based upon the establishment of this infrastructure, but rather over the course of the contractual relationship. The funds are initially recorded as deferred revenue and recognized over the term of the contract. Other contracts may not
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include set-up fees but will provide higher fees in earlier periods of the contract. The premium on these fees is deferred.
•Some of our contracts, notably our welfare-to-work and employment services contracts in the Outside the U.S. Segment, include payments for outcomes, such as job retention, which occur over several months. We are required to estimate these outcome fees ahead of their realization and recognize this estimated fee over the period of delivery.
Of our revenue for the three and the nine months ended June 30, 2020, approximately $9.1 million and $49.2 million were from cash payments made to us prior to October 1, 2019, respectively. For the three and nine months ended June 30, 2019, we recognized revenue of $3.0 million and $35.0 million from payments made prior to October 1, 2018, respectively.
Contract estimates
We are required to use estimates in recognizing revenue from some of our contracts. As discussed in "Note 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation," the calculation of these estimates has been complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has reduced our ability to use past results to estimate future performance.
Some of our performance-based contract revenue is recognized based upon future outcomes defined in each contract. This is the case in many of our welfare-to-work contracts in the Outside the U.S. Segment, where we are paid as individuals attain employment goals, which may take many months to achieve. We recognize revenue on these contracts over the period of performance. Our estimates vary from contract to contract but may include estimates of the number of participants, the length of the contract and the participants reaching employment milestones. We are required to estimate these outcome fees ahead of their realization and recognize this estimated fee over the period of delivery. In almost all of the jurisdictions in which we operate, the employment markets have experienced significant changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For our existing program participants, many employment opportunities have been terminated or are no longer available. Our volume of new program participants is expected to increase but it is unclear as to when these populations will be in a position to seek employment in many industries which have been curtailed by the COVID-19 pandemic. In some cases, we anticipate that we may be unable to place individuals in employment in the short-term.
Other performance-based contracts with future outcomes include those where we recognize an average effective rate per participant based upon the total volume of expected participants. In this instance, we are required to estimate the amount of discount applied to determine the average rate of revenue per participant. Our revised estimates of participant numbers are based upon our updated evaluation of probable future volumes. We are required to use estimates in recognizing certain revenue.
Where we have changes to our estimates, these are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis. In the three and nine months ended June 30, 2020, we reported reductions in revenue of $1.4 million and $9.1 million, respectively, from changes in estimates as of September 30, 2019. In the three and nine months ended June 30, 2019, we reported reductions in revenue of $2.3 million and $10.3 million, respectively, from changes in estimates.
Deferred contract costs
For many contracts, we incur significant incremental costs at the beginning of an arrangement. Typically, these costs relate to the establishment of infrastructure which we utilize to satisfy our performance obligations with the contract. We report these costs as deferred contract costs and amortize them on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful economic life of the asset or the anticipated term of the contract.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Deferred contract cost capitalization |  | $ | 2,268 |  |  | $ | 4,738 |  |  | $ | 6,263 |  |  | $ | 12,950 |
Deferred contract cost amortization |  | 1,369 |  |  | 1,843 |  |  | 4,866 |  | 4,663

This amortization was recorded within our "cost of revenue" on our consolidated statements of operations.
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Remaining performance obligations
At June 30, 2020, we had approximately $325 million of remaining performance obligations. We anticipate that we will recognize revenue on approximately 60% of this balance within the next 12 months. This balance excludes contracts with an original duration of twelve months or less, including contracts with a penalty-free termination for convenience clause, and any variable consideration which is allocated entirely to future performance obligations including variable transaction fees or fees tied directly to costs incurred.
5. Earnings Per Share
The weighted average number of shares outstanding used to compute earnings per share was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
(shares in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Basic weighted average shares outstanding |  | 61,882 |  |  | 64,405 |  |  | 63,463 |  |  | 64,534 |
Dilutive effect of unvested RSUs |  | 220 |  |  | 354 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 266 |
Denominator for diluted earnings per share |  | 62,102 |  |  | 64,759 |  |  | 63,666 |  |  | 64,800 |

Our dilutive earnings per share for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2020, excludes any effect from approximately 253,000 and 250,000 unvested restricted stock units, respectively, as adding them to our calculation would have been antidilutive. There were no antidilutive awards in the three and nine months ended June 30, 2019.
6. Acquisitions and Divestiture
On November 16, 2018, we acquired General Dynamics Information Technology's citizen engagement centers business for $430.7 million. This acquisition strengthens our position in the administration of federal government programs and the business was integrated into our U.S. Federal Services Segment. We completed our allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in September 2019, including goodwill of $184.6 million and intangible assets of $122.3 million.
On August 16, 2019, we acquired 100% of the share capital of GT Hiring Solutions (2005) Inc. (GT Hiring) for $6.2 million (8.2 million Canadian Dollars). GT Hiring provides employment services in British Columbia. We acquired GT Hiring to enhance the reach and capabilities of our Canadian employment services and, accordingly, the business has been integrated into our Outside the U.S. Segment. We are still in the process of finalizing the allocation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We recorded estimated goodwill and intangible assets balances of $2.8 million and $1.4 million, respectively, related to this acquisition. The goodwill represents the assembled workforce and enhanced knowledge, experience and reputation we have obtained from the acquisition and will not be deductible for tax purposes. The intangible assets represent customer relationships, which will be amortized over seven years.
On February 28, 2020, we acquired 100% of the share capital of InjuryNet Australia Pty Limited (InjuryNet) for an estimated purchase price of $3.4 million (5.2 million Australian Dollars). The purchase price is subject to adjustment for a working capital true-up. InjuryNet provides workplace medical services in Australia. The business has been integrated into our Outside the U.S. Segment. We are still in the process of finalizing allocation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
On May 1, 2020, we sold Q2 Administrators LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary, for $3.3 million, resulting in a gain of $1.7 million. We made the sale to avoid a possible or perceived conflict arising from a new contract.
7. Supplemental Disclosures
Under a resolution adopted in March 2020, the Board of Directors authorized the purchase, at management's discretion, of up to $200 million of our common stock. This supplemented a similar resolution adopted in June 2018. The share repurchase program was concluded on March 25, 2020 and will be re-evaluated once there is clarity around the impact of COVID-19. During the nine months ended June 30, 2020, we purchased approximately 2,767,000 of our common shares at a cost of $167.0 million. During the nine months ended June 30, 2019, we
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acquired approximately 716,000 common shares at a cost of $45.4 million. At June 30, 2020, $150.0 million remained available for future stock repurchases when the Board of Directors resumes the share repurchase program.
During the nine months ended June 30, 2020, we granted 0.3 million restricted stock units to our board of directors and employees. These awards will vest ratably over one and five years, respectively.
Our deferred compensation plan uses both mutual fund and life insurance investments to fund its obligations. The mutual funds are recorded at fair value, based upon quoted prices in active markets (Level 1), and the life insurance investments at cash surrender value; changes in value are reported in our consolidated statements of operations. At June 30, 2020, the deferred compensation plan held $21.7 million of the mutual fund investments.
The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other amounts included within current assets and liabilities that meet the definition of a financial instrument are shown at values equivalent to fair value due to the short-term nature of these items. Our debt balances are principally from credit facilities which can be utilized and repaid as required and whose rates are based upon prevailing market conditions; accordingly, we believe the balance disclosed approximates the fair value. Our accounts receivable billed and billable balance includes both amounts invoiced and amounts that are ready to be invoiced where the funds are collectible within standard invoice terms. Our accounts receivable unbilled balance includes balances where revenue has been earned but no invoice was issued on or before June 30, 2020. Restricted cash represents funds which are held in our bank accounts but which we are precluded from using for general business needs through contractual requirements; these requirements include serving as collateral for lease, credit card or letter of credit arrangements or where we hold funds on behalf of clients. Restricted cash is included within "prepaid expenses and other assets" on our balance sheet and is included within "cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash" in our consolidated statements of cash flows. A reconciliation of these balances is shown below.

