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Share-Based Compensation and Capital Stock | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2022
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Share-Based Compensation and Capital Stock | Share-Based Compensation and Capital Stock The components of the Company’s pretax share-based compensation activity and associated income tax expense are as follows for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021
Stock options | $ | 1,052 |  |  | $ | 616 |
Restricted stock awards | 3,043 |  |  | 2,519 |
Performance vested restricted stock units | 3,354 |  |  | 1,666 |
Total share-based compensation expense | $ | 7,449 |  |  | $ | 4,801 |
Income tax expense | $ | 1,805 |  |  | $ | 1,157 |
A summary of share-based award activity as of and changes during the three months ended March 31, 2022 are presented below:
| Stock Options |  | Restricted Stock |  | Performance Vested Restricted Stock Units
| Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term |  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2022 | 910,944 |  |  | $ | 83.14 |  |  |  |  | 236,599 |  |  | $ | 92.60 |  |  | 412,642 |  |  | $ | 114.70 |
Granted | 155,774 |  |  | 146.68 |  |  |  |  | 241,833 |  |  | 146.68 |  |  | 111,585 |  |  | 181.91 |
Performance-Based Leveraging (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,280 |  |  | 81.55 |
Exercised/Vested | (41,054) |  |  | 53.86 |  |  |  |  | (76,229) |  |  | 87.90 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Expired | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (78,370) |  |  | 81.15 |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1,407) |  |  | 94.19 |  |  | (194) |  |  | 114.36 |
Outstanding at March 31, 2022 | 1,025,664 |  |  | $ | 93.96 |  |  | 6.2 years |  | 400,796 |  |  | $ | 126.12 |  |  | 457,943 |  |  | $ | 135.65 |
Options exercisable at March 31, 2022 | 549,980 |  |  | $ | 76.12 |  |  | 4.0 years |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) PVRSUs outstanding have been increased by 12,280 units in the three months ended March 31, 2022 due to the Company exceeding the targeted performance conditions contained in PVRSUs. Stock Options The stock options granted by the Company had an exercise price equal to the market price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of the options granted was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:
| 2022 Grants
Risk-free interest rate | 1.92 | %
Expected volatility | 29.39 | %
Expected life of stock option | 5.9 years
Dividend yield | 0.65 | %
Requisite service period | 4 years
Contractual life | 10 years
Weighted average fair value of options granted (per option) | $ | 43.25 |
Restricted Stock Awards The Company grants two types of restricted stock awards: i) shares of restricted stock and ii) restricted stock units ("RSU"). Shares of restricted stock provide the participant a non-forfeitable right to dividends, if declared, and the right to vote as a shareholder while the shares are unvested. RSUs provide the participant declared dividends that are contingent upon vesting of the award. Restricted stock awards generally vest ratably over the service period beginning with the first anniversary of the grant date. The fair value of restricted stock awards is measured by the market price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. The service period of restricted stock awards granted during the three months ended March 31, 2022 range from 9 to 60 months. Performance Vested Restricted Stock Units The Company grants three types of PVRSU awards: i) PVRSUs with performance conditions based on internal performance conditions, including earnings per share ("EPS") relative to Company established targets, ii) PVRSUs with market conditions based on the Company's total shareholder return ("TSR") relative to a predetermined peer group, and iii) PVRSUs with both performance and market conditions. The vesting of PVRSU awards is contingent upon the Company achieving internal performance and/ or TSR targets over a specified period and the employees' continued employment for a service period. These performance and market conditions affect the number of shares that will ultimately vest. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company granted PVRSUs with market conditions, PVRSUs with performance conditions and PVRSUs with performance and market conditions with requisite service periods between 9 months and 60 months with award vesting ranges between 0% and 300% of the initial units granted. The fair value of PVRSUs with only internal performance conditions is measured by the market price of the Company's common stock on the date of award grant. Compensation expense is recognized ratably over the requisite service period based on the Company's estimate of the achievement of the performance conditions. Management monitors current results and forecasts of the relevant internal performance and, as necessary, adjusts the performance-based leveraging of unvested PVRSUs. The fair value of PVRSUs with market conditions is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation method as of the date of award grant. Compensation expense is recognized ratably over the requisite service period, regardless of whether the market conditions are achieved and the awards ultimately vest. The fair value of PVRSUs with both performance and market conditions is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation method as of the date of award grant. Compensation expense is recognized ratably over the requisite service period based on the Company's estimate of the achievement of the performance conditions, with subsequent adjustments made for performance-based leveraging of unvested PVRSUs, as necessary. Share Repurchases and Redemptions In April 2020, in light of uncertainty resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company suspended activity under the Company's share repurchase program. In May 2021, the Company's board of directors approved resumption of the share repurchase program. Refer to the Liquidity and Capital Resources header of "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for more information. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 there were 68,486 purchases of common stock under the share repurchase program at a total cost of $9.9 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2021 there were no purchases of common stock under the share repurchase program. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company redeemed 32,426 and 46,499 shares of common stock at a total cost of $4.9 million and $5.1 million, respectively, from employees to satisfy the option exercise price and statutory minimum tax-withholding requirements related to the exercising of stock options and vesting of performance vested restricted stock units and restricted stock grants. These redemptions were outside the share repurchase program.

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