|  | Balance as of |  |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | June 30, 2020 |  | September 30, 2019 |  | June 30, 2019 |  | September 30, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 81,548 |  |  | $ | 105,565 |  |  | $ | 71,084 |  |  | $ | 349,245 |
Restricted cash (recorded within "other current assets") |  | 14,440 |  |  | 10,927 |  |  | 7,885 |  |  | 7,314 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 95,988 |  |  | $ | 116,492 |  |  | $ | 78,969 |  |  | $ | 356,559 |

During the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, we made interest payments of $1.2 million and $2.3 million, respectively.
During the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, we made income tax payments of $55.6 million and $45.9 million, respectively.
8. Litigation
We are subject to audits, investigations and reviews relating to compliance with the laws and regulations that govern our role as a contractor to agencies and departments of the United States Federal Government, state, local and foreign governments, and otherwise in connection with performing services in countries outside of the U.S. Adverse findings could lead to criminal, civil or administrative proceedings, and we could be faced with penalties, fines, suspension or debarment. Adverse findings could also have a material adverse effect on us because of our reliance on government contracts. We are subject to periodic audits by federal, state, local and foreign governments for taxes. We are also involved in various claims, arbitrations and lawsuits arising in the normal conduct of our business. These include but are not limited to bid protests, employment matters, contractual disputes and charges before administrative agencies. Although we can give no assurance, based upon our evaluation and taking into account the advice of legal counsel, we do not believe that the outcome of any existing matter would likely have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Medicaid claims
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has asserted two disallowances against a state Medicaid agency totaling approximately $31 million. From 2004 through 2009, we had a contract with the state agency in support of its school-based Medicaid claims. We entered into separate agreements with the school
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districts under which we assisted the districts with preparing and submitting claims to the state Medicaid agency which, in turn, submitted claims for reimbursement to CMS. The state has asserted that its agreement with us requires us to reimburse the state for the amounts owed to CMS. However, our agreements with the school districts require them to reimburse us for such amounts, and therefore we believe the school districts are responsible for any amounts that ultimately must be refunded to CMS. Although it is reasonably possible that a court could conclude we are responsible for the full balance of the disallowances, we believe our exposure in this matter is limited to our fees associated with this work and that the school districts will be responsible for the remainder. We have reserved our estimated fees earned from this engagement relating to the disallowances. We exited the federal healthcare-claiming business in 2009 and no longer provide the services at issue in this matter. The state contested the first disallowance of approximately $12 million in U.S. District Court. In February 2020, the District Court upheld that disallowance, and the state has appealed the case to the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. The second disallowance of approximately $19 million is still pending at the U.S. Health and Human Services Departmental Appeals Board. No legal action has been initiated against us with respect to either disallowance.
9. Subsequent Events
On July 3, 2020, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.28 for each share of our common stock outstanding. The dividend is payable on August 31, 2020, to shareholders of record on August 14, 2020. Based upon the number of shares outstanding, we anticipate a cash payment of approximately $17 million.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is provided to enhance the understanding of, and should be read in conjunction with, our Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included both herein and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2019, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 26, 2019.
Business Overview
We are a leading operator of government health and human services programs worldwide. We are a responsible and reliable contracting partner to governments under our mission of Helping Government Serve the People®. Governments rely on our financial stability and proven expertise in helping people connect and use critical government programs. We use our experience, business process management expertise, innovation and technology solutions to help government agencies run effective, efficient and accountable programs.
Our primary portfolio of work is tied to business process services (BPS) in the health services and human services markets. Our growth over the last decade was driven by new work, such as that from the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the United States and a growing footprint in clinical services including assessments, appeals and independent medical reviews in multiple geographies. Our growth has been supplemented by acquisitions.
COVID-19 pandemic
As a provider of essential services, we have made significant changes to our operations to allow us to continue to serve our customers while maintaining a safe work environment for our employees.
•Within the United States, we have implemented a hybrid operational model by quickly transitioning the majority of our employees from offices to work-from-home arrangements. We are continuing to work with our customers to increase this population within the constraints of government regulation and shortages in equipment and other resources.
•Where employees remain on site, we are committed to ensuring a safe work environment, adhering to local and national regulations including those established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Occupational Health and Safety Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency within the United States. These steps include enforced social distancing; mandatory face-coverings; regular employee temperature checks; rigorous, frequent and proactive cleaning and sanitizing of our facilities; reinforced handwashing and hygiene reminders and the installation of self-cleaning surfaces for high-traffic touchpoints.
•Where employees test positive or have come into contract with individuals with a positive diagnosis, we have a response plan which includes communicating with our employees and local health department officials and further sanitizing of the site and isolating of any impacted employees using a paid 14-day self-quarantine.
•We have also funded numerous additional administrative leave, sick leave and emergency paid family and medical leave programs to assist our employees in complying with these changes.
•In some locations, we have been unable to continue our operations either due to local restrictions or the nature of the services we provide. In particular, many of our welfare-to-work services have been suspended or slowed as we are unable to work directly with jobseekers, and the uncertainties within the employment market make the achievement of employment outcomes challenging. In these cases, our customers are working with us to maintain our workforce and operating capacity in the short-term so that we will be ready to serve once the pandemic-related restrictions are lifted.
•Outside the United States, the impact to operations has varied to a greater extent. Several geographies operate face-to-face employment services and assessments. The segment has experienced a slowdown in employment services and a halt of face-to-face assessments on the U.K. Health Assessment Advisory contract. Many of our employees are working from home but those that remain in the offices are adhering to local jurisdictional guidance and regulations related to workplace safety and safeguarding employees.
As a result, we continue to serve our clients, maintaining continuity of operations and including strict security standards, while protecting our employees.
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We anticipate that we will be able to return to our previous levels of performance once the effects of this pandemic abate. However, the timing of this is uncertain and may vary by contract and location.
•We have a strong customer base. Within the United States, many of the services we provide are either directly for the U.S. Federal Government or are mandated by the U.S. Federal Government. Outside the United States, our services are often provided for or funded by national governments. We may experience some delays in payments as governments navigate new processes.
•At June 30, 2020, we had $81.5 million of cash and $145 million of borrowings on our credit facility, leaving $255 million of available capacity. We believe we have adequate cash resources and credit availability to handle our obligations as they fall due.
•In the long-term, we believe that many of the demographic and legislative trends that we have articulated as opportunities for the growth of our business will continue. With societies continuing to see increased longevity and more complex health needs coupled with a desire by governments to spend wisely and seek outcome-based services, we believe we remain well-placed to build on our existing relationships and reputation.
Acquisitions
To supplement our core business, we have an active program to identify potential strategic acquisitions. Our acquisitions have successfully enabled us to increase future organic growth, as well as expand our business processes, knowledge and client relationships into adjacent markets and new geographies. In November 2018, we acquired the citizen engagement centers business previously operated by General Dynamics Information Technology. This acquisition, coupled with our 2015 acquisition of Acentia, LLC, has provided increased scale, customer base and competitive advantages in our business with the United States Federal Government. In August 2019 and February 2020, we acquired GT Hiring Solutions in Canada and InjuryNet in Australia, respectively, which we have integrated into our Outside the U.S. Segment. These acquisitions supplement our existing businesses in this segment. We have paused significant acquisition activity until we see an easing of the uncertainties resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. We continue to work on smaller tuck-in transactions that support future organic growth.
Financial Overview
The global pandemic began to impact our operations in March 2020, and its effects have continued into and through our third fiscal quarter. The effect on our financial statements in this period was different across each of our segments.
•We experienced less disruption within our U.S. Health & Human Services and U.S. Federal Services Segments as we worked to maintain our operations, while prioritizing the safety of our employees. We anticipate continued disruption in these segments over the remainder of the year and into fiscal year 2021. Many of our contracts are outcomes or performance based and accordingly we are compensated based on volumes of transactions. We have been able to continue serving our customers and their citizens through expanded work from home technologies, mandated social distancing and face coverings in our site locations, significantly increased sanitization efforts, required use of a health screening mobile app to limit our sites to only employees who are healthy and to help those that fail the health screen to seek medical attention. We have experienced the negative effects of lower than normal activity and volume levels in many of our contracts, particularly those where temporary changes instituted as part of government COVID-19 relief efforts have loosened the requirements for program participants. For example, a significant U.S. Health & Human Services program has halted Medicaid renewals to ensure that individuals and families still have access to healthcare. We have also been impacted by incremental costs due to idle labor, enhanced health screenings and efforts to keep our employees healthy and increased sanitization. We have also experienced offsetting, positive impacts in the form of increased revenue from new work related to COVID-19 response and an expansion of our Census Questionnaire Assistance contract. Our new work is primarily in the areas of COVID-19 general inquiry, unemployment insurance support and contact tracing.
•Our Outside the U.S. Segment experienced a more immediate and significant negative impact from the pandemic as a significant portion of our international work is employment related, whether in finding work for individuals or assessing their health and work capabilities. The changes in the employment markets in these jurisdictions has sharply reduced the number of individuals in work and the number of employment opportunities available to them, resulting in a sharp decline in our outcomes-based revenue. This segment
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was also affected to a lesser extent by the Australian bushfires in December 2019 and January 2020. We believe that as different geographies emerge out of the pandemic, there will be an increased need and pent-up demand for our role to support more people into employment opportunities.
•Within our Outside the U.S. Segment, we are required to make judgments based upon our expectations of future employment outcomes for our caseload of jobseekers. These estimates are dependent upon a number of factors, including the effects of the pandemic and the pandemic-related restrictions over the employment markets, the timetable for the easing of pandemic-related restrictions and the speed with which the economies of the jurisdictions in which we operate will recover.
•Through our fourth fiscal quarter and into fiscal year 2021, we anticipate that we will continue to see COVID-19 related work as well as benefits from our employment services as we support individuals returning to work. We expect that these benefits will be partially offset by temporary program changes on performance-based contracts. Our assumptions are subject to change as we understand more about the duration of the pandemic and related regulations, the recovery pattern of our core programs, the effects of the budget challenges and other changes in policies or legislation.
Results of Operations
Consolidated
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, selected statements of operations data:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
Revenue |  | $ | 901,337 |  |  | $ | 730,710 |  |  | $ | 2,537,701 |  |  | $ | 2,131,849 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 715,734 |  |  | 556,463 |  |  | 2,023,550 |  |  | 1,628,915 |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit |  | 185,603 |  |  | 174,247 |  |  | 514,151 |  |  | 502,934 |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit percentage |  | 20.6 | % |  | 23.8 | % |  | 20.3 | % |  | 23.6 | % |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 89,582 |  |  | 81,604 |  |  | 283,662 |  |  | 239,377 |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expense as a percentage of revenue |  | 9.9 | % |  | 11.2 | % |  | 11.2 | % |  | 11.2 | % |  |  |  |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 8,712 |  |  | 9,049 |  |  | 26,734 |  |  | 24,026 |  |  |  |  |
Operating income |  | 87,309 |  |  | 83,594 |  |  | 203,755 |  |  | 239,531 |  |  |  |  |
Operating income percentage |  | 9.7 | % |  | 11.4 | % |  | 8.0 | % |  | 11.2 | % |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | 616 |  |  | 420 |  |  | 1,565 |  |  | 2,614 |  |  |  |  |
Other (expense)/income, net |  | (671) |  |  | 556 |  |  | 621 |  |  | 3,048 |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes |  | 86,022 |  |  | 83,730 |  |  | 202,811 |  |  | 239,965 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for income taxes |  | 21,558 |  |  | 20,765 |  |  | 51,963 |  |  | 59,511 |  |  |  |  |
Effective income tax rate |  | 25.1 | % |  | 24.8 | % |  | 25.6 | % |  | 24.8 | % |  |  |  |
Net income |  | 64,464 |  |  | 62,965 |  |  | 150,848 |  |  | 180,454 |  |  |  |  |
Income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | (281) |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to Maximus |  | $ | 64,464 |  |  | $ | 62,898 |  |  | $ | 150,848 |  |  | $ | 180,735 |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 0.98 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  | $ | 2.80 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 1.04 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |  |  | $ | 2.37 |  |  | $ | 2.79 |  |  |  |  |

Our business segments have different factors driving revenue fluctuations and profitability. The sections that follow cover these segments in greater detail.
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Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2020, are summarized below.

|  | Revenue |  |  |  | Cost of Revenue |  |  |  | Gross Profit |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change
Three months ended June 30, 2019 |  | $ | 730,710 |  |  |  |  | $ | 556,463 |  |  |  |  | $ | 174,247 |  |  |
Growth from citizen engagement centers contracts |  | 145,790 |  |  | 20.0 | % |  | 124,106 |  |  | 22.3 | % |  | 21,684 |  |  | 12.4 | %
Organic growth/(decline) from other contracts |  | 25,754 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | 35,970 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | (10,216) |  |  | (5.9) | %
Acquired growth |  | 4,146 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  | 3,535 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  | 611 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Currency effect compared to the prior period |  | (5,063) |  |  | (0.7) | % |  | (4,340) |  |  | (0.8) | % |  | (723) |  |  | (0.4) | %
Three months ended June 30, 2020 |  | $ | 901,337 |  |  | 23.4 | % |  | $ | 715,734 |  |  | 28.6 | % |  | $ | 185,603 |  |  | 6.5 | %

Revenue and cost of revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2020, increased compared to the same period in fiscal year 2019, principally driven by the citizen engagement centers business acquisition in the U.S. Federal Services Segment and to a lesser extent new work tied to helping governments slow the pace of the pandemic through contact tracing and other efforts to support the economic downturn through unemployment insurance programs for state governments. Although the citizen engagement centers business provided a full quarter of results in both periods, the Census Questionnaire Assistance (CQA) contract is now operating at its peak level of operations whereas work was at an early stage in fiscal year 2019.
Our businesses within the United States experienced organic revenue growth, offset by declines within our Outside the U.S. Segment. The factors driving changes are discussed in more detail below.
Our cost of revenue includes direct costs related to labor, subcontractor labor, outside vendors, rent and other direct costs.
Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the nine months ended June 30, 2020, are summarized below.

|  | Revenue |  |  |  | Cost of Revenue |  |  |  | Gross Profit |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change
Nine months ended June 30, 2019 |  | $ | 2,131,849 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,628,915 |  |  |  |  | $ | 502,934 |  |  |
Estimated pre-acquisition results from citizen engagement centers business |  | 98,429 |  |  |  |  | 85,341 |  |  |  |  | 13,088 |  |  |
Pro forma results for the nine months ended June 30, 2019 |  | 2,230,278 |  |  |  |  | 1,714,256 |  |  |  |  | 516,022 |  |  |
Growth from citizen engagement centers contracts |  | 268,118 |  |  | 12.0 | % |  | 221,041 |  |  | 12.9 | % |  | 47,077 |  |  | 9.1 | %
Organic growth/(decline) from other contracts |  | 37,643 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 89,399 |  |  | 5.2 | % |  | (51,756) |  |  | (10.0) | %
Acquired growth |  | 10,521 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 9,116 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 1,405 |  |  | 0.3 | %
Currency effect compared to the prior period |  | (8,859) |  |  | (0.4) | % |  | (10,262) |  |  | (0.6) | % |  | 1,403 |  |  | 0.3 | %
Nine months ended June 30, 2020 |  | $ | 2,537,701 |  |  | 13.8 | % |  | $ | 2,023,550 |  |  | 18.0 | % |  | $ | 514,151 |  |  | (0.4) | %

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We estimate that revenue and cost of revenue from the citizens engagement center business for the period from October 1, 2018 to November 16, 2018 (the acquisition date) would have increased our revenue and cost of revenue by $98.4 million and $85.3 million, respectively. We have utilized pro forma revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit in calculating the changes shown above.
Selling, general and administrative expense (SG&A) consists of indirect costs related to general management, marketing and administration. It is primarily composed of labor costs. These costs may be incurred at a segment level, for dedicated resources that are not client-facing, or at a corporate level. Corporate costs are allocated to segments on a consistent and rational basis. Fluctuations in our SG&A are primarily driven by changes in our administrative cost base, which is not directly driven by changes in our revenue. As part of our work for the United States Federal Government and many states, we allocate these costs using a methodology driven by the Federal Cost Accounting Standards.
Our SG&A expense has increased year-over-year due primarily to:
•bad debt charges of $8.8 million from an increase in receivable reserves due to payment concerns related to COVID-19 and a billing dispute with a customer;
•increases in business development activity to both bolster our technical skills and plan for increased bidding activity;
•increases in our scope of operations, which increases our administrative base; and
•higher than usual specific acquisition costs and IT transformation initiatives, including migrating our existing data centers to the cloud;
•partially offset by a gain of $1.7 million related to the sale of Q2 Administrators LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary, during the third quarter of fiscal year 2020.
Amortization of intangible assets received a full charge from our acquisition of the citizen engagement centers business during fiscal year 2020. Additional charges from the acquisition of GT Hiring Solutions and InjuryNet also increased our amortization expense.
Our interest expense is primarily driven by borrowings from our credit facility. During fiscal year 2020, we drew on our credit facility to cover our working capital requirements. In fiscal year 2019, we borrowed $150 million to partially fund the acquisition of the citizen engagement centers business; this borrowing was repaid in full before the end of fiscal year 2019.
Our effective income tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2020, was 25.1%, compared to 24.8% in the same period in fiscal year 2019. We are closely monitoring the effects of changes in tax legislation, notably the United States CARES Act, which provides for some tax credits and delayed payment of some taxes. The effect on our results in the three and nine months ended June 30, 2020 was not material.
U.S. Health & Human Services Segment
Our U.S. Health and Human Services Segment provides a variety of business process services such as program administration, appeals and assessments services, and related consulting work for U.S. state and local government programs. These services support a variety of programs including the Affordable Care Act (ACA), Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). We also serve as administrators in state-based welfare-to-work and child support programs.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
Revenue |  | $ | 336,950 |  |  | $ | 291,132 |  |  | $ | 957,929 |  |  | $ | 876,082 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 243,921 |  |  | 204,468 |  |  | 689,856 |  |  | 615,127 |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit |  | 93,029 |  |  | 86,664 |  |  | 268,073 |  |  | 260,955 |  |  |  |  |
Operating income |  | 61,033 |  |  | 54,250 |  |  | 165,440 |  |  | 167,002 |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit percentage |  | 27.6 | % |  | 29.8 | % |  | 28.0 | % |  | 29.8 | % |  |  |  |
Operating income percentage |  | 18.1 | % |  | 18.6 | % |  | 17.3 | % |  | 19.1 | % |  |  |  |

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Our revenue and cost of revenue for the three month period ended June 30, 2020, increased 15.7% and 19.3%, respectively, compared to the same period in fiscal year 2019. For the nine months ended June 30, 2020, growth was 9.3% and 12.1%, respectively. All growth was organic.
A number of positive and negative factors impacted this segment during the three and nine months ended June 30, 2020.
•We experienced an increase in revenue due to short term contracts assisting our customers with COVID-19 related administration. Although within our target range for profitability, these contracts generally have lower operating margins and therefore, tempered the overall operating margins of the segment.
•The increase in revenue in the U.S. Federal Services Segment absorbed additional costs from this segment and improved margins; this is likely to reverse in fiscal year 2021 as the CQA contract ends.
•Lower volumes on our large outcome-based contracts contributed to lower revenue and lower operating margins.
•As we noted in our previous quarterly filing, our revenue in the three months ended June 30, 2020 received approximately $9 million of benefit from a contract where we performed work prior to the contract amendment being executed in April 2020.
•Our operating income for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 was negatively impacted by the bad debt charges of $8.0 million.
We anticipate our operating income margins will be between 17% and 18% for the full fiscal year.
Our customers in this segment are typically U.S. state governments, who have seen increases in the demand for the social services that we administer while also experiencing a significant reduction in their tax revenues. Although this may provide additional opportunities for us, we face the risk that many of our customers may face cash shortfalls from reduced income tax receipts, resulting in potential budgetary pressures and delayed payments.
U.S. Federal Services Segment
Our U.S. Federal Services Segment provides business process solutions, including program administration, appeals and assessment services as well as system and software development and maintenance services for various U.S. federal civilian programs. This segment also contains certain state-based assessments, independent medical reviews, and appeals work that is part of the segment's heritage within the Medicare Appeals portfolio and continues to be managed within this segment.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
Revenue |  | $ | 450,143 |  |  | $ | 292,295 |  |  | $ | 1,210,105 |  |  | $ | 799,018 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 365,420 |  |  | 225,492 |  |  | 977,603 |  |  | 623,534 |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit |  | 84,723 |  |  | 66,803 |  |  | 232,502 |  |  | 175,484 |  |  |  |  |
Operating income |  | 39,233 |  |  | 33,907 |  |  | 101,047 |  |  | 84,852 |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit percentage |  | 18.8 | % |  | 22.9 | % |  | 19.2 | % |  | 22.0 | % |  |  |  |
Operating income percentage |  | 8.7 | % |  | 11.6 | % |  | 8.4 | % |  | 10.6 | % |  |  |  |

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Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2020, are summarized below.

|  | Revenue |  |  |  | Cost of Revenue |  |  |  | Gross Profit |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change
Three months ended June 30, 2019 |  | $ | 292,295 |  |  |  |  | $ | 225,492 |  |  |  |  | $ | 66,803 |  |  |
Growth from citizen engagement centers contracts |  | 145,790 |  |  | 49.9 | % |  | 124,106 |  |  | 55.0 | % |  | 21,684 |  |  | 32.5 | %
Organic growth/(decline) from other contracts |  | 12,058 |  |  | 4.1 | % |  | 15,822 |  |  | 7.0 | % |  | (3,764) |  |  | (5.6) | %
Three months ended June 30, 2020 |  | $ | 450,143 |  |  | 54.0 | % |  | $ | 365,420 |  |  | 62.1 | % |  | $ | 84,723 |  |  | 26.8 | %

Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the nine months ended June 30, 2020, are summarized below.

|  | Revenue |  |  |  | Cost of Revenue |  |  |  | Gross Profit |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change
Nine months ended June 30, 2019 (1) |  | $ | 799,018 |  |  |  |  | $ | 623,534 |  |  |  |  | $ | 175,484 |  |  |
Estimated pre-acquisition results from citizen engagement centers business (2) |  | 98,429 |  |  |  |  | 85,341 |  |  |  |  | 13,088 |  |  |
Pro forma results for the nine months ended June 30, 2019 |  | 897,447 |  |  |  |  | 708,875 |  |  |  |  | 188,572 |  |  |
Growth from citizen engagement centers contracts (3) |  | 268,118 |  |  | 29.9 | % |  | 221,041 |  |  | 31.2 | % |  | 47,077 |  |  | 25.0 | %
Organic growth/(decline) from other contracts (4) |  | 44,540 |  |  | 5.0 | % |  | 47,687 |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | (3,147) |  |  | (1.7) | %
Nine months ended June 30, 2020 |  | $ | 1,210,105 |  |  | 34.8 | % |  | $ | 977,603 |  |  | 37.9 | % |  | $ | 232,502 |  |  | 23.3 | %

To show the changes between the nine months ended June 30, 2019 and 2020, we utilized the following information.
1.These balances represent our results for the nine months ended June 30, 2019. These results include the citizen engagement centers business, following its acquisition on November 16, 2018 (the acquisition date).
2.These balances represent an estimate of the results for the citizen engagement centers business for the pre-acquisition period – the period from October 1, 2018, through to the acquisition date. This balance, combined with our prior year results, provides pro forma results – an estimate of the results of this segment if we had acquired the citizen engagement centers business on or before October 1, 2018.
3.These balances represent the growth, on a pro forma basis, of the contracts acquired with the citizen engagement centers business from the first nine months of fiscal years 2019 to the first nine months of fiscal year 2020. The principal driver of this growth was the Census Questionnaire Assistance (CQA) contract.
4.These balances represent the growth reported between the first nine months of fiscal years 2019 and 2020 of existing contracts outside those acquired.
Approximately two-thirds of the revenue in this segment is generated by cost-plus contracts, including almost all of the income acquired from the citizen engagement centers business. Accordingly, we are able to recover COVID-19-related costs incurred on these contracts. Our revenue has increased as a result of new and
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acquiredcontracts, as well as an increase in new work tied to supporting the government's efforts in slowing down the spread of the pandemic. The segment was unfavorably impacted by volume and revenue reductions on several performance-based contracts this fiscal year. These declines are due to temporary changes on certain contracts as part of the COVID-19 response to ensure that individuals and families continue to have access to vital services. For example, we have experienced a significant decline in volumes of independent medical reviews due to a significant drop in workers' compensation claims. The segment was also impacted by additional costs on some performance-based arrangements and ongoing investments in business development.
The CQA contract had $185 million of revenue in fiscal year 2019. The contract contributed approximately $380 million of revenue in the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and is anticipated to provide approximately $500 million of revenue in fiscal year 2020.
While we have experienced some disruption from the COVID-19 pandemic, we believe that the nature of our contracts and the desires of our customers will allow us to continue operating, albeit with some restrictions. We anticipate operating income margins for the remainder of the year will be between 8% and 9%.
Outside the United States Segment
Our Outside the U.S. Segment provides business process solutions for governments and commercial clients outside the U.S., including health and disability assessments, program administration and case management for employment services and other work-support programs. We deliver services in the United Kingdom, including the Health Assessment Advisory Service (HAAS), the Work & Health Programme and Fair Start; Australia, including jobactive and the Disability Employment Service; Canada, including Health Insurance British Columbia and the Employment Program of British Columbia; Italy, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and Sweden.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  |  |  |
Revenue |  | $ | 114,244 |  |  | $ | 147,283 |  |  | $ | 369,667 |  |  | $ | 456,749 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 106,393 |  |  | 126,503 |  |  | 356,091 |  |  | 390,254 |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit |  | 7,851 |  |  | 20,780 |  |  | 13,576 |  |  | 66,495 |  |  |  |  |
Operating (loss)/income |  | (5,817) |  |  | 4,989 |  |  | (33,549) |  |  | 13,904 |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit percentage |  | 6.9 | % |  | 14.1 | % |  | 3.7 | % |  | 14.6 | % |  |  |  |
Operating (loss)/income percentage |  | (5.1) | % |  | 3.4 | % |  | (9.1) | % |  | 3.0 | % |  |  |  |

Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2020, are summarized below.

|  | Revenue |  |  |  | Cost of Revenue |  |  |  | Gross Profit |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change
Three months ended June 30, 2019 |  | $ | 147,283 |  |  |  |  | $ | 126,503 |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,780 |  |  |
Organic decline |  | (32,122) |  |  | (21.8) | % |  | (19,305) |  |  | (15.3) | % |  | (12,817) |  |  | (61.7) | %
Acquired growth |  | 4,146 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | 3,535 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | 611 |  |  | 2.9 | %
Currency effect compared to the prior period |  | (5,063) |  |  | (3.4) | % |  | (4,340) |  |  | (3.4) | % |  | (723) |  |  | (3.5) | %
Three months ended June 30, 2020 |  | $ | 114,244 |  |  | (22.4) | % |  | $ | 106,393 |  |  | (15.9) | % |  | $ | 7,851 |  |  | (62.2) | %

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Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the nine months ended June 30, 2020, are summarized below.

|  | Revenue |  |  |  | Cost of Revenue |  |  |  | Gross Profit |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change |  | Dollars |  | Percentage change
Nine months ended June 30, 2019 |  | $ | 456,749 |  |  |  |  | $ | 390,254 |  |  |  |  | $ | 66,495 |  |  |
Organic decline |  | (88,744) |  |  | (19.4) | % |  | (33,017) |  |  | (8.5) | % |  | (55,727) |  |  | (83.8) | %
Acquired growth |  | 10,521 |  |  | 2.3 | % |  | 9,116 |  |  | 2.3 | % |  | 1,405 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Currency effect compared to the prior period |  | (8,859) |  |  | (1.9) | % |  | (10,262) |  |  | (2.6) | % |  | 1,403 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Nine months ended June 30, 2020 |  | $ | 369,667 |  |  | (19.1) | % |  | 356,091 |  |  | (8.8) | % |  | 13,576 |  |  | (79.6) | %

The COVID-19 pandemic had an immediate and significant negative effect on the results of our Outside the U.S. Segment. This business has several contracts that are compensated based upon performance-based outcomes, which have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Our welfare-to-work contracts earn revenue based upon our ability to place individuals in long-term sustained employment. Revenue is recognized based on our estimate of the number of individuals who we anticipate reaching these milestones. As a result, changes in our estimates of our ability to place people in work and the time that this will take can have significant effects on our revenue. As a result of the pandemic, we revised our estimates of those jobseekers who are likely to achieve employment outcomes, reducing our revenue in the second fiscal quarter of 2020 by approximately $24 million to reflect the anticipated reduction in outcome payments. Through June 30, 2020, we have continued to refine our estimates as we gain a better understanding of the effects of COVID-19 and the related regulations on the employment markets we serve. Our revenue remains lower than fiscal year 2019.
•Many of our contracts have been modified. In Australia, the balance between administrative revenue and outcome-based revenue has been adjusted, to reduce the risks within the contract. In the United Kingdom, contracts have been temporarily changed to cost-reimbursable arrangements.
•Our estimates of the number of outcomes we anticipate to achieve has declined and the time we expect to achieve those outcomes has grown compared to prior years. This has reduced our potential revenue and slowed our progress towards recognizing it. All estimates at this time are based upon our expectations as to how the effects of the pandemic, including regulations adopted by governments and employment practices adopted by employers, will progress. We have limited history upon which to base these estimates and, accordingly, our revenue may be more volatile than we have previously experienced.
Our health assessment contracts, including HAAS, have experienced declines in volumes as the government instituted a temporary halt on face-to-face assessments and navigates towards the optimal path to safely resume these services. We have furloughed some employees under programs to reduce costs in the short term.
As a result of this disruption, we anticipate that we will continue to experience operating losses for the remainder of this fiscal year, although we do not anticipate a significant loss in our fourth fiscal quarter. In the longer-term, we anticipate an expanded need for our services across all geographies as we help our customers to expand and adapt their employment programs to address the economic downturn and help cope with widespread unemployment.
Our acquired growth is from the acquisition of GT Hiring Solutions in Canada in August 2019 and InjuryNet in Australia in February 2020.
The continued strength of the United States Dollar against the currencies in which we do business outside the U.S. has resulted in year-over-year declines in our revenue and costs.
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The Outside the U.S. Segment performs a significant part of its operations in the United Kingdom. As such, we are closely monitoring developments following the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union. We do not anticipate the withdrawal to have a material direct effect on our business in the United Kingdom due to the nature of our customer base and the absence of cross-border operations. However, the uncertainty over the process has affected us indirectly. We anticipate we will continue to be subject to political risks, as legislative priorities may change and economic risks from the post-withdrawal environment.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected our cash flows since March 2020. We are experiencing some delays in payments from our customers in addition to the operational challenges we are facing on our contracts. At June 30, 2020, we had approximately $81.5 million in unrestricted cash and $255 million of liquidity available on our credit facility. Our cash and cash equivalents balance included $52.9 million held in foreign locations in local currencies. If payments continue to be delayed, we may be required to increase our use of the credit facility. At this time, we do not anticipate disruption to our quarterly dividend payments but share purchases and significant merger and acquisition activity has been paused.
Governments worldwide have introduced a number of short-term policies to assist businesses with their liquidity. We anticipate utilizing payroll credits and the deferral of tax payments in the United States and the United Kingdom. We have also furloughed employees in the United Kingdom.
Our international locations have access to borrowing facilities which they may use to cover short-term working capital needs or small acquisitions, such as our acquisitions of GT Hiring Solutions and InjuryNet.
We have no requirement to remit funds from our foreign locations back to the United States. With the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in the United States, we are able to transfer a significant amount of funds from our foreign locations on a tax-free basis. We will continue to explore opportunities to bring back additional funds, taking into consideration the working capital requirements and relevant tax rules in each jurisdiction. When we are unable to remit funds back without incurring a penalty, we will consider these funds indefinitely reinvested until such time as these restrictions are changed. As a result, we do not record U.S. deferred income taxes on any funds held in foreign jurisdictions. We have not attempted to calculate our potential liability from any transfer of these funds as any such transaction might include tax planning strategies which we have not fully explored. Accordingly, it is not possible to estimate the potential tax obligations if we were to remit all of our funds from foreign locations to the United States.
Cash Flows
The following table provides a summary of our cash flow information for the nine months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.

|  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net cash from/(used in): |  |  |  |
Operations |  | $ | 96,083 |  |  | $ | 263,711 |
Investing activities |  | (27,412) |  |  | (440,706) |
Financing activities |  | (89,001) |  |  | (99,601) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | (174) |  |  | (994) |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | (20,504) |  |  | $ | (277,590) |

Our cash flows from operations were reduced compared to fiscal year 2019 due to the declines in our operating income and the timing of our cash collections. Our Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) at June 30, 2020, were 84 days; the balance at September 30, 2019, was 72 days. We have a target range for DSO of 65 to 80 days and in recent years, we have typically maintained the lower end of this range. As we anticipated, our DSO was negatively impacted due to U.S. state governments delaying payments to assist their cash flows. During the week subsequent to June 30, 2020, we received over $90 million in cash collections from U.S. State and Federal customers, which would have reduced our DSO to 74 days had it arrived earlier.
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Cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended June 30, 2020, was $27.4 million, principally for capital expenditures to support operations.
Cash used in financing activities in the nine months ended June 30, 2020, was $89.0 million, compared to $99.6 million of cash used in the comparative period. Fiscal year 2020 included $167.0 million of purchases of common stock, partially offset by $142.5 million of net borrowings. Credit facility borrowings and stock purchase transactions were less significant in fiscal year 2019.
To supplement our statements of cash flows presented on a GAAP basis, we use the measure of free cash flow to analyze the funds generated from operations.

|  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Cash flows from operations |  | $ | 96,083 |  |  | $ | 263,711 |
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software costs |  | (28,436) |  |  | (39,033) |
Capital expenditure as a result of acquisition (1) |  | — |  |  | 4,542 |
Free cash flow - non-gaap |  | $ | 67,647 |  |  | $ | 229,220 |

(1) Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software costs included $4.5 million in one time payments to cover software licenses required for employees joining us through the citizen engagement centers acquisition in November 2018.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. On an ongoing basis we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of goodwill and other long-lived assets, and amounts related to contingencies and income tax liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
During the nine months ended June 30, 2020, we made changes to the manner in which we record leases. For additional information, please see "Note 3. Leases" in our "Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements" in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
Non-GAAP Measures
We utilize non-GAAP measures where we believe it will assist the user of our financial statements in understanding our business. The presentation of these measures is meant to complement, but not replace, other financial measures in this document. The presentation of non-GAAP numbers is not meant to be considered in isolation, nor as an alternative to revenue growth, cash flows from operations or net income as measures of performance. These non-GAAP measures, as determined and presented by us, may not be comparable to related or similarly titled measures presented by other companies.
In fiscal year 2019, 21% of our revenue was generated outside the U.S. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to understand the performance of our foreign operations using a methodology which excludes the effect of year-over-year exchange rate fluctuations. To calculate year-over-year currency movement, we determine the current fiscal year’s results for all foreign businesses using the exchange rates in the prior fiscal year. We refer to this adjusted revenue on a "constant currency basis."
In recent years, we have made a number of acquisitions. We believe users of our financial statements wish to evaluate the performance of our operations, excluding changes that have arisen due to businesses acquired. Where information is available, we will show pro forma revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit. Pro forma results represent an estimate of the results of the business as though we had owned the business for an entire comparative
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period, rather than just a portion of it. To provide pro forma financial information, we use the results of the acquired business as prepared by the former owners adjusted to reflect changes in accounting and eliminating transactions between ourselves and the company. Where this information has not been prepared, we will identify acquired revenue and cost of revenue by showing these results for periods for which no comparative results exist within our financial statements. We provide pro forma comparative results and acquired revenue as a way of allowing investors to see the growth in our business on a year-over-year basis. This information is supplemented by our calculations of organic revenue. To calculate organic revenue growth, we compare current fiscal year revenue excluding revenue from these acquisitions to our prior fiscal year revenue.
In order to sustain our cash flows from operations, we require regular refreshing of our fixed assets and technology. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to understand the cash flows that directly correspond with our operations and the investments we must make in those operations using a methodology which combines operating cash flows and capital expenditures. We provide free cash flow to complement our statement of cash flows. Free cash flow shows the effects of the Company’s operations and replacement capital expenditures and excludes the cash flow effects of acquisitions, purchases of our own common stock, dividend payments and other financing transactions. We have provided a reconciliation of free cash flow to cash from operations.
To sustain our operations, our principal source of financing comes from receiving payments from our customers. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to evaluate our efficiency in converting revenue into cash receipts. Accordingly, we provide DSO, which we calculate by dividing billed and unbilled receivable balances at the end of each quarter by revenue per day for the period. Revenue per day for a quarter is determined by dividing total revenue by 91 days.
As noted above, we have a $400 million credit facility. Our credit agreement includes the defined term Consolidated EBITDA and our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA conforms to the credit agreement definition. We believe our investors appreciate the opportunity to understand the possible restrictions which arise from our credit agreement. Adjusted EBITDA is also a useful measure of performance which focuses on the cash generating capacity of the business as it excludes the non-cash expenses of depreciation and amortization, and makes for easier comparisons between the operating performance of companies with different capital structures by excluding interest expense and therefore the impacts of financing costs. The measure of Adjusted EBITA is a step in calculating Adjusted EBITDA and facilitates comparisons to similar businesses as it isolates the amortization effect of business combinations. Our credit facility requires us to calculate Adjusted EBITDA on a pro forma basis as though we had owned any acquired business for a full twelve month period prior to the acquisition. We have provided a reconciliation from net income to Adjusted EBITA, Adjusted EBITDA and Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA as follows:

|  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Trailing Twelve Months Ended June 30, |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net income attributable to Maximus |  | $ | 150,848 |  |  | $ | 180,735 |  |  | $ | 210,937 |  |  | $ | 227,042 |
Interest (income)/expense, net |  | 513 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 49 |  |  | (278) |
Provision of income taxes |  | 51,963 |  |  | 59,511 |  |  | 69,277 |  |  | 76,111 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 26,734 |  |  | 24,026 |  |  | 35,762 |  |  | 26,488 |
Stock compensation expense |  | 17,558 |  |  | 15,323 |  |  | 23,009 |  |  | 19,848 |
Acquisition-related expenses |  | 4,162 |  |  | 2,982 |  |  | 4,419 |  |  | 3,929 |
Gain on sale of a business |  | (1,706) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,706) |  |  | — |
Adjusted EBITA - non-gaap |  | $ | 250,072 |  |  | $ | 282,758 |  |  | $ | 341,747 |  |  | $ | 353,140 |
Depreciation and amortization of property, plant, equipment and capitalized software |  | 47,496 |  |  | 34,588 |  |  | 65,312 |  |  | 46,570 |
Adjusted EBITDA - non-gaap |  | $ | 297,568 |  |  | $ | 317,346 |  |  | $ | 407,059 |  |  | $ | 399,710 |
Additional adjusted EBITDA related to citizen engagement centers acquisition |  |  |  | 6,695 |  |  |  |  | 11,131 |
Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA - non-gaap |  |  |  | $ | 324,041 |  |  |  |  | $ | 410,841 |

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
Our exposure to market risks generally relates to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
At June 30, 2020, and September 30, 2019, we held net assets denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar of $159.2 million and $176.3 million, respectively. Of these balances, cash and cash equivalents comprised $52.9 million and $18.9 million, respectively. Accordingly, in the event of a 10% unfavorable exchange rate movement across these currencies, we would have reported the following incremental effects on our comprehensive income and our cash flow statement (in thousands).

| June 30, 2020 |  | September 30, 2019
Comprehensive income attributable to Maximus | $ | (15,923) |  |  | $ | (17,630) |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (5,287) |  |  | (1,890) |

Included within our net assets held in international currency are assets which we consider to be monetary assets — those which hold a fair value close to their book value and which represent a recent cash outflow or which will become a cash inflow or outflow within a short period of time. These assets and liabilities are typically cash, billed, billable and unbilled accounts receivable, current prepaid expenses, accounts payable, accrued compensation, deferred revenue and debt. At June 30, 2020, the net value of these assets and liabilities was $47.3 million.
Where possible, we identify surplus funds in foreign locations and place them into entities with the U.S. Dollar as their functional currency. This mitigates our exposure to foreign currencies. We mitigate our foreign currency exchange risks within our operating divisions through incurring costs and cash outflows in the same currency as our revenue.
We are exposed to interest rate risk through our revolving credit facility and other short term borrowings. Our interest rate for the revolving credit facility is based upon the one-month London Interbank Offering Rate (LIBOR) or equivalent plus a premium based upon our leverage; this premium is currently 1%. The one-month LIBOR at June 30, 2020, was approximately 0.16%. We had borrowings of approximately $145 million under the facility at June 30, 2020. Accordingly, an increase of 1% in interest rates would result in an annualized additional expense of $1.5 million. The balance of our outstanding debt at June 30, 2020, was comprised of short-term borrowings in foreign locations to cover short-term working capital needs. The terms and rates under which we borrow in these jurisdictions varies from location to location. As these borrowings are relatively small and for brief periods, we do not anticipate significant interest rate exposure. In the event that longer-term borrowings were required or if the costs of borrowing became expensive, we would anticipate using our current cash balance to cover these obligations.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective and designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with the evaluation of our internal control that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
We are subject to audits, investigations and reviews relating to compliance with the laws and regulations that govern our role as a contractor to agencies and departments of the United States Federal Government, state, local and foreign governments, and otherwise in connection with performing services in countries outside of the U.S. Adverse findings could lead to criminal, civil or administrative proceedings, and we could be faced with penalties, fines, suspension or debarment. Adverse findings could also have a material adverse effect on us because of our reliance on government contracts. We are subject to periodic audits by federal, state, local and foreign governments for taxes. We are also involved in various claims, arbitrations and lawsuits arising in the normal conduct of our business. These include but are not limited to bid protests, employment matters, contractual disputes and charges before administrative agencies. Although we can give no assurance, based upon our evaluation and taking into account the advice of legal counsel, we do not believe that the outcome of any existing matter would likely have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Medicaid claims
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has asserted two disallowances against a state Medicaid agency totaling approximately $31 million. From 2004 through 2009, we had a contract with the state agency in support of its school-based Medicaid claims. We entered into separate agreements with the school districts under which we assisted the districts with preparing and submitting claims to the state Medicaid agency which, in turn, submitted claims for reimbursement to CMS. The state has asserted that its agreement with us requires us to reimburse the state for the amounts owed to CMS. However, our agreements with the school districts require them to reimburse us for such amounts, and therefore we believe the school districts are responsible for any amounts that ultimately must be refunded to CMS. Although it is reasonably possible that a court could conclude we are responsible for the full balance of the disallowances, we believe our exposure in this matter is limited to our fees associated with this work and that the school districts will be responsible for the remainder. We have reserved our estimated fees earned from this engagement relating to the disallowances. We exited the federal healthcare-claiming business in 2009 and no longer provide the services at issue in this matter. The state contested the first disallowance of approximately $12 million in U.S. District Court. In February 2020, the District Court upheld that disallowance, and the state has appealed the case to the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. The second disallowance of approximately $19 million is still pending at the U.S. Health and Human Services Departmental Appeals Board. No legal action has been initiated against us with respect to either disallowance.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
In connection with information set forth in this Form 10-Q, the factors discussed under “Risk Factors” in our Form 10-K for fiscal year ended September 30, 2019, and as supplemented in our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, should be considered. The risks included in those filings could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit No. |  | Description |  |  |  |
31.1 | s | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |
31.2 | s | Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |  |  |
32.1 | v | Section 906 Principal Executive Officer Certification. |  |  |  |
32.2 | v | Section 906 Principal Financial Officer Certification. |  |  |  |
101 |  | The following materials from the Maximus, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020 formatted in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Filed electronically herewith. |  |  |  |
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL tags and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |

_____________________________________________________
s Filed herewith.
v Furnished herewith.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| Maximus, Inc. |
Date: August 6, 2020 | By: | /s/ Richard J. Nadeau
|  | Richard J. Nadeau
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (On behalf of the registrant and as Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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